220:
2209:
91:
103:
164:. The studs were cylinders with their tops flush with the road surface. Underneath there was a switch mechanism that made an electrical connection with the top of the stud when a car with a strong electromagnet at its underside passed over it. The Diatto switches contained mercury, which often leaked or adhered to the side of the cylinder and kept the exposed top electrified. The Dolter switches used pivot arms, which tended to get stuck in the electrified position. Similar systems were operated by Thomson-Houston in Monaco from 1898 to 1903, and by
439:
373:
20:
305:
the maximum specified by the vehicle manufacturer; automatic monitoring of the presence of ERS infrastructure; automatic engagement and disengagement; a presence signal that may be analog or digital, and optional standard bidirectional communication; ease of inspection and replacement for the wearing parts of the sliding contact; and standard tests, markings, maintenance, and operational environment conditions. The 50717 standard does not encompass, but specifies for
2459:
242:, and among the tested systems are two ground-level power supply systems tested since 2017, in-road rail by Elways-Evias and on-road rail by Elonroad. Elonroad later developed an in-road rail system for highway use at speeds up to 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph). The systems were found to be more economical than the tested overhead line system and
262:
spanning 8,800 kilometers. Ground-level power supply technologies are considered the most likely candidates for electric roads. Two projects for assessment of electric road technologies have been announced in 2023. The first French public road with an electric road system is planned to open in 2024 using a ground-level power supply system derived from
383:
uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into 11-metre segments. These segments automatically switch on or off by radio control according to whether a tram is passing over them, thereby eradicating any risk to other road users. The tram has two collector shoes, and two
304:
Technical
Standard 50717, specifies the following: an ERS voltage of 750 volts; a contact shoe capable of withstanding impact of gravel and similar road debris at the maximum operating speed; a weak link that breaks off the current collector at the structural fixing points if the force is larger than
309:
purposes, three architectures for ERS infrastructure: Type A architecture with two parallel surface-level conductive rails, one positive and one negative; Type B architecture with a single surface-level or raised track with short segments where each two segments in series consist of one positive and
148:
installed its first conduit current collection system in 1895. By 1899 all downtown lines were converted to the conduit system, which remained in operation until 1962. The system was generally safe, but tended to get clogged by mud and dirt. The system fell out of favor within a few years due to the
246:
system. The in-road rail system is planned to deliver up to 800 kW per vehicle traveling over a powered segment of the rail, and the system is estimated to be the most cost-effective among the four tested systems. The new systems are expected to be safe, with segments of the rail being powered
143:
implemented a concrete conduit underneath one of the trolley rails, with a narrow opening that allowed a "plow" to be inserted and make electrical contact with wires held by insulators at either side of the conduit. The system was used in several cities in Europe and the United States, where it was
317:
Following standards, encompassing "full interoperability" and a "unified and interoperable solution" for ground-level power supply, are scheduled to be published by the end 2024, detailing complete "specifications for communication and power supply through conductive rails embedded in the road" as
175:
Conduit current collection systems were used in several major cities, including Monaco, Dresden, Prague, Tours, Washington, and London, but posed maintenance issues and road safety issues. The
Bordeaux and Washington conduit systems remained the last in operation until being decommissioned in 1958
261:
The co-director for one of the French
Ministry of Ecology working groups on electric road systems stated that rail-based ERS are the most advantageous, though the specific rail technology has yet to be standardized. France plans to invest 30 to 40 billion euro by 2035 in an electric road system
125:, or underneath one of the rails; a car is connected to a "plow" that runs through the conduit and delivers power from two electric rails at the sides of the conduit to the car's electric motor. Plows were manually attached and detached from cars as they switched rail lines.
363:
raises the conductor to the surface, allowing power to flow to the vehicle. Segments of the strip are powered only when a vehicle passes over them. The system was developed in 1994 and trialed on a public tram line in 1998, which was eventually dismantled in 2012.
2000:
1928:
1913:
82:. With the increased efficiency and energy density of capacitor- and battery-powered systems, ground-level power supply systems are used in smaller portions of the line to charge batteries—for example, during station stops for buses and trains.
155:
were implemented from 1899 to 1921. Systems by the inventors Dolter and Diatto were used in Tours, Paris, and several towns in
England. Power was supplied from studs set in the road at intervals, which connected to the traveling cars with
524:
and all the technologies were transferred to China. In 2019, Zhuhai City evaluated whether to dismantle the tram line, after 3 years of operation. As of 2024, CRRC Dalian opposes dismantling, proposing to restart operation.
473:
were converted to the ACR ground-level power supply system. ACR's first commercial installation was aboard Urbos trams supplied to MetroCentro in 2011, allowing the permanent removal of overhead lines around the cathedral.
400:, which was constructed from 2000 and opened in 2003, becoming the first modern commercial ground-level power supply system. From 2011, the technology has been used in a number of other cities around the world.
1031:
Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing
Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
376:
A section of APS track showing the neutral sections at the end of the powered segments plus one of the insulating joint boxes which mechanically and electrically join the APS rail segments (Bordeaux)
121:. The system is primarily composed of a channel, or conduit, excavated under the roadway; the conduit is positioned either between the running rails, much in the same fashion as the cable for
891:
1995:
310:
one negative segment; and Type C architecture with three parallel conductive rails, one positive and one negative below surface level in 1.5 cm wide channels, and one or more rails
1186:
Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU
1274:
1573:[It is more convenient to go to the Summer Palace and Xiangshan! Xijiao Line will be operational at the end of the year and can also transfer to the subway] (in Chinese).
1118:
833:
1344:
1238:
508:(which later became Hitachi Rail STS), the Ansaldo TramWave ground-level power supply system successfully entered commercial application in 2017, with the opening of
481:
has also used ACR since its second construction phase was completed in 2013. The use of ACR avoided the installation of overhead lines in the city's historic centre.
1106:
CENELEC Technical
Standard 50717, CLC/TS 50717:2022 (E). Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation
403:
The French government reports no electrocutions or electrification accidents on any tramway in France from as early as 2003 until as recently as
December 31, 2020.
874:
301:
195:, was the first to be commercially implemented in 2003. This success led to a proliferation of commercial implementations of ground-level power supply systems.
212:
1543:[After many hardships, the world's first low-floor modern tram project 100% powered by ground electricity has finally come to fruition] (in Chinese).
1299:
1184:
1149:
384:
segments of rail are active at any given time, to avoid interruption of power when passing between segments. APS was developed by
Innorail, a subsidiary of
300:
The first standard for electrical equipment on board a vehicle powered by a rail electric road system (ERS) has been published in late 2022. The standard,
912:
1393:
184:
A number of ground-level power supply systems were developed from the 1970s through the 1990s, but were not reliable or safe enough for commercial use.
1045:
426:
region between 2024 and 2027. The system is expected to supply 500kW of power for electric heavy trucks, as well as power for road utility vehicles and
1638:
1170:
Technical
Specification for ground-based feeding systems for dynamic electric road charging infrastructure on road vehicles in operation CLC/prTS 50740
78:
have been introduced that use modern technology to eliminate some limits and dangers of the older systems, and to supply power for buses, trucks, and
2041:
1727:
932:
937:
1953:
1933:
1220:
2010:
1918:
406:
Alstom further developed the APS system for use with buses and other vehicles. The system has been tested for safety when the road is cleared by
1985:
1948:
247:
only when a vehicle is traveling over them. The rails have been tested while submerged in salt water and were found to be safe for pedestrians.
294:
198:
During the late 2010s, advancements in technology led to ground-level power supplies seeing increasing reliability and economic feasibility.
2020:
1973:
355:
agnetica", meaning "System of Electric Transport by Magnetic Attraction". The system uses a channel in the road made of insulating composite
1071:
297:
recommended adopting a European electric road standard formulated with Sweden, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, and others.
1270:
1990:
1318:
752:
454:
219:
1131:
1699:
846:
2015:
1336:
418:
and road adherence safety for vehicles, including motorcycles. Alstom will trial its electric road system (ERS) on the public road
293:
published in 2021 a request for regulation and standardization of electric road systems. Shortly afterward, a working group of the
1413:
1248:
655:
2036:
1695:
Technical Committee 69 - Electrical power/energy transfer systems for electrically propelled road vehicles and industrial trucks
1963:
1512:
761:
1720:
1072:"PD CLC/TS 50717 Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation"
680:
517:
1908:
1600:
706:
289:, Elonroad, and other companies have, in 2020, begun drafting a standard for ground-level power supply electric roads. The
176:
and 1962, respectively. For decades, these systems were not reintroduced because they didn't meet modern safety standards.
1693:
51:. Ground-level power supply was developed for aesthetic reasons, to avoid the presence of overhead lines in city centres.
1958:
1029:
1668:
1458:
1367:
1316:
1297:
1201:
798:
Guerrieri, M. (2019), "Catenary-Free Tramway Systems: Functional and Cost–Benefit Analysis for a Metropolitan Area.",
2005:
1980:
1968:
1923:
1578:
1548:
657:
Culture and Technology in the City: Opposition to Mechanized Street Transportation in Late-Nineteenth-Century America
1487:"CAF apuesta por que Zaragoza tenga un metro sin catenarias que funcione con la energía que recargue en las paradas"
1432:
569:
2492:
2442:
2437:
1943:
1713:
897:
2228:
2074:
1938:
2208:
318:
specified in the proposed technical standard prTS 50740 in accordance with European Union directive 2023/1804.
95:
2321:
2223:
1796:
1463:
1243:
1054:
842:
784:
776:
738:
1630:
1317:
Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays (October 19, 2021),
458:
359:
material which contains a flexible copper strip; a vehicle passing over the channel with a special magnetic
1856:
2432:
1298:
Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays (November 2011),
256:
243:
2367:
1811:
1526:
165:
118:
114:
465:. The system is capable of charging from strips on the ground or from overhead wires. Sections of the
2141:
1851:
1831:
224:
47:
collect electric power at ground level from individually-powered segments instead of the more common
955:
266:. The second, with technology developed by Elonroad, is scheduled to undergo laboratory testing for
2497:
997:
90:
1765:
1486:
1414:"Les aides proposées par ATMB à ses clients légers et lourds pour la décarbonation des transports"
1120:
Final draft: Standardization request to CEN-CENELEC on ‘Alternative fuels infrastructure’ (AFI II)
2380:
1781:
1736:
982:
729:
520:
in Beijing was opened with the same technology from Ansaldo. The technology has been licensed to
1081:
1882:
1846:
1755:
1663:[After three years of suspension, CRRC Dalian plans to restart Zhuhai tram operation].
715:
238:
while driving. Sweden has tested electric road systems that charge the batteries of trucks and
1301:
ACCIDENTOLOGIE DES TRAMWAYS - Analyse des évènements déclarés année 2010 - évolution 2003-2010
2299:
1892:
570:"Directly and Indirectly Reducing Visual Impact of Electric Railway Overhead Contact Systems"
466:
332:
306:
2362:
2198:
485:
311:
107:
223:
Electric truck driving on a public road with Elways-Evias ground-level power supply, near
8:
2402:
2306:
2274:
2131:
2067:
1887:
1861:
1841:
1806:
1168:
1127:
1025:
606:
Electrifying the streets: the surface-contact controversy in give English towns 1880-1920
489:
419:
393:
290:
169:
152:
122:
1151:
Regulating Electric Road Systems in Europe - How can a deployment of ERS be facilitated?
187:
The first ground-level power supply system developed to modern safety standards was the
2111:
1866:
102:
2424:
2238:
2136:
676:
470:
415:
267:
132:
2331:
1634:
813:
803:
613:
581:
438:
397:
385:
372:
235:
145:
140:
44:
23:
19:
2336:
2254:
2183:
2126:
2116:
2106:
509:
1608:
585:
149:
cost of excavating the conduit, and was generally replaced with overhead lines.
2470:
2168:
2060:
1369:
Compatibility of an in-road Electric Road System with winter service operations
808:
513:
447:
172:
from 1903 to 1908. Stud contact systems were short-lived due to safety issues.
976:
634:
423:
2486:
2392:
2385:
2352:
2279:
2153:
2092:
1823:
1786:
1750:
1660:
998:"Key Messages on Electric Roads - Executive Summary from the CollERS Project"
478:
275:
239:
231:
136:
79:
48:
617:
604:
2463:
2357:
2326:
2269:
2264:
2173:
1760:
1157:, CollERS2 - Swedish German research collaboration on Electric Road Systems
917:
427:
360:
157:
43:("feeding via the ground"), is a concept and group of technologies whereby
1705:
1540:
777:"Continued Advances in Light Rail / Streetcar Vehicle Off-Wire Technology"
2316:
2311:
2259:
2193:
2121:
1570:
1221:"Partono i Lavori per la Rimozione delle Rotaie di Stream in via Mazzini"
521:
505:
331:
The first modern ground-level power supply system to be developed is the
161:
139:
were met with public opposition for aesthetic reasons, so the contractor
818:
547:
2412:
2294:
2289:
2233:
2188:
2148:
1791:
548:"Public Transport in Washington before the Great Consolidation of 1902"
380:
356:
271:
1603:[China introduces modern tram technology for the first time].
913:"World's first electrified road for charging vehicles opens in Sweden"
2407:
2284:
2178:
1836:
1076:
516:
system adopting ground level power supply technology. Later in 2017,
450:
charged from the two metal strips between the rails at station stops.
443:
128:
98:, 1939. First installed in 1895, it remained in operation until 1962
55:
407:
2397:
2163:
2158:
1513:"Newcastle light rail to be Australia's first 'wire-free' system"
1203:
Einsatzbereiche neuartiger Transportsysteme zwischen Bus und Bahn
893:
Analysera förutsättningar och planera för en utbyggnad av elvägar
875:"Vinci teste la recharge par induction et par rail sur autoroute"
671:
Legát, Tibor; Zsolt L. Nagy; Gábor Zsigmond (2010). "Bevezető ".
462:
1387:
1385:
728:
John D Swanson (2003), "Ground level switched contact systems",
670:
389:
286:
1633:[Zhuhai Tram: An Indelible Urban Scar] (in Chinese).
1382:
1376:
972:
411:
552:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.
1574:
1544:
54:
Ground-level power supply systems date to the beginning of
705:
J Baggs (March 9, 2006), "5.1 Ground Level Power Supply",
106:
Remaining conduit tram track on the ramp to the abandoned
62:. Since the turn of the 21st century, systems such as the
2083:
512:
Line 1 first phase in China. The tram is the first fully
2052:
1337:"Alstom transfers tram power supply technology to buses"
981:, 34 minutes 34 seconds, 2 hours 36 minutes 51 seconds,
995:
884:
1293:
1291:
1271:"APS: Service-proven catenary-free tramway operations"
410:, under exposure to snow, ice, salting, and saturated
213:
Swedish Transport Administration electric road program
1320:
Accidentologie « tramways » – Données 2020
1209:, Bergischen Universität Wuppertal, pp. 209–214
953:
750:
135:
trialed a conduit current collector system in 1887.
94:
Conduit for current collection between the rails of
1288:
1024:
754:
Evaluation of the E-TRAN Vehicle Propulsion Concept
675:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Jószöveg. pp. 6–12.
117:systems were implemented as early as 1881 with the
1047:Système de route électrique. Groupe de travail n°1
274:before being deployed along two kilometers on the
2484:
1527:"Newcastle Light Rail, Australia | Aurecon"
835:Electric Road Systems: a solution for the future
446:, 2021. The tram is powered between stations by
1147:
996:Martin G. H. Gustavsson, ed. (March 26, 2021),
978:Electric Road Systems - PIARC Online Discussion
831:
774:
653:
58:, with some of the earliest such systems using
1391:
1365:
1043:
930:
727:
628:
626:
567:
545:
335:system. STREAM is an acronym that stands for "
2068:
1721:
1141:
1100:
1098:
956:"L'APS d'Alstom bientôt testé sur les routes"
949:
947:
910:
900:, February 2, 2021, pp. 21–23, 25–26, 54
797:
731:Light Rail Without Wires - A Dream Come True?
664:
632:
110:in London, with plants growing in the conduit
868:
866:
649:
647:
645:
602:
598:
596:
594:
563:
561:
1735:
1484:
708:Wire-Free Traction System Technology Review
623:
541:
539:
537:
2075:
2061:
1728:
1714:
1095:
944:
933:"Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique"
872:
832:D Bateman; et al. (October 8, 2018),
636:London Trams: current collectors (ploughs)
455:Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles
1700:International Electrotechnical Commission
1310:
1044:Patrick Pélata; et al. (July 2021),
863:
817:
807:
642:
591:
558:
321:
257:Transport in France § Electric roads
1430:
534:
437:
371:
218:
201:
101:
89:
18:
1433:"Adiós a las catenarias en la Catedral"
1394:"Présentation du projet eRoadMontBlanc"
1199:
1193:
1064:
704:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
2485:
985:from the original on December 22, 2021
954:Jean-Philippe Pastre (June 30, 2023),
762:Minnesota Department of Transportation
2056:
1709:
1581:from the original on 9 September 2023
1551:from the original on 17 December 2023
1459:"Zaragoza tram Line 1 enters service"
1347:from the original on 29 November 2020
1263:
1239:"Third-rail trams across the Garonne"
971:
751:Michael P. Hennessey (January 1994),
67:
16:System for powering electric vehicles
1366:Patrick Duprat (February 11, 2022),
1037:
689:
396:. It was originally created for the
1541:"历经磨难 全球首个地面供电的100%低地板现代有轨电车项目终成正果"
1392:Patrick Duprat (January 16, 2024),
825:
501:
495:
188:
13:
1247:. February 1, 2004. Archived from
1130:, February 2, 2022, archived from
845:, pp. 146–149, archived from
603:Gerry Colley (November 27, 2014),
281:
59:
14:
2509:
1686:
1671:from the original on 18 July 2024
1641:from the original on 18 July 2024
1485:Crespo Roig, María (2011-01-20).
1077:The British Standards Institution
931:Laurent Miguet (April 28, 2022),
775:John D. Swanson (April 7, 2019),
504:and developed by Italian company
326:
179:
2457:
2207:
1148:Matts Andersson (July 4, 2022),
911:Daniel Boffey (April 12, 2018),
898:Swedish Transport Administration
144:known as the "Budapest System".
85:
2229:Bombardier Guided Light Transit
2037:Railway electrification systems
1667:(in Chinese). 11 January 2024.
1653:
1623:
1593:
1563:
1533:
1519:
1505:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1406:
1359:
1329:
1277:from the original on 2020-11-29
1231:
1213:
1177:
1161:
1111:
1018:
989:
965:
924:
904:
791:
768:
568:Jack W. Boorse (January 2005),
263:
192:
191:, although a competing system,
131:opened a conduit line in 1885.
63:
1431:Ameneiro, A. S. (2011-04-05).
873:Léna Corot (August 30, 2023),
744:
721:
574:Transportation Research Record
96:streetcars in Washington, D.C.
26:with ground-level power supply
1:
2224:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
1571:"去颐和园、香山更方便啦！西郊线年底运营，还能和地铁换乘"
1464:Railway Gazette International
1244:Railway Gazette International
785:Transportation Research Board
739:Transportation Research Board
528:
367:
2042:Tram electrification systems
1857:Electro-diesel multiple unit
1607:(in Chinese). Archived from
490:Luxembourg's new tram system
71:
7:
586:10.1177/0361198105193000107
467:Seville MetroCentro tramway
75:
10:
2514:
1812:Conduit current collection
809:10.1007/s40864-019-00118-y
459:Acumulador de Carga Rápida
433:
392:when Spie was acquired by
295:French Ministry of Ecology
254:
244:dynamic inductive charging
210:
133:Tram companies in Budapest
119:Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway
115:Conduit current collection
60:conduit current collection
35:surface current collection
2451:
2423:
2345:
2247:
2216:
2205:
2099:
2090:
2082:
2029:
1901:
1875:
1852:Electro-diesel locomotive
1832:Railway electric traction
1822:
1802:Ground-level power supply
1774:
1743:
250:
225:Stockholm Arlanda Airport
206:
31:Ground-level power supply
1200:Deutsch, Volker (2003),
654:Eric Schatzberg (2001),
484:ACR was included in the
461:(ACR) system in 2007 in
2493:Electric rail transport
1782:Railway electrification
1737:Railway electrification
618:10.21954/ou.ro.0000d65c
40:alimentation par le sol
2368:Capacitor electric bus
1883:Traction power network
1847:Electric multiple unit
1661:"停运三年！中车大连欲重启运营珠海有轨电车"
1493:(in Spanish). Zaragoza
1080:, 2022, archived from
716:Edinburgh Tram Network
633:Dewi Williams (2004),
451:
377:
322:Modern implementations
228:
111:
99:
27:
2142:Lowbridge double-deck
1893:Traction powerstation
1631:"珠海有轨电车：一道揭不掉的城市"伤疤""
1439:(in Spanish). Seville
1401:Cercle des Transports
1343:. 26 September 2019.
975:(February 17, 2021),
554:, 66/68 (46): 216–230
441:
375:
222:
202:Electric road systems
105:
93:
22:
2363:Battery electric bus
1467:. London. 2011-04-26
546:John H. White, Jr.,
486:Newcastle Light Rail
153:Stud contact systems
108:Kingsway tram subway
2403:Hybrid electric bus
2132:Cutaway van chassis
1888:Traction substation
1842:Electric locomotive
1807:Stud contact system
1637:. 13 January 2024.
1189:, September 9, 2023
1128:European Commission
1060:on October 21, 2021
1026:European Commission
879:L'USINENOUVELLE.com
518:Western Suburb Line
479:Tranvía de Zaragoza
291:European Commission
170:King Charles Bridge
1867:Rubber-tyred metro
1744:Current collectors
1611:on 8 November 2017
1227:, 16 February 2012
1173:, October 25, 2023
1084:on January 2, 2023
800:Urban Rail Transit
457:(CAF) trialed its
452:
378:
314:at surface level.
229:
112:
100:
28:
2480:
2479:
2322:Train replacement
2050:
2049:
1437:Diario de Sevilla
1251:on April 26, 2010
1028:(July 14, 2021),
852:on August 3, 2020
682:978-615-5009-15-0
488:in Australia and
471:Seville Cathedral
236:electric vehicles
234:power and charge
168:in Prague on the
56:electric tramways
45:electric vehicles
2505:
2464:Buses portal
2462:
2461:
2460:
2211:
2199:Transit Elevated
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1635:Sina Corporation
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:"中国首次引进现代有轨电车技术"
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1547:. 22 June 2017.
1537:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1515:. 19 April 2017.
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1491:aragondigital.es
1482:
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1181:
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1159:
1158:
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1145:
1139:
1138:
1137:on April 8, 2022
1136:
1125:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1093:
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1091:
1089:
1068:
1062:
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1059:
1053:, archived from
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1041:
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1016:
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1002:
993:
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829:
823:
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811:
795:
789:
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781:
772:
766:
765:
764:, pp. 11–12
759:
748:
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673:Számos villamos
668:
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640:
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621:
620:
611:
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589:
588:
565:
556:
555:
543:
496:Ansaldo Tramwave
398:Bordeaux tramway
388:but was sold to
278:south of Paris.
166:František Křižík
146:Washington, D.C.
68:Ansaldo Tramwave
33:, also known as
24:Bordeaux tramway
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2498:Tram technology
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2419:
2341:
2337:Tourist trolley
2243:
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2095:
2086:
2081:
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2025:
1897:
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1624:
1614:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1577:. 22 May 2017.
1569:
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1483:
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1468:
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1442:
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1429:
1425:
1420:, June 30, 2023
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1103:
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1069:
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1050:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1019:
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1008:
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994:
990:
970:
966:
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945:
929:
925:
909:
905:
890:
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871:
864:
855:
853:
849:
838:
830:
826:
796:
792:
779:
773:
769:
757:
749:
745:
734:
726:
722:
711:
703:
690:
683:
669:
665:
652:
643:
631:
624:
609:
601:
592:
566:
559:
544:
535:
531:
498:
448:supercapacitors
436:
370:
329:
324:
284:
282:Standardization
259:
253:
215:
209:
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182:
88:
37:or, in French,
17:
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11:
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2196:
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2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Bi-articulated
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
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2088:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
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2027:
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2018:
2016:United Kingdom
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
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1775:Power delivery
1772:
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1688:
1687:External links
1685:
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790:
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663:
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622:
590:
557:
532:
530:
527:
514:low-floor tram
502:Ansaldo Stream
497:
494:
477:Line 1 of the
442:CAF ACR tram,
435:
432:
386:Spie Enertrans
369:
366:
333:Ansaldo Stream
328:
327:Ansaldo Stream
325:
323:
320:
283:
280:
252:
249:
232:Electric roads
208:
205:
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189:Ansaldo Stream
181:
180:Modern systems
178:
141:Siemens-Halske
137:Overhead lines
87:
84:
49:overhead lines
15:
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2280:Mobile lounge
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2184:Single-decker
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2137:Double-decker
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2021:United States
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1876:Power network
1874:
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1787:Overhead line
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1780:
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1777:
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1751:Bow collector
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562:
553:
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515:
511:
507:
503:
500:Derived from
493:
491:
487:
482:
480:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
445:
440:
431:
429:
428:electric cars
425:
421:
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395:
391:
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374:
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362:
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342:
338:
334:
319:
315:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
279:
277:
276:A10 autoroute
273:
269:
265:
258:
248:
245:
241:
240:electric cars
237:
233:
226:
221:
217:
214:
199:
196:
194:
190:
185:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:contact shoes
154:
150:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
116:
109:
104:
97:
92:
86:Early systems
83:
81:
80:electric cars
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
25:
21:
2469:
2455:
2433:Electric bus
2376:Ground-level
2375:
1862:Multi-system
1801:
1766:Contact shoe
1761:Trolley pole
1694:
1673:. Retrieved
1665:www.sohu.com
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:the original
1605:www.zrjc.com
1604:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1535:
1521:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1436:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1400:
1368:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1341:Rail Insider
1340:
1331:
1319:
1312:
1300:
1279:. Retrieved
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:the original
1242:
1233:
1225:TriestePrima
1224:
1215:
1202:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1150:
1143:
1132:the original
1119:
1113:
1105:
1086:, retrieved
1082:the original
1075:
1066:
1055:the original
1046:
1039:
1030:
1020:
1011:February 11,
1009:, retrieved
1004:
991:
977:
967:
959:
936:
926:
918:The Guardian
916:
906:
892:
886:
878:
854:, retrieved
847:the original
834:
827:
819:11572/246245
799:
793:
783:
770:
753:
746:
730:
723:
707:
672:
666:
656:
635:
605:
577:
573:
551:
499:
483:
476:
453:
405:
402:
379:
361:contact shoe
352:
348:
347:lettrico ad
344:
340:
336:
330:
316:
299:
285:
260:
230:
216:
197:
186:
183:
174:
162:contact skis
151:
127:
113:
53:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
2127:Combination
2107:Articulated
2001:Switzerland
1991:Former USSR
1964:New Zealand
1797:Fourth rail
1351:29 November
1007:, p. 6
938:Le Moniteur
660:, MIT Press
522:CRRC Dalian
510:Zhuhai tram
506:Ansaldo STS
469:around the
424:Rhône-Alpes
272:motorcycles
270:effects on
2487:Categories
2443:Trolleybus
2438:School bus
2413:Trolleybus
2300:by country
2189:Snow coach
2169:Multi-axle
2149:High-floor
1902:By country
1792:Third rail
1756:Pantograph
1471:2018-07-16
1375:, Alstom,
1281:2020-11-29
1273:. Alstom.
1088:January 2,
529:References
414:, and for
381:Alstom APS
368:Alstom APS
357:fiberglass
351:ttrazione
339:istema di
264:Alstom APS
255:See also:
211:See also:
193:Alstom APS
123:cable cars
64:Alstom APS
2393:Fuel cell
2381:Inductive
2372:Charging
2353:Dual-mode
2154:Low-floor
1954:Lithuania
1909:Australia
1837:Power car
444:Luxemburg
408:snowplows
307:normative
129:Cleveland
2471:Category
2386:Overhead
2358:Electric
2327:Training
2270:Campaign
2265:Armoured
2174:Open-top
1974:timeline
1959:Malaysia
1669:Archived
1639:Archived
1579:Archived
1549:Archived
1497:July 16,
1443:July 16,
1345:Archived
1275:Archived
983:archived
856:June 30,
343:asporto
2317:Transit
2312:Sleeper
2307:Shuttle
2275:Express
2260:Airport
2217:Roadway
2194:Trailer
2100:Chassis
2011:Ukraine
1929:Germany
1919:Estonia
1914:Austria
1675:18 July
1645:18 July
1615:18 July
1585:18 July
1555:18 July
1005:CollERS
463:Seville
434:CAF ACR
422:in the
312:earthed
302:CENELEC
227:, 2019.
72:CAF ACR
2295:School
2290:Police
2255:Advert
2234:Guided
2006:Turkey
1996:Sweden
1986:Russia
1981:Poland
1969:Norway
1949:Latvia
1924:France
1255:May 2,
679:
390:Alstom
287:Alstom
251:France
207:Sweden
76:Elways
74:, and
2408:Solar
2346:Power
2285:Party
2179:Rigid
2122:Coach
2117:Bruck
2084:Buses
2030:Lists
1944:Japan
1934:India
1397:(PDF)
1377:PIARC
1373:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1305:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
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