2856:
563:, can help strengthen the muscles that control urination. Fluid management, which focuses on avoiding excessive caffeine and alcohol intake, is advised to reduce the rate at which the bladder fills and minimize irritation to the bladder. Weight management and maintaining a healthy diet contribute to overall bladder health, especially when weight loss is able to reduce abdominal compression of the bladder. Adopting these behavioral and lifestyle changes can often improve the condition and enhance the effectiveness of other treatment approaches.
486:
specific to overactive bladder. General questionnaires include: American
Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI), Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI), Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), and Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BFLUTS). Overactive bladder questionnaires include: Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q), Urgency Questionnaire (UQ), Primary OAB Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ), and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ).
101:
25:
505:(blood in the urine) which are typically absent in OAB. Bladder cancer usually includes hematuria and can include pain, both not associated with OAB, and the common symptoms of OAB (urgency, frequency, and nocturia) may be absent. BPH frequently includes symptoms at the time of voiding as well as sometimes including pain or hematuria, and all of these are not usually present in OAB.
939:. Botulinum Toxin A injections into the bladder wall can suppress involuntary bladder contractions by blocking nerve signals and may be effective for up to 9 months. The growing knowledge of pathophysiology of overactive bladder fueled a huge amount of basic and clinical research in this field of pharmacotherapy.
517:
There is some controversy about the classification and diagnosis of OAB. Some sources classify overactive bladder into two different variants: "wet" (i.e., an urgent need to urinate with involuntary leakage) or "dry" (i.e., an urgent need to urinate but no involuntary leakage). Wet variants are more
398:
is considered abnormal if the person urinates more than eight times in a day. This frequency is usually monitored by having the person keep a voiding diary where they record urination episodes. The number of episodes varies depending on sleep, fluid intake, medications, and up to seven is considered
1002:
is increasing. However, a recent
Finnish population-based survey suggested that the number of people affected had been largely overestimated due to methodological shortcomings regarding age distribution and low participation (in earlier reports). It is suspected, then, that OAB affects approximately
626:
Patients taking oxybutynin and other anticholinergic drugs experience a 70% reduction of incontinence episode frequency, on average. Approximately 1 in 4 patients experience complete dryness while taking oxybutynin. Therefore, medication management alone is sufficient for a substantial minority, but
417:
It is important that the clinician and the person with overactive bladder both reach a consensus on the term, 'urgency.' Some common phrases used to describe OAB include, 'When I've got to go, I've got to go,' or 'When I have to go, I have to rush, because I think I will wet myself.' Hence the term,
405:
is a symptom where the person complains of interrupted sleep because of an urge to void and, like the urinary frequency component, is affected by similar lifestyle and medical factors. Individual waking events are not considered abnormal, one study in
Finland established two or more voids per night
293:
Overactive bladder affects approximately 11% of the population and more than 40% of people with overactive bladder have incontinence. Conversely, about 40% to 70% of urinary incontinence is due to overactive bladder. Overactive bladder is not life-threatening, but most people with the condition have
485:
Psychometrically robust self-completion questionnaires are generally recognized as a valid way of measuring a person's signs and symptoms, but there does not exist a single ideal questionnaire. These surveys can be divided into two groups: general surveys of lower urinary tract symptoms and surveys
977:
Because overactive bladder is most commonly associated with aging, the majority of patients experience symptoms (with or without incontinence) for the rest of their lives. A minority of age-related OAB cases may be cured or indefinitely suppressed by medications and behavioral modification. If the
566:
Most patients are not able to eliminate incontinence and other symptoms of OAB with lifestyle and behavioral modifications alone. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that these therapies are effective in improving quality of life, and some data shows that they increase the likelihood that
409:
Urge incontinence is a form of urinary incontinence characterized by the involuntary loss of urine occurring for no apparent reason while feeling urinary urgency as discussed above. Like frequency, the person can track incontinence in a diary to assist with diagnosis and management of symptoms.
372:
Overactive bladder is estimated to occur in 7–27% of men and 9–43% of women. It becomes more common with age. Some studies suggest that the condition is more common in women, especially when associated with loss of bladder control. Economic costs of overactive bladder were estimated in the United
356:
type, are only recommended if other measures are not effective. They are no more effective than behavioral methods; however, they are associated with side effects, particularly in older people. Some non-invasive electrical stimulation methods appear effective while they are in use. Injections of
533:
The usual first suggested treatment for a person with overactive bladder is a combination of lifestyle changes, exercises to strengthen the person's pelvic floor, and manage how much the person drinks and when during the day ("fluid management"). Patients who continue to experience incontinence
391:
is considered the hallmark symptom of OAB, but there are no clear criteria for what constitutes urgency and studies often use other criteria. Urgency is currently defined by the
International Continence Society (ICS), as of 2002, as "Sudden, compelling desire to pass urine that is difficult to
1006:
The
American Urological Association reports studies showing rates as low as 7% to as high as 27% in men and rates as low as 9% to 43% in women. Urge incontinence was reported as higher in women. Older people are more likely to be affected, and the number of symptoms increases with age.
558:
Behavioral and lifestyle changes are commonly recommended as the first-line option for treating overactive bladder. These include bladder training, which involves scheduled voiding (urination) and gradually increasing the time between bathroom visits. Pelvic floor exercises, known as
1909:
Shumaker SA, Wyman JF, Uebersax JS, McClish D, Fantl JA (October 1994). "Health-related quality of life measures for women with urinary incontinence: the
Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory. Continence Program in Women (CPW) Research Group".
290:) may occur with this condition. This condition is also sometimes characterized by a sudden and involuntary contraction of the bladder muscles, in response to excitement or anticipation. This in turn leads to a frequent and urgent need to urinate.
313:
may worsen the symptoms. People often have the symptoms for a long time before seeking treatment and the condition is sometimes identified by caregivers. Diagnosis is based on a person's signs and symptoms and requires other problems such as
1180:
Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, Chai TC, Clemens JQ, Culkin DJ, Das AK, Foster HE, Scarpero HM, Tessier CD, Vasavada SP (December 2012). "Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline".
2640:
Scarneciu, Ioan; Lupu, Sorin; Bratu, Ovidiu
Gabriel; Teodorescu, Andreea; Maxim, Laurian Stefan; Brinza, Adrian; Laculiceanu, Alexandru Georgian; Rotaru, Ruxandra Maria; Lupu, Aura-Mihaela; Scarneciu, Camelia Cornelia (2021-10-14).
969:, which is part of the small intestine. This procedure is rarely performed, and is only done for patients who have proven resistant to all other forms of treatment. This procedure can greatly enlarge urine volume in the bladder.
434:. It is also possible that the increased contractile nature originates from within the urothelium and lamina propria, and abnormal contractions in this tissue could stimulate dysfunction in the detrusor or whole bladder.
1271:
Hargreaves, Emma; Baker, Katherine; Barry, Gill; Harding, Christopher; Zhang, Yingying; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin; Zhang, Xiaowen; Kernohan, Ashleigh; Clarkson, Carl E (2022-09-23). Cochrane
Incontinence Group (ed.).
3472:
3457:
3438:
392:
defer." The previous definition was "Strong desire to void accompanied by fear of leakage or pain." The definition does not address the immediacy of the urge to void and has been criticized as subjective.
1636:
Tikkinen KA, Johnson TM, Tammela TL, Sintonen H, Haukka J, Huhtala H, Auvinen A (March 2010). "Nocturia frequency, bother, and quality of life: how often is too often? A population-based study in
Finland".
518:
common than dry variants. The distinction is not absolute; one study suggested that many classified as "dry" were actually "wet" and that people with no history of any leakage may have had other syndromes.
2757:
Milsom I, Abrams P, Cardozo L, Roberts RG, Thüroff J, Wein AJ (June 2001). "How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study".
1818:
446:
is in place, the catheter may be blocked by blood, thick sediment, or a kink in the catheter or drainage tubing. Sometimes spasms are caused by the catheter irritating the bladder,
998:
had OAB. The number of people affected with OAB increases with age, thus it is expected that OAB will become more common in the future as the average age of people living in the
2035:
954:
If non-invasive and pharmacological approaches are not helpful, some people may be eligible for a surgical procedure to treat overactive bladder. Surgical options may include
3202:
2701:
Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, Hunt TL, Wein AJ (May 2003). "Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States".
1130:
Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Faraday M, Vasavada SP (May 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment".
810:
10% of
Caucasians and 19% of black people have a genetic difference which causes them to lack a certain enzyme. Lack of this enzyme makes the drug less effective.
785:
10% of Caucasians and 19% of black people have a genetic difference which causes them to lack a certain enzyme. Lack of this enzyme makes the drug less effective.
1091:
2424:
482:. If there is an underlying metabolic or pathologic condition that explains the symptoms, the symptoms may be considered part of that disease and not OAB.
474:, and ultrasound are generally not needed. Additionally, urine culture may be done to rule out infection. The frequency/volume chart may be maintained and
329:
The amount of urine passed during each urination is relatively small. Pain while urinating suggests that there is a problem other than overactive bladder.
1836:
410:
Urge incontinence can also be measured with pad tests, and these are often used for research purposes. Some people with urge incontinence also have
1395:"Drugs with anticholinergic effects and cognitive impairment, falls and all-cause mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
45:
Several sections with inaccurate or outdated information; lack of compliance with Manual of Style; excessive inline citations; copyediting issues.
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2572:
Sacco E, et al. (2009). "Investigational drug therapies for overactive bladder syndrome: the potential alternatives to anticholinergics".
2529:
Sacco E, Pinto F, Bassi P (April 2008). "Emerging pharmacological targets in overactive bladder therapy: experimental and clinical evidences".
946:
and causes urine to pass out of it. Both invasive and non-invasive electrical stimulation procedures may be used to treat overactive bladder.
1756:"Urothelial/lamina propria spontaneous activity and the role of M3 muscarinic receptors in mediating rate responses to stretch and carbachol"
2065:
Anger JT, Le TX, Nissim HA, Rogo-Gupta L, Rashid R, Behniwal A, Smith AL, Litwin MS, Rodriguez LV, Wein AJ, Maliski SL (November 2012).
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Sacco E, Paolillo M, Totaro A, Pinto F, Volpe A, Gardi M, Bassi PF (2008). "Botulinum toxin in the treatment of overactive bladder".
466:
Diagnosis of OAB is made primarily on the person's signs and symptoms and by ruling out other possible causes such as an infection.
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One surgical intervention, called a cystoplasty, involves the enlargement of the bladder using tissue taken from the patient's
426:
The cause of OAB is usually unclear, and indeed there may be multiple causes. It is often associated with overactivity of the
3105:
2451:
2510:
Sacco E, Bientinesi R (2012). "Future perspectives in pharmacological treatments options for overactive bladder syndrome".
534:
episodes, or who express a desire for medication along with therapy, may be treated with several classes of drugs, notably
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1016:
49:
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Araklitis G, Cardozo L (November 2017). "Safety issues associated with using medication to treat overactive bladder".
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to a degree that it negatively affects a person's life. The frequent need to urinate may occur during the day,
209:
1355:"Use of free uroflowmetry vs pressure-flow studies in the diagnosis of overactive bladder syndrome in females"
3034:
1535:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment 2019"
2873:
Sacco E, Bientinesi R, Marangi F, D'Addessi A, Racioppi M, Gulino G, Pinto F, Totaro A, Bassi P (2011). "".
2803:
Tikkinen KA, Tammela TL, Rissanen AM, Valpas A, Huhtala H, Auvinen A (February 2007). Madersbacher S (ed.).
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Overactive bladder may be treated with electrical stimulation, which aims to reduce the contractions of the
369:
are generally not recommended. A diary to track problems can help determine whether treatments are working.
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550:. As a last resort if all other treatment options fail, invasive surgical procedures may be performed.
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Hutchinson, Alexander; Nesbitt, Alexander; Joshi, Andre; Clubb, Adrian; Perera, Marlon (Sep 2020).
575:
Medications are a common treatment option for people with overactive bladder syndrome. A number of
2616:"Overview | Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management | Guidance | NICE"
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Lightner, Deborah J.; Gomelsky, Alexander; Souter, Lesley; Vasavada, Sandip P. (September 2019).
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consumption, and drinking moderate fluids, can also have benefits. Medications, typically of the
315:
137:
3371:
2328:"Mirabegron: a review of recent data and its prospects in the management of overactive bladder"
1727:
Sussman DO (September 2007). "Overactive bladder: treatment options in primary care medicine".
959:
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427:
203:
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1092:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline"
607:) are frequently used to treat overactive bladder. Long term use, however, has been linked to
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Overactive bladder is characterized by a group of four symptoms: urgency, urinary frequency,
333:
219:
2805:"Is the prevalence of overactive bladder overestimated? A population-based study in Finland"
2258:
Ouslander, Joseph; Reyes, Bernardo (2022). "Chapter 477: Caring for the Geriatric Patient".
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385:, and urge incontinence. Urge incontinence is not present in the "dry" classification.
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The cause of overactive bladder is unknown. Risk factors include obesity, caffeine, and
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1447:"Electrical stimulation with non-implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults"
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525:, but when they occur together, the condition is usually known as mixed incontinence.
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Nowakowski Ł, Futyma K, Ziętek A, Bogusiewicz M, Gałczyński K, Rechberger T (2016).
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538:. Patients who prove resistant to medications and therapy may then be treated with
458:, although most people eventually adjust to the irritation and the spasms go away.
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1246:(10 ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 890–891.
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Stewart F, Gameiro LF, El Dib R, Gameiro MO, Kapoor A, Amaro JL (December 2016).
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982:, then symptoms should resolve after the underlying problem has been treated.
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Coyne K, Schmier J, Hunt T, Corey R, Liberman J, Revicki D (March 2000).
1859:"Objective Evaluation of Overactive Bladder: Which Surveys Should I Use?"
1796:. MedlinePlus, the National Institutes of Health's Web site. 2010-03-09.
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2067:"How dry is "OAB-dry"? Perspectives from patients and physician experts"
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If bladder spasms occur or there is no urine in the drainage bag when a
274:) is a common condition where there is a frequent feeling of needing to
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less researched for safety and efficacy than Tolterodine and Oxybutynin
851:
less researched for safety and efficacy than Tolterodine and Oxybutynin
833:
less researched for safety and efficacy than Tolterodine and Oxybutynin
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712:
690:
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2159:. Medical and Advanced Surgical Management of Pelvic Floor Disorders.
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1955:"PRN6: developing a specific HRQL instrument for overactive bladder"
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Weill Cornell Medical College Department of Urology. Archived from
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447:
443:
402:
382:
349:
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Specific treatment is not always required. If treatment is desired
279:
3518:
1988:"Lower urinary tract symptomatology: Its definition and confusion"
546:(Botox) and other minimally-invasive surgical procedures, such as
509:
causes high frequency and volume, though not necessarily urgency.
178:
injury; over-consumption of water and caffeine; UTI; pelvic injury
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126:
113:
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International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
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2200:"Overactive bladder syndrome: Management and treatment options"
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100:
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Earlier reports estimated that about one in six adults in the
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OAB causes similar symptoms to some other conditions such as
451:
2639:
1908:
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Campbell-Walsh Urology, Tenth Edition, Chapter 66, Page 1948
1589:"Symptom-based diagnosis of overactive bladder: an overview"
1327:. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Scientific Press. p. 339.
2437:
2197:
1444:
1270:
830:
higher rates of constipation and dry mouth than tolterodine
2756:
1753:
667:
available as generic in places including the United States
430:, a pattern of bladder muscle contraction observed during
340:, and other behavioral methods are initially recommended.
1179:
733:
patch commonly causes skin irritation which can be severe
373:
States at US$ 12.6 billion and 4.2 billion Euro in 2000.
2466:
2438:
Chancellor, Michael B; Christopher Smith (August 2011).
501:(BPH). Urinary tract infections often involve pain and
454:. Such spasms can be controlled with medication such as
198:
Based on symptoms after ruling out other possible causes
2798:
2796:
2064:
1274:"Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults"
16:
Condition where a person has a frequent need to urinate
1754:
Moro C, Uchiyama J, Chess-Williams R (December 2011).
418:'fear of leakage,' is an important concept to people.
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1952:
1823:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
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2793:
1505:
Overactive bladder syndrome and urinary incontinence
1392:
1003:
half the number of individuals as earlier reported.
1729:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
661:
available in market longer than other drugs for OAB
631:the majority, of patients with overactive bladder.
553:
2747:
2157:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
1353:
931:in adults with neurological conditions, including
2951:
1508:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8.
848:severe dry mouth less common than with oxybutynin
827:More effective for some symptoms than Tolterodine
3567:
2415:"FDA approves Botox for loss of bladder control"
2282:
2151:White, Nicola; Iglesia, Cheryl B. (2016-03-01).
1747:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1393:Ruxton K, Woodman RJ, Mangoni AA (August 2015).
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730:lower rate of dry mouth as compared to pill form
2696:
2694:
2528:
2509:
2325:
2122:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
978:OAB is due to a different condition, such as a
908:, but does not require that enzyme to be active
804:fewer side effects than short-acting Oxybutynin
779:fewer side effects than short-acting Oxybutynin
752:fewer side effects than short-acting Oxybutynin
702:fewer side effects than short-acting Oxybutynin
670:more side effects than alternatives, including
2257:
1904:
1902:
1324:Mayo Clinic internal medicine concise textbook
437:
3196:
2937:
2375:Diokno, Ananias; Ingber, Michael (Nov 2006).
1575:
927:Botulinum toxin A (Botox) is approved by the
911:it may avoid drug interactions of Tolterodine
664:many studies provide support of effectiveness
399:normal if consistent with the other factors.
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2374:
2150:
1722:
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1526:
637:Comparison of overactive bladder medication
567:medications can keep the OAB under control.
2113:
1899:
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1451:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
261:~40% of elderly adults, increasing with age
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2260:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
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414:and this can complicate clinical studies.
166:Age-related, or Secondary to other illness
99:
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2643:"Overactive bladder: A review and update"
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758:applied to abdomen, arms, or thighs daily
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2262:(21st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
1399:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1090:American Urological Association (2014).
188:Old age, obesity, caffeine, constipation
2427:from the original on 24 September 2015.
2326:Sacco E, Bientinesi R (December 2012).
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1593:Canadian Urological Association Journal
1278:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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2204:Australian Journal of General Practice
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542:interventions, such as treatment with
3184:
3106:Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome
2925:
2647:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
2571:
2377:"Oxybutynin in Detrusor Overactivity"
2253:
2251:
2146:
2144:
2142:
1985:
1680:
1440:
1438:
1320:
1239:
949:
944:muscle that tenses around the bladder
914:little existing research on this drug
873:little existing research on this drug
764:little existing research on this drug
376:
2917:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2114:Harris, Shauna; Riggs, John (2024),
1586:
1243:Danforth's obstetrics and gynecology
680:severe dry mouth more often reported
361:into the bladder is another option.
18:
1863:Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports
1835:, American Urogynecologic Society,
1017:National Association For Continence
13:
2608:
2248:
2139:
1435:
14:
3587:
2866:
2381:Urologic Clinics of North America
1857:Shy M, Fletcher SG (March 2013).
1839:from the original on June 2, 2015
1264:
512:
478:may be done to exclude tumor and
2854:
2771:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02228.x
2005:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01907.x
1992:International Journal of Urology
1522:from the original on 2016-03-05.
1360:Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
1341:from the original on 2016-03-05.
1260:from the original on 2016-03-05.
554:Lifestyle and behavioral therapy
23:
3240:Costovertebral angle tenderness
2633:
2565:
2522:
2503:
2460:
2431:
2407:
2368:
2332:Therapeutic Advances in Urology
2319:
2276:
2191:
2107:
2058:
2028:
1979:
1946:
1850:
1819:American Urogynecologic Society
1800:from the original on 2010-12-04
1786:
1674:
1665:
1629:
1495:
985:
962:, or augmentation cystoplasty.
326:is also a good diagnostic aid.
125:Frequent feeling of needing to
3030:Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
1463:10.1002/14651858.CD010098.pub4
1386:
1314:
1290:10.1002/14651858.CD013519.pub2
1209:
570:
406:as affecting quality of life.
253:Often but not always incurable
1:
3035:Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
2297:10.1080/14740338.2017.1376646
2285:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
1972:10.1016/s1098-3015(11)70554-x
1772:10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.039
1217:"Urinary Bladder, Overactive"
1027:
922:
528:
230:, medications, Botox, surgery
3350:Lower urinary tract symptoms
2830:10.1371/journal.pone.0000195
2116:"Mixed Urinary Incontinence"
1651:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.080
1372:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.10.054
972:
929:Food and Drug Administration
727:patch changed every 3–4 days
499:benign prostatic hyperplasia
461:
226:, drinking moderate fluids,
7:
1552:10.1097/JU.0000000000000309
1010:
523:stress urinary incontinence
438:Catheter-related irritation
94:Overactive bladder syndrome
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
3592:
2586:10.1177/039156030907600301
2481:10.1177/039156030807500102
2440:Botulinum Toxin in Urology
2083:10.1016/j.juro.2012.07.044
1195:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.079
1144:10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.087
683:user takes 2-3 pills a day
3576:Urinary bladder disorders
3528:
3424:
3385:
3342:
3316:
3253:
3222:
3098:
3068:Non-gonococcal urethritis
3053:
2993:
2960:
2715:10.1007/s00345-002-0301-4
2543:10.1007/s00192-007-0529-z
2393:10.1016/j.ucl.2006.06.003
2169:10.1016/j.ogc.2015.10.002
1875:10.1007/s11884-012-0167-2
1240:Gibbs, Ronald S. (2008).
636:
421:
257:
247:
234:
215:
202:
192:
182:
170:
162:
154:
146:
136:
119:
107:
98:
90:
85:
3121:Retroperitoneal fibrosis
3040:Vesicointestinal fistula
2703:World Journal of Urology
2344:10.1177/1756287212457114
2216:10.31128/AJGP-11-19-5142
1986:Homma Y (January 2008).
1912:Quality of Life Research
658:well known by physicians
623:) may be used, as well.
316:urinary tract infections
3116:Urinary tract infection
1830:: an initiative of the
1587:Wein A (October 2011).
1321:Ghosh, Amit K. (2008).
980:urinary tract infection
491:urinary tract infection
320:neurological conditions
284:Loss of bladder control
210:neurological conditions
3372:Extravasation of urine
2659:10.3892/etm.2021.10879
2071:The Journal of Urology
1539:The Journal of Urology
1183:The Journal of Urology
1132:The Journal of Urology
960:sacral neuromodulation
613:β3 adrenergic receptor
548:sacral neuromodulation
428:detrusor urinae muscle
334:pelvic floor exercises
220:Pelvic floor exercises
204:Differential diagnosis
3045:Vesicoureteral reflux
3008:Interstitial cystitis
1502:Abrams, Paul (2011).
521:OAB is distinct from
3261:Urinary incontinence
3153:Urinary incontinence
3111:Obstructive uropathy
3023:Hemorrhagic cystitis
2911:"Overactive Bladder"
2887:10.5301/RU.2011.8886
2153:"Overactive Bladder"
2046:on 21 September 2013
2036:"Overactive Bladder"
1695:10.5301/RU.2012.8972
1681:Sacco E (2012). "".
1189:(6 Suppl): 2455–63.
301:. Poorly controlled
294:problems for years.
150:More common with age
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
3286:Post-void dribbling
2821:2007PLoSO...2..195T
1794:"Urinary catheters"
1599:(Suppl 2): S135–6.
1022:Underactive bladder
904:same metabolite as
412:stress incontinence
311:chronic pelvic pain
307:functional mobility
243:drugs, β3 agonists
3529:External resources
3281:Nocturnal enuresis
3212:Signs and symptoms
3080:Urethral stricture
2985:Ureteric stricture
2423:. 24 August 2008.
2040:Cornell University
1924:10.1007/bf00451721
1605:10.5489/cuaj.11183
950:Invasive surgeries
937:spinal cord injury
933:multiple sclerosis
745:Topical medication
507:Diabetes insipidus
377:Signs and symptoms
268:Overactive bladder
86:Overactive bladder
3563:
3562:
3418:
3417:
3308:Urinary retention
3178:
3177:
3090:Urethral caruncle
3075:Urethral syndrome
2759:BJU International
2453:978-3-642-03579-1
2291:(11): 1273–1280.
1766:(6): 1442.e9–15.
1411:10.1111/bcp.12617
956:urinary diversion
920:
919:
717:transdermal patch
476:cystourethroscopy
396:Urinary frequency
363:Urinary catheters
344:in those who are
288:urge incontinence
265:
264:
194:Diagnostic method
80:Medical condition
78:
77:
70:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
3583:
3422:
3421:
3271:Diurnal enuresis
3245:Vesical tenesmus
3214:relating to the
3205:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3181:
2952:Diseases of the
2946:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2906:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2726:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2227:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2007:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1639:European Urology
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1177:
1156:
1155:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1104:on 26 April 2015
1103:
1097:. Archived from
1096:
1087:
863:extended release
797:extended release
695:extended release
634:
633:
615:agonists (e.g.,
536:anticholinergics
456:butylscopolamine
338:bladder training
322:to be excluded.
224:bladder training
103:
83:
82:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3524:
3523:
3433:
3419:
3414:
3400:Brewer infarcts
3381:
3338:
3312:
3249:
3218:
3209:
3179:
3174:
3094:
3085:Meatal stenosis
3049:
2989:
2956:
2950:
2909:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2801:
2794:
2755:
2748:
2699:
2692:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2620:www.nice.org.uk
2614:
2613:
2609:
2570:
2566:
2527:
2523:
2512:Eur Urol Review
2508:
2504:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2436:
2432:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2373:
2369:
2324:
2320:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:
2249:
2196:
2192:
2149:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2112:
2108:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1984:
1980:
1959:Value in Health
1951:
1947:
1907:
1900:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1832:ABIM Foundation
1828:Choosing Wisely
1821:(May 5, 2015),
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1752:
1748:
1725:
1718:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1634:
1630:
1585:
1576:
1531:
1527:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1457:(2): CD010098.
1443:
1436:
1391:
1387:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1284:(9): CD013519.
1269:
1265:
1254:
1238:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1178:
1159:
1128:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1035:
1030:
1013:
1000:developed world
988:
975:
952:
925:
843:(short acting)
782:2 pills per day
774:(short-acting)
653:(short-acting)
573:
561:Kegel exercises
556:
544:botulinum toxin
531:
515:
464:
440:
424:
379:
359:botulinum toxin
354:anti-muscarinic
241:Anticholinergic
176:detrusor muscle
81:
74:
63:
57:
54:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:article/459340
3545:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3510:
3499:
3488:
3469:
3454:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:Classification
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:urinary system
3208:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Hunner's ulcer
3010:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2877:(in Italian).
2868:
2867:External links
2865:
2862:
2861:
2792:
2746:
2690:
2632:
2622:. 2 April 2019
2607:
2580:(3): 161–177.
2564:
2521:
2502:
2459:
2452:
2430:
2406:
2387:(4): 439–445.
2367:
2318:
2275:
2269:978-1264268504
2268:
2247:
2210:(9): 593–598.
2190:
2138:
2106:
2057:
2027:
1978:
1945:
1918:(5): 291–306.
1898:
1849:
1810:
1785:
1746:
1716:
1673:
1664:
1628:
1574:
1545:(3): 558–563.
1525:
1514:
1494:
1434:
1385:
1344:
1333:
1313:
1263:
1252:
1229:
1208:
1157:
1138:(5): 1572–80.
1115:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
987:
984:
974:
971:
951:
948:
924:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
912:
909:
900:
894:
893:
892:
891:
888:
887:1 pill per day
883:
877:
876:
875:
874:
871:
870:1 pill per day
866:
855:
854:
853:
852:
849:
844:
837:
836:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:1 pill per day
820:
814:
813:
812:
811:
808:
807:1 pill per day
805:
800:
789:
788:
787:
786:
783:
780:
775:
768:
767:
766:
765:
762:
759:
753:
748:
737:
736:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
720:
709:
708:
707:
706:
705:1 pill per day
703:
698:
687:
686:
685:
684:
681:
678:
668:
665:
662:
659:
654:
647:
646:
643:
639:
638:
577:antimuscarinic
572:
569:
555:
552:
530:
527:
514:
513:Classification
511:
495:bladder cancer
463:
460:
439:
436:
423:
420:
378:
375:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
238:
232:
231:
217:
213:
212:
206:
200:
199:
196:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
134:
133:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
79:
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3588:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Bladder stone
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:urinary tract
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:(4): 241–56.
2880:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2724:2027.42/42170
2720:
2716:
2712:
2709:(6): 327–36.
2708:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:(4): 583–98.
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:(2): 120–126.
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2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
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2386:
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2338:(6): 315–24.
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2333:
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2286:
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2166:
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2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:(5): 1811–5.
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
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1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
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1738:
1735:(9): 379–85.
1734:
1730:
1723:
1721:
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1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:(3): 488–96.
1644:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
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1606:
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1594:
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1583:
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1517:
1515:9780199599394
1511:
1507:
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1490:
1486:
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1472:
1468:
1464:
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1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:(2): 209–20.
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1334:9781420067514
1330:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1253:9780781769372
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
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1122:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1084:
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1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
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1068:
1066:
1064:
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1042:
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1038:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1018:
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1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
992:United States
983:
981:
970:
968:
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961:
957:
947:
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940:
938:
934:
930:
913:
910:
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899:
896:
895:
889:
886:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
860:
857:
856:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
839:
838:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
821:
819:
816:
815:
809:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
794:
791:
790:
784:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
770:
769:
763:
761:new on market
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
714:
711:
710:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
692:
689:
688:
682:
679:
677:
673:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
635:
632:
630:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:drugs (e.g.,
578:
568:
564:
562:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
526:
524:
519:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
481:
480:kidney stones
477:
473:
472:bladder scope
469:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
419:
415:
413:
407:
404:
400:
397:
393:
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386:
384:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
351:
348:, decreasing
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
256:
252:
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246:
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233:
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207:
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197:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:UTIs, anxiety
141:
139:
138:Complications
135:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
89:
84:
72:
69:
61:
51:
46:
42:
38:
37:
30:
21:
20:
3547:
3536:
3512:
3501:
3490:
3471:
3456:
3437:
3410:Mathe's sign
3405:Lloyd's sign
3295:
3162:
3148:Malakoplakia
3136:Kidney stone
3126:Urolithiasis
2914:
2878:
2874:
2812:
2808:
2765:(9): 760–6.
2762:
2758:
2706:
2702:
2650:
2646:
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2439:
2433:
2418:
2409:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2259:
2225:10072/400893
2207:
2203:
2193:
2163:(1): 59–68.
2160:
2156:
2131:, retrieved
2119:
2109:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:the original
2030:
1998:(1): 35–43.
1995:
1991:
1981:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1915:
1911:
1869:(1): 45–50.
1866:
1862:
1852:
1841:, retrieved
1826:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1788:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1732:
1728:
1689:(1): 24–35.
1686:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1596:
1592:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1504:
1497:
1454:
1450:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1363:
1359:
1347:
1323:
1316:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1242:
1220:. Retrieved
1211:
1186:
1182:
1135:
1131:
1106:. Retrieved
1099:the original
1005:
989:
986:Epidemiology
976:
964:
953:
941:
926:
898:Fesoterodine
676:constipation
628:
625:
605:fesoterodine
574:
565:
557:
540:neurological
532:
520:
516:
488:
484:
465:
441:
425:
416:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
371:
331:
328:
324:Uroflowmetry
299:constipation
296:
292:
287:
271:
267:
266:
184:Risk factors
131:incontinence
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
3538:MedlinePlus
3395:Addis count
3235:Renal colic
3141:Renal colic
2975:Ureterocele
2915:MedlinePlus
2815:(2): e195.
2653:(6): 1444.
2475:(1): 4–13.
1366:: 137–140.
906:Tolterodine
881:Darifenacin
818:Solifenacin
793:Tolterodine
772:Tolterodine
756:topical gel
597:solifenacin
593:tolterodine
585:hyoscyamine
581:darifenacin
571:Medications
468:Urodynamics
432:urodynamics
342:Weight loss
282:, or both.
228:weight loss
147:Usual onset
91:Other names
52:if you can.
3503:DiseasesDB
3063:Urethritis
3018:Trigonitis
2980:Megaureter
2970:Ureteritis
2626:2023-04-24
2133:2024-03-07
2120:StatPearls
1965:(2): 141.
1804:2010-12-01
1028:References
923:Procedures
741:Oxybutynin
713:Oxybutynin
691:Oxybutynin
651:Oxybutynin
617:mirabegron
589:oxybutynin
529:Management
346:overweight
236:Medication
3549:eMedicine
3519:236633002
3514:SNOMED CT
3387:Eponymous
3365:frequency
2667:1792-1015
2602:208148685
2497:208149855
2234:2208-7958
2177:0889-8545
1561:1527-3792
1471:2164/8446
973:Prognosis
672:dry mouth
503:hematuria
462:Diagnosis
258:Frequency
249:Prognosis
216:Treatment
174:Old age;
109:Specialty
3570:Category
3355:Nocturia
3334:Polyuria
3324:Oliguria
3301:Overflow
3276:Giggling
3266:Enuresis
3168:Overflow
3003:Cystitis
2903:36693916
2895:22237808
2875:Urologia
2849:17332843
2809:PLOS ONE
2787:23650548
2779:11412210
2741:15994916
2733:12811491
2685:34721686
2594:21086288
2574:Urologia
2559:23846583
2551:18196198
2489:21086369
2469:Urologia
2444:Springer
2425:Archived
2401:17011379
2362:23205058
2313:10862256
2305:28889761
2242:32864677
2185:26880508
2128:30480967
2101:22999694
2022:35527427
2014:18184169
1940:22892631
1893:23439804
1837:archived
1798:Archived
1780:22001099
1741:17908830
1711:39170650
1703:22287269
1683:Urologia
1659:19361907
1623:21989525
1569:31039103
1520:Archived
1489:27935011
1429:25735839
1380:27852010
1339:Archived
1308:36148895
1258:Archived
1203:23098785
1152:25623739
1011:See also
859:Trospium
841:Trospium
621:vibegron
609:dementia
601:trospium
448:prostate
444:catheter
403:Nocturia
383:nocturia
350:caffeine
303:diabetes
280:at night
155:Duration
121:Symptoms
58:May 2024
34:require
3497:D053201
3360:urgency
3254:Control
3230:Dysuria
3099:Any/all
3055:Urethra
2995:Bladder
2840:1805814
2817:Bibcode
2676:8549091
2420:Reuters
2353:3491758
2092:3571660
1932:7841963
1884:3579666
1843:June 1,
1760:Urology
1614:3193392
1480:6463833
1420:4541969
1299:9502659
724:no pill
645:Traits
493:(UTI),
389:Urgency
367:surgery
305:, poor
276:urinate
158:Chronic
127:urinate
114:Urology
36:cleanup
3543:001270
3486:788.31
3482:596.51
3467:N32.81
3377:Uremia
3329:Anuria
3317:Volume
3291:Stress
3158:Stress
2962:Ureter
2901:
2893:
2847:
2837:
2785:
2777:
2739:
2731:
2683:
2673:
2665:
2600:
2592:
2557:
2549:
2495:
2487:
2450:
2399:
2360:
2350:
2311:
2303:
2266:
2240:
2232:
2183:
2175:
2126:
2099:
2089:
2050:25 Aug
2020:
2012:
1938:
1930:
1891:
1881:
1778:
1739:
1709:
1701:
1657:
1621:
1611:
1567:
1559:
1512:
1487:
1477:
1427:
1417:
1378:
1331:
1306:
1296:
1250:
1222:1 June
1201:
1150:
1108:1 June
996:Europe
642:Agent
497:, and
422:Causes
309:, and
208:Other
171:Causes
3462:10-CM
3452:N39.4
3448:N32.8
3343:Other
2899:S2CID
2783:S2CID
2737:S2CID
2598:S2CID
2555:S2CID
2493:S2CID
2309:S2CID
2018:S2CID
1936:S2CID
1707:S2CID
1102:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
967:ileum
452:penis
163:Types
3508:3612
3492:MeSH
3477:9-CM
3296:Urge
3223:Pain
3163:Urge
2891:PMID
2845:PMID
2775:PMID
2729:PMID
2681:PMID
2663:ISSN
2590:PMID
2547:PMID
2485:PMID
2448:ISBN
2397:PMID
2358:PMID
2301:PMID
2264:ISBN
2238:PMID
2230:ISSN
2181:PMID
2173:ISSN
2124:PMID
2097:PMID
2052:2013
2010:PMID
1928:PMID
1889:PMID
1845:2015
1776:PMID
1737:PMID
1699:PMID
1655:PMID
1619:PMID
1565:PMID
1557:ISSN
1510:ISBN
1485:PMID
1425:PMID
1376:PMID
1329:ISBN
1304:PMID
1282:2022
1248:ISBN
1224:2015
1199:PMID
1148:PMID
1110:2015
994:and
935:and
674:and
470:, a
3473:ICD
3458:ICD
3439:ICD
2883:doi
2835:PMC
2825:doi
2767:doi
2719:hdl
2711:doi
2671:PMC
2655:doi
2582:doi
2539:doi
2477:doi
2389:doi
2348:PMC
2340:doi
2293:doi
2220:hdl
2212:doi
2165:doi
2087:PMC
2079:doi
2075:188
2000:doi
1967:doi
1920:doi
1879:PMC
1871:doi
1768:doi
1733:107
1691:doi
1647:doi
1609:PMC
1601:doi
1547:doi
1543:202
1475:PMC
1467:hdl
1459:doi
1415:PMC
1407:doi
1368:doi
1364:207
1294:PMC
1286:doi
1191:doi
1187:188
1140:doi
1136:193
629:not
450:or
365:or
318:or
272:OAB
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
