2033:(himself known as "FDR"). Business and industry also coin acronyms prolifically. The rapid advance of science and technology also drives the usage, as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter, more pronounceable names. One representative example, from the U.S. Navy, is "COMCRUDESPAC", which stands for "commander, cruisers destroyers Pacific"; it is also seen as "ComCruDesPac". Inventors are encouraged to anticipate the formation of acronyms by making new terms "YABA-compatible" ("yet another bloody acronym"), meaning the term's acronym can be pronounced and is not an offensive word: "When choosing a new name, be sure it is 'YABA-compatible'."
2851:") is in general disregarded because of the practicality in distinguishing singulars and plurals. This is not the case, however, when the abbreviation is understood to describe a plural noun already: For example, "U.S." is short for "United States", but not "United State". In this case, the options for making a possessive form of an abbreviation that is already in its plural form without a final "s" may seem awkward: for example, "U.S.", "U.S.'s", etc. In such instances, possessive abbreviations are often forgone in favor of simple
4078:
3406:
2294:
1556:
259:
4136:
4037:
3472:
3365:
44:
3730:
1678:), and some others, would be abbreviated by their first and last letters, marked with an overline. This was just one of many kinds of conventional scribal abbreviation, used to reduce the time-consuming workload of the scribe and save on valuable writing materials. The same convention is still commonly used in the inscriptions on religious
2052:, and argue that acronyms should be embraced as inevitable, or as innovation that adapts the language to changing circumstances. In this view, the modern practice is just the "proper" English of the current generation of speakers, much like the earlier abbreviation of corporation names on ticker tape or newspapers.
3929:
and forgettable string, albeit faithful to the matching of letters. However, other reasonable critiques have been (1) that it is irresponsible to mention trial acronyms without explaining them at least once by providing the long names somewhere in the document, and (2) that the proliferation of trial
2983:
Where an acronym has linguistically taken on an identity as regular word, the acronym may use normal case rules, e.g. it would appear generally in lower case, but with an initial capital when starting a sentence or when in a title. Once knowledge of the words underlying such an acronym has faded from
9261:
Use all capitals if an abbreviation is pronounced as the individual letters (an initialism): BBC, CEO, US, VAT, etc; if it is an acronym (pronounced as a word) spell out with initial capital, eg Nasa, Nato, Unicef, unless it can be considered to have entered the language as an everyday word, such as
3053:
typically edits to this style (though its official style guide, dating from 2003, still recommends all-caps). The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme. However, it conflicts with conventional
English usage of first-letter upper-casing as
4338:
operational vertical sounder"; and TIROS is "Television infrared observational satellite". Fully expanded, "RARS" might thus become "Regional
Advanced Television Infrared Observational Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service", which would produce the much more unwieldy acronym
2831:
A particularly rich source of options arises when the plural of an acronym would normally be indicated in a word other than the final word if spelled out in full. A classic example is "Member of
Parliament", which in plural is "Members of Parliament". It is possible then to abbreviate this as "M's
2827:
Possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex: for example, "the C.D.'s' labels" (the labels of the compact discs). In some instances, however, an apostrophe may increase clarity: for example, if the final letter of an abbreviation is
2055:
Exact pronunciation of "word acronyms" (those pronounced as words rather than sounded out as individual letters) often vary by speaker population. These may be regional, occupational, or generational differences, or simply personal preference. For instance, there have been decades of online debate
3883:
and other scientific studies constitute a large class of acronyms that includes many contrived examples, as well as many with a partial rather than complete correspondence of letters to expansion components. These trials tend to have full names that are accurately descriptive of what the trial is
2350:
Another text aid is an abbreviation key which lists and expands all acronyms used, a reference for readers who skipped past the first use. (This is especially important for paper media, where no search utility is available to find the first use.) It also gives students a convenient review list to
3921:. It is useful for the short name to give a reminder of the long name, which supports the reasonable censure of "cutesy" examples that provide little to no hint of it. But beyond that reasonably close correspondence, the short name's chief utility is in functioning cognitively as a
9600:"Originally referred to as Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, the term RAID was first published in the late 1980s by Patterson, Gibson, and Katz of the University of California at Berkeley. (The RAID Advisory Board has since substituted the term Inexpensive with Independent.)"
952:
acknowledges the complexity ("Furthermore, an acronym and initialism are occasionally combined (JPEG), and the line between initialism and acronym is not always clear") but still defines the terms as mutually exclusive. Other guides outright deny any legitimacy to the usage:
2810:, writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". Turabian would therefore prefer "DVDs" and "URLs" but "Ph.D.'s". The style guides of the
3040:
Some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms, reserving all-caps styling for initialisms, writing the pronounced acronyms "Nato" and "Aids" in mixed case, but the initialisms "USA" and "FBI" in all caps. For example, this is the style used in
7648: A number of commentators (as Copperud 1970, Janis 1984, Howard 1984) believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words. Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction because writers in general do not:
3991:"). Two Irish institutes of technology (Galway and Tralee) chose different acronyms from other institutes when they were upgraded from regional technical colleges. Tralee RTC became the Institute of Technology Tralee (ITT), as opposed to Tralee Institute of Technology (
3244:" is another example of this; in that case, the organization changed its name three times, with the long-form of the name always corresponding to the letters "NARAL", before eventually opting to simply be known by the short-form, without being connected to a long-form.
6949:
if they like', he thought, 'but that's the only difference. Pee-gee-enn; what's the word for words like that, made out of initials? My memory is beginning to fail me. Just the other day there was a technical expression I couldn't remember. I must be growing old.
9033:"Libraries Australia – T.H. McWilliam, Charles Kingsford Smith, Prime Minister of New Zealand Joseph Coates, Charles Ulm and H.A. Litchfield in front row with Members of Parliament on steps of Parliament House, Wellington, New Zealand, September 1928"
2836:. This usage is less common than forms with "s" at the end, such as "MPs", and may appear dated or pedantic. In common usage, therefore, "weapons of mass destruction" becomes "WMDs", "prisoners of war" becomes "POWs", and "runs batted in" becomes "RBIs".
1873:
claims that "forming words from acronyms is a distinctly twentieth- (and now twenty-first-) century phenomenon. There is only one known pre-twentieth-century word with an acronymic origin and it was in vogue for only a short time in 1886. The word is
2862:
Abbreviations that come from single, rather than multiple, words – such as "TV" ("television") – are usually pluralized without apostrophes ("two TVs"); most writers feel that the apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive ("the TV's antenna").
2780:" "a11y". In addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters, the more general "x" can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters. Examples include "Crxn" for "crystallization" and the series familiar to physicians for
4625:
There are also cases where some longer phrases are abbreviated drastically, especially in
Chinese politics, where proper nouns were initially translated from Soviet Leninist terms. For instance, the full name of China's highest ruling council, the
3930:
acronyms has resulted in ambiguity, such as three different trials all called ASPECT, which is another reason why failing to explain them somewhere in the document is irresponsible in scientific communication. At least one study has evaluated the
3715:
Backronyms are oftentimes used for comedic effect. An example of creating a backronym for comedic effect would be in naming a group or organization, the name "A.C.R.O.N.Y.M." stands for (among other things) "a clever regiment of nerdy young men".
3289:" went partway, re-branding itself with its initialism "KFC" to de-emphasize the role of frying in the preparation of its signature dishes, though they have since returned to using both interchangeably. The East Coast Hockey League became the
1843:
is relatively new in most languages, becoming increasingly evident since the mid-twentieth century. As literacy spread and technology produced a constant stream of new and complex terms, abbreviations became increasingly convenient. The
6078:
are disyllabic, it would be less convenient to pronounce an initialism by its individual letters. Acronyms pronounced as words are rare in
Vietnamese, occurring when an acronym itself is borrowed from another language. Examples include
2626:, all such punctuation marking acronyms and other capitalized abbreviations is now uncommon and considered either unnecessary or incorrect. The presence of all-capital letters is now thought sufficient to indicate the nature of the
3320:
has replaced the long name
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. Some companies which have a name giving a clear indication of their place of origin will choose to use acronyms when expanding to foreign markets: for example,
4422:), and TP1 (telomerase-associated protein) – but is not syntactically reducible to them. The name is thus itself more symbol than acronym, and its expansion cannot replace it while preserving its function in natural syntax as a
2772:", a computer-science term for adapting software for worldwide use; the "18" represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in "internationalization". Similarly, "localization" can be abbreviated "l10n"; "
9953:
Chưa kể cách viết này còn dễ bị cho là lười biếng hoặc tỏ ra quan trọng, vì đây là cách chép nguyên xi, máy móc các cụm từ viết tắt từ văn bản pháp quy của chính quyền, như TTLT-VKSNDTC-TANDTC, khá phổ biến ở Việt Nam hiện
7360:
An acronym is a word composed of the first letters of the words in a phrase, especially when this is used as a name. An example of an acronym is 'NATO', which is made up of the first letters of the 'North
Atlantic Treaty
3896:
include the ALLHAT trial (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering
Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) and the CHARM trial (Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity). The fact that
358:
which is pronounced as each letter since it's unpronounceable as a word. In its narrow sense, acronym is an initialism that is pronounced as a word – contains sufficient vowels to be pronounceable as a word. For example,
5117:
To a greater degree than
English does, German tends toward acronyms that use initial syllables rather than initial single letters, although it uses many of the latter type as well. Some examples of the syllabic type are
5249:
is always written between the second-last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym, even if by this it separates letters of the same original word. Examples (keep in mind Hebrew reads right-to-left):
4369:
than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are. The latter are fully reducible in an attempt to "spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations", but the former are irreducible in that respect; they can be
3232:) for "canine". Pseudo-acronyms also frequently develop as "orphan initialisms": an existing acronym is redefined as a non-acronymous name, severing its link to its previous meaning. For example, the letters of the "
2346:
In writing for a broad audience, the words of an acronym are typically written out in full at its first occurrence within a given text. Expansion At First Use (EAFU) benefits readers unfamiliar with the acronym.
6958:, it's six of one and half a dozen of the other. ... Pee-gee-enn. It's an acronym, that's what it is. That's what they call words made up of initials. So I remember it after all; that's at least something.
3783:, that is, deliberately designed to be especially apt for the thing being named (by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word). Some examples of contrived acronyms are
2266:, along with variant capitalization like "IPSEC" and "Ipsec". Pronunciation may even vary within a single speaker's vocabulary, depending on narrow contexts. As an example, the database programming language
2792:("hx", "dx", "tx"). Terms relating to a command structure may also sometimes use this formatting, for example gold, silver, and bronze levels of command in UK policing being referred to as Gx, Sx, and Bx.
3206:
ailure (CHF)"). Capitalization like this, however, conflicts with the convention of
English orthography, which generally reserves capitals in the middle of sentences for proper nouns; when following the
3083:" (from "United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund") because it is more than four letters, and to style it in caps might look ungainly (flirting with the appearance of "shouting capitals").
2044:(IM). To fit messages into the 160-character SMS limit, and to save time, acronyms such as "GF" ("girlfriend"), "LOL" ("laughing out loud"), and "DL" ("download" or "down low") have become popular. Some
5696:
Rules in writing initialisms in Malay differ based on its script. In its Latin form, the initialism would be spelt much like in English, using capitals written without any spacing, such as TNB for
6766:
4/2 The author hit on the idea of the name 'oracle'..and it was not long before it was made into an acronym for 'Optional Reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics'.
3562:
companies have taken the redundant acronym to the extreme: for example, ISM Information Systems Management Corp. and SHL Systemhouse Ltd. Examples in entertainment include the television shows
3589:
memory", which is redundant because "RAM" ("random-access memory") includes the initial of the word "memory". "PIN" stands for "personal identification number", obviating the second word in "
2370:. This may be intentional, to exclude readers without domain-specific knowledge. New acronyms may also confuse when they coincide with an already existing acronym having a different meaning.
3677:
was originally an acronym for "World Wildlife Fund", but now stands for "World Wide Fund for Nature" (although the organization's branches in the U.S. and Canada still use the original name)
1649:, meaning "son", a very common part of memorial inscriptions mentioning people. Grammatical markers were abbreviated or left out entirely if they could be inferred from the rest of the text.
443:
Occasionally, some letter other than the first is chosen, most often when the pronunciation of the name of the letter coincides with the pronunciation of the beginning of the word (example:
3345:
of companies is another example of the original name (Jindal South West Group) being re-branded into a pseudo-acronym while expanding into other geographical areas in and outside of India.
3574:("Navy" was dropped in the second season), where the redundancy was likely designed to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for. The same reasoning was in evidence when the
6676:
A word formed from the initial letters of other words or (occasionally) from the initial parts of syllables taken from other words, the whole being pronounced as a single word (such as
9692:
4823:, literally 'great learning' although 'big school' is an acceptable alternate). They can be interpreted similarly to American university appellations, such as "UPenn" or "Texas Tech".
8864:
2806:
5708:
In Jawi, however, the way initialisms are different depending on the source language. For Malay initialisms, the initial Jawi letters would be written separated by a period such as
5656:. This, however, has been less prevalent in the modern era, in contrary to Indonesian. It is still often for names such as organisation names, among the most famous being MARA from
2734:
When a multiple-letter abbreviation is formed from a single word, periods are in general not used, although they may be common in informal usage. "TV", for example, may stand for a
2607:
in place of "fifty-two" and "1/4." or "1./4." to indicate "one-fourth"). Both conventions have fallen out of common use in all dialects of English, except in places where an Arabic
3708:
once proposed that the word "book" ought to stand for "box of organized knowledge". A classic real-world example of this is the name of the predecessor to the Apple Macintosh, the
9980:
7686:
Pyles & Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into "initialisms", which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names, and "word acronyms", which are pronounced as words.
1769:
period saw Hebrew acronymy expand to a lexicon of many hundreds, including every type of word and extending to proper nouns: almost all Medieval rabbis are known by acronyms like
7246:, whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables. While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision, it may be lost on many people, for whom the term
4334:, a fully documented specimen was discovered that may be the most deeply nested of all: RARS is the "Regional ATOVS Retransmission Service"; ATOVS is "Advanced TOVS"; TOVS is "
3815:, standing for "French Connection United Kingdom". The company then created T-shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym's similarity to the taboo word "
3224:
Some apparent acronyms or other abbreviations do not stand for anything and cannot be expanded to some meaning. Such pseudo-acronyms may be pronunciation-based, such as "BBQ" (
11624:
8387:
Your correspondent who asks about words made up of the initial letters or syllables of other words may be interested in knowing that I have seen such words called by the name
2738:
word ("television" or "transvestite", for instance), and is in general spelled without punctuation (except in the plural). Although "PS" stands for the single English word "
3901:
is often involved, as well as that the letters often do not entirely match, have sometimes been pointed out by annoyed researchers preoccupied by the idea that because the
8933:
6282:(initial consonant mutation) is commonplace, acronyms must also be modified in situations where case and context dictate it. In the case of Scottish Gaelic, a lower-case
1797:
and newspaper stock listings (e.g. American Telephone and Telegraph Company → AT&T). Some well-known commercial examples dating from the 1890s through 1920s include "
5860:('Institute for Swahili Research'). Multiple initial letters (often the initial syllable of words) are often drawn together, as seen more in some languages than others.
1816:
Another field for the adoption of acronyms was modern warfare, with its many highly technical terms. While there is no recorded use of military acronyms dating from the
9863:
9831:
6779:
2/2 Turning tea into an acronym for Taxed Enough Already, demonstrators were expected to attend more than 750 rallies to protest government spending.
4799:
Many aspects of academics in Korea follow similar acronym patterns as Chinese, owing to the two languages' commonalities, like using the word for 'big' or 'great' i.e.
9440:
1293:
3020:
Words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case, so the root acronym is clear. For example, "pre-WWII politics", "post-NATO world", "
7916:
7460:
a word made up from the first letters of the name of something such as an organization. For example, NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
723:
for those that are not. Some sources acknowledge the usage, but vary in whether they criticize or forbid it, allow it without comment, or explicitly advocate it.
4636:). The term then reduced the 'Communist Party of China' part of its name through acronyms, then the 'Standing Committee' part, again through acronyms, to create
9107:
5993:, that is, one syllable. When the first letter of a syllable has a tone mark or other diacritic, the diacritic may be omitted from the initialism, for example
4328:
Some macronyms can be multiply nested: the second-order acronym points to another one further down a hierarchy. In an informal competition run by the magazine
2048:
disdain texting acronyms and abbreviations as decreasing clarity, or as failure to use "pure" or "proper" English. Others point out that languages have always
3671:). The English expansion of its name has since been changed to "Union for International Cancer Control" so that it would also correspond to the UICC acronym.
2773:
3888:
within the syntax of a sentence, so a short name is also developed, which can serve as a syntactically useful handle and also provide at least a degree of
2935:
are sometimes used to make the run of capital letters seem less jarring to the reader. For example, the style of some American publications, including the
826:
8837:
8620:
Patel, C. B.; Rashid, R. M. (February 2009). "Averting the proliferation of acronymophilia in dermatology: effectively avoiding ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC".
5838:, as a group nickname for themselves, built from the first letter of each girl's name in the order of their births: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia.
1627:
Acronyms were used in Rome before the Christian era. For example, the official name for the Roman Empire, and the Republic before it, was abbreviated as
9534:
8016:
4523:
writing systems (such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), "acronyms" describe the short forms that take selected characters from a multi-character word.
3095:(such as "and", "or", "of", or "to"), this is not always the case. Sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym, such as CORE (
2859:
making the possessive (for example, "the United States' economy"). On the other hand, in speech, the pronunciation "United States's" is sometimes used.
5729:
4398:; if they are purged, the form of language that is left may conform to some imposed rule, but it cannot be described as remaining natural. Similarly,
9918:
8598:
6571:
A group of initial letters used as an abbreviation for a name or expression, each letter or part being pronounced separately; an initialism (such as
1283:
9006:
11073:
9071:
4004:
3987:
was quickly renamed to the "Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance" when its opponents pointed out that its initials spelled CCRAP (pronounced "see
2828:"S", as in "SOS's" (although abbreviations ending with S can also take "-es", e.g. "SOSes"), or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods.
976:
9940:
5722:. If the initialism is from a different language, however, it would be written by transliterating each letter from the original language, such as
4496:
stands for "HIRD of Unix-replacing daemons", where HIRD itself stands for "HURD of interfaces representing depth" (a "mutually recursive" acronym)
10741:
10664:
8049:
3905:
form of acronyms originated with one-to-one letter matching, there must be some impropriety in their ever deviating from that form. However, the
829:
from 1994 is one of the earliest publications to advocate for the expansive sense, and all the major dictionary editions that include a sense of
742:
3304:
are legally incorporated with "IBM" in their names (for example, IBM Canada) to avoid translating the full name into local languages. Likewise,
10953:
10485:
9510:
9173:
8108:
7678:"... the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms—words formed from the first letters of other words"—Bernard Weinraub,
5242:
It is common to take more than just one initial letter from each of the words composing the acronym; regardless of this, the abbreviation sign
4654:). The PSC's members full designations are 'Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China' (
926:
9682:
9414:
6435:
10563:
9387:
5365:
9791:
7414:
7270:
3625:
In some cases, while the initials in an acronym may stay the same, for what those letters stand may change. Examples include the following:
1639:). Inscriptions dating from antiquity, both on stone and on coins, use many abbreviations and acronyms to save space and work. For example,
8961:
8800:
8251:
3934:
and other traits of acronym-named trials compared with others, finding both good aspects (mnemonic help, name recall) and potential flaws (
3654:
was originally an acronym for "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks" but has since been redefined as "Redundant Array of Independent Disks"
2820:
2714:
2373:
Medical literature has been struggling to control the proliferation of acronyms, including efforts by the American Academy of Dermatology.
967:
7347:
965:
says "An acronym is made from the first letters or parts of a compound term. It's read or spoken as a single word, not letter by letter."
11204:
8290:
7381:
3712:, which was said to refer to "Local Integrated Software Architecture", but was actually named after Steve Jobs's daughter, born in 1978.
2818:
prohibit apostrophes from being used to pluralize acronyms regardless of periods (so "compact discs" would be "CDs" or "C.D.s"), whereas
955:
4374:
with parenthetical explanations, but they cannot be eliminated from speech or writing in any useful or practical way. Just as the words
2832:
P", which was fairly common in mid-twentieth-century Australian news writing (or similar), and used by former Australian Prime Minister
10669:
8071:
7786:
7711:
4311:
3645:
1643:, of which there was only a small set, were almost always abbreviated. Common terms were abbreviated too, such as writing just "F" for
1264:
847:
796:
784:
3079:, for example, keeps "NATO" in all capitals (while several guides in the British press may render it "Nato"), but uses lower case in "
1400:"Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time", helps detect and enhance responsiveness to the needs of a person having a
837:
were first published in the twenty-first century. The trend among dictionary editors appears to be towards including a sense defining
4961:
3868:
for "Biochronicity and Temporal Mechanisms Arising in Nature" and "Robustness of Biologically-Inspired Networks", a reference to the
3820:
9754:
Stanbrook, M. B.; Austin, P. C.; Redelmeier, D. A. (2006). "Acronym-named randomized trials in medicine—the ART in medicine study".
2866:
In some languages, the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym is used to indicate plural words: for example, the Spanish
2800:
There is a question about how to pluralize acronyms. Often a writer will add an 's' following an apostrophe, as in "PC's". However,
10016:
8980:
7427:
an abbreviation consisting of letters that form a word. For example, NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
1307:
5872:, which has an abundance of compound words, initialisms are very commonly used for both proper and common nouns. Examples include
3236:", a US college entrance test originally dubbed "Scholastic Aptitude Test", no longer officially stand for anything. The US-based
323:, which includes acronym, is any shortened form of a word or phrase. This includes letters removed from the end of a word such as
3860:
magazine reported that DARPA announced programs to "transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science" named
3593:
number"; in this case its retention may be motivated to avoid ambiguity with the homophonous word "pin". Other examples include "
173:, ignoring pronunciation, is its original meaning and in common use. Dictionary and style-guide editors dispute whether the term
9302:
6695:
Feb. 167/1 Words made up of the initial letters or syllables of other words..I have seen..called by the name
6642:
24 July 9/1 The puns on the acronym, 'CIA', were spawned by recent disclosures about the intelligence agency.
6611:
xlvii. 518 Pee-gee-enn. It's an acronym , that's what it is. That's what they call words made up of initials.
5174:, 'detective division police'). The extension of such contraction to a pervasive or whimsical degree has been mockingly labeled
2761:) is sometimes used to separate the letters in an acronym, as in "N/A" ("not applicable, not available") and "c/o" ("care of").
8790:. "Globe & Mail (Toronto) 22 May 10/4 Americanization has also largely done away with periods in acronyms and initialisms."
6254:
The process above is similar to the way that hyphens are used for clarity in English when prefixes are added to acronyms: thus
4855:
3658:
9853:
8762:
8733:
8412:
1620:
until relatively recent times. Like retronymy, it became much more common in the twentieth century than it had formerly been.
9902:
9817:
9609:
9431:
9351:
9235:
9209:
8877:
8706:
8684:
8577:
8454:
8325:
8265:
8226:
8181:
8151:
8121:
7484:
6981:
6411:
7666:
make no distinction between those pronounced as words ... and those pronounced as a series of characters" —Jean Praninskas,
7447:
1749:
has a millennia-long history of acronyms pronounced as words. Along with theophoric parallels to the Greek described above,
1727:: 'Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior'). This interpretation dates from the second and third centuries and is preserved in the
9647:
9102:
7121:
7096:
2. a set of initials representing a name, organization, or the like, with each letter pronounced separately; an initialism.
6855:
5835:
5739:
5434:'), and many others. Some acronyms are considered formal (or officially adopted), while many more are considered informal,
4724:(literally 'man/people big'), only the first characters from the second and the fourth parts are selected; the first part (
4000:
1689:
The early Christians in Rome, most of whom were Greek rather than Latin speakers, used the image of a fish as a symbol for
7595:
7004:
6802:
6741:
1 Sept. 22/3 New words which are constructed out of initial letters are called, I understand, acronyms.
3748:
3740:
1785:
During the mid- to late nineteenth century, acronyms became a trend among American and European businessmen: abbreviating
11490:
11337:
9717:
Cheng, Tsung O (2003), "No more unexplained trial acronyms please. Trial Acronyms: Better Obvious than Obscure (TABOO)",
4287:
3835:
778:
408:
17:
6075:
4218:, is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms (or abbreviations) themselves. The word "macronym" is a
11009:
10911:
8938:
8918:
8345:
4418:), C2TA (major histocompatibility complex class II transcription activator), HET-E (incompatibility locus protein from
2815:
1200:
2764:
Inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count as a
9226:
9200:
8209:
7925:
7803:
7724:
7639:
7083:
6930:
4197:
4179:
4117:
4064:
3880:
3766:
3533:
3515:
3453:
3392:
3178:, such as "i18n" ("internationalization"; "18" represents the 18 letters between the initial "i" and the final "n").
3080:
2824:
requires an apostrophe when pluralizing all abbreviations regardless of periods (preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's").
2333:
1595:
961:
959:
says "Abbreviations that are not pronounced as words (IBM, ABC, NFL) are not acronyms; they are just abbreviations."
808:
667:
637:
558:
506:
306:
9483:
9097:
8349:
7554:
5332:
remains between the second-last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. 'report', singular:
4161:
3497:
3435:
946:
is often applied to abbreviations that are technically initialisms, since they are pronounced as separate letters."
288:
11619:
11495:
11342:
9622:
9044:
3639:
2182:). Similarly, some letter-by-letter initialisms may become word acronyms over time, especially in combining forms:
2017:
and government agencies frequently employ acronyms; some well-known examples from the United States are among the "
2005:, a term of disputed origin, dates back at least to the early nineteenth century and is now used around the world.
1899:
1377:) "Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance"
1002:
859:
7230:. The distinguishing feature of an acronym is that it is pronounced as if it were a single word, in the manner of
4743:, whose full name is literally read as 'China Central Television Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala' (
4594:). In some cases, however, other characters than the first can be selected. For example, the local short form of '
11411:
9756:
7672:"It is not J.C.B.'s fault that its name, let alone its acronym, is not a household word among European scholars"—
6460:
3803:
3301:
1793:(e.g., "Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad" → "RF&P"); on the sides of barrels and crates; and on
1252:
177:
can be legitimately applied to abbreviations which are not pronounced as words, and they do not agree on acronym
4314:
has a number of nested acronyms for its certifications, e.g. "GSEC" is an acronym for "GIAC Security Essentials"
2878:('United States'). This old convention is still followed for a limited number of English abbreviations, such as
8827:
7837:) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term;
7758:) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term—
6141:, many compound words can be shortened to the first syllable when forming a longer word. For example, the term
5516:, many acronyms come from the governmental use, particularly in the military and law enforcement services. The
4365:
misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description; the true nature of such a term is closer to
4146:
4099:
3995:). Galway RTC became Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT), as opposed to Galway Institute of Technology (
3590:
3564:
3482:
3431:
2315:
2013:
Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The
1883:
1577:
1536:
802:
284:
8254:: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative News Organization
8008:
7889:
7694:, seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with
7051:) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term
1409:"Don't repeat yourself", A principle of software development aimed at reducing repetition of software patterns
11629:
11058:
11045:
10626:
9531:
9040:
9010:
7473:
6624:
May 8/2 The acronym DDT..trips pleasantly on the tongue and is already a household byword.
4691:
3099:). Sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case, such as in the cases of "TfL" ("
707:
to describe forms that use initials but are not pronounced as a word. While there is plenty of evidence that
617:
4642:. Alternatively, it omitted the 'Communist Party' part altogether, creating 'Politburo Standing Committee' (
468:
to mean pronounced as a word, but is useful for those who consider acronym and initialism to be synonymous.
440:
Sometimes it uses a letter from the middle or end of a word, or from only a few key words in a long phrase.
241:
appearing as early as 1921. Citations in English date to a 1940 translation of a novel by the German writer
10762:
10389:
10341:
10009:
7616:
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word (e.g. ASCII, NASA).
7394:
an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word
6500:
4627:
3808:
3704:
that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word. For example, the novelist and critic
2440:
1524:
1394:"Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, Time-related", A principle of setting of goals and objectives
1275:
934:"denotes abbreviations formed from initial letters of other words and pronounced as a single word, such as
748:
398:
8594:
5632:
Although not as common as in Indonesian, a number of Malay words are formed by merging two words, such as
4452:, has letters whose expansion refers back to the macronym itself. One of the earliest examples appears in
2366:
While acronyms provide convenience and succinctness for specialists, they often degenerate into confusing
2354:
Expansion at first use and abbreviation keys originated in the print era, but they are equally useful for
604:
Some acronyms are pronounced as letters or as a word based on speaker preference or context. For example,
10867:
10067:
8900:
8869:
8044:
6068:
5671:(Malay in Arabic script) spelling of the name and may not reflect its Latin counterpart such as PAS from
3282:
3096:
2811:
2726:". The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme.
2443:". With some of these specious expansions, the "belief" that the etymology is acronymic has clearly been
2389:(red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). They are also used as mental checklists: in aviation
2022:
1840:
948:
901:
350:
An acronym in its general sense, a.k.a. initialism, is the first letter of each word of a phrase such as
9932:
9067:
6074:
Initialisms are purely a written convenience, being pronounced the same way as their expansions. As the
4357:
However, to say that "RARS" stands directly for that string of words, or can be interchanged with it in
3642:
changed the full form of its name from "General Accounting Office" to "Government Accountability Office"
2553:
for "all right", "captain", and "forecastle"). By the early twentieth century, it was standard to use a
917:
structures the senses in order of chronological development, it now gives the "initialism" sense first.
11156:
10417:
10138:
8377:
7262:
6162:
4454:
3674:
3129:
776:
criticizes it with the label "usage problem". However, many English language dictionaries, such as the
575:
and acronym. These are usually pronounced as words and considered to be acronyms overall. For example,
8039:
6654:(ed. 2) i. 75 Called by the acronym SCSD (Schools Construction System Development).
5749:
Acronyms that use parts of words (not necessarily syllables) are commonplace in Russian as well, e.g.
4684:) used increasingly for officials destined for a future seat on the PSC. In another example, the word
3273:
has simply rebranded itself as AMC. Genzyme Transgenics Corporation became GTC Biotherapeutics, Inc.;
11599:
11468:
8783:
8076:
7884:
4407:
4301:
4247:
4020:
3910:
3648:
changed the full form of its name from "Government Printing Office" to "Government Publishing Office"
3309:
3237:
2718:
recommends following each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually, as in "
2522:
1969:
1846:
1821:
1256:
888:
853:
754:
9506:
9169:
974:
In contrast, some style guides do support it, whether explicitly or implicitly. The 1994 edition of
471:
Some acronyms are partially pronounced as a word and otherwise pronounced as letters. For example,
11570:
11426:
10963:
10252:
9894:
9411:
5717:
5585:
4974:
4414:, which reflects the symbols of some proteins that contain the domain – NAIP (NLR family apoptosis
4321:
4095:
4050:
3661:
was founded as the "International Union Against Cancer", and its initials originally came from the
3594:
3427:
3416:
3378:
3241:
2649:
2311:
1612:, is a linguistic process that has existed throughout history but for which there was little to no
1573:
1518:
1469:: "HIRD of Unix-replacing daemons", where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of interfaces representing depth"
1406:
880:
609:
280:
269:
9377:
5685:, with the same pronunciation, since the first letter of the word 'Islam' in Jawi uses the letter
4876:(교원대, 'Big Ed.' or 'Ed.-U'). Other schools use a Koreanized version of their English acronym. The
11770:
11739:
11309:
10002:
9803:
9799:
9507:"KFC shuns 'fried' image with new name – Kentucky Fried Chicken has changed its name to KFC"
9339:
8569:
8214:
7406:
5674:
4740:
4362:
4157:
4088:
4008:
3906:
3632:
was originally an acronym for the unofficial term "digital video disc", but is now stated by the
3493:
3420:
3334:
3270:
3149:
2304:
2045:
1914:
has been pan-European and pre-dates modern English. Some examples of acronyms in this class are:
1566:
1260:
825:
through the twentieth century did not explicitly acknowledge or support the expansive sense. The
571:
273:
10641:
9343:
8804:
4854:, 'Hong, the big ' or 'Hong-U') Other acronyms can refer to the university's main subject, e.g.
4630:(PSC), is 'Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China' (
4361:(in the same way that "CHF" can be usefully interchanged with "congestive heart failure"), is a
11760:
11327:
11236:
11003:
10874:
10731:
10360:
9557:
9287:
8446:
7339:
4391:
4317:
3598:
3555:
3313:
3293:
when it expanded to include cities in the western United States prior to the 2003–2004 season.
3194:
emphasis (for example, writing: "the onset of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)" or "the onset of
2657:
2424:
1530:
35:
8966:
8282:
7508:
an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word (e.g.
7373:
6971:
6750:
21 Apr. 51/2 Colidar, an acronym from coherent light detecting and ranging.
6401:
5986:. It is also common for a writer to coin an ad hoc initialism for repeated use in an article.
3190:
will sometimes capitalize or otherwise distinctively format the initials of the expansion for
11078:
10123:
8313:
8113:
6877:
6349:
5831:
5321:
5153:
4277:
3322:
3109:
2948:
2037:
2030:
1990:
1623:
Ancient examples of acronymy (before the term "acronym" was invented) include the following:
1427:
680:
228:
8695:
8257:
8218:
8171:
8138:
8081:
7795:
2467:" from "for unlawful carnal knowledge", or "fornication under consent/command of the king".
11366:
11098:
10833:
9154:
8549:
Vol. 84, No. 6., "Literary Metaphors and Other Linguistic Innovations in Computer Language"
6331:
5659:
4595:
4459:
3945:
Some acronyms are chosen deliberately to avoid a name considered undesirable: For example,
3586:
3575:
3551:
3330:
3297:
3274:
3171:
3145:
3100:
2855:
usage (for example, "the U.S. economy") or expanding the abbreviation to its full form and
2769:
2623:
2436:
2393:
stands for gas-undercarriage-mixture-propeller-seat belts. Other mnemonic acronyms include
2271:
1683:
980:
defends the usage on the basis of a claim that dictionaries do not make a distinction. The
790:
760:
711:
is used widely in this way, some sources do not acknowledge this usage, reserving the term
5302:, the school). An example that takes only the initial letters from its component words is
3617:(The Nashville/National Network) also renamed itself "The New TNN" for a brief interlude.
8:
11726:
11463:
11453:
11376:
11351:
10674:
10408:
10384:
9543:
9134:
8956:
8246:
7567:
a word formed from the first (or first few) letters of a series of words, as radar, from
6178:
6130:
6111:
6090:
5869:
5517:
3296:
Pseudo-acronyms may have advantages in international markets: for example, some national
3252:
3208:
2754:
2558:
2494:
2486:
1986:
734:
which does not require being pronounced as a word. American English dictionaries such as
683:
it is always pronounced as letters. Speakers may use different pronunciation as a way to
178:
8984:
4904:) in both English and Korean. The 3 most prestigious schools in Korea are known as SKY (
3325:
continues to operate under the full name in Canada, but its U.S. subsidiary is known as
11589:
11532:
11296:
10976:
10769:
10651:
10331:
10305:
10181:
10072:
9985:
9435:
8832:
8564:
8480:
8439:
8372:
7169:
rganization or by combining the initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as
6885:
5951:
4371:
3948:
3614:
3187:
3075:
2908:
2435:" is commonly cited as being derived, it is presumed, from "constable on patrol", and "
2423:, for a word. Such etymologies persist in popular culture but have no factual basis in
1817:
1449:
388:
9730:
9149:
7113:
3024:". In some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case. For example, "
1886:
held in London in that year." However, although acronymic words seem not to have been
11765:
11675:
11441:
10930:
10810:
10204:
10170:
10165:
9898:
9773:
9734:
9605:
9464:
9347:
9317:
9231:
9205:
8873:
8702:
8680:
8637:
8573:
8450:
8321:
8261:
8222:
8177:
8147:
8117:
7931:
7921:
7809:
7799:
7730:
7720:
7635:
7490:
7480:
6977:
6926:
6910:
6407:
5527:
4967:
4827:
4561:
4449:
4443:
4415:
3984:
3662:
3248:
2785:
2188:
2041:
2018:
1660:('sacred names') were used in many Greek biblical manuscripts. The common words God (
993:
924:
generally criticize the usage that refers to forms that are not pronounceable words.
726:
Some mainstream English dictionaries from across the English-speaking world affirm a
242:
63:
9579:
3973:. Likewise, the Computer Literacy and Internet Technology qualification is known as
3926:
3917:
short name to complement the long name that is often syntactically unusable and not
3162:
3137:
11560:
11436:
11431:
11332:
11253:
11150:
10818:
10787:
10694:
10553:
10274:
9765:
9726:
9687:
8859:
8729:
8629:
6337:
6212:
6199:
6166:
6116:
5883:
5847:
5207:
5046:
5015:
4395:
3856:
3579:
3570:
3211:, this would instead be rendered as "the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF)".
2937:
2801:
2709:
2653:
2514:
2240:
2205:
2159:
2133:
2107:
2083:
2063:
1209:
1176:
1143:
1114:
647:
623:
523:
480:
140:
109:
9994:
9129:
8655:
5976:
Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
3251:
while moving away from an outdated image: American Telephone and Telegraph became
2839:
The argument that acronyms should have no different plural form (for example, "If
2660:. Even within those dialects, such punctuation is becoming increasingly uncommon.
2557:, especially in the cases of initialisms and acronyms. Previously, especially for
1858:
as occurring in 1899, but it did not come into general use until 1965, well after
1832:
they were widespread even in the slang of soldiers, who referred to themselves as
821:
Most of the dictionary entries and style guide recommendations regarding the term
11565:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11406:
11371:
11322:
11280:
11246:
11174:
11051:
10958:
10800:
10777:
10736:
10490:
10450:
10262:
9975:
9822:
9538:
9418:
8952:
8672:
8242:
7791:
7716:
7439:
6633:
May 43/1 DDD, an acronym that sounds more like a cattle brand.
6343:
6271:
5699:
5415:
5237:
5177:
5169:
5053:
transcriptions of foreign words, but is also found with native words (written in
4487:
4153:
3931:
3914:
3785:
3780:
3705:
3489:
3261:
3152:"). Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions, such as "
3125:
3117:
2781:
2693:
2619:
2596:
2444:
2416:
2049:
2036:
Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with
1978:
1895:
1833:
1746:
1460:
872:
736:
232:
7222:
refers to a word made from the initial letters or parts of other words, such as
7075:
6827:
should be used if the individual letters are all pronounced distinctly, as with
2947:, is to use small caps for acronyms longer than three letters; thus "U.S." and "
11458:
11421:
11300:
11292:
11231:
11223:
11199:
11189:
11121:
11065:
11030:
10906:
10888:
10838:
10578:
10513:
10457:
10133:
10058:
8981:"Writer's Block – Writing Tips – Plural and Possessive Abbreviations"
8633:
7603:
6275:
6032:
6012:
5621:
5551:
5450:
5087:
4233:
4016:
3873:
3831:(SPecial Executive for Counterintelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion).
3121:
2924:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2432:
2420:
1994:
1417:
1391:
1385:
9683:"Holy Acronym, Darpa! 'Batman & Robin' to Master Biology, Outdo Evolution"
5010:
4390:
without a need to focus on their acronymic origins, terms such as "RARS" and "
3005:
2463:" from "ship/store high in transit" or "special high-intensity training" and "
2452:
1839:
The widespread, frequent use of acronyms across the whole range of linguistic
11754:
11448:
11356:
11275:
11164:
11145:
11130:
11035:
10998:
10881:
10848:
10828:
10751:
10726:
10721:
10708:
10679:
10636:
10573:
10480:
10465:
10436:
10349:
10143:
10025:
9970:
9858:
9373:
9369:
8559:
7964:
orps, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as
7652:"The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym 'P/M Parts
7494:
6181:
still requires each component word to be written as more than one character.
5668:
5431:
5287:
4330:
3326:
3113:); this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi-word proper noun.
3092:
3025:
2960:
2777:
2687:
2612:
2502:
1960:
1931:
1919:
1397:
1020:
449:
134:
7935:
7813:
7734:
7149:
A word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name, such as
1761:
to דצ"ך עד"ש באח"ב, the order of blessings to יקנה"ז, etc., for the sake of
200:
of an acronym includes both its expansion and the meaning of its expansion.
50:
is an acronym that expands to National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
11714:
11702:
11652:
11646:
11641:
11500:
11194:
11140:
11135:
11088:
11022:
10948:
10938:
10917:
10861:
10795:
10746:
10608:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10558:
10533:
10523:
10430:
10211:
10029:
9919:"Report for Malaysia's Internationalized Domain Name: Jawi Language Issues"
9777:
9738:
9382:
9255:
9195:
9150:"Prime Minister Asserts M's.P. Have No Immunity from 'Official Approaches'"
9093:
8894:
8641:
8204:
8103:
6287:
5806:) combines two initials and three letters of the final word: it stands for
5211:
4970:
makes extensive use of abbreviations, but only some of these are acronyms.
4749:) was first shortened to 'Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala' (
4411:
4056:
3918:
3898:
3790:
3547:
3384:
3354:
3043:
3029:
2485:
In English, abbreviations have previously been marked by a wide variety of
2428:
1829:
1806:
1790:
1754:
1655:
1613:
1512:
1365:"18" stands in for the word's middle eighteen letters, "nternationalizatio"
696:
684:
320:
59:
4011:
was planning to name their law school the "Antonin Scalia School of Law" (
11687:
11609:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11179:
11093:
11083:
10943:
10901:
10896:
10713:
10689:
10631:
10598:
10568:
10548:
10543:
10518:
10508:
10475:
10470:
10286:
10267:
10221:
10216:
10097:
9936:
9479:
9462:
Komarek, Dan (July 29, 2003). "Changes to SAT Make Test More Coachable".
9250:
9032:
8341:
8167:
7546:
6532:
Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a German lexical item.
6436:"What is the Difference Between an Acronym, Alphabetism, and Initialism?"
6170:
5456:
5049:, rather than acronyms, using several initial sounds. This is visible in
4739:
Many proper nouns become shorter and shorter over time. For example, the
4520:
4219:
3935:
3842:) is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects, including
3191:
3133:
3070:
2956:
2833:
2705:
2681:
2669:
2580:
1950:
1902:", which includes the contrived acronym "P.R.E.T.T.Y.B.L.U.E.B.A.T.C.H."
1825:
1794:
1786:
1758:
1617:
1066:
896:
700:
186:
182:
75:
31:
30:
This article is about linguistic abbreviation. For the HTML element, see
9769:
8758:
8404:
7012:
6794:
4223:
11680:
11663:
11604:
11584:
11241:
11169:
11116:
11112:
11040:
10856:
10823:
10756:
10659:
10603:
10425:
10379:
10336:
10291:
10242:
10175:
10155:
10118:
10092:
10048:
10043:
9275:
8502:
6922:
6918:
6195:
6174:
5439:
4928:
onsei Universities). In addition, the College Scholastic Ability Test (
4343:
4102: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3958:
3824:
3709:
3606:
2932:
2739:
2518:
2505:
is still common in many dialects for some fixed expressions—such as in
2456:
2386:
2318: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1911:
1777:
1580: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1500:
1490:
971:
says "Unless pronounced as a word, an abbreviation is not an acronym."
892:
727:
213:
8524:
6493:
5059:
2599:
to indicate their use in place of the full names of each number (e.g.
1894:
is treated as effortlessly understood (and evidently not novel) in an
11692:
11579:
11555:
11317:
11209:
10969:
10684:
10367:
10301:
10247:
10194:
10189:
10062:
6144:
5975:
5513:
5371:
5327:
5243:
4516:
4387:
4294:" itself was an acronym: "simultaneous peripheral operations on-line"
3902:
3687:
3633:
3559:
3342:
3175:
2989:
2943:
2852:
2765:
2554:
2410:
1982:
1967:
The earliest example of a word derived from an acronym listed by the
1728:
1722:
1698:
1694:
1640:
1480:
1474:
1043:
7879:
5217:
5083:
4250:
stands for "Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC", in which "
4164:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4077:
3500:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3405:
2293:
1555:
258:
11709:
11697:
11658:
11636:
11527:
11416:
11361:
11184:
10983:
10443:
10396:
10355:
10326:
10314:
10257:
10237:
10199:
10160:
9279:
8862:; Booth, Wayne C.; Colomb, Gregory G.; Williams, Joseph M. (2007).
7479:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. p. 15.
6325:
6279:
5990:
5679:('Malaysian Islamic Party') which originated from the Jawi acronym
5617:
5601:
5539:
5054:
5050:
5042:
4493:
4291:
3979:
3893:
3889:
3338:
3214:
3049:
2928:
2677:
2537:
2531:
2498:
2447:
among many citers, as with "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden" for "
2394:
2382:
2026:
2014:
1766:
1762:
1609:
1466:
981:
416:
71:
8865:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
7301:
a word formed from the initial letters of a sequence of words, as
6334: – Name formed by combining several previously existing names
3996:
3144:" for "Year 2000". Exceptions using initials for numbers include "
2807:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
2746:, it is often spelled with periods ("P.S.") as if parsed as Latin
2517:"—while only infrequently being used to abbreviate new terms. The
2351:
memorize the important acronyms introduced in a textbook chapter.
1388:"Keep it simple, stupid", a design principle preferring simplicity
863:
added such senses in their 2011 editions. The 1989 edition of the
11522:
10990:
10618:
10373:
10279:
10128:
10102:
10053:
6847:
6202:, where a colon is used to separate inflection from the letters:
5979:
5978:'). Long initialisms have become widespread in legal contexts in
5828:
5758:
5569:
5557:
5446:
5121:
4826:
Some acronyms are shortened forms of the school's name, like how
4431:
4399:
4304:" (where VHF = very high frequency radio) and "TAC" is short for
4012:
3967:('All for Love'), but was changed to avoid the resultant acronym
3828:
3797:
2789:
2490:
1798:
1700:
1370:
1074:
871:
and its earliest citation was from 1943. In early December 2010,
90:
10320:
3582:
rebranded their retail banking subsidiary BMO Bank of Montreal.
2561:, this was done with a full space between every full word (e.g.
1869:
may be a twentieth-century phenomenon. Linguist David Wilton in
11719:
11594:
10704:
10150:
9989:
9891:
Malay Language Word Directory: Rumi-Pronunciation-Jawi (Book 1)
8391:, which is useful and clear to anyone who knows a little Greek.
6340: – Handshape sign for finger spelling in the sign language
5377:
5063:
media franchise's name originally stood for "pocket monsters" (
4427:
4383:
4358:
4297:
3992:
3869:
3701:
3305:
2584:
2398:
2367:
2355:
2276:
1810:
1750:
1401:
1105:
920:
English language usage and style guides which have entries for
814:
516:
98:
5082:), which is still the long-form of the name in Japanese, and "
2220:
1731:
of Rome. Another ancient acronym for Jesus is the inscription
1304:) "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"
818:
from Oxford University Press do not acknowledge such a sense.
11669:
11398:
11384:
11380:
9267:
6976:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 109.
6406:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 110.
5855:
5801:
5686:
5664:('People's Trust Council'), a government agency in Malaysia.
5584:; 'Military District Command' – one of the Indonesian army's
5435:
5391:
5021:
4877:
4335:
4305:
4261:
3988:
3839:
3021:
2997:
2993:
2390:
2194:
1974:
1771:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1690:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1431:
1134:
1094:
1088:
1049:
984:
style guide describes CBS and PBS as "acronyms ending in S".
851:
added such a sense in its 11th edition in 2003, and both the
577:
222:
216:
146:
101:—pronounced as a word rather than as letters. In this sense,
8934:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
8915:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
7920:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. p. 16.
7120:(Fifth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. November 2011.
4260:
stands for "VHSIC Hardware Description Language", in which "
3578:'s Canadian operations rebranded to RBC Royal Bank, or when
3091:
While abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short
2699:
2696:, "this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete."
2541:) and for contractions marking unusual pronunciations (e.g.
1824:" post-date the war itself), they became somewhat common in
1463:: "Wine is not an emulator" (originally, "Windows emulator")
626:
43:
9921:. MYNIC Berhad. December 3, 2009 – via FDocuments.in.
9271:
9263:
9204:. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. p. 638.
9158:. October 14, 1948. p. 2 – via Trove.NLA.gov.au.
9138:. December 2, 1948. p. 1 – via Trove.NLA.gov.au.
8858:
6941:
told Wiesener that this new paper was nothing like the old
6712:) Acronym Talk, or 'Tomorrow's English'.
6229:
6207:
6121:
6099:
5823:
5733:
5723:
5715:
5709:
5697:
5680:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5467:. Many highways are also named by the acronym method; e.g.
5009:. In some cases alternative pronunciations are used, as in
4475:
4423:
4403:
4351:
4347:
4257:
4251:
4241:
3969:
3939:
3922:
3885:
3816:
3651:
3317:
3290:
3153:
3141:
2723:
2712:, still require periods in certain instances. For example,
2464:
2460:
2448:
2255:
2226:
2211:
2168:
2145:
2142:
2119:
2116:
2101:
2001:
1955:, 'in the year of our Lord'), whose complement in English,
1802:
1733:
1679:
1629:
1437:
1360:
1350:
1224:
1218:
1182:
1167:
1052:: "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"
1037:
659:
653:
535:
529:
495:
489:
473:
421:
158:
149:
124:
103:
67:
47:
7948:
A word formed from the initial letters of a name, such as
6499:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. December 2011.
6286:
is often added after the initial consonant; for example, '
6038:
4580:'north-great') by also only taking the first character of
2171:
2086:
1120:
547:
486:
9827:
9753:
9313:
9283:
9007:"EditFast Grammar Resource: Apostrophes: Forming Plurals"
7238:. Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like
6835:
is commonly used to refer to both types of abbreviations.
6724:
163 Acronyms or telescoped names like
5536:) are known for heavy acronyms use. Examples include the
4481:
4469:
4281:
4271:
4267:
4237:
3884:
about but are thus also too long to serve practically as
3629:
3610:
3602:
3286:
3278:
3233:
3219:
3157:
3035:
2719:
2673:
2415:
It is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of
2267:
2246:
2089:
2069:
2066:
2057:
1890:
before the twentieth century (as Wilton points out), the
1454:
1441:
1421:
1340:
1337:) originally "Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company"
1185:
1149:
1055:
1026:
1014:
1008:
498:
419:
is used instead of a first letter of a word. For example
143:
118:
7917:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
7118:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
4560:('great') when used with the name of the institute. So '
4515:
With English terminology, discussions of languages with
3281:
dropped the name Music Television out of its brand; and
8013:
American Dialect Society E-Mail Discussion List Archive
7378:
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus
7011:. Merriam-Webster Inc. January 22, 2020. Archived from
6354:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
5850:, acronyms are common for naming organizations such as
5775:, 'gas industry'). There are also initialisms, such as
3892:
reminder as to the full name. Examples widely known in
3256:
2795:
1977:"), formed from the original first four letters of the
1507:
for "canine", used to designate police units using dogs
1330:
895:
then mentioned this citation in his December 16, 2010 "
9887:
Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu: Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi (Jilid 1)
9885:
bin Dahaman, Ismail; Ahmad, Manshoor bin Haji (2001).
9432:"Insisting It's Nothing, Creator Says SAT, Not S.A.T."
7902:
A word formed from the initial letters of other words.
7553:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2014.
6372:
This change was also applied to other languages, with
4916:), combining the first letter of their English names (
4354:
Libraries" (a total of 15 words when fully expanded).
4290:
stood for "Houston Automatic Spooling Priority", but "
3913:, is simply to have a syntactically usable and easily
3348:
2270:
is usually said as three letters, but in reference to
27:
Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase
7551:
Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition
6307:
6301:
6291:
6184:
5813:
5787:
5770:
5512:
In some languages, especially those that use certain
4660:); this was eventually drastically reduced to simply
2459:
in particular commonly have such false etymologies: "
2258:
2252:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2174:
2148:
2122:
2092:
2072:
1682:
and the stamps used to mark the eucharistic bread in
1290:) "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"
1164:) "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry"
1152:
905:. By 2011, the publication of the 3rd edition of the
891:
English language usage of the word to 1940. Linguist
875:
researcher Stephen Goranson published a citation for
668:
638:
559:
550:
538:
526:
507:
192:
The phrase that the acronym stands for is called its
152:
121:
115:
8481:"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Language (Acronyms)"
8146:(16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010.
6115:), a literal reading of the English initialism for '
3819:". Contrived acronyms find frequent use as names of
3148:" ("three-letter acronym/abbreviation") and "GoF" ("
2249:
2217:
2165:
2139:
2113:
1179:
1146:
1117:
656:
629:
544:
492:
331:, letters removed from the middle of a word such as
10024:
9818:"Unfortunate Acronym Forces Law School Name Change"
6787:
2385:devices: for example the colors of the rainbow are
2243:
2214:
2162:
2136:
2110:
1434:
stands for "Association of Southeast Asian Nations"
1221:
1215:
1212:
1123:
650:
541:
532:
483:
155:
112:
8753:
8751:
8694:
8677:Port Out, Starboard Home: And Other Language Myths
8438:
8235:
8137:
7539:
7472:
6461:"Acronyms vs. Initialisms: What's the Difference?"
5827:was an acronym sometimes used by the daughters of
5206:, 'short in the front, long in the back', i.e., a
4977:) uses similar acronym formation to Chinese, like
4878:Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
3247:This is common with companies that want to retain
2480:
2404:
9744:
9707:
8112:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p.
6870:
6823:, which is pronounced as a single word, and that
6177:rather than acronyms or initialisms, because the
5374:in every aspect of social life. For example, the
4264:" stands for "Very High Speed Integrated Circuit"
4005:Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences
3086:
1989:witticism arranging the names of some members of
1046:: "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus"
456:An acronym that is pronounced as a word, such as
62:of a phrase that usually consists of the initial
11752:
9884:
9784:
9749:
9747:
9712:
9710:
8613:
6898:Agfa (Aktien-Gesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation)
6156:
6150:
6142:
6080:
6062:
6056:
6036:
6026:
6020:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5989:Each letter in an initialism corresponds to one
5969:
5959:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5877:
5611:
5605:
5595:
5589:
5579:
5573:
5563:
5555:
5545:
5537:
5531:
5521:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5454:
5425:
5419:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5389:
5383:
5375:
5188:, 'strange habit of abbreviating'). Examples of
3215:Changes to (or wordplay on) the expanded meaning
1993:'s Committee for Foreign Affairs to produce the
9230:(6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007,
8748:
8468:Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends.
6997:
6963:
6393:
6134:), borrowed directly from the English acronym.
5002:
4254:" stands for "reduced instruction set computer"
2663:
1539:number: "personal identification number number"
715:only for forms pronounced as a word, and using
690:
464:. This term is over qualified to those who use
8951:
8925:
8622:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
8441:Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends
7068:
6970:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010).
6969:
6663:June 104/2 The acronym TSS—
6589:is used for this phenomenon. (See sense 2 for
6400:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010).
6399:
6328: – Text formed from parts of another text
5370:There is also a widespread use of acronyms in
5104:
5091:
5077:
5064:
5027:
4996:
4983:
4320:stands for "REM Behavior Disorder", in which "
4280:stands for "AOL Instant Messenger", in which "
4270:stands for "XML Schema Definition", in which "
3838:'s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
2963:" are often smallcapped as well, as in: "From
2591:"). This even included punctuation after both
2455:) people have uncritically taken it for fact.
1871:Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends
1487:for "seek you", a code used by radio operators
1102:Pronounced as combination of word and letters
1063:Pronounced as word; initials and non-initials
10010:
9068:"Chapter III. — The House is in Session"
8241:
7790:(11th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts:
7715:(10th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts:
7632:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
6882:Brockhaus Handbuch des Wissens in vier Bänden
6245:
6236:
6223:
6217:
5971:Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam
5807:
5799:
5793:
5782:
5776:
5764:
5756:
5750:
5366:List of Indonesian acronyms and abbreviations
5324:). In inflected forms, the abbreviation sign
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4648:), and eventually just 'Standing Committee' (
4643:
4637:
4631:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4571:
4565:
4555:
4533:
4527:
3985:Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance (Party)
3054:a marker of proper names in many cases; e.g.
2978:
2873:
2867:
2722:", but not when pronounced as a word, as in "
2397:in finance, PAVPANIC in English grammar, and
1545:
977:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
827:Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
365:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8962:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
8342:"Acronyms (and other forms of abbreviation)"
8256:(5th ed.). Three Rivers Press. p.
8252:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
6909:
6903:
6161:('communist'). This mechanism is limited to
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5325:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5223:
5215:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5157:
5147:
5137:
5131:
5119:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4308:, which stands for "tactical air navigation"
4026:
3962:
3946:
3666:
3168:Trends, Tips & Tools for Everyday Living
3156:" ("Advanced Audio Distribution Profile"), "
2984:common recall, the acronym may be termed an
2927:scheme seen with acronyms is all-uppercase (
2821:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
2715:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
1905:
1854:) records the first printed use of the word
1322:) "National Collegiate Athletic Association"
1080:
1072:
968:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
743:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
236:
9334:Iverson, Cheryl; et al., eds. (2007),
9170:"The Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne"
8619:
8109:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
7344:Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary
6925:. New York: Viking Press. pp. 665–66.
6290:' in the genitive case would be written as
6235:An acronym is pronounced as letters: EU –
6064:Ủy ban Trung ương Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam
4539:
4300:stands for "VOR+TACAN", in which "VOR" is "
4065:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3434:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3393:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3128:rather than initial letters, as in "4GL" ("
3004:nym" should not be confused with the word "
2891:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2501:of letters following the initial part. The
1948:
1936:
1924:
1738:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1527:virus: "human immunodeficiency virus virus"
1521:machine: "automated teller machine machine"
927:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
909:added the expansive sense to its entry for
287:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
10017:
10003:
8826:Kristoff, Nicholas D. (February 7, 2004).
8197:
8160:
8139:"10.2 Acronyms, initialisms, contractions"
8106:(June 1, 2015). Jeremy Butterfield (ed.).
8096:
7874:
7872:
7444:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
6973:The Linguistic Structure of Modern English
6403:The Linguistic Structure of Modern English
6352: – Shortened form of a word or phrase
6244:An acronym is interpreted as words: EU –
6198:, various methods are used. An example is
4312:Global Information Assurance Certification
3069:Some style manuals also base the letters'
2274:is traditionally pronounced like the word
797:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
620:) are pronounced as letters or as a word:
9935:[Abbreviations] (in Vietnamese).
9669:99 Novels: The Best in English Since 1939
9429:
9327:
8432:
8430:
8370:
8364:
7602:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
7399:
7366:
7255:
6840:
6801:. Merriam-Webster Inc. January 22, 2020.
5693:when in such position as in the acronym.
4962:Japanese abbreviated and contracted words
4465:Some examples of recursive acronyms are:
4462:, which stands for "MUNG Until No Good".
4410:, includes such terms as the name of the
4274:" stands for "Extensible Markup Language"
4236:stands for "XML HTTP Request", in which "
4198:Learn how and when to remove this message
4180:Learn how and when to remove this message
4118:Learn how and when to remove this message
3767:Learn how and when to remove this message
3613:test", now simply "SAT Reasoning Test").
3534:Learn how and when to remove this message
3516:Learn how and when to remove this message
3454:Learn how and when to remove this message
2700:Pronunciation-dependent style and periods
2334:Learn how and when to remove this message
2283:
1743:('Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews').
1596:Learn how and when to remove this message
1533:display: "liquid-crystal display display"
1241:Pronounced as shortcut phrase of letters
764:all include a sense in their entries for
703:whether it is legitimate to use the word
307:Learn how and when to remove this message
9979:) is being considered for deletion. See
9680:
9407:
9405:
9364:
9362:
8825:
8819:
8803:. Informatics.Susx.ac.uk. Archived from
8445:. Oxford University Press, USA. p.
8311:
8274:
8173:Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words
8006:
7626:
7624:
5734:
5724:
5716:
5710:
5681:
5045:) are instead frequently abbreviated as
4755:), but eventually referred to as simply
4500:
4484:stands for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"
4244:stands for "HyperText Transfer Protocol"
3636:as standing for "Digital Versatile Disc"
3609:Technology, and the formerly redundant "
2988:. Examples of anacronyms are the words "
2676:, no longer require punctuation to show
1910:The use of Latin and Neo-Latin terms in
956:Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words
235:, with attestations for the German form
221:, meaning 'height, summit, or tip', and
42:
34:. For the political advocacy group, see
9866:from the original on September 14, 2010
9560:. U.S. Government Accountability Office
9461:
9333:
8852:
8692:
8671:
8667:
8665:
8558:
8545:K. D. Nilsen & A. P. Nilsen (1995)
8280:
7869:
7787:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
7712:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
7432:
7332:
7108:
7106:
7104:
6433:
6149:is derived from the first syllables of
6047:in initialisms to avoid confusion with
5964:, 'Socialist Republic of Vietnam') and
4718:= 'conference'. Yet, in its short form
4526:For example, in Chinese, 'university' (
4284:" originally stood for "America Online"
4240:" is "Extensible Markup Language", and
3823:, with a famous example being frequent
3181:
2470:
2427:, and are examples of language-related
1424:" originally stood for "America Online"
1357:) "Advanced Audio Distribution Profile"
913:and included the 1940 citation. As the
883:e-mail discussion list which refers to
848:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
785:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
695:It is an unsettled question in English
14:
11753:
9943:from the original on November 20, 2017
9834:from the original on December 19, 2018
9505:Keegan, Peter O. (February 21, 1991).
9504:
9368:
9338:(10th ed.), Oxford, Oxfordshire:
9194:
9092:
8436:
8427:
8203:
8166:
8130:
8102:
8037:
8007:Goranson, Stephen (December 5, 2010).
7588:
7250:refers to both kinds of abbreviations.
6913:(1940). "Chapter 47: Beasts of Prey".
6094:), a respelling of the French acronym
5689:, which is pronounced like the letter
5461:, is another acronym. This stands for
4856:Korea National University of Education
4478:stands for "LAME Ain't an MP3 Encoder"
3665:versions of that name (such as French
3220:Pseudo-acronyms and orphan initialisms
3036:Pronunciation-dependent style and case
2192:is generally said as two letters, but
1236:) "San Francisco Museum of Modern Art"
1040:: "North Atlantic Treaty Organization"
867:only included the exclusive sense for
585:, consisting of syllabic abbreviation
9998:
9716:
9513:from the original on November 4, 2007
9402:
9359:
7845:) formed from initial letters :
7621:
7384:from the original on February 8, 2020
7350:from the original on February 8, 2020
7315:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
7124:from the original on January 22, 2020
7086:from the original on January 22, 2020
7060:) formed from initial letters :
6858:from the original on January 17, 2020
6805:from the original on January 22, 2020
6503:from the original on January 22, 2020
6488:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6211:
6129:
6110:
6089:
5667:Some acronyms are developed from the
5624:, units, divisions, procedures, etc.
4505:
4437:
4007:, however, is still known as "TITS".
3719:
3668:Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
3620:
3337:), but its U.S. subsidiary is called
3160:" ("World Wide Web Consortium"), and
3015:
1981:in the late eighteenth century. Some
1420:: "AOL Instant Messenger", in which "
1265:Asistencia, Asesoría y Administración
367:, is generally pronounced as a word.
9854:"Very deep multiply nested acronyms"
9623:"History of UICC (up to late 1960s)"
9110:from the original on August 22, 2010
8662:
8385:: 167 – via Internet Archive.
8318:Dictionary of international security
7907:
7778:
7703:
7465:
7101:
6359:
6206:An acronym is pronounced as a word:
5818:, 'Chief Administration of Camps').
5464:Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi
4490:stands for "WINE Is Not an Emulator"
4129:
4100:adding citations to reliable sources
4071:
4030:
3909:of clinical trial acronyms, as with
3723:
3465:
3432:adding citations to reliable sources
3399:
3358:
3124:) in names are often represented by
2796:Representing plurals and possessives
2729:
2316:adding citations to reliable sources
2287:
1985:pre-date this, however, such as the
1711:), which was construed to stand for
1578:adding citations to reliable sources
1549:
1327:Shortcut incorporated into spelling
1197:) "Joint Photographic Experts Group"
1005:: "British Broadcasting Corporation"
942:)" but adds later "In everyday use,
569:Some abbreviations are a mixture of
285:adding citations to reliable sources
252:
9582:. U.S. Government Publishing Office
9443:from the original on April 17, 2017
9130:"M's.P. Suffer Loss and Insecurity"
9074:from the original on April 30, 2011
8907:
8886:
8765:from the original on April 17, 2022
8656:"Does Cop = 'Constable on Patrol'?"
8415:from the original on April 17, 2022
8281:Favilla, Emmy (December 27, 2019).
7892:from the original on March 25, 2019
6884:(in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig:
6819:should only be used for terms like
6434:McMahon, Mary (December 30, 2023).
6300:. Likewise, the Gaelic acronym for
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5316:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5228:, 'Greatest General of all Time').
4554:) is usually abbreviated simply as
4366:
3999:). The charity sports organization
3349:Redundant acronyms and RAS syndrome
3060:acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
2768:. For example, "i18n" abbreviates "
1017:: "original equipment manufacturer"
779:Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary
24:
9486:from the original on June 15, 2010
9430:Applebome, Peter (April 2, 1997).
9390:from the original on June 21, 2010
9176:from the original on July 15, 2012
9047:from the original on June 22, 2008
8939:American Psychological Association
8919:American Psychological Association
8402:
8371:Davenport, Basil (February 1943).
8352:from the original on July 14, 2014
8346:US Department of Homeland Security
8293:from the original on April 5, 2020
8052:from the original on April 5, 2020
8019:from the original on April 5, 2020
7557:from the original on April 5, 2020
7450:from the original on April 5, 2020
7417:from the original on April 5, 2020
7273:from the original on March 3, 2020
7269:. Macmillan Publishers Australia.
7228:so(und) na(vigation and) r(anging)
7009:The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
6799:The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
6527:Brit. /ˈakrənɪm/, U.S. /ˈækrəˌnɪm/
6479:
6185:General grammatical considerations
5961:Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
5938:, a general form of address), and
5620:), and many other terms regarding
4694:') can be broken into four parts:
3739:tone or style may not reflect the
3062:which is not a proper name, while
2816:American Psychological Association
2489:. Obsolete forms include using an
1693:in part because of an acronym (or
1034:Pronounced as word; initials only
427:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
25:
11782:
9983:to help reach a consensus. ›
9962:
9695:from the original on July 2, 2013
9602:Storage Area Network Fundamentals
9227:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
9184:– via ElectricScotland.com.
8983:. WritersBlock.ca. Archived from
8840:from the original on May 28, 2015
8732:. Snopes.com. February 20, 2002.
8601:from the original on June 3, 2020
8038:Zimmer, Ben (December 16, 2010).
7841: : an abbreviation (such as
7056: : an abbreviation (such as
5857:Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili
5445:The capital's metropolitan area (
4577:
4324:" stands for "rapid eye movement"
4046:This section has multiple issues.
4003:is known as "TNT" and not "TIT".
3374:This section has multiple issues.
2918:
2890:for the Latin plural of 'pages',
2652:" are now considered to indicate
1801:" ("National Biscuit Company"), "
1737:over the crucifix, for the Latin
1724:Iesous Christos Theou huios Soter
1430:: "ASEAN Free Trade Area", where
1131:) "compact disc read-only memory"
10665:Democratic Republic of the Congo
9893:] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur:
9681:Drummond, Katie (July 6, 2010).
9065:
8736:from the original on May 6, 2022
6222:'into Nato'; another example is
6076:names of many Vietnamese letters
5344:; 'squad commander', masculine:
5041:Non-Chinese foreign borrowings (
4448:A special type of macronym, the
4229:Some examples of macronyms are:
4134:
4076:
4035:
3749:guide to writing better articles
3728:
3470:
3404:
3363:
3333:used its full name in Canada (a
3174:" ("business to business"); and
3012:", which is a type of misnomer.
2692:, states categorically that, in
2292:
2239:
2204:
2158:
2132:
2106:
2082:
2062:
1900:How to Write a Blackwood Article
1554:
1208:
1175:
1142:
1113:
887:being pronounced "pee-gee-enn",
860:The American Heritage Dictionary
774:The American Heritage Dictionary
646:
622:
522:
479:
415:Sometimes the first letter of a
257:
139:
108:
9925:
9911:
9878:
9846:
9810:
9757:New England Journal of Medicine
9674:
9671:(New York: Summit Books, 1984).
9662:
9640:
9615:
9594:
9572:
9550:
9525:
9498:
9472:
9455:
9423:
9295:
9243:
9218:
9188:
9162:
9142:
9122:
9086:
9059:
9025:
8999:
8973:
8945:
8793:
8777:
8722:
8648:
8592:
8586:
8552:
8539:
8517:
8495:
8473:
8396:
8334:
8305:
8064:
8031:
8000:
7413:. Macmillan Education Limited.
6815:Some people feel strongly that
6366:
4937:Daehak Suhang Neungryeok Siheom
4434:by human readers or listeners.
4087:needs additional citations for
4054:or discuss these issues on the
3382:or discuss these issues on the
3302:International Business Machines
2955:" in small caps. The acronyms "
2704:Nevertheless, some influential
2481:Showing the ellipsis of letters
2405:Acronyms as legendary etymology
2376:
2303:needs additional citations for
1789:names, such as on the sides of
1565:needs additional citations for
1253:American Automobile Association
1097:: "light detection and ranging"
1091:: "radio detection and ranging"
1069:: "alpha-methyl-phenethylamine"
1058:: "graphics interchange format"
370:Less significant words such as
248:
9386:. University of Pennsylvania.
9201:Garner's Modern American Usage
9009:. Editfast.com. Archived from
8965:. Three Rivers Press. p.
8897:for Writers of Research Papers
8828:"Secret Obsessions at the Top"
8210:Garner's Modern American Usage
8080:(3rd ed.). Archived from
7825:(1943) : a word (such as
7816:– via Internet Archive.
7475:New Oxford American dictionary
7380:. Cambridge University Press.
6453:
6427:
6296:, with the acronym pronounced
5105:
5092:
5078:
5065:
4948:
4930:
4894:
4882:
4860:
4850:
4832:
4813:
4807:
4770:Zhongguo Zhongyang Dianshi Tai
4612:
4600:
4590:
4566:
4534:
4528:
4408:which uses symbols extensively
3565:CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
3087:Numerals and constituent words
2475:
2008:
1888:employed in general vocabulary
1884:Colonial and Indian Exposition
1716:Ἰησοῦς Χριστός Θεοῦ Υἱός Σωτήρ
962:Garner's Modern American Usage
809:Webster's New World Dictionary
803:New Oxford American Dictionary
231:appears to have originated in
13:
1:
9968:
9731:10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00411-4
9259:. London. December 19, 2008.
9041:National Library of Australia
8718:– via Internet Archive.
8697:Ballyhoo, Buckaroo, and Spuds
6387:
6194:In languages where nouns are
6189:
5863:
5792:, 'means of mass informing';
5789:sredstva massovoy informatsii
5533:Kepolisian Republik Indonesia
5359:
5225:Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten
4811:), to refer to universities (
4767:). In the same vein, CCTV or
3811:began referring to itself as
3681:
3285:became simply known as ADT. "
3228:), for "barbecue", and "K9" (
2451:", although many other (more
2381:Acronyms are often taught as
1820:(acronyms such as "ANV" for "
1740:Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum
1347:) "World Wide Web Consortium"
618:individual retirement account
9648:"World Wide Fund for Nature"
9604:; Meeta Gupta; Cisco Press;
9509:. Nation's Restaurant News.
7346:. HarperCollins Publishers.
6346: – A single-letter word
6165:. Unlike with Chinese, such
6138:
5954:'). Longer examples include
5784:средства массовой информации
5416:'city public transportation'
5408:public transport stands for
5210:haircut) and the mocking of
4628:Politburo Standing Committee
4472:stands for "GNU's Not Unix!"
4019:, only to change it to the "
3032:" become "mRNA" and "tRNA".
2664:Ellipsis-is-understood style
2441:port outward, starboard home
2021:" (jokingly referred to as "
1723:
1699:
1276:Amateur Athletic Association
1023:: "United States of America"
749:American Heritage Dictionary
691:Pronounceability controversy
399:Department of Motor Vehicles
223:
217:
203:
7:
9650:. World Wildlife Fund. 2018
9118:– via Middlemiss.org.
8901:Modern Language Association
8870:University of Chicago Press
8409:Online Etymology Dictionary
8144:The Chicago Manual of Style
8045:The New York Times Magazine
8009:"acronym antedated to 1940"
7307:radio detection and ranging
6917:(in German). Translated by
6319:
6265:
6069:Vietnamese Fatherland Front
6067:('Central Committee of the
5814:
5800:
5788:
5771:
5757:
5682:ڤاس from ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا
5494:Purwakarta-Bandung-Cileunyi
5402:('National Monument'), the
5382:political party stands for
5326:
5310:
5003:
4955:
4942:
4936:
4912:
4900:
4892:) is referred to as KAIST (
4888:
4872:
4866:
4844:
4838:
4819:
4801:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4674:
4662:
4618:
4606:
4570:) is commonly shortened to
4160:the claims made and adding
3961:, was first intended to be
3585:Another common example is "
3496:the claims made and adding
3283:American District Telegraph
3170:); pronunciation, such as "
3097:Congress of Racial Equality
2812:Modern Language Association
1444:image manipulation program"
987:
949:The Chicago Manual of Style
902:The New York Times Magazine
899:" column about acronyms in
583:radio detection and ranging
10:
11787:
11328:Imperial, royal, and noble
9417:November 18, 2012, at the
8634:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.10.035
8378:American Notes and Queries
7530:'name,' on the pattern of
7218:In strict usage, the term
7032:ac·ro·nym | \ˈa-krə-ˌnim\
6896:– via Google Books.
6831:. Our research shows that
6163:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
5841:
5815:Glavnoe upravlenie lagerey
5809:Главное управление лагерей
5744:
5616:; 'Military Academy' – in
5523:Tentara Nasional Indonesia
5363:
5235:
5136:, 'Secret State Police');
4959:
4736:) are completely dropped.
4692:National People's Congress
4584:, the "northern capital" (
4510:
4441:
3836:U.S. Department of Defense
3685:
3558:became REA Express. A few
3548:redundant acronym syndrome
3352:
3308:is the name of the merged
3136:"). Large numbers may use
3130:fourth generation language
2979:Normal case and anacronyms
2906:
2680:; some even proscribe it.
2408:
2272:Microsoft's implementation
2200:Internet Protocol Security
1892:concept of their formation
1715:
1713:
1707:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1636:Senatus Populusque Romanus
1616:, conscious attention, or
1546:Historical and current use
991:
687:overloaded abbreviations.
339:and a contraction such as
93:this general meaning, and
29:
11735:
11543:
11515:
11412:Imperial, royal and noble
11397:
11308:
11289:
11222:
11111:
11021:
10929:
10847:
10809:
10786:
10703:
10650:
10617:
10532:
10499:
10416:
10405:
10300:
10230:
10111:
10085:
10036:
9532:UBS means RIP for Warburg
9412:What Does "BP" Stand For?
9135:Townsville Daily Bulletin
8969:– via Google Books.
8784:Oxford English Dictionary
8693:Quinion, Michael (2006).
8691:; published in the US as
8533:Oxford English Dictionary
8511:Oxford English Dictionary
8077:Oxford English Dictionary
7885:Oxford English Dictionary
7746:(1943) : a word (as
6693:Amer. Notes & Queries
6667:('Anything But Sarkozy').
6652:Mod. Movements in Archit.
6557:comb. form, after German
6497:Oxford English Dictionary
5947:các Thánh tử đạo Việt Nam
5808:
5794:
5783:
5777:
5765:
5751:
5641:taman didikan kanak-kanak
5231:
5112:
5028:
4997:
4984:
4906:
4794:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4745:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4686:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4585:
4572:
4556:
4302:VHF omnidirectional range
4027:Macronyms/nested acronyms
4021:Antonin Scalia Law School
3554:became TSB Bank, or when
3310:Union Bank of Switzerland
2361:
2202:is usually pronounced as
1906:Early examples in English
1847:Oxford English Dictionary
1822:Army of Northern Virginia
1257:abdominal aortic aneurysm
915:Oxford English Dictionary
907:Oxford English Dictionary
865:Oxford English Dictionary
854:Oxford English Dictionary
755:Oxford English Dictionary
10253:Maiden and married names
9981:templates for discussion
9895:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
6945:. 'They can call it the
6937:His first glance at the
6730:National Biscuit Company
5627:
5586:administrative divisions
4975:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
3911:gene and protein symbols
3881:names of clinical trials
3876:comic-book superheroes.
3827:antagonist organization
3265:has rebranded itself as
3066:is in the style of one.
2847:, it can also stand for
2650:United States of America
2523:grammatical contractions
1367:) "Internationalization"
881:American Dialect Society
610:uniform resource locator
460:, is sometimes called a
356:Internal Revenue Service
11740:Category:Lists of names
9800:University of Cambridge
9340:Oxford University Press
8903:. 2009. § 3.2.7.g.
8730:"See article at Snopes"
8570:Oxford University Press
8312:Robinson, Paul (2008).
8215:Oxford University Press
7658:Precision Metal Molding
6775:(National ed.) 16 Apr.
5772:Gazovaya promyshlennost
5675:Parti Islam Se-Malaysia
5581:Komando Distrik Militer
5203:vorne kurz, hinten lang
4867:Hanguk Gyowon Daehakgyo
4455:The Hacker's Dictionary
4015:) in honor of the late
4009:George Mason University
3807:. The clothing company
3779:Acronyms are sometimes
3546:Rebranding can lead to
3335:constitutional monarchy
3271:American Movie Classics
2951:" in normal caps, but "
2913:
2056:about how to pronounce
1813:" ("Sun Oil Company").
1261:anti-aircraft artillery
1085:('secret state police')
1029:: "very high frequency"
752:as well as the British
10670:Eritrean and Ethiopian
9303:"BBC News Style Guide"
9098:"Under the party plan"
8595:"An Abbreviations FAQ"
8437:Wilton, David (2004).
8320:. Polity. p. 31.
8283:"BuzzFeed Style Guide"
8170:(September 17, 2002).
8040:"On Language: Acronym"
7992:y·mous (ə-krŏn′ə-məs)
7888:(3rd ed.). 1989.
7700:
7684:
7630:Merriam-Webster, Inc.
7536:
7329:
7252:
7208:y·mous (ə-krŏn′ə-məs)
7065:
6784:
6308:
6302:
6292:
6246:
6237:
6224:
6218:
6157:
6151:
6143:
6081:
6063:
6057:
6037:
6027:
6021:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5970:
5960:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5912:
5902:
5892:
5878:
5856:
5766:Газовая промышленность
5698:
5673:
5658:
5653:panggung wayang gambar
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5612:
5606:
5596:
5590:
5580:
5574:
5564:
5556:
5547:Komando Pasukan Khusus
5546:
5538:
5532:
5522:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5455:
5426:
5420:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5390:
5384:
5376:
5262:, the United States);
5224:
5216:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5158:
5148:
5138:
5132:
5120:
4889:Hanguk Gwahak Gisulwon
4730:) and the third part (
4700:= 'the whole nation',
3963:
3947:
3925:, rather than being a
3667:
3556:Railway Express Agency
3314:Swiss Bank Corporation
3287:Kentucky Fried Chicken
2892:
2874:
2868:
2672:, such as that of the
2658:North American English
2575:
2569:
2563:
2555:full stop/period/point
2425:historical linguistics
2284:Expansion at first use
1949:
1937:
1925:
1805:" (from "S.O.", from "
1739:
1697:): 'fish' in Greek is
1654:
1645:
1635:
1382:Mnemonic (memory-aid)
1081:
1073:
1011:: "Digital Video Disc"
999:Pronounced as letters
599:detection and ranging.
237:
51:
36:Acronym (organization)
11600:Galton–Watson process
11205:Ancient Tamil country
10627:Australian Aboriginal
9792:"CLAiT–International"
9372:(September 7, 2006).
8373:"Initials into Words"
8348:. November 12, 2008.
7690:, an older word than
7650:
7643:
7499:
7283:
7134:
7025:
6602:W. Muir & E. Muir
6513:
6350:Syllabic abbreviation
6270:In languages such as
6169:are considered to be
6043:is often replaced by
5879:Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
5832:Nicholas II of Russia
5718:ديوان بهاس دان ڤوستاک
5644:('kindergarten') and
5565:Komando Pasukan Katak
5385:Partai Golongan Karya
5322:Israel Defense Forces
5274:, the Soviet Union);
5133:Geheime Staatspolizei
4973:Chinese-based words (
4712:= 'representatives',
4501:Non-English languages
4394:" are irreducible in
4382:function as words in
3323:Toronto-Dominion Bank
3110:The Lord of the Rings
2907:Further information:
2684:, American author of
2038:short message service
2031:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2025:") created under the
1963:), is English-sourced
1929:, 'before noon') and
1898:story of the 1830s, "
1882:, an acronym for the
1865:In English, acronyms
1082:Geheime Staatspolizei
681:Irish Republican Army
675:, respectively. When
572:syllabic abbreviation
409:Department of Justice
382:are usually dropped (
229:neoclassical compound
169:The broader sense of
46:
11367:Post-nominal letters
10486:Indigenous Taiwanese
9806:on January 14, 2012.
9537:May 4, 2018, at the
9378:"Orphan Initialisms"
9270:and, more recently,
9096:(January 18, 1912).
8957:Connolly, William G.
8941:. 2010. § 4.29.
8921:. 2001. § 3.28.
8176:. Crown. p. 9.
8104:Fowler, Henry Watson
7719:. 1993. p. 11.
7674:Times Literary Supp.
7606:on December 22, 2019
7411:Macmillan Dictionary
7267:Macquarie Dictionary
7082:. January 22, 2020.
6604:tr. L. Feuchtwanger
6374:Poulet Frit Kentucky
6332:Amalgamation (names)
5836:Alexandra Feodorovna
5660:Majlis Amanah Rakyat
5449:and its surrounding
5057:). For example, the
4791:) in the mid-2000s.
4741:CCTV New Year's Gala
4596:Hong Kong University
4412:NACHT protein domain
4346:, which expands to "
4096:improve this article
3605:virus", Microsoft's
3576:Royal Bank of Canada
3552:Trustee Savings Bank
3428:improve this section
3331:Royal Bank of Canada
3275:The Learning Channel
3182:Casing of expansions
3101:Transport for London
2770:internationalization
2690:Guide to Punctuation
2624:Commonwealth English
2471:Orthographic styling
2312:improve this article
1574:improve this article
791:Macmillan Dictionary
761:Macquarie Dictionary
281:improve this section
11727:Surnames by country
11352:Pre-nominal letters
10409:Surnames by country
9770:10.1056/NEJMc053420
9547:, November 13, 2002
9544:The Daily Telegraph
9336:AMA Manual of Style
9198:(August 27, 2009).
9013:on October 27, 2010
8547:The English Journal
8247:Connoly, William G.
7859:ac·ro·nym·i·c·al·ly
7768:ac·ro·nym·i·c·al·ly
7682:, 11 December 1978.
7668:Trade Name Creation
7662:"Users of the term
7446:. Pearson Longman.
7015:on January 22, 2020
6179:Vietnamese alphabet
6091:[s̪i˧ˀɗaː˧]
5984:TTLT-VKSNDTC-TANDTC
5893:trung học phổ thông
5854:, which stands for
5518:Indonesian military
5506:Jogja-Solo-Semarang
5482:Jakarta-Bogor-Ciawi
5149:Fliegerabwehrkanone
4350:Initiative Towards
4342:Another example is
3964:Alles nur aus Liebe
3209:AMA Manual of Style
2774:multilingualization
2559:Latin abbreviations
2050:continually changed
1867:pronounced as words
1862:had become common.
1618:systematic analysis
1457:: "GNU's not Unix!"
758:and the Australian
740:, Dictionary.com's
402:), but not always (
212:is formed from the
18:Orphaned initialism
11590:Endonym and exonym
11533:Calendar of saints
11516:Related traditions
11290:Manners of address
10652:Sub-Saharan Africa
10073:Nobiliary particle
9558:"100 Years of GAO"
9436:The New York Times
8833:The New York Times
8761:. Etymonline.com.
8565:Txtng: The Gr8 Db8
7984:anging. —ac′ro·nym
7698:in a narrow sense.
7522:1940s: from Greek
7039:: a word (such as
6911:Feuchtwanger, Lion
6888:. 1921. p. 37
6886:F. A. Brockhaus AG
6561:(1921 or earlier).
6440:LanguageHumanities
6131:[naː˧zaː˧]
5952:Vietnamese Martyrs
5896:, 'high school'),
4940:) is shortened to
4870:) is shortened to
4842:) is shortened to
4506:Specific languages
4438:Recursive acronyms
4420:Podospora anserine
4392:CHA2DS2–VASc score
4145:possibly contains
3949:Verliebt in Berlin
3821:fictional agencies
3720:Contrived acronyms
3621:Redefined acronyms
3481:possibly contains
3341:. The India-based
3188:expository writing
3076:The New York Times
3016:Mixed-case variant
2909:English possessive
2611:includes a medial
1818:American Civil War
1753:sages as early as
1477:, pseudo-acronyms
938:(as distinct from
389:The New York Times
132:is an acronym but
52:
11748:
11747:
11676:Personal identity
11511:
11510:
11218:
11217:
11159:
11107:
11106:
11068:
11061:
11054:
11012:
10993:
10986:
10979:
10972:
10920:
10891:
10884:
10877:
10870:
10772:
10765:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10439:
10231:By life situation
10184:
9904:978-983-62-4672-1
9830:. April 7, 2016.
9610:978-1-58705-065-7
9465:Daily Californian
9353:978-0-19-517633-9
9237:978-0-19-920687-2
9211:978-0-19-538275-4
8879:978-0-226-82337-9
8872:. § 20.1.2.
8860:Turabian, Kate L.
8807:on April 10, 2007
8708:978-0-06-085153-8
8701:. HarperCollins.
8686:978-0-14-101223-0
8679:. Penguin Books.
8579:978-0-19-954490-5
8456:978-0-19-517284-3
8403:Harper, Douglas.
8327:978-0-7456-4028-0
8267:978-1-101-90544-9
8228:978-0-19-987462-0
8207:(July 28, 2009).
8183:978-0-7679-1047-7
8153:978-0-226-10420-1
8123:978-0-19-966135-0
8084:on March 27, 2020
8072:"OED terminology"
7486:978-0-19-539288-3
6983:978-90-272-8824-0
6939:Paris German News
6852:en.wiktionary.org
6665:Tout Sauf Sarkozy
6593:use of the word.)
6413:978-90-272-8824-0
6380:in French Canada.
6360:Explanatory notes
6316:, as in English.
6167:clipped compounds
6028:Liên minh châu Âu
5935:ông bà anh chị em
5834:and his consort,
5528:Indonesian police
5451:satellite regions
5247:⟨״⟩
5047:clipped compounds
5034:, rather than Sai
4968:Japanese language
4828:Hongik University
4779:) was reduced to
4672:), with the term
4657:中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会委员
4562:Peking University
4450:recursive acronym
4444:Recursive acronym
4416:inhibitor protein
4226:" and "acronym".
4208:
4207:
4200:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4147:original research
4128:
4127:
4120:
4069:
3983:. In Canada, the
3809:French Connection
3777:
3776:
3769:
3743:used on Knowledge
3741:encyclopedic tone
3544:
3543:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3483:original research
3464:
3463:
3456:
3397:
3257:British Petroleum
3249:brand recognition
3073:on their number.
2730:Other conventions
2344:
2343:
2336:
2189:Internet Protocol
2042:instant messenger
2019:alphabet agencies
1973:is "abjud" (now "
1641:Roman first names
1606:
1605:
1598:
994:Lists of acronyms
833:equating it with
768:equating it with
435:immuno-deficiency
317:
316:
309:
243:Lion Feuchtwanger
16:(Redirected from
11778:
11561:Anthropomorphism
11306:
11305:
11254:Buddhist surname
11155:
11064:
11057:
11050:
11010:Hispanic America
11008:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10968:
10916:
10887:
10880:
10875:African-American
10873:
10866:
10784:
10783:
10768:
10761:
10732:Ashkenazi Jewish
10537:and Western Asia
10502:and Central Asia
10456:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10414:
10413:
10275:Placeholder name
10180:
10124:Double-barrelled
10019:
10012:
10005:
9996:
9995:
9957:
9956:
9950:
9948:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9862:. July 7, 2010.
9850:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9802:. Archived from
9788:
9782:
9781:
9751:
9742:
9741:
9714:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9678:
9672:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9627:
9619:
9613:
9598:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9554:
9548:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9480:"BP plc History"
9476:
9470:
9469:
9459:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9427:
9421:
9409:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9366:
9357:
9356:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9323:on July 7, 2011.
9322:
9316:. Archived from
9307:
9299:
9293:
9292:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9222:
9216:
9215:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9090:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9029:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9003:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8987:on July 26, 2010
8977:
8971:
8970:
8953:Siegal, Allan M.
8949:
8943:
8942:
8937:(6th ed.).
8929:
8923:
8922:
8917:(5th ed.).
8911:
8905:
8904:
8899:(7th ed.).
8890:
8884:
8883:
8868:(7th ed.).
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8797:
8791:
8781:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8759:"Etymonline.com"
8755:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8700:
8690:
8673:Quinion, Michael
8669:
8660:
8659:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8617:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8556:
8550:
8543:
8537:
8535:
8521:
8515:
8513:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8465:
8463:
8444:
8434:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8243:Siegal, Allan M.
8239:
8233:
8232:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8141:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8100:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7897:
7876:
7867:
7866:
7848:
7794:. 2003. p.
7782:
7776:
7775:
7707:
7701:
7676:5 February 1970.
7655:
7628:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7611:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7564:
7562:
7543:
7537:
7521:
7498:
7478:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7455:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7422:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7389:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7357:
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7336:
7330:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7259:
7253:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7110:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7091:
7072:
7066:
7063:
7024:
7022:
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6995:
6994:
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6967:
6961:
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6901:
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6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6812:
6810:
6791:
6785:
6778:
6765:
6758:
6720:
6661:Atlantic Monthly
6650:
6619:
6610:
6603:
6556:
6552:
6543:
6539:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6490:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6397:
6381:
6370:
6355:
6338:Initialized sign
6311:
6306:'television' is
6305:
6295:
6249:
6240:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6160:
6155:('Vietnam') and
6154:
6148:
6133:
6128:
6117:Voice of America
6114:
6109:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6066:
6060:
6042:
6030:
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6010:
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5973:
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5943:
5937:
5931:
5926:, 'publisher'),
5925:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5884:Ho Chi Minh City
5881:
5859:
5817:
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5401:
5399:Monumen Nasional
5395:
5387:
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5260:
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5254:
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5205:
5199:
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5187:
5185:Abkürzungsfimmel
5181:
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5102:
5101:
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5004:Tokyo University
5000:
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4835:
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4536:
4531:
4530:
4396:natural language
4203:
4196:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:inline citations
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4103:
4080:
4072:
4061:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4001:Team in Training
3966:
3952:
3854:. In July 2010,
3772:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3751:for suggestions.
3747:See Knowledge's
3732:
3731:
3724:
3670:
3663:Romance-language
3580:Bank of Montreal
3539:
3532:
3521:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3501:
3498:inline citations
3474:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3448:
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3408:
3400:
3389:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3000:". The word "an
2974:
2972:
2968:
2954:
2938:Atlantic Monthly
2923:The most common
2895:
2877:
2871:
2802:Kate L. Turabian
2644:. Forms such as
2618:Particularly in
2578:
2572:
2566:
2515:air conditioning
2431:. For example, "
2401:in mathematics.
2339:
2332:
2328:
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1664:
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1231:
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220:
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11731:
11566:Personification
11539:
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11393:
11295:
11291:
11285:
11281:Theophoric name
11214:
11119:
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10925:
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10699:
10646:
10613:
10536:
10528:
10501:
10495:
10407:
10401:
10296:
10263:Posthumous name
10226:
10107:
10081:
10032:
10023:
9984:
9965:
9960:
9946:
9944:
9931:
9930:
9926:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9905:
9897:. p. 129.
9883:
9879:
9869:
9867:
9852:
9851:
9847:
9837:
9835:
9823:Morning Edition
9816:
9815:
9811:
9790:
9789:
9785:
9752:
9745:
9715:
9708:
9698:
9696:
9679:
9675:
9667:
9663:
9653:
9651:
9646:
9645:
9641:
9631:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9599:
9595:
9585:
9583:
9578:
9577:
9573:
9563:
9561:
9556:
9555:
9551:
9539:Wayback Machine
9530:
9526:
9516:
9514:
9503:
9499:
9489:
9487:
9478:
9477:
9473:
9460:
9456:
9446:
9444:
9428:
9424:
9419:Wayback Machine
9410:
9403:
9393:
9391:
9367:
9360:
9354:
9332:
9328:
9320:
9310:BBCTraining.com
9305:
9301:
9300:
9296:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9238:
9224:
9223:
9219:
9212:
9193:
9189:
9179:
9177:
9168:
9167:
9163:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9128:
9127:
9123:
9113:
9111:
9091:
9087:
9077:
9075:
9064:
9060:
9050:
9048:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9016:
9014:
9005:
9004:
9000:
8990:
8988:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8950:
8946:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8913:
8912:
8908:
8892:
8891:
8887:
8880:
8857:
8853:
8843:
8841:
8824:
8820:
8810:
8808:
8801:"Abbreviations"
8799:
8798:
8794:
8782:
8778:
8768:
8766:
8757:
8756:
8749:
8739:
8737:
8728:
8727:
8723:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8687:
8670:
8663:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8618:
8614:
8604:
8602:
8591:
8587:
8580:
8557:
8553:
8544:
8540:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8486:
8484:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8435:
8428:
8418:
8416:
8401:
8397:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8310:
8306:
8296:
8294:
8279:
8275:
8268:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8202:
8198:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8124:
8101:
8097:
8087:
8085:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8055:
8053:
8036:
8032:
8022:
8020:
8005:
8001:
7928:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7895:
7893:
7878:
7877:
7870:
7853:ˌa-krə-ˈni-mik
7846:
7806:
7792:Merriam-Webster
7784:
7783:
7779:
7762:ˌa-krə-ˈni-mik
7727:
7717:Merriam-Webster
7709:
7708:
7704:
7677:
7671:
7661:
7660:, January 1966.
7653:
7629:
7622:
7609:
7607:
7594:
7593:
7589:
7560:
7558:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7519:
7517:
7487:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7453:
7451:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7420:
7418:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7387:
7385:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7353:
7351:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7322:
7294:
7288:
7276:
7274:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7212:
7199:
7198:
7190:
7145:
7141:
7127:
7125:
7112:
7111:
7102:
7089:
7087:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7052:
7038:
7033:
7031:
7018:
7016:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6968:
6964:
6933:
6908:
6904:
6891:
6889:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6808:
6806:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6767:
6763:
6761:IBA Techn. Rev.
6756:
6751:
6742:
6733:
6718:
6713:
6700:
6685:
6671:
6668:
6655:
6648:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6580:
6567:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6521:
6506:
6504:
6492:
6491:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6467:. April 3, 2022
6459:
6458:
6454:
6444:
6442:
6432:
6428:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6384:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6353:
6344:One-letter word
6322:
6272:Scottish Gaelic
6268:
6256:pre-NATO policy
6213:[ˈnɑto]
6192:
6187:
6126:
6112:[vwaː˧]
6107:
6086:
6035:'). The letter
5916:, 'database'),
5866:
5844:
5747:
5700:Tenaga Nasional
5630:
5613:Akademi Militer
5427:warung internet
5368:
5362:
5317:צבא הגנה לישראל
5246:
5240:
5238:Hebrew acronyms
5234:
5170:Kriminalpolizei
5115:
5025:
4994:
4981:
4964:
4958:
4920:eoul National,
4797:
4633:中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4446:
4440:
4339:"RATIOSOVSRS".
4204:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4151:
4139:
4135:
4124:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4093:
4081:
4040:
4036:
4029:
3932:citation impact
3879:The short-form
3773:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3746:
3737:This section's
3733:
3729:
3722:
3706:Anthony Burgess
3690:
3684:
3623:
3540:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3487:
3475:
3471:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3425:
3409:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3238:abortion-rights
3222:
3217:
3184:
3138:metric prefixes
3089:
3038:
3018:
2981:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2952:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2798:
2776:" "m17n"; and "
2742:" or the Latin
2732:
2708:, many of them
2702:
2694:British English
2666:
2597:Arabic numerals
2483:
2478:
2473:
2445:tongue-in-cheek
2417:false etymology
2413:
2407:
2379:
2364:
2356:electronic text
2340:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2309:
2297:
2286:
2242:
2238:
2207:
2203:
2161:
2157:
2135:
2131:
2109:
2105:
2085:
2081:
2065:
2061:
2046:prescriptivists
2011:
1979:Arabic alphabet
1941:, 'after noon')
1908:
1896:Edgar Allan Poe
1608:Acronymy, like
1602:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1571:
1559:
1548:
1497:for "I owe you"
1211:
1207:
1178:
1174:
1145:
1141:
1116:
1112:
996:
990:
873:Duke University
737:Merriam-Webster
693:
669:
649:
645:
639:
625:
621:
561:
525:
521:
508:
482:
478:
313:
302:
296:
293:
278:
262:
251:
227:, 'name'. This
206:
142:
138:
111:
107:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11784:
11774:
11773:
11771:Types of words
11768:
11763:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11742:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11730:
11729:
11724:
11723:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11706:
11705:
11690:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11673:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11633:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11614:
11613:
11612:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11558:
11553:
11547:
11545:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11525:
11519:
11517:
11513:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11498:
11496:Ecclesiastical
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11472:
11471:
11466:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11409:
11403:
11401:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11390:
11389:
11388:
11387:
11374:
11364:
11354:
11349:
11348:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11343:Ecclesiastical
11335:
11330:
11325:
11314:
11312:
11303:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11250:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11232:Christian name
11228:
11226:
11220:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11161:
11160:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11127:
11125:
11122:Southeast Asia
11109:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11062:
11055:
11046:Eastern Slavic
11043:
11038:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11001:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10987:
10980:
10973:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10935:
10933:
10927:
10926:
10924:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10885:
10878:
10871:
10859:
10853:
10851:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10815:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10792:
10790:
10781:
10780:
10775:
10774:
10773:
10766:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10718:
10716:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10656:
10654:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10623:
10621:
10615:
10614:
10612:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10540:
10538:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10505:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10462:
10461:
10454:
10447:
10440:
10428:
10422:
10420:
10411:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10399:
10394:
10393:
10392:
10387:
10377:
10370:
10365:
10364:
10363:
10353:
10346:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10324:
10317:
10311:
10309:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10283:
10282:
10272:
10271:
10270:
10265:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10234:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10208:
10207:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10147:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10126:
10121:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10065:
10051:
10046:
10040:
10038:
10034:
10033:
10026:Personal names
10022:
10021:
10014:
10007:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9964:
9963:External links
9961:
9959:
9958:
9924:
9910:
9903:
9877:
9845:
9809:
9783:
9764:(1): 101–102.
9743:
9706:
9673:
9661:
9639:
9614:
9593:
9571:
9549:
9524:
9497:
9471:
9454:
9422:
9401:
9374:Liberman, Mark
9370:Zwicky, Arnold
9358:
9352:
9326:
9294:
9290:are lowercase.
9242:
9236:
9217:
9210:
9187:
9161:
9141:
9121:
9106:. p. 43.
9085:
9058:
9024:
8998:
8972:
8944:
8924:
8906:
8885:
8878:
8851:
8818:
8792:
8776:
8747:
8721:
8707:
8685:
8661:
8658:. May 3, 2007.
8647:
8628:(2): 340–344.
8612:
8593:Lee, Chelsea.
8585:
8578:
8560:Crystal, David
8551:
8538:
8516:
8494:
8472:
8455:
8426:
8395:
8363:
8333:
8326:
8304:
8273:
8266:
8234:
8227:
8196:
8182:
8159:
8152:
8129:
8122:
8095:
8063:
8030:
7999:
7926:
7906:
7868:
7804:
7777:
7725:
7702:
7620:
7587:
7538:
7504:/ˈakrəˌnim/ ▸
7485:
7464:
7431:
7398:
7365:
7361:Organization'.
7331:
7326:an initialism.
7254:
7197:An initialism.
7100:
7080:Dictionary.com
7067:
7034:Definition of
6996:
6982:
6962:
6931:
6902:
6869:
6839:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6770:
6768:
6754:
6752:
6745:
6743:
6736:
6734:
6716:
6714:
6703:
6701:
6690:
6687:
6670:
6669:
6658:
6656:
6646:
6644:
6637:
6635:
6628:
6626:
6615:
6613:
6599:
6596:
6525:Pronunciation:
6478:
6452:
6426:
6412:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6321:
6318:
6267:
6264:
6252:
6251:
6242:
6233:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6051:, for example
6033:European Union
6013:Southeast Asia
5982:, for example
5865:
5862:
5843:
5840:
5821:Historically,
5746:
5743:
5725:عيم.سي.عيم.سي.
5629:
5626:
5552:Special Forces
5473:('Toll Road')
5361:
5358:
5236:Main article:
5233:
5230:
5114:
5111:
5088:word processor
5086:" stands for "
4960:Main article:
4957:
4954:
4796:
4793:
4616:) rather than
4549:great learning
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4442:Main article:
4439:
4436:
4406:nomenclature,
4326:
4325:
4315:
4309:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4216:nested acronym
4206:
4205:
4188:
4187:
4142:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4017:Antonin Scalia
3977:, rather than
3775:
3774:
3736:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3686:Main article:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3622:
3619:
3542:
3541:
3524:
3523:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3353:Main article:
3350:
3347:
3240:organization "
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3183:
3180:
3132:") or "G77" ("
3116:Numbers (both
3093:function words
3088:
3085:
3037:
3034:
3017:
3014:
2980:
2977:
2925:capitalization
2920:
2919:All-caps style
2917:
2915:
2912:
2875:Estados Unidos
2843:can stand for
2797:
2794:
2731:
2728:
2701:
2698:
2665:
2662:
2589:exempli gratia
2521:is common for
2509:for "with" or
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2421:folk etymology
2406:
2403:
2378:
2375:
2363:
2360:
2342:
2341:
2300:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2010:
2007:
1965:
1964:
1942:
1907:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1868:
1783:
1782:
1744:
1687:
1650:
1604:
1603:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1414:Multi-layered
1412:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1298:N double-A C P
1291:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1268:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1198:
1165:
1132:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
992:Main article:
989:
986:
692:
689:
433:from the word
315:
314:
265:
263:
256:
250:
247:
205:
202:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11783:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11761:Abbreviations
11759:
11758:
11756:
11741:
11738:
11737:
11734:
11728:
11725:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11699:
11696:
11695:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11682:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11671:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11654:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11617:
11615:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11542:
11534:
11531:
11530:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11400:
11396:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11316:
11315:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11288:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11276:Mandaean name
11274:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11237:Biblical name
11235:
11234:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11158:
11154:
11153:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11067:
11063:
11060:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11048:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11011:
11007:
11006:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10992:
10988:
10985:
10981:
10978:
10974:
10971:
10967:
10966:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10932:
10928:
10919:
10915:
10914:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10890:
10886:
10883:
10879:
10876:
10872:
10869:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10812:
10808:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10785:
10779:
10776:
10771:
10767:
10764:
10763:Ancient Greek
10760:
10759:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10715:
10710:
10709:North America
10706:
10702:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10624:
10622:
10620:
10616:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10500:Northern Asia
10498:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10459:
10455:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10441:
10438:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10419:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10404:
10398:
10395:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10362:
10359:
10358:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10351:
10350:Nom de guerre
10347:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10322:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10183:
10179:
10178:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10084:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10037:Personal name
10035:
10031:
10027:
10020:
10015:
10013:
10008:
10006:
10001:
10000:
9997:
9991:
9987:
9982:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9966:
9955:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9933:"Từ viết tắt"
9928:
9920:
9914:
9906:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9881:
9870:September 16,
9865:
9861:
9860:
9859:New Scientist
9855:
9849:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9819:
9813:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9787:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9758:
9750:
9748:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9719:Int J Cardiol
9713:
9711:
9694:
9690:
9689:
9684:
9677:
9670:
9665:
9649:
9643:
9624:
9618:
9612:; Appendix A.
9611:
9607:
9603:
9597:
9581:
9575:
9559:
9553:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9536:
9533:
9528:
9512:
9508:
9501:
9490:September 29,
9485:
9481:
9475:
9467:
9466:
9458:
9442:
9438:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9420:
9416:
9413:
9408:
9406:
9394:September 27,
9389:
9385:
9384:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9365:
9363:
9355:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9330:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9304:
9298:
9291:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9239:
9233:
9229:
9228:
9221:
9213:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9196:Garner, Bryan
9191:
9175:
9171:
9165:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9145:
9137:
9136:
9131:
9125:
9114:September 16,
9109:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9095:
9094:Dennis, C. J.
9089:
9078:September 16,
9073:
9069:
9066:Hyde, Robin.
9062:
9051:September 16,
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9017:September 16,
9012:
9008:
9002:
8991:September 16,
8986:
8982:
8976:
8968:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8954:
8948:
8940:
8936:
8935:
8928:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8902:
8898:
8896:
8889:
8881:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8855:
8839:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8822:
8811:September 16,
8806:
8802:
8796:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8769:September 16,
8764:
8760:
8754:
8752:
8740:September 16,
8735:
8731:
8725:
8710:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8688:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8668:
8666:
8657:
8651:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8616:
8600:
8596:
8589:
8581:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8555:
8548:
8542:
8534:
8530:
8528:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8506:
8498:
8487:September 16,
8482:
8476:
8469:
8462:September 16,
8458:
8452:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8433:
8431:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8390:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8367:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8329:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8277:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8253:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8230:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8205:Garner, Bryan
8200:
8185:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8163:
8155:
8149:
8145:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8099:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8067:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8034:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7940:ac·ro·nym (ăk
7937:
7933:
7929:
7927:0-395-82517-2
7923:
7919:
7918:
7910:
7903:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7865:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7805:0-87779-809-5
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7726:0-87779-708-0
7722:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7665:
7659:
7649:
7647:
7642:. pp. 21–22:
7641:
7640:0-87779-132-5
7637:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7617:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7526:'end, tip' +
7525:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7468:
7461:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7428:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7395:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7362:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7328:
7325:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7292:
7289:/ˈækrənɪm/ ('
7287:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7258:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7195:Usage Problem
7193:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7139:
7136:ac·ro·nym (ăk
7123:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7097:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7029:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6985:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6966:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6932:1-135-37010-9
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6915:Paris Gazette
6912:
6906:
6899:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6774:
6769:
6762:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6614:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6553:comb. form +
6548:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6494:"acronym, n."
6489:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6365:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6317:
6315:
6312:, pronounced
6310:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6261:
6258:(rather than
6257:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6135:
6132:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6083:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5913:cơ sở dữ liệu
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5804:
5803:
5790:
5773:
5761:
5760:
5742:
5741:
5731:
5719:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5597:Sersan Kepala
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5432:internet cafe
5428:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5411:Angkutan Kota
5406:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5357:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5312:
5289:
5288:Rishon LeZion
5245:
5239:
5229:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5154:anti-aircraft
5150:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5110:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5013:for 埼京, from
5012:
5005:
4993:
4992:Tōkyō Daigaku
4980:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4953:
4944:
4938:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4803:
4792:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4746:中国中央电视台春节联欢晚会
4742:
4737:
4693:
4676:
4664:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4608:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4563:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
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4468:
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4457:
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4451:
4445:
4435:
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4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4331:New Scientist
4323:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4184:
4181:
4173:
4170:February 2020
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4143:This section
4141:
4132:
4131:
4122:
4119:
4111:
4108:February 2020
4101:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4085:This section
4083:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:connotatively
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:raison d'être
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3771:
3768:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3535:
3520:
3517:
3509:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3479:This section
3477:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3455:
3447:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3413:This section
3411:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:messenger RNA
3023:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2976:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:accessibility
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2748:post scriptum
2745:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2613:decimal point
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:forward slash
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:urban legends
2426:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2335:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2301:This section
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2234:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2153:
2127:
2103:
2097:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:alphabet soup
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1961:Before Christ
1958:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:post meridiem
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:ante meridiem
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:railroad cars
1788:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1563:This section
1561:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:jay-pee-e-gee
1190:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:i-u-pee-a-cee
1157:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
995:
985:
983:
979:
978:
972:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
951:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
664:
643:
642:
634:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
573:
567:
565:
564:
555:
519:
518:
513:
512:
503:
476:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
451:
450:base exchange
446:
441:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
413:
411:
410:
405:
401:
400:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
311:
308:
300:
290:
286:
282:
276:
275:
271:
266:This section
264:
260:
255:
254:
246:
244:
239:
234:
230:
225:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
137:
136:
129:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11715:Signum manus
11703:Royal cypher
11668:
11653:Nomen nescio
11651:
11647:Nomenclature
11642:Naming taboo
11550:
11454:Professional
11297:of authority
11247:Saint's name
10912:Scandinavian
10534:Muslim world
10372:
10348:
10319:
10171:Occupational
10030:anthroponymy
9974:
9952:
9947:September 4,
9945:. Retrieved
9927:
9913:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9868:. Retrieved
9857:
9848:
9836:. Retrieved
9821:
9812:
9804:the original
9795:
9786:
9761:
9755:
9725:(2–3): 303,
9722:
9718:
9697:. Retrieved
9686:
9676:
9668:
9664:
9652:. Retrieved
9642:
9630:. Retrieved
9617:
9601:
9596:
9584:. Retrieved
9574:
9562:. Retrieved
9552:
9542:
9527:
9515:. Retrieved
9500:
9488:. Retrieved
9474:
9463:
9457:
9447:February 14,
9445:. Retrieved
9434:
9425:
9392:. Retrieved
9383:Language Log
9381:
9335:
9329:
9318:the original
9309:
9297:
9282:. Note that
9260:
9256:The Guardian
9254:
9251:"Styleguide"
9245:
9225:
9220:
9199:
9190:
9178:. Retrieved
9164:
9153:
9144:
9133:
9124:
9112:. Retrieved
9103:The Bulletin
9101:
9088:
9076:. Retrieved
9061:
9049:. Retrieved
9036:
9027:
9015:. Retrieved
9011:the original
9001:
8989:. Retrieved
8985:the original
8975:
8960:
8947:
8932:
8927:
8914:
8909:
8895:MLA Handbook
8893:
8888:
8863:
8854:
8842:. Retrieved
8831:
8821:
8809:. Retrieved
8805:the original
8795:
8787:
8779:
8767:. Retrieved
8738:. Retrieved
8724:
8712:. Retrieved
8696:
8676:
8650:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8603:. Retrieved
8588:
8563:
8554:
8546:
8541:
8532:
8526:
8519:
8510:
8504:
8497:
8485:. Retrieved
8483:. Snopes.com
8475:
8467:
8460:. Retrieved
8440:
8417:. Retrieved
8408:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8366:
8354:. Retrieved
8336:
8317:
8307:
8295:. Retrieved
8289:. BuzzFeed.
8287:BuzzFeed.com
8286:
8276:
8250:
8237:
8208:
8199:
8187:. Retrieved
8172:
8168:Bryson, Bill
8162:
8143:
8132:
8107:
8098:
8086:. Retrieved
8082:the original
8075:
8066:
8054:. Retrieved
8043:
8033:
8021:. Retrieved
8012:
8002:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7915:
7909:
7901:
7894:. Retrieved
7883:
7862:
7861:-mi-k(ə-)lē
7858:
7854:
7851:ac·ro·nym·ic
7850:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7821:ˈa-krə-ˌnim
7818:
7817:
7785:
7780:
7771:
7770:-mi-k(ə-)lē
7767:
7763:
7760:ac·ro·nym·ic
7759:
7755:
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7747:
7743:
7742:ˈa-krə-ˌnim
7739:
7738:
7710:
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7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7631:
7615:
7608:. Retrieved
7604:the original
7599:
7590:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7559:. Retrieved
7550:
7541:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7474:
7467:
7459:
7452:. Retrieved
7443:
7434:
7426:
7419:. Retrieved
7410:
7401:
7393:
7386:. Retrieved
7377:
7368:
7359:
7352:. Retrieved
7343:
7334:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7275:. Retrieved
7266:
7257:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
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7213:
7209:
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7186:
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7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7135:
7126:. Retrieved
7117:
7095:
7088:. Retrieved
7079:
7070:
7057:
7053:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7027:
7026:
7017:. Retrieved
7013:the original
7008:
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6972:
6965:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6936:
6914:
6905:
6897:
6892:February 22,
6890:. Retrieved
6881:
6872:
6860:. Retrieved
6851:
6842:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6814:
6807:. Retrieved
6798:
6789:
6772:
6760:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6709:
6705:
6696:
6692:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6651:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6618:T. M. Pearce
6605:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6546:
6540:comb. form,
6534:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6505:. Retrieved
6496:
6469:. Retrieved
6464:
6455:
6443:. Retrieved
6439:
6429:
6417:. Retrieved
6402:
6395:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6313:
6297:
6288:BBC Scotland
6283:
6269:
6259:
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6193:
6136:
6120:
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6095:
6073:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6016:
5988:
5983:
5965:
5955:
5923:nhà xuất bản
5917:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5873:
5867:
5851:
5845:
5822:
5820:
5781:('SMI', for
5748:
5735:الفا.ڤي.ثيتا
5707:
5695:
5690:
5666:
5631:
5511:
5444:
5369:
5350:, feminine:
5271:ברית המועצות
5241:
5214:'s title as
5212:Adolf Hitler
5163:
5162:rather than
5143:
5142:rather than
5127:
5126:rather than
5116:
5097:
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5066:
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4706:= 'people',
4624:
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4379:
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4363:prescriptive
4356:
4341:
4329:
4327:
4228:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4194:
4176:
4167:
4144:
4114:
4105:
4094:Please help
4089:verification
4086:
4062:
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4049:
4048:Please help
4045:
3978:
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3968:
3957:), a German
3954:
3944:
3899:RAS syndrome
3878:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
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3843:
3833:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3763:
3757:January 2024
3754:
3738:
3714:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3624:
3584:
3569:
3563:
3545:
3530:
3512:
3506:October 2017
3503:
3480:
3450:
3444:October 2017
3441:
3426:Please help
3414:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3376:Please help
3373:
3355:RAS syndrome
3295:
3277:became TLC;
3266:
3262:Russia Today
3260:
3246:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3167:
3161:
3150:Gang of Four
3115:
3108:
3104:
3090:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3044:The Guardian
3042:
3039:
3030:transfer RNA
3019:
3007:
3001:
2985:
2982:
2942:
2936:
2922:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2744:postscriptum
2743:
2735:
2733:
2713:
2706:style guides
2703:
2685:
2670:style guides
2667:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2604:
2600:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2497:to show the
2484:
2414:
2380:
2377:As mnemonics
2372:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2324:January 2015
2321:
2310:Please help
2305:verification
2302:
2275:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2054:
2035:
2015:armed forces
2012:
2000:
1999:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1947:(from Latin
1944:
1935:(from Latin
1930:
1923:(from Latin
1918:
1909:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1830:World War II
1815:
1807:Standard Oil
1784:
1776:
1770:
1757:shorten the
1755:Rabbi Yehuda
1732:
1656:nomina sacra
1628:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1586:January 2015
1583:
1572:Please help
1567:verification
1564:
1513:RAS syndrome
1504:
1494:
1484:
1375:C-four Istar
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1319:
1315:
1312:N C double-A
1311:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1271:
1248:
1233:
1204:
1194:
1171:
1161:
1138:
1109:
975:
973:
966:
960:
954:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
921:
919:
914:
910:
906:
900:
884:
876:
868:
864:
858:
852:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
822:
820:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
773:
769:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
731:
725:
721:abbreviation
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:style guides
697:lexicography
694:
685:disambiguate
676:
613:
605:
603:
598:
594:
593:and acronym
590:
586:
582:
576:
570:
568:
515:
472:
470:
465:
462:word acronym
461:
457:
455:
448:
444:
442:
439:
434:
430:
426:
420:
414:
407:
403:
397:
393:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
364:
360:
355:
351:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:abbreviation
319:In general,
318:
303:
294:
279:Please help
267:
249:Nomenclature
209:
207:
197:
193:
191:
174:
170:
168:
133:
102:
94:
86:
82:
80:
60:abbreviation
55:
53:
40:
11688:Proper name
11610:Name change
11464:Educational
11442:Substantive
11381:decorations
11264:Jewish name
11259:Dharma name
11224:By religion
10889:Hongkongese
10714:Australasia
10554:Azerbaijani
10287:Regnal name
10268:Temple name
10098:Middle name
10086:By sequence
10063:Matrilineal
10059:Patrilineal
9969:‹ The
9937:BBC Academy
9180:January 21,
9155:The Mercury
8844:October 10,
8297:January 22,
8088:January 28,
7914:"acronym".
7896:January 28,
7610:January 22,
7561:January 22,
7454:January 22,
7421:January 22,
7388:January 22,
7354:January 22,
7317:). Compare
7277:January 22,
7215:Usage Note:
7128:January 22,
7090:January 22,
7019:January 22,
6923:Muir, Edwin
6919:Muir, Willa
6862:January 28,
6809:January 22,
6748:Electronics
6563:Originally
6544:comb. form.
6507:January 22,
6471:January 24,
6445:February 9,
6303:telebhisean
6175:blend words
6171:portmanteau
5906:, 'club'),
5572:Command'),
5554:Command'),
5500:Joglo Semar
5488:Purbaleunyi
5457:Jabodetabek
5424:stands for
5396:stands for
5283:ראשון לציון
5259:ארצות הברית
4952:, 'S.A.').
4521:logographic
4367:anacronymic
4220:portmanteau
3786:USA PATRIOT
3597:machine", "
3259:became BP.
3226:bee-bee-cue
3192:pedagogical
3186:Authors of
3140:, as with "
3134:Group of 77
3058:stands for
2902:manuscripts
2853:attributive
2834:Ben Chifley
2682:Larry Trask
2581:Anno Domini
2487:punctuation
2476:Punctuation
2457:Taboo words
2419:, called a
2040:(SMS), and
2009:Current use
1987:Restoration
1951:Anno Domini
1912:vernaculars
1876:colinderies
1826:World War I
1795:ticker tape
1787:corporation
1759:ten plagues
1672:), Christ (
1067:Amphetamine
897:On Language
772:, although
429:, uses the
297:August 2024
214:Greek roots
187:punctuation
87:alphabetism
76:punctuation
32:ACRONYM tag
11755:Categories
11681:Identifier
11664:Onomastics
11605:Legal name
11585:Deadnaming
11481:Diplomatic
11437:Subsidiary
11432:Hereditary
11323:Diplomatic
11242:Papal name
11151:Indonesian
11117:South Asia
11113:Indosphere
11079:Macedonian
11052:Belarusian
10959:Portuguese
10801:Lithuanian
10695:Zimbabwean
10491:Vietnamese
10451:Generation
10418:East Asian
10406:By culture
10380:Stage name
10337:Hypocorism
10302:Pseudonyms
10292:Slave name
10243:Birth name
10195:Teknonymic
10176:Patronymic
10156:Matronymic
10119:Diminutive
10093:First name
10049:Given name
10044:Birth name
9517:August 24,
9342:, p.
9276:pin number
9037:NLA.gov.au
8788:initialism
8419:August 31,
8217:. p.
7988:ic, a·cron
7847:initialism
7688:Initialism
7680:N.Y. Times
7319:initialism
7293:'akruhnim)
7204:ic, a·cron
7062:initialism
6825:initialism
6773:N.Y. Times
6757:P. R. Hutt
6706:Word Study
6622:Word Study
6606:Paris Gaz.
6587:initialism
6547:Etymology:
6388:References
6250:'into EU'
6241:'into EU'
6190:Declension
6127:pronounced
6108:pronounced
6087:pronounced
6058:UBTƯMTTQVN
6053:UBTWMTTQVN
6008:Đông Nam Á
5966:MTDTGPMNVN
5903:câu lạc bộ
5870:Vietnamese
5864:Vietnamese
5440:colloquial
5364:See also:
5360:Indonesian
5338:, plural:
4924:orea, and
4154:improve it
4051:improve it
3959:telenovela
3903:archetypal
3825:James Bond
3710:Apple Lisa
3682:Backronyms
3571:Navy: NCIS
3550:, as when
3490:improve it
3379:improve it
3329:, just as
3298:affiliates
3198:ongestive
3176:numeronyms
2933:Small caps
2740:postscript
2646:the U.S.A.
2638:, and the
2519:apostrophe
2409:See also:
2387:ROY G. BIV
1991:Charles II
1856:initialism
1666:), Jesus (
1652:So-called
1475:Gramograms
1288:I triple-E
930:says that
893:Ben Zimmer
889:antedating
843:initialism
835:initialism
770:initialism
717:initialism
83:initialism
81:For some,
11693:Signature
11580:Call sign
11556:Anonymity
11491:Religious
11417:Chivalric
11338:Religious
11333:Judiciary
11318:Honorific
11301:of honour
11200:Sinhalese
11190:Pakistani
11175:Malaysian
11170:Cambodian
11074:Kashubian
11066:Ukrainian
11031:Bulgarian
10970:Praenomen
10907:Icelandic
10778:Hungarian
10579:Pakistani
10514:Mongolian
10368:Ring name
10361:Heteronym
10327:Nicknames
10248:Code name
10200:Toponymic
10190:Sobriquet
10166:Mononymic
10161:Metonymic
10103:Last name
9654:August 7,
9632:August 7,
9586:August 7,
9580:"History"
9564:August 7,
9070:. NZETC.
9043:. Notes.
8405:"Baloney"
8189:March 11,
7976:etecting
7944:rə-nĭm′)
7880:"acronym"
7819:ac·ro·nym
7740:ac·ro·nym
7596:"acronym"
7575:etecting
7547:"acronym"
7502:ac·ro·nym
7495:614990378
7440:"acronym"
7407:"acronym"
7374:"acronym"
7340:"acronym"
7263:"acronym"
7200:ac′ro·nym
7181:etecting
7114:"Acronym"
7076:"Acronym"
7005:"Acronym"
6878:"Akronym"
6848:"acronym"
6795:"Acronym"
6722:Our Lang.
6719:S. Potter
6649:C. Jencks
6585:the term
6516:acronym,
6376:becoming
6293:BhBC Alba
6173:words or
6145:Việt Cộng
5530:(POLRI –
5514:alphabets
5470:Jalan Tol
5372:Indonesia
5328:gershayim
5244:gershayim
4901:Kaiseuteu
4873:Gyowondae
4639:中共中央政治局常委
4426:within a
4388:cognition
4372:annotated
4158:verifying
4057:talk page
4023:" later.
3919:memorized
3844:RESURRECT
3781:contrived
3694:backronym
3688:Backronym
3634:DVD Forum
3560:high-tech
3494:verifying
3415:does not
3385:talk page
3343:JSW Group
2986:anacronym
2944:USA Today
2790:treatment
2786:diagnosis
2766:numeronym
2757:('/', or
2750:instead.
2648:for "the
2453:credulous
2411:Backronym
1983:acrostics
1841:registers
1828:, and by
1809:"), and "
1729:catacombs
1695:backronym
1610:retronymy
1450:Recursive
1355:A-two D P
1345:W-three C
1316:N C two-A
1302:N A A C P
1079:: German
329:professor
268:does not
208:The word
204:Etymology
194:expansion
11766:Acronyms
11710:Khelrtva
11698:Monogram
11659:Misnomer
11637:Namesake
11571:National
11528:Name day
11486:Judicial
11476:Business
11469:Honorary
11459:Academic
11449:Military
11422:Courtesy
11407:Academic
11372:Academic
11362:Emeritus
11165:Javanese
11146:Filipino
11131:Balinese
11099:Suffixes
11036:Croatian
10999:Romanian
10984:Cognomen
10882:Canadian
10868:American
10849:Germanic
10834:Scottish
10752:Georgian
10742:Estonian
10727:Armenian
10722:Albanian
10680:Ghanaian
10637:Hawaiian
10574:Mandaean
10481:Okinawan
10466:Japanese
10437:Courtesy
10397:Username
10390:Mononyms
10356:Pen name
10342:Monarchs
10315:Art name
10258:Necronym
10238:Aptronym
10151:Eponymic
10112:By trait
9986:Acronyms
9971:template
9941:Archived
9864:Archived
9838:April 4,
9832:Archived
9778:16823008
9739:12767559
9699:March 5,
9693:Archived
9535:Archived
9511:Archived
9484:Archived
9441:Archived
9415:Archived
9388:Archived
9280:sim card
9174:Archived
9108:Archived
9072:Archived
9045:Archived
8959:(1999).
8838:Archived
8763:Archived
8734:Archived
8714:March 4,
8675:(2005).
8642:19150279
8599:Archived
8562:(2008).
8525:"cabal,
8503:"abjad,
8413:Archived
8356:June 10,
8350:Archived
8291:Archived
8249:(2015).
8056:March 4,
8050:Archived
8023:March 5,
8017:Archived
7936:43499541
7890:Archived
7814:51764057
7735:27432416
7646:acronyms
7634:, 1994.
7555:Archived
7448:Archived
7415:Archived
7382:Archived
7348:Archived
7271:Archived
7161:tlantic
7140:rə-nĭm′)
7122:Archived
7084:Archived
6989:April 3,
6856:Archived
6803:Archived
6631:Rotarian
6535:Etymons:
6501:Archived
6419:April 3,
6326:Acrostic
6320:See also
6280:lenition
6278:, where
6266:Lenition
6210:or Nato
6196:declined
6158:Cộng sản
6152:Việt Nam
5991:morpheme
5956:CHXHCNVN
5618:Magelang
5602:Sergeant
5600:; 'Head
5540:Kopassus
5476:Jagorawi
5299:בית הספר
5197:Vokuhila
5194:include
5055:hiragana
5051:katakana
5043:gairaigo
4956:Japanese
4931:대학수학능력시험
4687:全国人民代表大会
4663:Changwei
4517:syllabic
4432:parsable
4430:clearly
4292:spooling
4212:macronym
3915:recalled
3894:medicine
3890:mnemonic
3792:CAN SPAM
3698:bacronym
3601:bank", "
3339:RBC Bank
3253:AT&T
3230:kay-nine
3118:cardinal
3050:BBC News
2996:", and "
2929:all caps
2710:American
2678:ellipsis
2654:American
2587:", and "
2551:fo'c'sle
2499:ellipsis
2439:" from "
2395:CAN SLIM
2383:mnemonic
2027:New Deal
1767:rishonic
1763:mnemonic
1751:Talmudic
1515:phrases
1505:kay-nine
1272:Three-As
1249:Triple-A
1110:cee-dee-
988:Examples
982:BuzzFeed
746:and the
417:morpheme
166:is not.
91:connotes
74:with no
72:all caps
66:of each
11630:Surname
11551:Acronym
11544:Related
11523:Baptism
11157:Chinese
11141:Burmese
11136:Bengali
11089:Serbian
11059:Russian
11004:Spanish
10991:Agnomen
10954:Occitan
10949:Italian
10939:Catalan
10931:Romance
10918:Swedish
10862:English
10819:Cornish
10796:Latvian
10770:Cypriot
10747:Finnish
10660:Ashanti
10619:Oceania
10609:Turkish
10589:Persian
10584:Pashtun
10559:Bengali
10524:Tibetan
10431:Chinese
10374:Shikona
10280:Notname
10212:Patrial
10205:Surname
10182:Surname
10129:Epithet
10068:Affixes
10054:Surname
9973:below (
9796:CIE.org
9376:(ed.).
8605:June 3,
8389:acronym
8314:"C4ISR"
7956:omen's
7696:acronym
7692:acronym
7670:, 1968.
7664:acronym
7532:homonym
7286:acronym
7248:acronym
7220:acronym
7189:anging.
7036:acronym
7028:acronym
6833:acronym
6817:acronym
6726:nabisco
6697:acronym
6581:In the
6559:Akronym
6530:Origin:
6465:Proofed
6260:preNATO
6225:Nasalta
6200:Finnish
6139:Chinese
6119:'; and
6015:') and
5980:Vietnam
5848:Swahili
5842:Swahili
5829:Emperor
5763:), for
5759:Gazprom
5752:Газпром
5745:Russian
5647:pawagam
5570:Frogmen
5558:Kopaska
5520:(TNI –
5497:), and
5447:Jakarta
5156:gun');
5122:Gestapo
5060:Pokémon
5016:Saitama
4943:Suneung
4883:한국과학기술원
4861:한국교원대학교
4845:Hongdae
4782:Yangshi
4776:中国中央电视台
4758:Chunwan
4675:Ruchang
4604:) uses
4591:Beijing
4543:
4511:Chinese
4400:protein
4152:Please
3938:driven
3927:cryptic
3848:NIRVANA
3829:SPECTRE
3798:CAPTCHA
3700:) is a
3488:Please
3436:removed
3421:sources
3327:TD Bank
3122:ordinal
3103:") and
3028:" and "
2959:" and "
2893:paginae
2782:history
2759:solidus
2688:Penguin
2620:British
2609:decimal
2491:overbar
1880:colinda
1860:acronym
1799:Nabisco
1701:ichthys
1675:Χριστός
1485:cee-cue
1371:C4ISTAR
1335:three M
1320:N C A A
1205:ess-ef-
1075:Gestapo
944:acronym
932:acronym
922:acronym
911:acronym
879:to the
877:acronym
869:acronym
839:acronym
831:acronym
823:acronym
766:acronym
732:acronym
713:acronym
709:acronym
705:acronym
560:em-ess-
466:acronym
289:removed
274:sources
238:Akronym
210:acronym
198:meaning
179:spacing
175:acronym
171:acronym
95:acronym
56:acronym
11720:Tughra
11625:Middle
11595:Family
11399:Titles
11385:medals
11383:, and
11377:Orders
11357:Suffix
11310:Styles
11269:Hebrew
11195:Sindhi
11180:Indian
11094:Slovak
11084:Polish
11023:Slavic
10944:French
10902:Gothic
10897:German
10811:Celtic
10788:Baltic
10737:Basque
10705:Europe
10690:Yoruba
10632:Fijian
10599:Somali
10594:Sindhi
10569:Coptic
10564:Berber
10549:Arabic
10544:Afghan
10509:Kalmyk
10476:Manchu
10471:Korean
10458:Titles
10222:Virtue
10217:Unisex
10139:Common
10134:Animal
9990:Curlie
9976:Curlie
9901:
9776:
9737:
9628:. UICC
9608:
9350:
9234:
9208:
8876:
8705:
8683:
8640:
8576:
8453:
8324:
8264:
8225:
8180:
8150:
8120:
7934:
7924:
7812:
7802:
7733:
7723:
7638:
7600:Lexico
7583:anging
7520:origin
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