1366:(TCEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP) in urban sampling sites and non-halogenated like TBOEP in rural areas respectively were frequently measured in the environment across multiple sites. In the Laurentian Great Lakes total OPEs concentrations were found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than concentrations of brominated flame retardants measured in similar air. Waters from rivers in Germany, Austria, and Spain have been consistently recorded for TBOEP and TCIPP at highest concentrations. From these studies, it is clear that OPE concentrations in both air and water samples are often orders of magnitude higher than other flame retardants, and that concentrations are largely dependent on sampling location, with higher concentrations in more urban, polluted locations.
182:
1115:
127:, and performance additives to engine oil. The low cost of production and compatibility to diverse polymers made OPEs to be widely used in industry including textile, furniture, electronics as plasticizers and flame retardants. These compounds are added to the final product physically rather than by chemical bond. Due to this, OPEs leak into the environment more readily through volatilization, leaching, and abrasion. OPEs have been detected in diverse environmental compartments such as air, dust, water, sediment, soil and biota samples at higher frequency and concentration.
1279:), phosphate ester surfactants are more expensive and generate less foam. Benefits include high stability at extremes of pH, low skin irritation and a high tolerance to dissolved salts. In agricultural settings monoesters of fatty alcohol ethoxylates are used, which are able to disperse poorly miscible or insoluble pesticides into water. As they are low-foaming these mixtures can be sprayed effectively onto fields, while a high salt tolerance allows co-spraying of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers. Low-levels of phosphate mono-esters, such as
943:
164:
31:
840:(P-N), both of which are significantly weaker acetylcholinesterase inhibitors than the corresponding phosphates (P=O). They are 'activated' biologically by the exposed organism, via oxidative conversion of P=S to P=O, hydroxylation, or other related process which see them transformed into organophosphates. In mammals these transformations occur almost exclusively in the liver, while in insects they take place in the gut and
524:. This is of great practical importance, as it makes these compounds far more resistant to degradation by hydrolysis or other forms of nucleophilic attack, due to electrostatic repulsion between negative charges. This effects nearly all organophosphate biomolecules, such as DNA and RNA and accounts in-part for their high stability. The presence of this negative charge also makes these compound much more water soluble.
556:
1154:). PVC dominates the market, consuming 80-90% of global plasticiser production. PVC can accept large amounts of plasticiser; in extreme cases an item may be 70-80% plasticiser by mass, but loadings of between 0-50% are more common. The main applications of these products are in wire and cable insulation, flexible pipe, automotive interiors, plastic sheeting,
217:
1183:
due to their low freezing points and high boiling points, fire-resistance, non-corrosiveness, excellent boundary lubrication properties and good general chemical stability. The triaryl phosphates are the most important group, with tricresyl phosphate being the first to be commercialised in the 1940s,
315:
esterifications, with the reactions rarely proceeding much further than the phosphate mono-ester. The reaction requires high temperatures, under which the phosphoric acid can dehydrate to form poly-phosphoric acids. These are exceedingly viscous and their linear polymeric structure renders them less
1365:
The detection of OPEs in the air as far away as
Antarctica at concentrations around 1 ng/m suggests their persistence in air, and their potential for long-range transport. OPEs were measured in high frequency in air and water and widely distributed in northern hemisphere. The chlorinated OPEs
1071:
Organophosphates act multifunctionally to retard fire in both the gas phase and condensed (solid) phase. Halogenated organophosphates are more active overall as their degradation products interfere with combustion directly in the gas phase. All organophosphates have activity in the condensed phase,
3382:
Souza, MarĂlia
Cristina Oliveira; Cruz, Jonas Carneiro; Cesila, Cibele Aparecida; Gonzalez, Neus; Rocha, Bruno Alves; Adeyemi, Joseph A.; Nadal, Marti; Domingo, José L.; Barbosa, Fernando (July 2023). "Recent trends in pesticides in crops: A critical review of the duality of risks-benefits and the
972:
were banned in the early 2000s phosphorus-based agents were promoted as safer replacements. This has led to a large increase in their use, with an estimated 1 million tonnes of organophosphate flame retardants produced in 2018. Safety concerns have subsequently been raised about some of these
488:. However in contrast to ylides, the phosphoryl group is unreactive and organophosphates are poor nucleophiles, despite the high concentration of charge on the phosphoryl oxygen. The polarisation accounts in part for the higher melting points of phosphates when compared to their corresponding
4542:
Li, Haogang; Zhang, Yanbin; Li, Changhe; Zhou, Zongming; Nie, Xiaolin; Chen, Yun; Cao, Huajun; Liu, Bo; Zhang, Naiqing; Said, Zafar; Debnath, Sujan; Jamil, Muhammad; Ali, Hafiz
Muhammad; Sharma, Shubham (May 2022). "Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and
1125:
Plasticisers are added to polymers and plastics to improve their flexibility and processability, giving a softer more easily deformable material. In this way brittle polymers can be made more durable. Organophosphates find use because they are multifunctional; primarily plasticising but also
1888:
Fugel, Malte; Malaspina, Lorraine A.; Pal, Rumpa; Thomas, Sajesh P.; Shi, Ming W.; Spackman, Mark A.; Sugimoto, Kunihisa; Grabowsky, Simon (7 May 2019). "Revisiting a
Historical Concept by Using Quantum Crystallography: Are Phosphate, Sulfate and Perchlorate Anions Hypervalent?".
476:-type bond from P to O, combined with back-donation from an oxygen 2p orbital. These models agree with the experimental observations of the phosphoryl as being shorter than P-OR bonds and much more polarised. It has been argued that a more accurate depiction is dipolar (i.e. (RO)
532:
The water solubility of organophosphates is an important factor in biological, industrial and environmental settings. The wide variety of substitutes used in organophosphate esters results in great variations in physical properties. OPEs exhibit a wide range of octanol/water
352:
is the anhydride of phosphoric acid and acts similarly. The reaction yields equimolar amounts of di- and monoesters with no phosphoric acid. The process is mostly limited to primary alcohols, as secondary alcohols are prone to undesirable side reactions such as dehydration.
1079:
Organophosphates were originally thought to be a safe replacements for brominated flame retardants, however many are now coming under regulatory pressure due to their apparent health risks. The chlorinated organophosphates may be carcinogenic, while others such as
1161:
Pure PVC is more than 60% chlorine by mass and difficult to burn, but its flammability increases the more it is plasticised. Organophosphates can act as both plasticisers and flame retarders. Compounds used are typically triaryl or alkyl diaryl phosphates, with
1546:
Wei, Gao-Ling; Li, Ding-Qiang; Zhuo, Mu-Ning; Liao, Yi-Shan; Xie, Zhen-Yue; Guo, Tai-Long; Li, Jun-Jie; Zhang, Si-Yi; Liang, Zhi-Quan (January 2015). "Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: Sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure".
537:
where log Kow values range from -0.98 up to 10.6. Mono- and di- esters are usually water soluble, particularity biomolecules. Tri-esters such as flame retardants and plasticisers have positive log Kow values ranging between 1.44 and 9.49, signifying
3958:
Pawlowski, Kristin H; Schartel, Bernhard (November 2007). "Flame retardancy mechanisms of triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends".
3214:
Muñoz-Quezada, MarĂa Teresa; Lucero, Boris AndrĂ©s; Iglesias, VerĂłnica Paz; Muñoz, MarĂa PĂa; Cornejo, Claudia
Alejandra; Achu, Eduardo; Baumert, Brittney; Hanchey, Arianna; Concha, Carlos; Brito, Ana MarĂa; Villalobos, Marcos (2 January 2016).
855:
to humans, with many thousands estimated to be killed each year due to intentional (suicide) or unintentional poisoning. Beyond their acute toxicity, long-term exposure to organophosphates is associated with a number of heath risks, including
158:
groups (abbreviated as 'R' in the image below). In general man‑made organophosphates are most often triesters, while biological organophosphates are usually mono- or di-esters. The hydolysis of triesters can form diesters and monoesters.
605:
plant extracts, all of which had major problems. Schrader was seeking more effective agents, however while some organophosphates were found to be far more dangerous to insects than higher animals, the potential effectiveness of others as
3019:
Mew, Emma J.; Padmanathan, Prianka; Konradsen, Flemming; Eddleston, Michael; Chang, Shu-Sen; Phillips, Michael R.; Gunnell, David (September 2017). "The global burden of fatal self-poisoning with pesticides 2006-15: Systematic review".
3736:
He, Huan; Gao, Zhanqi; Zhu, Donglin; Guo, Jiehong; Yang, Shaogui; Li, Shiyin; Zhang, Limin; Sun, Cheng (December 2017). "Assessing bioaccessibility and bioavailability of chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments".
1170:
being important respective example. These are both liquids with high boiling points. Organophosphates are more expensive than traditional plasticisers and so tend be used in combination with other plasticisers and flame retardants.
4159:
Amiri, Roshanak; Bissram, Meera J.; Hashemihedeshi, Mahin; Dorman, Frank L.; Megson, David; Jobst, Karl J. (5 April 2023). "Differentiating Toxic and
Nontoxic Tricresyl Phosphate Isomers Using Ion–Molecule Reactions with Oxygen".
2149:
Kumler, W. D.; Eiler, John J. (December 1943). "The Acid
Strength of Mono and Diesters of Phosphoric Acid. The n-Alkyl Esters from Methyl to Butyl, the Esters of Biological Importance, and the Natural Guanidine Phosphoric Acids".
1860:
Gong, Xinying; Zhang, Wenjun; Zhang, Shuyi; Wang, Yu; Zhang, Xinyi; Lu, Yuan; Sun, Hongwen; Wang, Lei (1 June 2021). "Organophosphite
Antioxidants in Mulch Films Are Important Sources of Organophosphate Pollutants in Farmlands".
882:
have both been increasing restrictions on organophosphate pesticides since the 1990s, particularly when used for crop protection. The use of organophosphates has decreased considerably since that time, having been replaced by
2032:
Rajani, Puchakayala; Gopakumar, Gopinadhanpillai; Nagarajan, Sivaraman; Brahmmananda Rao, Cherukuri
Venkata Siva (July 2021). "Does the basicity of phosphoryl oxygen change with alkyl chain length in phosphate ligands?".
959:
Flame retardants are added to materials to prevent combustion and to delay the spread of fire after ignition. Organophosphate flame retardants are part of a wider family of phosphorus-based agents which include organic
4037:
Du, Jia; Li, Huanxuan; Xu, Shaodan; Zhou, Qingwei; Jin, Meiqing; Tang, Junhong (August 2019). "A review of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs): occurrence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and organism exposure".
3823:
Du, Jia; Li, Huanxuan; Xu, Shaodan; Zhou, Qingwei; Jin, Meiqing; Tang, Junhong (August 2019). "A review of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs): occurrence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and organism exposure".
1283:, find use in cosmetic creams and lotions. These in oil-in-water formulations are primarily based on non-ionic surfactants, with the anionic phosphate acting as emulsion-stabilisers. Phosphate tri-esters such as
3164:
Muñoz-Quezada, MarĂa Teresa; Lucero, Boris A.; Barr, Dana B.; Steenland, Kyle; Levy, Karen; Ryan, P. Barry; Iglesias, Veronica; Alvarado, Sergio; Concha, Carlos; Rojas, Evelyn; Vega, Catalina (December 2013).
3586:
Gray, George M.; Hammitt, James K. (October 2000). "Risk/Risk Trade-offs in
Pesticide Regulation: An Exploratory Analysis of the Public Health Effects of a Ban on Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides".
542:. Hydrophobic OPEs are more likely to be bioaccumulated and biomagnified in aquatic ecosystems. Halogenated organophosphates tend to be denser than water and sink, causing them to accumulate in sediments.
4785:
Miller, Dennis; Wiener, Eva-Maria; Turowski, Angelika; Thunig, Christine; Hoffmann, Heinz (July 1999). "O/W emulsions for cosmetics products stabilized by alkyl phosphates — rheology and storage tests".
195:
are generally included as organophosphates. The reason is again a practical one, as many cellular processes involve the mono- di and tri- phosphates of the same compound. For instance, the phosphates of
6947:
8471:
6886:
4116:
Truong, Jimmy W.; Diamond, Miriam L.; Helm, Paul A.; Jantunen, Liisa M. (December 2017). "Isomers of tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in technical mixtures and environmental samples".
2415:
van den Berg, Henk; da Silva Bezerra, Haroldo Sergio; Al-Eryani, Samira; Chanda, Emmanuel; Nagpal, Bhupender N.; Knox, Tessa B.; Velayudhan, Raman; Yadav, Rajpal S. (13 December 2021).
891:, which are effective a much lower levels. Reported cases of organophosphate poisoning in the US have reduced during this period. Regulation in the global south can be less extensive.
4474:
Guan, Bihan; Pochopien, Bernadeta A.; Wright, Dominic S. (August 2016). "The chemistry, mechanism and function of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as an anti-wear lubricant additive".
4578:
Hidayah, Nur Nadiatul; Abidin, Sumaiya Zainal (June 2018). "The evolution of mineral processing in extraction of rare earth elements using liquid-liquid extraction: A review".
3986:
Blum, Arlene; Behl, Mamta; Birnbaum, Linda S.; Diamond, Miriam L.; Phillips, Allison; Singla, Veena; Sipes, Nisha S.; Stapleton, Heather M.; Venier, Marta (12 November 2019).
3772:
Blum, Arlene; Behl, Mamta; Birnbaum, Linda S.; Diamond, Miriam L.; Phillips, Allison; Singla, Veena; Sipes, Nisha S.; Stapleton, Heather M.; Venier, Marta (12 November 2019).
2329:
McDonough, Carrie A.; De Silva, Amila O.; Sun, Caoxin; Cabrerizo, Ana; Adelman, David; Soltwedel, Thomas; Bauerfeind, Eduard; Muir, Derek C. G.; Lohmann, Rainer (2018-06-05).
1092:. Although their names imply that they are a single chemical, some (but not all) are produced as complex mixtures. For instance, commercial grade TCPP can contain 7 different
574:
agents to reduce the transmission of diseases spread by insects, such as mosquitoes. Health concerns have seen their use significantly decrease since the turn of the century.
4717:
Arora, Pinklesh; Singh, Rakhi; Seshadri, Geetha; Tyagi, Ajay Kumar (16 July 2018). "Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Anionic Phosphate Ester Surfactants: A Review".
2236:"Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Airborne Particles over the Northern Pacific and Indian Ocean toward the Polar Regions: Evidence for Global Occurrence"
1741:
Arora, Pinklesh; Singh, Rakhi; Seshadri, Geetha; Tyagi, Ajay Kumar (16 July 2018). "Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Anionic Phosphate Ester Surfactants: A Review".
1671:
Arora, Pinklesh; Singh, Rakhi; Seshadri, Geetha; Tyagi, Ajay Kumar (16 July 2018). "Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Anionic Phosphate Ester Surfactants: A Review".
2331:"Dissolved Organophosphate Esters and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Remote Marine Environments: Arctic Surface Water Distributions and Net Transport through Fram Strait"
9114:
4081:
Barth, Mary L.; Craig, Peter H. (October 1999). "Evaluation of the hazards of industrial exposure to tricresyl phosphate:a review and interpretation of the literature".
1280:
1163:
9550:
8438:
6940:
848:
in different classes of organism it is possible to find compounds which activate more rapidly and completely in insects, and thus display more targeted lethal action.
8464:
1387:"Retrospective analysis of organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs and relation to the aquatic food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America"
364:
can be easily oxidised to give organophosphates. This is not a common industrial route, however large quantities of organophosphites are manufactured as antioxidant
4646:
Paiva, A. P.; Malik, P. (2004). "Recent advances on the chemistry of solvent extraction applied to the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels and radioactive wastes".
7719:
6522:
5303:
4755:
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Fourth Symposium : a Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee E-35 on Pesticides, New Orleans, La., 2-3 Nov. 1983
5120:
2286:
Greaves, Alana K.; Letcher, Robert J. (January 2017). "A Review of Organophosphate Esters in the Environment from Biological Effects to Distribution and Fate".
8674:
8182:
7109:
3065:
Jokanović, Milan; Oleksak, Patrik; Kuca, Kamil (January 2023). "Multiple neurological effects associated with exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in man".
285:
This reaction is usually undesirable and is exacerbated by high reaction temperatures. It can be inhibited by the use of a base or the removal of HCl through
9545:
6933:
464:, with the energy penalty of promoting electrons into the higher energy orbitals being off-set by the stabilisation of additional bonding. Later advances in
8457:
8433:
7714:
5230:
1448:
654:, organophosphates became the most important class of insecticides globally. Nearly 100 were commercialised, with the following being a varied selection:
316:
reactive than phosphoric acid. Despite these limitations the reaction does see industrial use for the formation of monoalkyl phosphates, which are used as
2610:
Richmond, Martha (2021). "Discovery and Commercial Introduction and Mode of Action of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate".
1305:
Although the first phosphorus compounds observed to act as cholinesterase inhibitors were organophosphates, the vast majority of nerve agents are instead
8135:
6610:
3666:
van der Veen, Ike; de Boer, Jacob (August 2012). "Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis".
1776:
Liu, Runzeng; Mabury, Scott A. (19 February 2019). "Organophosphite Antioxidants in Indoor Dust Represent an Indirect Source of Organophosphate Esters".
914:
is fairly similar, despite different risk trade-offs, with the global use of organophosphate insecticides falling by nearly half between 2010 and 2019.
8819:
7199:
2869:"Return of cholinesterase activity in the rat after inhibition by organophosphorus compounds. 2. A comparative study of true and pseudo cholinesterase"
4284:
Rahman, M; Brazel, C (December 2004). "The plasticizer market: an assessment of traditional plasticizers and research trends to meet new challenges".
8054:
7214:
2122:
Rai, Uma S.; Symons, Martyn C. R. (1994). "EPR data do not support the P=O representation for trialkyl phosphates and phosphine oxides or sulfides".
1482:"Bioavailability and biomagnification of organophosphate esters in the food web of Taihu Lake, China: Impacts of chemical properties and metabolism"
8799:
7194:
1100:
can contain up to 10. This makes their safety profiles harder to ascertain, as material from different producers can have different compositions.
7700:
5324:
5316:
2943:
Spencer, E. Y.; O'Brien, R. D. (August 1953). "Schradan, Enhancement of Anticholinesterase Activity in Octamethylpyrophosphoramide by Chlorine".
8976:
7129:
1638:
Liu, Yaxin; Gong, Shuai; Ye, Langjie; Li, Jianhua; Liu, Chunsheng; Chen, Da; Fang, Mingliang; Letcher, Robert J.; Su, Guanyong (October 2021).
879:
1640:"Organophosphate (OP) diesters and a review of sources, chemical properties, environmental occurrence, adverse effects, and future directions"
8754:
8322:
8247:
8039:
7541:
7536:
7249:
7189:
5942:
3867:
9414:
8724:
8034:
8029:
7739:
7724:
7229:
7224:
7169:
7159:
7119:
6999:
6347:
5477:
4396:
Levchik, Sergei V.; Weil, Edward D. (October 2005). "Overview of the recent literature on flame retardancy and smoke suppression in PVC".
9109:
8549:
8544:
8252:
8024:
7769:
7413:
7302:
7124:
7114:
6392:
3142:
2840:
Spencer, E. Y.; O'Brien, R. D.; White, R. W. (February 1957). "Metabolism of Insecticides, Permanganate Oxidation Products of Schradan".
1271:, their industrial use is largely limited to certain niche areas. Compared to the more common sulfur-based anionic surfactants (such as
996:. Use in cellulose products is still significant, but the largest area of application is now in plasticized vinyl polymers, principally
8679:
8009:
7591:
7448:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7034:
7019:
6286:
6072:
5054:
857:
2972:"The effect of SKF 525A (2-diethylaminoethyl 2:2-diphenylvalerate hydrochloride) on organophosphate metabolism in insects and mammals"
2916:
Metcalf, Robert L.; March, Ralph B. (1 March 1953). "Further Studies1 on the Mode of Action of Organic Thionophosphate Insecticides".
8956:
8899:
8864:
8839:
8744:
8569:
8564:
7929:
7496:
7154:
7134:
875:
2694:
O’Brien, R. D.; Thorn, G. D.; Fisher, R. W. (1 October 1958). "New Organophosphate Insecticides Developed on Rational Principles1".
8981:
7259:
7024:
4905:
Vale, J. Allister; Marrs, Timothy C.; Maynard, Robert L. (2 November 2018). "Novichok: a murderous nerve agent attack in the UK".
177:(P-N) are included as being organophosphates. The reason is that these compound are converted into organophosphates biologically.
9254:
8069:
6603:
3133:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2017). "Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides".
7904:
7606:
7179:
7014:
5398:
4813:
Petroianu, G. A. (2010-10-01). "Toxicity of phosphor esters: Willy Lange (1900-1976) and Gerda von Krueger (1907-after 1970)".
829:
was obvious from the start and led to efforts to lower toxicity against mammals while not reducing efficacy against insects.
245:
to give organophosphates. This is the dominant industrial route and is responsible for almost all organophosphate production.
4763:
4695:
4444:
4380:
4320:
3942:
3647:
2627:
2562:
1354:
1309:
containing a P-C bond. Only a handful of organophosphate nerve agents were developed between the 1930s and 1960s, including
825:, which disrupt the transmission of nerve signals in exposed organisms, with fatal results. The risk of human death through
6896:
6865:
1005:
407:
The formation of organophosphates is an important part of biochemistry and living systems achieve this using a variety of
2417:"Recent trends in global insecticide use for disease vector control and potential implications for resistance management"
1444:"From rocks to bioactive compounds: a journey through the global P( v ) organophosphorus industry and its sustainability"
1385:
Greaves, Alana K.; Letcher, Robert J.; Chen, Da; McGoldrick, Daryl J.; Gauthier, Lewis T.; Backus, Sean M. (2016-10-01).
1191:
In addition to their use as hydraulic base-stock, organophosphates (tricresyl phosphate) and metal organothiophosphates (
1188:
following shortly after. Butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate and propylphenyl diphenyl phosphate became available after 1960.
1033:
7708:
7704:
6967:
6596:
582:. Its chemistry, mechanism of toxicity and end-use as a herbicide are different from the organophosphate insecticides.
8491:
6956:
910:
was banned in 2021. No new organophosphate pesticides have been commercialised in the 21st century. The situation in
3167:"Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A systematic review"
1821:"Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plastic food packaging: non-target recognition, and migration behavior assessment"
9582:
8480:
5744:
3896:
3333:"Longitudinal trends in organophosphate incidents reported to the National Pesticide Information Center, 1995–2007"
2068:
Chesnut, D. B. (1 May 2003). "Atoms-in-Molecules and Electron Localization Function Study of the Phosphoryl Bond".
1009:
3217:"Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and neuropsychological functioning in farm workers: a review"
8306:
6588:
5091:
3988:"Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants: Are They a Regrettable Substitution for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers?"
3774:"Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants: Are They a Regrettable Substitution for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers?"
3108:
1228:
1167:
1118:
1065:
501:
95:, organophosphates occur in a diverse range of forms, with important examples including key biomolecules such as
1967:
Magnusson, Eric (October 1990). "Hypercoordinate molecules of second-row elements: d functions or d orbitals?".
976:
Organophosphate flame retardants were first developed in the first half of the twentieth century in the from of
8914:
8510:
7849:
7758:
7327:
6881:
6860:
6757:
5739:
5047:
4268:
3462:"PEST-CHEMGRIDS, global gridded maps of the top 20 crop-specific pesticide application rates from 2015 to 2025"
1480:
Wang, Xiaolei; Zhong, Wenjue; Xiao, Bowen; Liu, Qing; Yang, Liping; Covaci, Adrian; Zhu, Lingyan (2019-04-01).
946:
822:
431:
in eukaryotes. Many enzymes and receptors are switched "on" or "off" by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
428:
7844:
7291:
3042:
2645:"Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches"
1089:
1013:
485:
181:
9587:
9540:
8428:
6855:
5268:
2520:"Pinpointing Trends In Pesticide Use. Limited data indicate that pesticide use has dropped since the 1970s"
2519:
1590:
1318:
1236:
444:
The bonding in organophosphates has been a matter of prolonged debate; the phosphorus atom is classically
8604:
6850:
6666:
5892:
4205:"In vitro neurotoxic hazard characterization of different tricresyl phosphate (TCP) isomers and mixtures"
634:. Although organophosphates were used in considerable qualities they were originally less important than
2596:
1114:
8928:
8654:
8524:
8158:
8098:
6386:
5699:
5391:
5206:
5063:
3630:
Siegfried, Blair D.; Scharf, Michael E. (2001). "Mechanisms of Organophosphate Resistance in Insects".
1310:
1151:
1139:
1068:, which are commonly used to make casing for electrical items like TVs, computers and home appliances.
969:
320:. A major appeal of this route is the low cost of phosphoric acid compared to phosphorus oxychloride.
131:
24:
1591:"Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis"
930:
in the Asia-Pacific region. The continued use of these agents is being challenged by the emergence of
9577:
7859:
7829:
7277:
6702:
6571:
5819:
5714:
5530:
5462:
5040:
2527:
1486:
1386:
1200:
894:
In 2015, only 3 of the 50 most common crop-specific pesticides used in the US were organophosphates (
826:
585:
The development of organophosphate insecticides dates back to the 1930s and is generally credited to
469:
58:
3132:
2721:
Salgado, Vincent L; David, Michael D (April 2017). "Chance and design in proinsecticide discovery".
2584:
9514:
8402:
8150:
6772:
6762:
6624:
3460:
Maggi, Federico; Tang, Fiona H. M.; la Cecilia, Daniele; McBratney, Alexander (12 September 2019).
1706:
Tracy, David J.; Reierson, Robert L. (April 2002). "Commercial synthesis of monoalkyl phosphates".
473:
393:
to a phosphoryl chloride. This can then react with an alcohol to give an organophosphate and HCl.
8644:
7626:
7481:
6564:
5575:
5291:
4203:
Duarte, Daniel J.; Rutten, Joost M.M.; van den Berg, Martin; Westerink, Remco H.S. (March 2017).
3934:
3509:
3271:. World Health Organization, & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022.
2399:. World Health Organization, & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022.
1549:
1272:
1057:
465:
424:
201:
562:, one of the first organophosphate insecticides. It remains important as a Vector control agent.
468:
showed that d-orbitals played little significant role in bonding. Current models rely on either
263:
When aliphatic alcohols are used the HCl by-product can react with the phosphate esters to give
142:
Organophosphates are a class of compounds encompassing a number of distinct but closely related
8933:
7696:
7428:
6925:
6913:
6777:
6655:
6543:
6503:
5555:
1997:
Gamoke, Benjamin; Neff, Diane; Simons, Jack (14 May 2009). "Nature of PO Bonds in Phosphates".
1391:
1276:
931:
420:
368:
for plastics. The gradual oxidation these generates organophosphates in the human environment.
238:
209:
104:
19:
This article is about the organic derivatives of the phosphate ion. For the inorganic ion, see
8449:
2758:"A cholinesterase inhibitor derived from OO -diethyl O - p -nitrophenyl thiophosphate in vivo"
9499:
9448:
9409:
8387:
8336:
8272:
8049:
7994:
7444:
7423:
7269:
6661:
6557:
5384:
5164:
4424:
3427:
1330:
1240:
1216:
1053:
534:
461:
412:
205:
4753:
4685:
4429:
Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology, Second Edition
3428:"Beyond the circle of poison: Significant shifts in the global pesticide complex, 1976–2008"
1329:. Some of these can be considered organophosphates (in a broad sense), being derivatives of
9494:
9359:
9339:
9179:
9124:
9039:
8829:
8382:
8302:
7899:
6677:
6672:
6645:
5704:
4995:
3675:
2805:"The decomposition of some organophosphorus insecticides and related compounds in plants".
2342:
2247:
1604:
1400:
1244:
1192:
1155:
445:
286:
130:
The popularity of OPEs as flame retardants came as a substitution for the highly regulated
3284:"Have Regulatory Efforts to Reduce Organophosphorus Insecticide Exposures Been Effective?"
1016:
are all involatile liquids, of which TCPP is perhaps the most important. They are used in
456:
P=O bond, which displays (in spite of the common depiction) non-classical bonding, with a
8:
9509:
9394:
9379:
9314:
8909:
8397:
8059:
7944:
7754:
7556:
6807:
6536:
6266:
5862:
5724:
5719:
5535:
5520:
5353:
4659:
1338:
1135:
1097:
1081:
1049:
981:
977:
833:
650:. When many of the organochlorines were banned in the 1970s, following the publishing of
615:
416:
365:
170:
4999:
4848:
Chai, Peter R.; Hayes, Bryan D.; Erickson, Timothy B.; Boyer, Edward W. (January 2018).
4511:"Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters and Metal Thiophosphates as Lubricant Additives"
3679:
2807:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2346:
2251:
1608:
1404:
9429:
9369:
9279:
9204:
9099:
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8483:
8130:
8125:
7884:
7839:
7661:
7312:
7287:
7104:
6981:
6959:
6916:
6822:
6740:
6529:
6515:
6411:
6212:
5734:
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5565:
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5512:
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4887:
4874:
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4734:
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4353:
4297:
4185:
4141:
4063:
4014:
3987:
3849:
3800:
3773:
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3486:
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3408:
3359:
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3308:
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3191:
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2311:
2050:
1914:
1801:
1758:
1723:
1688:
1288:
1284:
1232:
1220:
1185:
1084:
have necrotoxic properties. Bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) can hydrolyse to form
985:
837:
610:
did not go unnoticed. The development of organophosphate insecticides and the earliest
520:
at a pKa between 6-7. As such, phosphate mono- and di-esters are negatively charged at
192:
174:
4982:
Venier, Marta; Dove, Alice; Romanak, Kevin; Backus, Sean; Hites, Ronald (2014-08-19).
4799:
3750:
3722:
3687:
1616:
9519:
9239:
9119:
8999:
8407:
8267:
8162:
7979:
7874:
7824:
7681:
7561:
6838:
6650:
6067:
6032:
5992:
5540:
5150:
5019:
5011:
4922:
4879:
4830:
4822:
4759:
4738:
4691:
4599:
4564:
4454:
4440:
4376:
4357:
4316:
4264:
4226:
4189:
4177:
4133:
4098:
4067:
4055:
4019:
3938:
3853:
3841:
3805:
3754:
3691:
3643:
3604:
3568:
3491:
3412:
3400:
3364:
3313:
3246:
3196:
3146:
3094:
3082:
3047:
3001:
2898:
2787:
2738:
2676:
2623:
2558:
2531:
2500:
2446:
2378:
2366:
2358:
2303:
2263:
2190:
2054:
2014:
1949:
1906:
1842:
1793:
1762:
1692:
1620:
1566:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1424:
1416:
1196:
1143:
1131:
1126:
imparting flame resistance. The most frequently plasticised polymers are the vinyls (
1121:
an alkyl diaryl organophosphate used as both a plasticizer and flame retardant in PVC
993:
989:
915:
809:
390:
188:
42:
9018:
9014:
8942:
6907:
4934:
4891:
4667:
4495:
4145:
3616:
3446:
2826:
2549:
Costa, Lucio G. (1987). "Toxicology of Pesticides: A Brief History". pp. 1–10.
2315:
1918:
1805:
1727:
154:
and can be mono‑esters, di‑esters or tri‑esters depending on the number of attached
9389:
9199:
9094:
8966:
8529:
8505:
8120:
7939:
7894:
7395:
6843:
6271:
6002:
5872:
5252:
5003:
4961:
4914:
4869:
4861:
4795:
4726:
4655:
4626:
4587:
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4522:
4483:
4432:
4405:
4345:
4293:
4256:
4216:
4169:
4125:
4090:
4047:
4009:
3999:
3968:
3930:
3909:
3868:"ECHA identifies certain brominated flame retardants as candidates for restriction"
3833:
3795:
3785:
3746:
3718:
3709:
Schmitt, Elmar (May 2007). "Phosphorus-based flame retardants for thermoplastics".
3683:
3635:
3596:
3558:
3550:
3481:
3473:
3442:
3392:
3354:
3344:
3303:
3295:
3236:
3228:
3186:
3178:
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3029:
2991:
2983:
2952:
2925:
2888:
2880:
2849:
2814:
2777:
2769:
2730:
2703:
2666:
2656:
2615:
2614:. AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series. pp. 3–11.
2550:
2490:
2480:
2436:
2428:
2350:
2330:
2295:
2255:
2216:
2186:
2159:
2131:
2104:
2077:
2042:
2006:
1976:
1941:
1898:
1870:
1832:
1785:
1750:
1715:
1680:
1651:
1612:
1558:
1505:
1495:
1457:
1408:
1314:
954:
590:
586:
566:
Organophosphates are best known for their use as pesticides. The vast majority are
521:
361:
155:
92:
35:
6618:
4918:
4865:
3232:
1353:. The most notable of these is A-234, which was claimed to be responsible for the
216:
9044:
8280:
8237:
7934:
7671:
7596:
7576:
7367:
7331:
6707:
6550:
6469:
5852:
5837:
5362:
5311:
5238:
5223:
5213:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5083:
5074:
4631:
4614:
4591:
3639:
3396:
2046:
1837:
1820:
1656:
1639:
1562:
1500:
1481:
1412:
1326:
1180:
942:
719:
664:
607:
460:
somewhere between 1 and 2. Early papers explained the hypervalence in terms of d-
402:
312:
308:
151:
120:
81:
8946:
8938:
4221:
4204:
4004:
3790:
3182:
2619:
2612:
Cancer Hazards: Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos and Glyphosate
2554:
1179:
Similar to their use as plastisiers, organophosphates are well suited to use as
9224:
8874:
8669:
8614:
8276:
7879:
7819:
7581:
7359:
7355:
7343:
7049:
6736:
6367:
5847:
5686:
5282:
5259:
4950:"High Levels of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Great Lakes Atmosphere"
4615:"A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions"
4556:
4051:
3837:
2432:
1147:
1032:(varnishes, coatings and adhesives). The most important of the diphosphates is
1025:
911:
852:
674:
635:
631:
571:
539:
304:
264:
143:
8950:
4527:
4510:
4129:
3477:
3078:
3033:
2299:
1719:
516:. The pKa of the first OH group is typically between 1-2, while the second OH
9571:
9504:
9334:
9304:
9244:
9194:
9189:
9079:
9049:
8995:
8824:
8639:
8574:
8392:
8232:
8218:
8214:
8206:
8154:
7814:
7809:
7676:
7611:
7094:
7009:
6730:
6451:
6332:
6276:
6248:
6155:
6145:
5977:
5957:
5623:
5588:
5376:
5329:
5015:
4983:
4826:
4260:
3600:
3554:
3264:
2661:
2535:
2392:
2362:
1519:
1420:
1061:
1045:
888:
861:
851:
This selectivity is far from perfect and organophosphate insecticides remain
749:
651:
594:
517:
386:
4613:
Xie, Feng; Zhang, Ting An; Dreisinger, David; Doyle, Fiona (February 2014).
4436:
4094:
3925:
Weil, E.D.; Levchik, S.V. (26 January 2001). "Phosphorus Flame Retardants".
2485:
2354:
2220:
2108:
1874:
1789:
9419:
9349:
9344:
9259:
9069:
9059:
9010:
8991:
8789:
8709:
8699:
8296:
8292:
8226:
8222:
8174:
8166:
7984:
7949:
7864:
7764:
7749:
7686:
7616:
7566:
7471:
7436:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7387:
7204:
7164:
7139:
6494:
6436:
6431:
6337:
6312:
6243:
6238:
6208:
6180:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6110:
6057:
5962:
5932:
5857:
5832:
5794:
5676:
5666:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5613:
5593:
5442:
5407:
5023:
4948:
Salamova, Amina; Ma, Yuning; Venier, Marta; Hites, Ronald A. (2014-01-14).
4926:
4883:
4834:
4230:
4181:
4137:
4102:
4059:
4023:
3845:
3809:
3758:
3695:
3608:
3572:
3495:
3404:
3368:
3349:
3317:
3250:
3200:
3150:
3086:
3051:
3005:
2929:
2902:
2818:
2791:
2742:
2707:
2680:
2504:
2450:
2414:
2370:
2307:
2267:
2018:
1953:
1910:
1902:
1846:
1797:
1624:
1570:
1527:
1428:
1322:
1300:
1268:
1041:
1029:
1017:
907:
895:
864:. There is limited evidence that certain compounds cause cancer, including
794:
779:
754:
729:
567:
493:
7784:
7779:
6789:
4336:
William Coaker, A. (September 2003). "Fire and flame retardants for PVC".
4173:
1000:. The more modern organophosphate flame retardants come in 2 major types;
163:
9524:
9489:
9469:
9384:
9374:
9329:
9309:
9229:
9159:
9149:
9139:
9134:
9104:
8894:
8889:
8879:
8869:
8814:
8779:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8749:
8689:
8664:
8659:
8579:
8412:
8377:
8357:
8284:
8262:
8257:
8242:
8202:
8178:
8145:
8114:
8106:
8088:
8064:
8014:
7999:
7989:
7959:
7954:
7919:
7804:
7799:
7774:
7744:
7729:
7586:
7546:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7486:
7466:
7391:
7379:
7363:
7347:
7317:
7219:
7184:
7174:
7044:
6726:
6698:
6633:
6509:
6426:
6327:
6317:
6228:
6204:
6195:
6175:
6170:
6160:
6120:
6095:
6077:
5887:
5671:
5641:
5631:
5583:
5560:
5467:
5457:
5411:
5169:
5144:
5136:
5128:
2177:
Davis, Bernard D. (December 1958). "On the importance of being ionized".
2135:
2095:
Corbridge, Derek E. C. (1971). "The structural chemistry of phosphates".
1595:
1306:
1109:
1085:
1001:
965:
961:
694:
611:
598:
579:
124:
116:
108:
3299:
2956:
2853:
2163:
2031:
1980:
1004:
aliphatic compounds or aromatic diphosphates. The chlorinated compounds
9484:
9464:
9424:
9399:
9364:
9354:
9299:
9289:
9284:
9274:
9249:
9214:
9169:
9164:
9144:
9129:
9089:
9054:
8986:
8971:
8961:
8714:
8704:
8649:
8609:
8594:
8372:
8352:
8317:
8210:
8198:
8186:
8093:
8082:
8078:
8019:
7914:
7909:
7889:
7794:
7666:
7621:
7601:
7551:
7506:
7456:
7452:
7440:
7371:
7351:
7339:
7297:
7254:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7209:
7144:
7084:
7029:
7004:
6989:
6802:
6461:
6441:
6372:
6362:
6352:
6342:
6322:
6302:
6233:
6223:
6190:
6185:
6165:
6150:
6140:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6087:
6037:
6007:
5947:
5927:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5882:
5804:
5779:
5769:
5661:
5656:
5608:
5598:
5525:
5472:
5452:
5437:
5247:
4850:"Novichok agents: a historical, current, and toxicological perspective"
4730:
3331:
Stone, David L; Sudakin, Daniel L; Jenkins, Jeffrey J (December 2009).
2234:
Möller, A.; Sturm, R.; Xie, Z.; Cai, M.; He, J.; Ebinghaus, R. (2012).
1945:
1754:
1684:
1462:
1443:
1264:
1260:
1037:
884:
784:
774:
739:
724:
704:
699:
689:
647:
622:. Organophosphate pesticides were not commercialised until after WWII.
575:
457:
453:
449:
317:
5007:
4965:
4349:
2987:
2884:
2773:
2259:
2097:
Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie
2081:
2010:
169:
In the context of pesticides, derivatives of organophosphates such as
123:. OPEs have been widely used in various products as flame retardants,
9324:
9319:
9294:
9269:
9264:
9234:
9184:
9174:
9154:
9024:
8809:
8804:
8794:
8619:
8599:
8589:
8584:
8539:
8190:
8170:
8140:
8110:
8102:
8004:
7964:
7924:
7869:
7789:
7734:
7691:
7636:
7511:
7501:
7476:
7432:
7383:
7375:
7335:
7322:
7149:
7099:
7054:
7039:
6891:
6797:
6767:
6637:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6382:
6281:
6218:
6200:
6017:
5997:
5987:
5967:
5952:
5867:
5842:
5809:
5709:
5603:
5497:
5487:
5432:
5419:
1204:
919:
899:
865:
814:
759:
744:
679:
669:
627:
623:
602:
559:
489:
197:
112:
85:
20:
4949:
4487:
4409:
3972:
3109:"The environmental, human health and economic impacts of pesticides"
2734:
2235:
1932:
Cundari, Thomas R. (2013). "Chemical bonding involving d-orbitals".
30:
9478:
9404:
9219:
9209:
9029:
8784:
8774:
8734:
8729:
8719:
8684:
8634:
8629:
8534:
8366:
8312:
8288:
8044:
7974:
7834:
7571:
7491:
7460:
7418:
7307:
6812:
6577:
6479:
6474:
6446:
6421:
6377:
6357:
6062:
6047:
5937:
5922:
5877:
5827:
5764:
5545:
5502:
5482:
5447:
5427:
5032:
3913:
1350:
1346:
1073:
903:
869:
841:
804:
799:
789:
714:
684:
659:
643:
242:
452:
should allow. The focus of debate is usually on the nature of the
9474:
9454:
9034:
9005:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8834:
8738:
8624:
8559:
8554:
8362:
8342:
8194:
7969:
7854:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7089:
6817:
6718:
6620:
6415:
6307:
6258:
6052:
6042:
6022:
6012:
5972:
5897:
5789:
5759:
4202:
3135:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
2207:
Westheimer, F. H. (6 March 1987). "Why Nature Chose Phosphates".
1325:
developed many new potential nerve agents, commonly known as the
927:
923:
872:. Children and farmworkers are considered to be at greater risk.
769:
734:
6955:
4788:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
4158:
3282:
Clune, Alison L.; Ryan, P. Barry; Barr, Dana Boyd (April 2012).
3213:
3163:
3018:
589:. At the time pesticides were largely limited to arsenic salts (
356:
9064:
8884:
8694:
8479:
8070:
7631:
7282:
6027:
5917:
5784:
5774:
5694:
5492:
5296:
1093:
845:
709:
408:
4545:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
3221:
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
614:
was conjoined, with Schrader also developing the nerve agents
9434:
6994:
5982:
5799:
4984:"Flame Retardants and Legacy Chemicals in Great Lakes' Water"
4315:(6. ed.). Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. pp. 485–511.
2328:
1342:
1334:
1248:
764:
619:
481:
292:
147:
77:
69:
3459:
1384:
968:
esters, in addition to inorganic salts. When some prominent
555:
6484:
5754:
4758:. ASTM special technical publication. ASTM. pp. 5–14.
2469:"Organophosphorus Compounds at 80: Some Old and New Issues"
1174:
513:
342:
73:
6968:
4784:
1267:(detergents). Although they are very common in biology as
8492:
5749:
4115:
1224:
1207:, where they remain effective even at high temperatures.
1127:
1021:
997:
639:
578:
is sometimes called an organophosphate, but is in-fact a
100:
96:
23:. For all organic compound incorporating phosphorus, see
411:. Phosphorylation is essential to the processes of both
311:
with alcohols proceed less readily than the more common
4981:
4716:
4612:
3985:
3771:
3381:
2839:
1887:
1740:
1670:
1259:
Mono- and di- phosphate esters of alcohols (or alcohol
1239:
of these elements from the acidic mixtures form by the
8915:
8511:
7860:
Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)
4847:
4247:
Cadogan DF, Howick CJ (15 June 2000). "Plasticizers".
4083:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
3632:
Biochemical Sites of Insecticide Action and Resistance
2288:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
1243:
of mineral deposits. These compounds are also used in
1076:
formation, insulating the surface from heat and air.
423:(ATP), the "high-energy" exchange medium in the cell.
6912:
4947:
4645:
4162:
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
3539:"Development of novel pesticides in the 21st century"
1819:
Bi, Ruifeng; Meng, Weikun; Su, Guanyong (July 2023).
1215:
Organophosphates have long been used in the field of
3661:
3659:
3064:
2643:
Peter, J. V.; Sudarsan, T. I.; Moran, J. L. (2014).
4473:
4431:. Chemical Industries. CRC Press. pp. 81–104.
3665:
3330:
84:. Organophosphates are best known for their use as
34:General chemical structure of the organophosphate
4304:
2942:
2693:
2642:
1859:
973:reagents, with several under regulatory scrutiny.
926:are still important, primarily for the control of
844:. As the transformations are handled by different
3957:
3656:
3043:20.500.11820/0c890816-28a1-438e-8260-95dcd13ee57e
2233:
1088:which is under significant scrutiny as potential
832:The majority of organophosphate insecticides are
9569:
8050:Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)
4904:
4648:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
4242:
4240:
3537:Umetsu, Noriharu; Shirai, Yuichi (20 May 2020).
2410:
2408:
2406:
1996:
1479:
8075:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
4509:Johnson, David; Hils, John (18 December 2013).
3927:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
3629:
212:) play a key role in many metabolic processes.
9410:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
5406:
4954:Environmental Science & Technology Letters
4335:
4249:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3992:Environmental Science & Technology Letters
3778:Environmental Science & Technology Letters
2918:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
2285:
880:regulation of pesticides in the European Union
9551:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
8465:
8439:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
6941:
6604:
5392:
5048:
4577:
4541:
4246:
4237:
3281:
2403:
1705:
1545:
357:Oxidation of phosphite and phosphonate esters
16:Organic compounds with the structure O=P(OR)3
9546:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
4751:
4283:
4277:
4040:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
3935:10.1002/0471238961.1608151923050912.a01.pub3
3826:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
3536:
2915:
2720:
2462:
2460:
570:and are used either to protect crops, or as
8434:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
4679:
4677:
4508:
4395:
3924:
3891:
3889:
3735:
3585:
3143:International Agency for Research on Cancer
2969:
2148:
1637:
949:, a common organophosphate flame retardant
480:P-O), which is similar to the depiction of
8472:
8458:
8010:3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate
6973:Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
6948:
6934:
6611:
6597:
5399:
5385:
5055:
5041:
4311:Krauskopf LG (2009). "3.13 Plasticizers".
4080:
4036:
3822:
2945:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2842:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2206:
1589:Veen, Ike van der; Boer, Jacob de (2012).
1442:Ung, Sosthène P.-M.; Li, Chao-Jun (2023).
1072:by forming phosphorus acids which promote
858:organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy
626:was among the first marketed, followed by
8497:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
4873:
4812:
4630:
4526:
4310:
4220:
4013:
4003:
3897:"Regulatory strategy for flame retardant"
3799:
3789:
3562:
3485:
3358:
3348:
3307:
3240:
3190:
3041:
2995:
2892:
2781:
2670:
2660:
2494:
2484:
2457:
2440:
2121:
2094:
1992:
1990:
1966:
1836:
1775:
1655:
1509:
1499:
1461:
876:Pesticide regulation in the United States
512:Phosphate esters bearing P-OH groups are
9040:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
4674:
4370:
4338:Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
3886:
3702:
2649:Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine
2609:
2152:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1969:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1818:
1588:
1175:Hydraulic fluids and lubricant additives
1113:
941:
554:
29:
4687:Chemistry and Technology of Surfactants
4422:
3708:
3114:. United Nations Environment Programme
2866:
2179:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2067:
1931:
545:
472:, or a more complex arraignment with a
293:Esterification of phosphoric acid and P
227:
9570:
8920:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators
8516:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
4988:Environmental Science & Technology
4375:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 289.
4118:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2517:
2335:Environmental Science & Technology
2202:
2200:
1987:
1863:Environmental Science & Technology
1778:Environmental Science & Technology
1036:, with related analogues based around
448:, as it possesses more bonds than the
385:A more specialised alternative is the
8453:
6929:
6911:
6592:
5380:
5036:
4977:
4975:
4425:"Chapter 4: Neutral Phosphate Esters"
3510:"Tolerance Revocations: Chlorpyrifos"
2548:
2466:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2176:
1708:Journal of Surfactants and Detergents
1441:
1355:poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
500:) is entirely different and involves
6866:List of environmental health hazards
5062:
4683:
3425:
3269:United Nations Environment Programme
3265:"Status and Trends of Pesticide Use"
2755:
2397:United Nations Environment Programme
2393:"Status and Trends of Pesticide Use"
2240:Environmental Science and Technology
1584:
1582:
1580:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1475:
1473:
1380:
1378:
1210:
860:(muscle weakness) and developmental
68:, a central phosphate molecule with
4752:Kaneko, T.M.; Spicer, L.D. (1985).
3711:Plastics, Additives and Compounding
3525:Federal Register Number: 2021-18091
2197:
2070:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
1999:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
1034:bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate)
937:
527:
13:
6751:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
4972:
4660:10.1023/B:JRNC.0000034890.23325.b5
4398:Polymers for Advanced Technologies
4371:Grossman, Richard F (2008-05-02).
4298:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.10.001
2813:(663): 191–214. 22 December 1955.
2274:
1142:), as well as cellulose plastics (
492:. The bonding in penta-coordinate
419:, which involve the production of
396:
14:
9599:
9125:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
7672:Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
7344:chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
7328:Antihistamines (first-generation)
7105:Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)
6957:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
3751:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.017
3688:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067
3288:Environmental Health Perspectives
1617:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067
1577:
1534:
1470:
1375:
821:Organophosphate insecticides are
8481:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
1020:(insulation, soft furnishings),
502:three-center four-electron bonds
215:
180:
162:
9505:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
8830:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
8825:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
8393:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
8211:northiaden (desmethyldosulepin)
4941:
4898:
4841:
4806:
4778:
4745:
4710:
4639:
4606:
4571:
4535:
4502:
4467:
4416:
4389:
4364:
4329:
4196:
4152:
4109:
4074:
4030:
3979:
3951:
3918:
3860:
3816:
3765:
3729:
3623:
3579:
3530:
3502:
3453:
3447:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.003
3419:
3375:
3324:
3275:
3257:
3207:
3157:
3126:
3101:
3058:
3012:
2963:
2936:
2909:
2860:
2833:
2798:
2749:
2714:
2687:
2636:
2603:
2542:
2524:Chemical & Engineering News
2511:
2467:Costa, Lucio G (1 March 2018).
2385:
2322:
2227:
2170:
2142:
2115:
2088:
2061:
2025:
1960:
1925:
1881:
1853:
1812:
1769:
1294:
1229:Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid
1168:2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate
1119:2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate
1103:
823:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
429:post-translational modification
7850:N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
4719:Tenside Surfactants Detergents
3426:Galt, Ryan E. (October 2008).
3383:Brazilian legislation issue".
3022:Journal of Affective Disorders
2867:Davison, A. N. (1 June 1955).
2696:Journal of Economic Entomology
1891:Chemistry – A European Journal
1743:Tenside Surfactants Detergents
1734:
1699:
1673:Tenside Surfactants Detergents
1664:
1631:
1435:
1254:
947:Bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate
1:
9541:Receptor/signaling modulators
9195:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
8429:Receptor/signaling modulators
7845:N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
4919:10.1080/15563650.2018.1469759
4866:10.1080/24734306.2018.1475151
4800:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00630-X
4373:Handbook of Vinyl Formulating
3723:10.1016/S1464-391X(07)70067-3
3233:10.1080/10773525.2015.1123848
2970:O'Brien, R. D. (1 May 1961).
1369:
1090:endocrine-disrupting chemical
550:
486:methylenetriphenylphosphorane
434:
76:. They can be considered as
8285:cyamemazine (cyamepromazine)
6897:Toxic Substances Control Act
6856:Persistent organic pollutant
4632:10.1016/j.mineng.2013.10.021
4592:10.1016/j.mineng.2018.03.018
3640:10.1007/978-3-642-59549-3_13
3543:Journal of Pesticide Science
3397:10.1016/j.envres.2023.115811
2526:. Vol. 87, no. 7.
2191:10.1016/0003-9861(58)90374-6
2124:J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans
2047:10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138641
1838:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108010
1657:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106691
1563:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.012
1501:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.018
1413:10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.006
1360:
1321:. Between 1971 and 1993 the
222:
7:
9275:Methorphan (racemethorphan)
8605:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
8099:Tetracyclic antidepressants
7990:Profenamine (ethopropazine)
7612:Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)
6851:Great Pacific garbage patch
5893:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
4690:. Wiley. pp. 122–124.
4313:Plastics additives handbook
4286:Progress in Polymer Science
4222:10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.001
4005:10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00582
3899:. European Chemicals Agency
3874:. European Chemicals Agency
3791:10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00582
3435:Global Environmental Change
3183:10.1016/j.neuro.2013.09.003
2756:Gage, J. C. (1 June 1953).
2620:10.1007/978-3-030-81953-8_1
2555:10.1007/978-3-642-70898-5_1
389:reaction, which converts a
132:brominated flame retardants
61:with the general structure
10:
9604:
8655:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
8248:Tripitamine (tripitramine)
7472:Benzatropine (benztropine)
6892:Japan Toxic Substances Law
6687:Miscellaneous plasticizers
5312:–P(O)(O–)N<
5207:Nucleoside phosphoramidite
4557:10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x
4052:10.1007/s11356-019-05669-y
3838:10.1007/s11356-019-05669-y
2433:10.1038/s41598-021-03367-9
1311:diisopropylfluorophosphate
1298:
1201:extreme pressure additives
1152:cellulose acetate butyrate
1107:
970:brominated flame retardant
952:
507:
439:
400:
146:. These are primarily the
59:organophosphorus compounds
25:organophosphorus chemistry
18:
9533:
9447:
8908:
8504:
8490:
8421:
8335:
8151:Tricyclic antidepressants
7701:+beclometasone/formoterol
7278:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
7268:
6980:
6966:
6923:
6887:European REACH regulation
6882:California Proposition 65
6874:
6831:
6788:
6750:
6717:
6686:
6632:
6625:polyhalogenated compounds
6572:Purpureocillium lilacinum
6493:
6460:
6295:
6257:
6086:
5818:
5685:
5622:
5574:
5531:Chromated copper arsenate
5511:
5463:m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
5418:
5070:
4854:Toxicology Communications
4528:10.3390/lubricants1040132
4130:10.1007/s00216-017-0572-7
3478:10.1038/s41597-019-0169-4
3079:10.1016/j.tox.2022.153407
3034:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.002
2300:10.1007/s00128-016-1898-0
1825:Environment International
1720:10.1007/s11743-002-0218-9
1644:Environment International
1511:10067/1585250151162165141
1487:Environment International
1281:potassium cetyl phosphate
1164:cresyl diphenyl phosphate
988:for use in plastics like
827:organophosphate poisoning
470:negative hyperconjugation
187:In biology the esters of
9515:Phosphatidylethanolamine
8403:Phosphatidylethanolamine
5576:Insect growth regulators
4261:10.1002/14356007.a20_439
3601:10.1111/0272-4332.205060
3555:10.1584/jpestics.D20-201
2662:10.4103/0972-5229.144017
2035:Chemical Physics Letters
1357:in Salisbury (UK) 2018.
1291:in paints and concrete.
1237:liquid–liquid extraction
137:
9583:Phosphorus(V) compounds
9295:Morphanol (racemorphan)
9235:Laudexium (laudolissin)
8645:Desformylflustrabromine
7627:Diphemanil metilsulfate
7482:Benzilylcholine mustard
7429:Atypical antipsychotics
6565:Paenibacillus popilliae
5292:Hexamethylphosphoramide
4437:10.1201/9781315158150-4
4095:10.1080/109374099281142
2723:Pest Management Science
2355:10.1021/acs.est.8b01127
2221:10.1126/science.2434996
2109:10.3406/bulmi.1971.6534
1934:Chemical Communications
1875:10.1021/acs.est.0c08741
1790:10.1021/acs.est.8b05545
1550:Environmental Pollution
466:computational chemistry
425:Protein phosphorylation
8273:Typical antipsychotics
8045:Scopolamine (hyoscine)
7720:Hexahydrosiladifenidol
7697:Glycopyrronium bromide
6914:Acetylcholine receptor
6778:Perfluorooctanoic acid
6544:Metarhizium anisopliae
6523:Beauveria brongniartii
6504:Bacillus thuringiensis
5556:Lead hydrogen arsenate
4423:Rudnick, L.R. (2013).
3385:Environmental Research
3350:10.1186/1476-069X-8-18
2819:10.1098/rstb.1955.0009
2473:Toxicological Sciences
1903:10.1002/chem.201806247
1392:Environmental Research
1195:) are used as both an
1122:
950:
932:insecticide resistance
563:
535:partition coefficients
421:adenosine triphosphate
239:Phosphorus oxychloride
38:
9500:Glycerophosphocholine
8388:Glycerophosphocholine
8191:dosulepin (dothiepin)
7995:Propantheline bromide
7870:Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)
7424:Atropine methonitrate
6558:Lecanicillium lecanii
5137:–P(O)(O–)
4174:10.1021/jasms.2c00334
3961:Polymer International
2486:10.1093/toxsci/kfx266
1331:fluorophosphoric acid
1219:to liberate valuable
1217:extractive metallurgy
1117:
945:
638:insecticides such as
558:
462:orbital hybridisation
427:is the most abundant
74:aromatic substituents
33:
9495:Dimethylethanolamine
9360:Rapacuronium bromide
9340:Pipecuronium bromide
9180:Gantacurium chloride
9140:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
8725:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
8675:Ethoxysebacylcholine
8383:Dimethylethanolamine
8303:Umeclidinium bromide
8183:desmethyldesipramine
7900:Oxyphenonium bromide
7110:Ethoxysebacylcholine
5705:Carbon tetrachloride
4619:Minerals Engineering
4580:Minerals Engineering
3634:. pp. 269–291.
3337:Environmental Health
2930:10.1093/aesa/46.1.63
2708:10.1093/jee/51.5.714
2136:10.1039/FT9949002649
1245:nuclear reprocessing
1193:zinc dithiophosphate
1050:engineering plastics
1044:. These are used in
834:organothiophosphates
546:Industrial materials
377:+ [O] → OP(OR)
267:and a lower ester.
241:reacts readily with
171:organothiophosphates
9588:Anticholinesterases
9510:Phosphatidylcholine
9395:Threohydrobupropion
9380:Stercuronium iodide
9315:Pancuronium bromide
8398:Phosphatidylcholine
8060:Sofpironium bromide
7945:Pipenzolate bromide
7755:Ipratropium bromide
7557:Cimetropium bromide
6808:Endocrine disruptor
6537:Metarhizium acridum
6267:Chlorantraniliprole
5863:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
5536:Copper(II) arsenate
5521:Aluminium phosphide
5513:Inorganic compounds
5239:–OP(O)(N<)
5000:2014EnST...48.9563V
4907:Clinical Toxicology
4684:Farn, R.J. (2008).
4476:Lubrication Science
4046:(22): 22126–22136.
3832:(22): 22126–22136.
3680:2012Chmsp..88.1119V
3514:www.regulations.gov
3300:10.1289/ehp.1104323
2976:Biochemical Journal
2957:10.1021/jf60011a003
2873:Biochemical Journal
2854:10.1021/jf60072a004
2762:Biochemical Journal
2347:2018EnST...52.6208M
2252:2012EnST...46.3127M
2215:(4793): 1173–1178.
2164:10.1021/ja01252a028
1981:10.1021/ja00178a014
1609:2012Chmsp..88.1119V
1405:2016ER....150..255G
1333:. Examples include
1098:tricresyl phosphate
1082:tricresyl phosphate
982:tricresyl phosphate
978:triphenyl phosphate
838:phosphorodiamidates
417:aerobic respiration
254:+ 3 ROH → O=P(OR)
175:phosphorodiamidates
9430:Vecuronium bromide
9370:Rocuronium bromide
9280:Methyllycaconitine
9205:Hydroxynorketamine
9100:Dextropropoxyphene
9085:Dehydronorketamine
9075:Dacuronium bromide
8131:Tiotropium bromide
8126:Timepidium bromide
7885:Oxitropium bromide
7840:Muscarinic toxin 7
7715:Hexahydrodifenidol
7662:Emepronium bromide
7313:Ambutonium bromide
7288:Aclidinium bromide
6823:Polymer fume fever
6530:Isaria fumosorosea
6516:Beauveria bassiana
6412:Piperonyl butoxide
6213:chrysanthemic acid
5551:Diatomaceous earth
5317:–P(O)(N<)
5129:–P(O–)
4731:10.3139/113.110570
2518:Ritter SK (2009).
2421:Scientific Reports
1946:10.1039/c3cc45204b
1755:10.3139/113.110570
1685:10.3139/113.110570
1463:10.1039/D2SU00015F
1449:RSC Sustainability
1289:anti-foaming agent
1285:tributyl phosphate
1233:tributyl phosphate
1197:antiwear additives
1186:trixylyl phosphate
1123:
986:tributyl phosphate
951:
564:
193:triphosphoric acid
107:, as well as many
39:
9565:
9564:
9559:
9558:
9520:Phosphorylcholine
9458:
9443:
9442:
9240:Levacetylmethadol
9120:Dihydrochandonium
9000:sodium thiopental
8670:Ethanol (alcohol)
8447:
8446:
8408:Phosphorylcholine
8346:
8331:
8330:
8268:Trospium chloride
8163:amitriptylinoxide
8136:Tiquizium bromide
7980:Prifinium bromide
7875:Otilonium bromide
7830:Methylscopolamine
7825:Methylhomatropine
7682:Fentonium bromide
7562:Clidinium bromide
6905:
6904:
6839:Plastic pollution
6619:Health issues of
6586:
6585:
6387:+milbemycin oxime
6068:Tetrachlorvinphos
6033:Pirimiphos-methyl
5993:Oxydemeton-methyl
5541:Copper(I) cyanide
5374:
5373:
5008:10.1021/es501509r
4994:(16): 9563–9572.
4966:10.1021/ez400034n
4913:(11): 1093–1097.
4765:978-0-8031-0413-6
4697:978-1-4051-7179-3
4446:978-1-4398-5538-6
4382:978-0-470-25354-0
4350:10.1002/vnl.10072
4322:978-3-446-40801-2
4292:(12): 1223–1248.
4124:(30): 6989–6997.
3967:(11): 1404–1414.
3944:978-0-471-48494-3
3674:(10): 1119–1153.
3649:978-3-540-67625-6
2988:10.1042/bj0790229
2885:10.1042/bj0600339
2774:10.1042/bj0540426
2629:978-3-030-81952-1
2591:Missing or empty
2564:978-3-642-70900-5
2341:(11): 6208–6216.
2260:10.1021/es204272v
2158:(12): 2355–2361.
2130:(18): 2649–2652.
2082:10.1021/jp022292r
2076:(21): 4307–4313.
2011:10.1021/jp810014s
2005:(19): 5677–5684.
1975:(22): 7940–7951.
1940:(83): 9521–9525.
1897:(26): 6523–6532.
1869:(11): 7398–7406.
1603:(10): 1119–1153.
1247:, as part of the
1235:are used for the
1211:Metal extractants
1144:cellulose acetate
1024:(wire and cable)
994:cellulose acetate
990:cellulose nitrate
916:Pirimiphos-methyl
810:Tetrachlorvinphos
482:phosphorus ylides
391:dialkyl phosphite
276:+ HCl → O=P(OR)
189:diphosphoric acid
93:functional groups
57:) are a class of
43:organic chemistry
9595:
9578:Organophosphates
9452:
9390:Thiocolchicoside
9200:Hydroxybupropion
9095:Dextromethorphan
8967:Allopregnanolone
8921:
8917:
8820:Suberyldicholine
8530:6-Chloronicotine
8517:
8513:
8502:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8340:
8121:Tiemonium iodide
8076:
8072:
7940:Phenyltoloxamine
7895:Oxyphencyclimine
7396:phenyltoloxamine
7200:Suberyldicholine
6978:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6909:
6908:
6844:Rubber pollution
6694:Organophosphates
6613:
6606:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6272:Cyantraniliprole
6003:Parathion-methyl
5873:Demeton-S-methyl
5820:Organophosphorus
5401:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5334:
5304:–NP(N<)
5253:Cyclophosphamide
5231:–OP(N<)
5182:
5181:
5103:
5064:Organophosphorus
5057:
5050:
5043:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5027:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4877:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4794:(1–2): 155–160.
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4007:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3922:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3793:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2412:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2246:(6): 3127–3134.
2231:
2225:
2224:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1784:(4): 1805–1811.
1773:
1767:
1766:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1503:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1382:
1181:hydraulic fluids
955:flame retardants
938:Flame retardants
608:chemical weapons
591:calcium arsenate
587:Gerhard Schrader
528:Water solubility
522:physiological pH
381:
362:Organophosphites
338:
329:+ ROH → OP(OH)
281:
259:
234:
219:
184:
166:
121:flame retardants
67:
51:phosphate esters
47:organophosphates
36:functional group
9603:
9602:
9598:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9560:
9555:
9529:
9451:
9439:
9045:Chlorisondamine
8919:
8912:
8904:
8515:
8508:
8496:
8486:
8478:
8448:
8443:
8417:
8339:
8327:
8281:chlorprothixene
8238:Trihexyphenidyl
8074:
8055:Silahexacyclium
7935:Phenglutarimide
7597:Desfesoterodine
7577:Cyclobenzaprine
7368:diphenhydramine
7332:brompheniramine
7264:
7215:Thiopilocarpine
6972:
6962:
6954:
6919:
6906:
6901:
6870:
6827:
6784:
6746:
6713:
6682:
6628:
6617:
6587:
6582:
6551:Nomuraea rileyi
6489:
6456:
6296:Other chemicals
6291:
6253:
6082:
5853:Chlorfenvinphos
5838:Azinphos-methyl
5814:
5687:Organochlorides
5681:
5618:
5570:
5566:Scheele's Green
5507:
5414:
5405:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5357:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5320:
5307:
5286:
5276:
5272:
5263:
5242:
5234:
5224:Phosphocreatine
5217:
5200:
5192:–P(O)<
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5158:
5154:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5078:
5066:
5061:
5031:
4980:
4973:
4946:
4942:
4903:
4899:
4846:
4842:
4821:(10): 776–780.
4811:
4807:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4750:
4746:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4682:
4675:
4644:
4640:
4611:
4607:
4576:
4572:
4543:perspectives".
4540:
4536:
4507:
4503:
4488:10.1002/ls.1327
4472:
4468:
4459:
4457:
4447:
4421:
4417:
4410:10.1002/pat.645
4404:(10): 707–716.
4394:
4390:
4383:
4369:
4365:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4309:
4305:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4245:
4238:
4209:NeuroToxicology
4201:
4197:
4157:
4153:
4114:
4110:
4079:
4075:
4035:
4031:
3998:(11): 638–649.
3984:
3980:
3973:10.1002/pi.2290
3956:
3952:
3945:
3923:
3919:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3821:
3817:
3784:(11): 638–649.
3770:
3766:
3734:
3730:
3707:
3703:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3628:
3624:
3584:
3580:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3466:Scientific Data
3458:
3454:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3380:
3376:
3329:
3325:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3212:
3208:
3171:NeuroToxicology
3162:
3158:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3063:
3059:
3017:
3013:
2968:
2964:
2951:(11): 716–720.
2941:
2937:
2914:
2910:
2865:
2861:
2838:
2834:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2754:
2750:
2735:10.1002/ps.4502
2719:
2715:
2692:
2688:
2655:(11): 735–745.
2641:
2637:
2630:
2608:
2604:
2592:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2547:
2543:
2516:
2512:
2465:
2458:
2413:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2327:
2323:
2284:
2275:
2232:
2228:
2205:
2198:
2175:
2171:
2147:
2143:
2120:
2116:
2093:
2089:
2066:
2062:
2030:
2026:
1995:
1988:
1965:
1961:
1930:
1926:
1886:
1882:
1858:
1854:
1817:
1813:
1774:
1770:
1739:
1735:
1704:
1700:
1669:
1665:
1636:
1632:
1587:
1578:
1544:
1535:
1478:
1471:
1440:
1436:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1327:Novichok agents
1303:
1297:
1257:
1213:
1177:
1112:
1106:
1026:phenolic resins
957:
940:
819:
720:Ethyl parathion
665:Azinphos-methyl
553:
548:
530:
510:
499:
479:
442:
437:
405:
403:Phosphorylation
399:
397:Phosphorylation
380:
376:
372:
359:
350:
346:
336:
332:
328:
324:
313:carboxylic acid
309:phosphoric acid
305:Esterifications
302:
300:
296:
279:
275:
271:
265:organochlorides
257:
253:
249:
236:
233:
229:
228:Alcoholysis of
225:
152:phosphoric acid
144:function groups
140:
82:phosphoric acid
66:
62:
49:(also known as
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9601:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9472:
9467:
9461:
9459:
9445:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9225:Kynurenic acid
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9019:Îş-bungarotoxin
9015:α-bungarotoxin
9008:
9003:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8953:, many others)
8943:α-bungarotoxin
8936:
8931:
8925:
8923:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8875:Tribendimidine
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8800:Sebacylcholine
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8615:Butyrylcholine
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8521:
8519:
8499:
8488:
8487:
8477:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8360:
8355:
8349:
8347:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8300:
8277:chlorpromazine
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7880:Oxapium iodide
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7820:Methylatropine
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7582:Cyclopentolate
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7360:dimenhydrinate
7356:cyproheptadine
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7195:Sebacylcholine
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7050:Butyrylcholine
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6975:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6737:Vinyl chloride
6734:
6731:Polycarbonates
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6705:
6696:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6630:
6629:
6616:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6507:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6368:Hydramethylnon
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5848:Chlorethoxyfos
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5624:Neonicotinoids
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5340:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5037:
5030:
5029:
4971:
4940:
4897:
4840:
4805:
4777:
4764:
4744:
4725:(4): 266–272.
4709:
4696:
4673:
4654:(2): 485–496.
4638:
4605:
4570:
4534:
4521:(4): 132–148.
4501:
4482:(5): 257–265.
4466:
4445:
4415:
4388:
4381:
4363:
4344:(3): 108–115.
4328:
4321:
4303:
4276:
4269:
4236:
4195:
4168:(4): 640–648.
4151:
4108:
4089:(4): 281–300.
4073:
4029:
3978:
3950:
3943:
3917:
3914:10.2823/854233
3885:
3872:echa.europa.eu
3859:
3815:
3764:
3728:
3701:
3655:
3648:
3622:
3595:(5): 665–680.
3578:
3529:
3501:
3452:
3441:(4): 786–799.
3418:
3374:
3323:
3294:(4): 521–525.
3274:
3256:
3206:
3156:
3125:
3100:
3057:
3011:
2982:(2): 229–235.
2962:
2935:
2908:
2879:(2): 339–346.
2859:
2848:(2): 123–127.
2832:
2797:
2768:(3): 426–430.
2748:
2729:(4): 723–730.
2713:
2702:(5): 714–718.
2686:
2635:
2628:
2602:
2581:|journal=
2563:
2541:
2510:
2456:
2402:
2384:
2321:
2273:
2226:
2196:
2185:(2): 497–509.
2169:
2141:
2114:
2103:(3): 271–299.
2087:
2060:
2024:
1986:
1959:
1924:
1880:
1852:
1811:
1768:
1749:(4): 266–272.
1733:
1714:(2): 169–172.
1698:
1679:(4): 266–272.
1663:
1630:
1576:
1533:
1469:
1434:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1299:Main article:
1296:
1293:
1256:
1253:
1212:
1209:
1176:
1173:
1156:vinyl flooring
1148:nitrocellulose
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1046:polymer blends
953:Main article:
939:
936:
912:vector control
889:neonicotinoids
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
675:Chlorethoxyfos
672:
667:
662:
656:
636:organochlorine
632:azinphosmethyl
572:vector control
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:hydrophobicity
529:
526:
509:
506:
497:
477:
441:
438:
436:
433:
401:Main article:
398:
395:
383:
382:
378:
374:
358:
355:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
301:
298:
294:
291:
283:
282:
277:
273:
261:
260:
255:
251:
235:
231:
226:
224:
221:
139:
136:
64:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9600:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9532:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9480:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9446:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9335:Phencyclidine
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9305:Nitrous oxide
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9245:Levomethadone
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9190:Hexafluronium
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9080:Decamethonium
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9050:Cisatracurium
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9011:Bungarotoxins
9009:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8996:pentobarbital
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8939:α-Neurotoxins
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8918:
8911:
8907:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8640:Decamethonium
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8575:Acetylcholine
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8514:
8507:
8503:
8500:
8495:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8475:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8338:
8334:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8233:Tridihexethyl
8231:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8219:protriptyline
8216:
8215:nortriptyline
8212:
8208:
8207:nitroxazepine
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8159:+perphenazine
8156:
8155:amitriptyline
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8073:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7815:Methoctramine
7813:
7811:
7810:Methantheline
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7785:Mamba toxin 7
7783:
7781:
7780:Mamba toxin 3
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7677:Fenpiverinium
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7095:cis-Dioxolane
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7010:Acetylcholine
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6951:
6946:
6944:
6939:
6937:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6790:Health issues
6787:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6614:
6609:
6607:
6602:
6600:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6495:Biopesticides
6492:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6452:Metaflumizone
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:Chlordimeform
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6277:Flubendiamide
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6249:Transfluthrin
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6156:Fenpropathrin
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6146:Esfenvalerate
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5978:Monocrotophos
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:Methamidophos
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Diflubenzuron
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5328:
5326:
5325:>P(O)N<
5323:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:–OP<
5143:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4815:Die Pharmazie
4809:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4767:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4680:
4678:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4551:(1–2): 1–27.
4550:
4546:
4538:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:Risk Analysis
3582:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:phospholipids
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
971:
967:
963:
956:
948:
944:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
862:neurotoxicity
859:
854:
853:acutely toxic
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Methamidophos
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
655:
653:
652:Silent Spring
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
595:lead arsenate
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
557:
543:
541:
536:
525:
523:
519:
515:
505:
503:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
394:
392:
388:
387:Atherton-Todd
371:
370:
369:
367:
363:
354:
351:
323:
322:
321:
319:
314:
310:
306:
290:
288:
270:
269:
268:
266:
248:
247:
246:
244:
240:
220:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
185:
183:
178:
176:
172:
167:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
135:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
9420:Tubocurarine
9350:Promegestone
9345:Progesterone
9260:Mecamylamine
9070:Cyclopropane
9060:Coronaridine
8992:Barbiturates
8977:Anatruxonium
8947:α-cobratoxin
8790:Sazetidine A
8710:JNJ-39393406
8700:Ispronicline
8297:thioridazine
8293:mesoridazine
8227:trimipramine
8223:quinupramine
8175:clomipramine
8167:butriptyline
7985:Procyclidine
7950:Piperidolate
7865:Orphenadrine
7765:Isopropamide
7750:Imidafenacin
7709:+neostigmine
7705:+indacaterol
7687:Fesoterodine
7617:Dihexyverine
7567:Cloperastine
7437:fluperlapine
7408:triprolidine
7404:propiomazine
7400:promethazine
7388:phenindamine
7205:Talsaclidine
7165:Oxotremorine
7140:Methacholine
7130:LY-2,033,298
6693:
6634:Plasticizers
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6502:
6437:Tebufenpyrad
6432:Tebufenozide
6338:Chlorfenapyr
6313:Azadirachtin
6244:Tralomethrin
6239:Tetramethrin
6181:Metofluthrin
6136:Deltamethrin
6131:Cyphenothrin
6126:Cypermethrin
6111:Bioallethrin
6058:Tebupirimfos
5963:Methidathion
5933:Fenitrothion
5858:Chlorpyrifos
5833:Azamethiphos
5795:Methoxychlor
5677:Thiamethoxam
5667:Paichongding
5652:Imidaclothiz
5647:Imidacloprid
5637:Clothianidin
5614:Pyriproxyfen
5594:Flufenoxuron
5584:Benzoylureas
5443:Butocarboxim
5412:Insecticides
5408:Pest control
5343:
5187:–P<
5121:–P(OH)
5113:OP(O–)
5112:
4991:
4987:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4860:(1): 45–48.
4857:
4853:
4843:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4769:. Retrieved
4754:
4747:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4701:. Retrieved
4686:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4458:. Retrieved
4428:
4418:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4372:
4366:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4312:
4306:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4252:
4248:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4043:
4039:
4032:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3926:
3920:
3901:. Retrieved
3876:. Retrieved
3871:
3862:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3717:(3): 26–30.
3714:
3710:
3704:
3671:
3667:
3631:
3625:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3549:(2): 54–74.
3546:
3542:
3532:
3524:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:
3504:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3438:
3434:
3421:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3227:(1): 68–79.
3224:
3220:
3209:
3174:
3170:
3159:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3103:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2924:(1): 63–74.
2921:
2917:
2911:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2611:
2605:
2593:|title=
2544:
2523:
2513:
2479:(1): 24–35.
2476:
2472:
2427:(1): 23867.
2424:
2420:
2396:
2387:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2291:
2287:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2212:
2208:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2002:
1998:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1600:
1594:
1554:
1548:
1491:
1485:
1456:(1): 11–37.
1453:
1447:
1437:
1396:
1390:
1364:
1323:Soviet Union
1307:phosphonates
1304:
1301:Nerve agents
1295:Nerve agents
1287:are used as
1258:
1214:
1190:
1178:
1160:
1158:, and toys.
1124:
1104:Plasticisers
1078:
1070:
1042:hydroquinone
1030:epoxy resins
1018:polyurethane
975:
958:
908:Chlorpyrifos
906:), of these
896:Chlorpyrifos
893:
874:
850:
831:
820:
795:Tebupirimfos
780:Propetamphos
755:Methidathion
730:Fenitrothion
612:nerve agents
584:
568:insecticides
565:
531:
518:deprotonates
511:
494:phosphoranes
443:
406:
384:
360:
341:
303:
284:
262:
237:
214:
186:
179:
168:
161:
141:
129:
125:plasticizers
117:nerve agents
109:insecticides
90:
54:
50:
46:
40:
9525:Pirisudanol
9490:Cyprodenate
9470:Adafenoxate
9385:Surugatoxin
9375:Sevoflurane
9330:Pentolinium
9310:Norketamine
9230:Laudanosine
9160:Erythravine
9150:Encenicline
9135:Dipyrandium
9105:Dextrorphan
8951:α-conotoxin
8910:Antagonists
8895:WAY-317,538
8890:Varenicline
8880:Tropisetron
8870:Tebanicline
8815:SSR-180,711
8780:Rivanicline
8770:Pozanicline
8765:PNU-282,987
8760:PNU-120,596
8755:PHA-709,829
8750:PHA-543,613
8690:Galantamine
8665:Epiboxidine
8660:Epibatidine
8580:Altinicline
8413:Pirisudanol
8378:Cyprodenate
8358:Adafenoxate
8323:Zamifenacin
8307:+vilanterol
8263:Tropicamide
8258:Tropatepine
8243:Trimebutine
8203:lofepramine
8179:desipramine
8146:Tolterodine
8115:mirtazapine
8107:maprotiline
8089:Telenzepine
8065:Solifenacin
8040:SCH-217,443
8015:Revefenacin
8000:Propiverine
7960:Piroheptine
7955:Pirenzepine
7920:Penthienate
7805:Mepenzolate
7800:Meladrazine
7775:Hyoscyamine
7759:+salbutamol
7745:Homatropine
7730:Hexocyclium
7587:Darifenacin
7547:CAR-302,668
7542:CAR-302,537
7537:CAR-302,368
7532:CAR-302,282
7527:CAR-302,196
7522:CAR-301,060
7517:CAR-226,086
7487:Benzydamine
7467:Benactyzine
7445:+fluoxetine
7392:pheniramine
7380:mequitazine
7364:dimetindene
7348:cinnarizine
7318:Anisodamine
7292:+formoterol
7270:Antagonists
7250:WAY-132,983
7220:Vedaclidine
7190:SDZ 210-086
7185:Sabcomeline
7175:Pilocarpine
7045:Bethanechol
6875:Regulations
6727:Bisphenol A
6510:Baculovirus
6462:Metabolites
6427:Sulfluramid
6229:Silafluofen
6196:Prallethrin
6176:Imiprothrin
6171:Fluvalinate
6161:Fenvalerate
6121:Cyhalothrin
6096:Acrinathrin
6088:Pyrethroids
6078:Trichlorfon
5943:Fosthiazate
5888:Dicrotophos
5672:Thiacloprid
5642:Dinotefuran
5632:Acetamiprid
5561:Paris Green
5468:Ethienocarb
5458:Carbosulfan
5084:P(O–)
4960:(1): 8–14.
4586:: 146–157.
4255:: 613–614.
4215:: 222–230.
3745:: 239–246.
3739:Chemosphere
3668:Chemosphere
3177:: 158–168.
1596:Chemosphere
1399:: 255–263.
1265:surfactants
1261:ethoxylates
1255:Surfactants
1223:from their
1221:rare earths
1110:Plasticizer
1086:Bisphenol-A
1002:chlorinated
966:phosphinate
962:phosphonate
885:pyrethroids
695:Dicrotophos
599:Paris green
580:phosphonate
496:(i.e. P(OR)
446:hypervalent
366:stabilisers
318:surfactants
9572:Categories
9485:Citicoline
9465:Acetyl-coA
9449:Precursors
9425:Vanoxerine
9415:Tropeinium
9400:Toxiferine
9365:Reboxetine
9355:Radafaxine
9300:Neramexane
9290:Mivacurium
9285:Metocurine
9250:Malouetine
9215:Isoflurane
9170:Fazadinium
9165:Esketamine
9145:Doxacurium
9130:Dioscorine
9090:Desflurane
9055:Coclaurine
8987:Atracurium
8972:Amantadine
8962:Alcuronium
8715:Levamisole
8705:Ivermectin
8650:Dianicline
8610:Butinoline
8595:Anatoxin-a
8484:modulators
8373:Citicoline
8353:Acetyl-coA
8337:Precursors
8318:Xanomeline
8199:imipramine
8187:dibenzepin
8094:Terodiline
8083:paroxetine
8079:femoxetine
8035:SCH-72,788
8030:SCH-57,790
8020:Rociverine
7915:PD-0298029
7910:PD-102,807
7890:Oxybutynin
7795:Mebeverine
7740:HL-031,120
7725:Hexbutinol
7667:Etanautine
7622:Difemerine
7602:Dexetimide
7552:Caramiphen
7507:Bornaprine
7457:tenilapine
7453:quetiapine
7441:olanzapine
7372:doxylamine
7352:clemastine
7340:captodiame
7298:Abediterol
7255:Xanomeline
7245:VU-0238429
7240:VU-0152100
7235:VU-0152099
7230:VU-0090157
7225:VU-0029767
7210:Tazomeline
7170:PD-151,832
7160:Ocvimeline
7145:Milameline
7120:LY-593,039
7085:Cevimeline
7030:Alvameline
7005:Aceclidine
7000:AC-260,584
6990:77-LH-28-1
6960:modulators
6917:modulators
6803:Carcinogen
6768:Organotins
6638:Phthalates
6442:Veracevine
6373:Indoxacarb
6363:Fluralaner
6353:Fenoxycarb
6348:Fenazaquin
6343:Cyromazine
6323:Buprofezin
6303:Afoxolaner
6234:Tefluthrin
6224:Resmethrin
6191:Phenothrin
6186:Permethrin
6166:Flumethrin
6151:Etofenprox
6141:Empenthrin
6116:Cyfluthrin
6106:Bifenthrin
6101:Allethrins
6038:Quinalphos
6008:Phenthoate
5948:Isoxathion
5928:Fenamiphos
5913:Disulfoton
5908:Dioxathion
5903:Dimethoate
5883:Dichlorvos
5805:Tetradifon
5780:Heptachlor
5770:Endosulfan
5715:Cyclodiene
5662:Nithiazine
5657:Nitenpyram
5609:Methoprene
5599:Hydroprene
5526:Boric acid
5478:Isoprocarb
5473:Fenobucarb
5453:Carbofuran
5438:Bendiocarb
5420:Carbamates
5354:(–O)
5248:Morpholino
5214:(–O)
5197:(–O)
5165:HOP(O)<
5149:free acid
4771:2023-05-27
4703:2023-05-27
4515:Lubricants
4460:2024-01-07
4270:3527306730
3472:(1): 170.
3391:: 115811.
3073:: 153407.
3067:Toxicology
3028:: 93–104.
2294:(1): 2–7.
2041:: 138641.
1831:: 108010.
1650:: 106691.
1370:References
1205:lubricants
1052:, such as
1038:resorcinol
785:Quinalphos
775:Profenofos
740:Isoxathion
725:Fenamiphos
705:Disulfoton
700:Dimethoate
690:Dichlorvos
648:heptachlor
576:Glyphosate
551:Pesticides
490:phosphites
458:bond order
454:phosphoryl
450:octet rule
435:Properties
113:herbicides
91:Like most
86:pesticides
9325:Pentamine
9320:Pempidine
9270:Methadone
9265:Memantine
9185:Halothane
9175:Gallamine
9155:Enflurane
9110:Diadonium
9025:Bupropion
8810:SIB-1553A
8805:SIB-1508Y
8795:SB-206553
8620:Carbachol
8600:AR-R17779
8590:Anatabine
8585:Anabasine
8550:A-867,744
8545:A-582,941
8540:A-366,833
8253:Tropacine
8171:cidoxepin
8141:Tofenacin
8111:mianserin
8103:amoxapine
8025:RU-47,213
8005:Quinidine
7965:Pizotifen
7925:Pethidine
7790:Mazaticol
7770:J-104,129
7735:Himbacine
7692:Flavoxate
7637:Drofenine
7512:Camylofin
7502:Biperiden
7477:Benzilone
7433:clozapine
7414:AQ-RA 741
7384:perlapine
7376:meclizine
7336:buclizine
7323:Anisodine
7308:AF-DX 384
7303:AF-DX 250
7150:Muscarine
7125:L-689,660
7115:Itameline
7100:Clozapine
7055:Carbachol
7040:Arecoline
6832:Pollution
6798:Teratogen
6729:(BPA, in
6408:Adjuvants
6403:Sarolaner
6398:Pyriprole
6393:Pyridaben
6383:Lotilaner
6318:Bensultap
6282:Ryanodine
6219:Pyrethrum
6201:Pyrethrin
6018:Phosalone
5998:Parathion
5988:Omethoate
5968:Mevinphos
5953:Malathion
5868:Coumaphos
5843:Bensulide
5810:Toxaphene
5710:Chlordane
5604:Lufenuron
5498:Promecarb
5488:Metolcarb
5433:Aminocarb
5283:OP(N<)
5218:P(O)N<
5016:0013-936X
4827:0031-7144
4739:105424570
4625:: 10–28.
4600:104245067
4565:246434462
4455:235095497
4358:247663661
4190:257638565
4068:195694322
3903:3 January
3878:3 January
3854:195694322
3519:2 January
3413:258033572
3343:(1): 18.
3118:2 January
3095:254871617
2583:ignored (
2573:cite book
2536:0009-2347
2379:206579583
2363:0013-936X
2055:234836388
1763:105424570
1693:105424570
1557:: 29–46.
1520:0160-4120
1494:: 25–32.
1421:0013-9351
1361:In nature
1263:) act as
1251:process.
920:Malathion
900:Bensulide
866:malathion
836:(P=S) or
815:Triazofos
760:Mevinphos
745:Malathion
680:Coumaphos
670:Bensulide
628:malathion
624:Parathion
603:pyrethrin
560:Malathion
413:anaerobic
223:Synthesis
198:adenosine
173:(P=S) or
21:phosphate
9537:See also
9479:lecithin
9455:prodrugs
9405:Tramadol
9255:ME-18-MC
9220:Ketamine
9210:Ibogaine
9030:BW284C51
8785:RJR-2429
8775:Pyrantel
8735:Nicotine
8730:Morantel
8720:Lobeline
8685:EVP-6124
8680:EVP-4473
8635:Cytisine
8630:Cotinine
8535:A-84,543
8506:Agonists
8425:See also
8367:lecithin
8343:prodrugs
8313:WIN-2299
8289:loxapine
7975:Pridinol
7835:Metixene
7592:DAU-5884
7572:CS-27349
7492:Bevonium
7461:zotepine
7449:rilapine
7419:Atropine
7080:CDD-0102
7075:CDD-0098
7070:CDD-0097
7065:CDD-0078
7060:CDD-0034
7035:AQRA-741
7020:AF150(S)
6982:Agonists
6813:Diabetes
6719:Monomers
6699:Adipates
6621:plastics
6578:Spinosad
6480:Paraoxon
6475:Malaoxon
6447:Xanthone
6422:Spinosad
6378:Limonene
6358:Fipronil
6287:Ryanodol
6259:Ryanoids
6073:Tribufos
6063:Terbufos
6048:Schradan
5938:Fenthion
5923:Ethoprop
5878:Diazinon
5828:Acephate
5765:Dieldrin
5700:Beta-HCH
5546:Cryolite
5503:Propoxur
5483:Methomyl
5448:Carbaryl
5428:Aldicarb
5260:P(N<)
5024:25045802
4935:21659617
4927:29757015
4892:49661943
4884:30003185
4835:21105582
4668:94173845
4496:93027894
4231:26851706
4182:36942790
4146:24611076
4138:29147747
4103:10596299
4060:31243659
4024:32494578
3929:: 1–34.
3846:31243659
3810:32494578
3759:28942249
3696:22537891
3617:10379060
3609:11110213
3573:33132734
3496:31515508
3405:37030406
3369:19379510
3318:22251442
3251:27128815
3201:24121005
3151:31829533
3087:36543276
3052:28535450
3006:13730019
2903:14389245
2827:84496732
2792:13058919
2743:27976502
2681:25425841
2505:29228398
2451:34903838
2371:29787253
2316:19824807
2308:27510993
2268:22332897
2019:19378976
1954:24013652
1919:73451989
1911:30759315
1847:37307603
1806:58665691
1798:30657667
1728:96234775
1625:22537891
1571:25290907
1528:30690428
1429:27322497
1351:C01-A039
1347:C01-A035
1241:leaching
1096:, while
904:Acephate
878:and the
870:diazinon
842:fat body
805:Terbufos
800:Temephos
790:Sulfotep
715:Ethoprop
685:Diazinon
660:Acephate
644:dieldrin
484:such as
333:(OR) + H
287:sparging
280:OH + RCl
243:alcohols
9475:Choline
9035:BW-A444
9013:(e.g.,
9006:BNC-210
8994:(e.g.,
8957:ABT-126
8941:(e.g.,
8900:XY-4083
8865:TC-6683
8860:TC-5619
8855:TC-5214
8850:TC-2216
8845:TC-1827
8840:TC-1734
8835:TC-1698
8745:NS-1738
8739:tobacco
8625:Choline
8570:ABT-894
8565:ABT-560
8560:ABT-418
8555:ABT-202
8363:Choline
8275:(e.g.,
8195:doxepin
8153:(e.g.,
8101:(e.g.,
8077:(e.g.,
7970:Poldine
7930:pFHHSiD
7855:Nefopam
7657:EA-3834
7652:EA-3580
7647:EA-3443
7642:EA-3167
7497:BIBN 99
7431:(e.g.,
7330:(e.g.,
7155:NGX-267
7135:McNA343
7090:Choline
6861:Dioxins
6818:Obesity
6416:Sesamex
6308:Amitraz
6053:Temefos
6043:R-16661
6023:Phosmet
6013:Phorate
5973:Mipafox
5898:Dimefox
5790:Lindane
5760:Dicofol
5735:1,2-DCE
5730:1,1-DCE
5725:1,4-DCB
5720:1,2-DCB
4996:Bibcode
4875:6039123
4015:7269169
3801:7269169
3676:Bibcode
3564:7581488
3487:6761121
3360:2673208
3309:3339465
3242:4894272
3192:3899350
3145:: 464.
2997:1205827
2894:1215702
2783:1269008
2672:4238091
2496:6693380
2442:8669011
2343:Bibcode
2248:Bibcode
2209:Science
1605:Bibcode
1401:Bibcode
1094:isomers
928:malaria
924:Temefos
846:enzymes
770:Phosmet
735:Fonofos
508:Acidity
440:Bonding
409:enzymes
272:O=P(OR)
258:+ 3 HCl
156:organic
63:O=P(OR)
9065:Curare
8982:AQW051
8929:18-MAC
8885:UB-165
8695:GTS-21
8525:5-HIAA
8493:nAChRs
7632:Ditran
7283:4-DAMP
7260:YM-796
7025:AF267B
6969:mAChRs
6658:(BBzP)
6627:(PHCs)
6328:Cartap
6028:Phoxim
5918:Ethion
5785:Kepone
5775:Endrin
5695:Aldrin
5493:Oxamyl
5297:Metepa
5267:e.g.
5201:PN<
5151:HOP(CF
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