285:. The cesium ensemble did not interact with light and was thus transparent. The length of a round trip between the cavity mirrors equaled an integer multiple of the wavelength of the incident light source, allowing the cavity to transmit the source light. Photons from the gate light field entered the cavity from the side, where each photon interacted with an additional "control" light field, changing a single atom's state to be resonant with the cavity optical field, which changing the field's resonance wavelength and blocking transmission of the source field, thereby "switching" the "device". While the changed atom remains unidentified,
161:. The capacitance of a transmission line is proportional to its length and it exceeds the capacitance of the transistors in a logic gate when its length is equal to that of a single gate. The charging of transmission lines is one of the main energy losses in electronic logic. This loss is avoided in optical communication where only enough energy to switch an optical transistor at the receiving end must be transmitted down a line. This fact has played a major role in the uptake of fiber optics for long-distance communication but is yet to be exploited at the microprocessor level.
39:. Light occurring on an optical transistor's input changes the intensity of light emitted from the transistor's output while output power is supplied by an additional optical source. Since the input signal intensity may be weaker than that of the source, an optical transistor amplifies the optical signal. The device is the optical analog of the
145:
It remains questionable whether optical processing can reduce the energy required to switch a single transistor to be less than that for electronic transistors. To realistically compete, transistors require a few tens of photons per operation. It is clear, however, that this is achievable in proposed
66:
inherently do not interact with each other, an optical transistor must employ an operating medium to mediate interactions. This is done without converting optical to electronic signals as an intermediate step. Implementations using a variety of operating mediums have been proposed and experimentally
183:
Logic level independent of loss - In optical communication, the signal intensity decreases over distance due to absorption of light in the fiber optic cable. Therefore, a simple intensity threshold cannot distinguish between on and off signals for arbitrary length interconnects. The system must
98:
A more elaborate application of optical transistors is the development of an optical digital computer in which signals are photonic (i.e., light-transmitting media) rather than electronic (wires). Further, optical transistors that operate using single photons could form an integral part of
164:
Besides the potential advantages of higher speed, lower power consumption and high compatibility with optical communication systems, optical transistors must satisfy a set of benchmarks before they can compete with electronics. No single design has yet satisfied all these criteria whilst
122:
The most commonly argued case for optical logic is that optical transistor switching times can be much faster than in conventional electronic transistors. This is due to the fact that the speed of light in an optical medium is typically much faster than the drift velocity of electrons in
289:
allows the gate photon to be retrieved from the cesium. A single gate photon could redirect a source field containing up to two photons before the retrieval of the gate photon was impeded, above the critical threshold for a positive
273:
silicon microrings placed in the path of an optical signal. Gate photons heat the silicon microring causing a shift in the optical resonant frequency, leading to a change in transparency at a given frequency of the optical
179:
Logic level restoration - The signal needs to be âcleanedâ by each transistor. Noise and degradations in signal quality must be removed so that they do not propagate through the system and accumulate to produce
901:
Andreakou, P.; Poltavtsev, S. V.; Leonard, J. R.; Calman, E. V.; Remeika, M.; Kuznetsova, Y. Y.; Butov, L. V.; Wilkes, J.; Hanson, M.; Gossard, A. C. (2014). "Optically controlled excitonic transistor".
142:. The more natural integration of all-optical signal processors with fiber-optics would reduce the complexity and delay in the routing and other processing of signals in optical communication networks.
83:
are used to transfer data, tasks such as signal routing are done electronically. This requires optical-electronic-optical conversion, which form bottlenecks. In principle, all-optical
193:
Several schemes have been proposed to implement all-optical transistors. In many cases, a proof of concept has been experimentally demonstrated. Among the designs are those based on:
998:
Ballarini, D.; De Giorgi, M.; Cancellieri, E.; Houdré, R.; Giacobino, E.; Cingolani, R.; Bramati, A.; Gigli, G.; Sanvitto, D. (2013). "All-optical polariton transistor".
184:
encode zeros and ones at different frequencies, use differential signaling where the ratio or difference in two different powers carries the logic signal to avoid errors.
172:
Fan-out - Transistor output must be in the correct form and of sufficient power to operate the inputs of at least two transistors. This implies that the input and output
1198:
Varghese, L. T.; Fan, L.; Wang, J.; Gan, F.; Wang, X.; Wirth, J.; Niu, B.; Tansarawiput, C.; Xuan, Y.; Weiner, A. M.; Qi, M. (2012). "A Silicon
Optical Transistor".
665:
Chen, W.; Beck, K. M.; Bucker, R.; Gullans, M.; Lukin, M. D.; Tanji-Suzuki, H.; Vuletic, V. (2013). "All-Optical Switch and
Transistor Gated by One Stored Photon".
110:
Optical transistors could in theory be impervious to the high radiation of space and extraterrestrial planets, unlike electronic transistors which suffer from
1094:
Jin, C.-Y.; Johne, R.; Swinkels, M.; Hoang, T.; Midolo, L.; van
Veldhoven, P.J.; Fiore, A. (Nov 2014). "Ultrafast non-local control of spontaneous emission".
779:
Gorniaczyk, H.; Tresp, C.; Schmidt, J.; Fedder, H.; Hofferberth, S. (2014). "Single-Photon
Transistor Mediated by Interstate Rydberg Interactions".
158:
955:
Kuznetsova, Y. Y.; Remeika, M.; High, A. A.; Hammack, A. T.; Butov, L. V.; Hanson, M.; Gossard, A. C. (2010). "All-optical excitonic transistor".
43:
that forms the basis of modern electronic devices. Optical transistors provide a means to control light using only light and has applications in
1059:
Arkhipkin, V. G.; Myslivets, S. A. (2013). "All-optical transistor using a photonic-crystal cavity with an active Raman gain medium".
1155:
Piccione, B.; Cho, C. H.; Van Vugt, L. K.; Agarwal, R. (2012). "All-optical active switching in individual semiconductor nanowires".
149:
Perhaps the most significant advantage of optical over electronic logic is reduced power consumption. This comes from the absence of
197:
1215:
237:). Indirect excitons, which are created by light and decay to emit light, strongly interact due to their dipole alignment.
840:
Tiarks, D.; Baur, S.; Schneider, K.; DĂŒrr, S.; Rempe, G. (2014). "Single-Photon
Transistor Using a Förster Resonance".
17:
415:
Hui, Dandan; Alqattan, Husain; Zhang, Simin; Pervak, Vladimir; Chowdhury, Enam; Hassan, Mohammed Th. (2023-02-24).
525:
Neumeier, L.; Leib, M.; Hartmann, M. J. (2013). "Single-Photon
Transistor in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics".
88:
472:
Jin, C.-Y.; Wada, O. (March 2014). "Photonic switching devices based on semiconductor nano-structures".
319:
51:
networks. Such technology has the potential to exceed the speed of electronics, while conserving more
1372:
84:
76:
48:
1255:
1367:
304:
103:
where they can be used to selectively address individual units of quantum information, known as
234:
67:
demonstrated. However, their ability to compete with modern electronics is currently limited.
586:
Hong, F. Y.; Xiong, S. J. (2008). "Single-photon transistor using microtoroidal resonators".
324:
59:(attosecond =10^-18 second), which paves the way to develop ultrafast optical transistors.
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Volz, J.; Rauschenbeutel, A. (2013). "Triggering an
Optical Transistor with One Photon".
726:
Clader, B. D.; Hendrickson, S. M. (2013). "Microresonator-based all-optical transistor".
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or microresonator, where the transmission is controlled by a weaker flux of gate photons
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modulates cavity properties in time domain for quantum information applications.
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in free space, i.e., without a resonator, by addressing strongly interacting
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417:"Ultrafast optical switching and data encoding on synthesized light fields"
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outperforming speed and power consumption of state of the art electronics.
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270:-based cavities employing polaritonic interactions for optical switching
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40:
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atoms trapped by means of optical tweezers and laser-cooled to a few
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157:. In electronics, the transmission line needs to be charged to the
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539:
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87:
and routing is achievable using optical transistors arranged into
364:
218:
63:
900:
75:
Optical transistors could be used to improve the performance of
55:. The fastest demonstrated all-optical switching signal is 900
379:
374:
369:
278:
146:
single-photon transistors for quantum information processing.
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104:
95:
to compensate for signal attenuation along transmission lines.
359:
954:
778:
135:
1154:
293:
in a concentrated water solution containing iodide anions
91:. The same devices could be used to create new types of
839:
248:) where, similar to exciton-based optical transistors,
414:
277:
a dual-mirror optical cavity that holds around 20,000
1322:"An ultra-fast liquid switch for terahertz radiation"
1319:
1093:
664:
524:
1268:
1197:
1058:
176:, beam shapes and pulse shapes must be compatible.
725:
252:facilitate effective interactions between photons
1359:
623:"Are optical transistors the logical next step?"
1320:Buchmann, A.; Hoberg, C.; Novelli, F. (2022).
126:Optical transistors can be directly linked to
117:
1200:Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII
728:Journal of the Optical Society of America B
130:whereas electronics requires coupling via
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649:
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258:cavities with an active Raman gain medium
35:, is a device that switches or amplifies
198:electromagnetically induced transparency
471:
31:, also known as an optical switch or a
14:
1360:
1202:. Vol. 2012. pp. FW6C.FW66.
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153:in the connections between individual
240:a system of microcavity polaritons (
24:
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811:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.053601
772:
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614:
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557:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.063601
518:
504:10.1088/0022-3727/47/13/133001
465:
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101:quantum information processing
13:
1:
401:
221:(composed of bound pairs of
89:photonic integrated circuits
7:
297:
118:Comparison with electronics
10:
1389:
1081:10.1103/PhysRevA.88.033847
608:10.1103/PhysRevA.78.013812
320:Parallel optical interface
621:Miller, D. A. B. (2010).
85:digital signal processing
77:fiber-optic communication
49:fiber-optic communication
651:10.1038/nphoton.2009.240
1291:10.1126/science.1242905
1208:10.1364/FIO.2012.FW6C.6
904:Applied Physics Letters
842:Physical Review Letters
781:Physical Review Letters
758:10.1364/JOSAB.30.001329
697:10.1126/science.1238169
527:Physical Review Letters
305:Optical network on chip
1177:10.1038/nnano.2012.144
1126:10.1038/nnano.2014.190
433:10.1126/sciadv.adf1015
168:The criteria include:
1157:Nature Nanotechnology
1096:Nature Nanotechnology
1000:Nature Communications
395:Electronic components
325:Optical communication
217:a system of indirect
41:electronic transistor
977:10.1364/OL.35.001587
474:Journal of Physics D
310:Optical interconnect
287:quantum interference
1338:2022APLP....7l1302B
1283:2013Sci...341..725V
1169:2012NatNa...7..640P
1118:2014NatNa...9..886J
1073:2013PhRvA..88c3847A
1022:2013NatCo...4.1778B
969:2010OptL...35.1587K
926:2014ApPhL.104i1101A
864:2014PhRvL.113e3602T
803:2014PhRvL.113e3601G
750:2013JOSAB..30.1329C
689:2013Sci...341..768C
642:2010NaPho...4....3M
600:2008PhRvA..78a3812H
549:2013PhRvL.111f3601N
496:2014JPhD...47m3001J
390:Electrical elements
330:Optical fiber cable
246:optical microcavity
79:networks. Although
1332:(121302): 121302.
1030:10.1038/ncomms2734
242:exciton-polaritons
128:fiber-optic cables
112:Single-event upset
93:optical amplifiers
81:fiber-optic cables
29:optical transistor
1347:10.1063/5.0130236
1217:978-1-55752-956-5
1061:Physical Review A
934:10.1063/1.4866855
588:Physical Review A
45:optical computing
18:Optical switching
16:(Redirected from
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123:semiconductors.
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1368:Optoelectronics
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355:Optical physics
340:Optoelectronics
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189:Implementations
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37:optical signals
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957:Optics Letters
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132:photodetectors
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71:Applications
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734:(5): 1329.
345:Electronics
283:microkelvin
174:wavelengths
155:logic gates
151:capacitance
57:attoseconds
33:light valve
1362:Categories
636:(1): 3â5.
402:References
350:Transistor
250:polaritons
244:inside an
229:in double
1254:ignored (
1244:cite book
1109:1311.2233
1013:1201.4071
917:1310.7842
855:1404.3061
794:1404.2876
766:119220800
741:1210.0814
680:1401.3194
540:1211.7215
512:118513312
487:1308.2389
441:2375-2548
335:Photonics
223:electrons
1307:35684657
1299:23950521
1236:28133636
1185:22941404
1142:28467862
1134:25218324
1046:11160378
1038:23653190
1006:: 1778.
985:20479817
888:14870149
880:25126919
827:20939989
819:25126918
705:23828886
573:29256835
565:23971573
459:36812316
298:See also
268:nanowire
219:excitons
1334:Bibcode
1279:Bibcode
1271:Science
1227:5269724
1165:Bibcode
1114:Bibcode
1069:Bibcode
1018:Bibcode
965:Bibcode
942:5556763
922:Bibcode
860:Bibcode
799:Bibcode
746:Bibcode
713:6641361
685:Bibcode
667:Science
638:Bibcode
596:Bibcode
545:Bibcode
492:Bibcode
450:9946343
365:Photons
274:supply.
180:errors.
64:photons
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1297:
1234:
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1214:
1183:
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