227:
1558:
1510:, which is not triggered by infrared sources. In some cases the power levels are high enough to damage eyes, particularly when lenses or microscopes are used to inspect fibers that are emitting invisible infrared light. Inspection microscopes with optical safety filters are available to guard against this. More recently indirect viewing aids are used, which can comprise a camera mounted within a handheld device, which has an opening for the connectorized fiber and a USB output for connection to a display device such as a laptop. This makes the activity of looking for damage or dirt on the connector face much safer.
215:
1079:
1053:
1027:
871:
975:
923:
897:
1131:
1105:
949:
845:
1456:(dB). A loss of 3 dB across a link means the light at the far end is only half the intensity of the light that was sent into the fiber. A 6 dB loss means only one quarter of the light made it through the fiber. Once too much light has been lost, the signal is too weak to recover and the link becomes unreliable and eventually ceases to function entirely. The exact point at which this happens depends on the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the receiver.
293:". Breakout cables normally contain a ripcord, two non-conductive dielectric strengthening members (normally a glass rod epoxy), an aramid yarn, and 3 mm buffer tubing with an additional layer of Kevlar surrounding each fiber. The ripcord is a parallel cord of strong yarn that is situated under the jacket(s) of the cable for jacket removal. Distribution cables have an overall Kevlar wrapping, a ripcord, and a 900 micrometer buffer coating surrounding each fiber. These
1001:
65:
431:
165:
235:
3657:
2575:
1353:
989:
2585:
110:
3667:
315:
264:
3646:
253:
1405:
1313:
1301:
1067:
1041:
859:
1365:
1339:
1327:
1287:
1015:
963:
911:
885:
3677:
1417:
1391:
1379:
1275:
1119:
1093:
937:
833:
326:
1585:, there are three basic types of innerduct: smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed. These various designs are based on the profile of the inside and outside diameters of the innerduct. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as pulling strength, flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required.
406:
Optical fibers are very strong, but the strength is drastically reduced by unavoidable microscopic surface flaws inherent in the manufacturing process. The initial fiber strength, as well as its change with time, must be considered relative to the stress imposed on the fiber during handling, cabling,
1544:
These types of hybrid cables may also be useful in other environments such as
Distributed Antenna System (DAS) plants where they will serve antennas in indoor, outdoor, and roof-top locations. Considerations such as fire resistance, Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) Listings, placement
1588:
Beyond the basic profiles or contours (smoothwall, corrugated, or ribbed), innerduct is also available in an increasing variety of multiduct designs. Multiduct may be either a composite unit consisting of up to four or six individual innerducts that are held together by some mechanical means, or a
152:
layer or core tube(s) extruded around them to form the cable core. Several layers of protective sheathing, depending on the application, are added to form the cable. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber
1427:
Each element is in a tube within the cable (not a blown fiber tube) The cable elements start with the red tube and are counted around the cable to the green tube. Active elements are in white tubes and yellow fillers or dummies are laid in the cable to fill it out depending on how many fibers and
393:
In some cases, only a small fraction of the fibers in a cable may actually be in use. Companies can lease or sell the unused fiber to other providers who are looking for service in or through an area. Depending on specific local regulations, companies may overbuild their networks for the specific
284:
into semi-rigid tubes, allowing the cable to stretch without stretching the fiber itself. This protects the fiber from tension during laying and due to temperature changes. Loose-tube fiber may be "dry block" or gel-filled. Dry block offers less protection to the fibers than gel-filled, but costs
1525:
There are hybrid optical and electrical cables that are used in wireless outdoor Fiber To The
Antenna (FTTA) applications. In these cables, the optical fibers carry information, and the electrical conductors are used to transmit power. These cables can be placed in several environments to serve
800:
is based on EIA/TIA-598, "Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding" which defines identification schemes for fibers, buffered fibers, fiber units, and groups of fiber units within outside plant and premises optical fiber cables. This standard allows for fiber units to be identified by means of a printed
1540:
these hybrid cables have optical fibers, twisted pair/quad elements, coaxial cables or current-carrying electrical conductors under a common outer jacket. The power conductors used in these hybrid cables are for directly powering an antenna or for powering tower-mounted electronics exclusively
1482:
Invisible infrared light (750 nm and larger) is used in commercial glass fiber communications because it has lower attenuation in such materials than visible light. However, the glass fibers will transmit visible light somewhat, which is convenient for simple testing of the fibers without
576:
The buffer or jacket on patchcords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used. The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber from bending at a connector is color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with a plastic shell (such as
1467:, and 1 dB/km at 1300 nm. Singlemode loses 0.35 dB/km at 1310 nm and 0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm. Very high quality singlemode fiber intended for long distance applications is specified at a loss of 0.19 dB/km at 1550 nm.
1428:
units exists – can be up to 276 fibers or 23 elements for external cable and 144 fibers or 12 elements for internal. The cable has a central strength member normally made from fiberglass or plastic. There is also a copper conductor in external cables.
342:
Finally, the cable may be armored to protect it from environmental hazards, such as construction work or gnawing animals. Undersea cables are more heavily armored in their near-shore portions to protect them from boat anchors, fishing gear, and even
1565:
Innerducts are installed in existing underground conduit systems to provide clean, continuous, low-friction paths for placing optical cables that have relatively low pulling tension limits. They provide a means for subdividing conventional
414:, contains reliability and quality criteria to protect optical fiber in all operating conditions. The criteria concentrate on conditions in an outside plant (OSP) environment. For the indoor plant, similar criteria are in Telcordia GR-409,
92:
that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for
285:
considerably less. Instead of a loose tube, the fiber may be embedded in a heavy polymer jacket, commonly called "tight buffer" construction. Tight buffer cables are offered for a variety of applications, but the two most common are "
377:
Although larger cables are available, the highest strand-count single-mode fiber cable commonly manufactured is the 864-count, consisting of 36 ribbons each containing 24 strands of fiber. These high fiber count cables are used in
1478:
Each connection between cables adds about 0.6 dB of average loss, and each joint (splice) adds about 0.1 dB. Many fiber optic cable connections have a "loss budget" which is the maximum amount of loss that is allowed.
338:
A critical concern in outdoor cabling is to protect the fiber from damage by water. This is accomplished by use of solid barriers such as copper tubes, and water-repellent jelly or water-absorbing powder surrounding the fiber.
407:
and installation for a given set of environmental conditions. There are three basic scenarios that can lead to strength degradation and failure by inducing flaw growth: dynamic fatigue, static fatigues, and zero-stress aging.
1589:
single extruded product having multiple channels through which to pull several cables. In either case, the multiduct is coilable, and can be pulled into existing conduit in a manner similar to that of conventional innerduct.
1548:
Since the voltage levels and power levels used within these hybrid cables vary, electrical safety codes consider the hybrid cable to be a power cable, which needs to comply with rules on clearance, separation, etc.
1541:
serving an antenna. They have a nominal voltage normally less than 60 VDC or 108/120 VAC. Other voltages may be present depending on the application and the relevant
National Electrical Code (NEC).
350:
Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, dual use as power lines, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles,
2083:
1483:
requiring expensive equipment. Splices can be inspected visually, and adjusted for minimal light leakage at the joint, which maximizes light transmission between the ends of the fibers being joined.
1969:
1444:
of the glass used, typically around 180,000 to 200,000 km/s, resulting in 5.0 to 5.5 microseconds of latency per km. Thus the round-trip delay time for 1000 km is around 11 milliseconds.
801:
legend. This method can be used for identification of fiber ribbons and fiber subunits. The legend will contain a corresponding printed numerical position number or color for use in identification.
398:
for sale, reducing the overall need for trenching and municipal permitting. Alternatively, they may deliberately under-invest to prevent their rivals from profiting from their investment.
1861:
1814:
331:
Approximate diameters: Outer sheath: 5 mm, outer white paper wrapper: ⌀2.5 mm, inner white plastic sheath: ⌀890 μm, blue sheath: ⌀250 μm, optical fiber: ⌀150 μm
551:
There are two main types of material used for optical fibers: glass and plastic. They offer widely different characteristics and find uses in very different applications. Generally,
2057:
519:
The jacket material is application-specific. The material determines the mechanical robustness, chemical and UV radiation resistance, and so on. Some common jacket materials are
2203:
2329:
2351:
1987:
796:
Individual fibers in a multi-fiber cable are often distinguished from one another by color-coded jackets or buffers on each fiber. The identification scheme used by
2079:
2165:
1965:
2288:
1601:
locations. In addition to placement in conduit, innerduct can be directly buried, or aerially installed by lashing the innerduct to a steel suspension strand.
2921:
290:
2005:
2404:
1844:
1494:
illustrate the relationship of visible light to the infrared frequencies used, and show the absorption water bands between 850, 1300 and 1550 nm.
1471:(POF) loses much more: 1 dB/m at 650 nm. POF is large core (about 1 mm) fiber suitable only for short, low speed networks such as
784:
Remark: It is also possible that a small part of a connector is additionally color-coded, e.g. the lever of an E-2000 connector or a frame of an
1912:
1247:
In the UK a different color code is followed. Each 12-fiber bundle or element within a Cable
Optical Fibre 200/201 cable is colored as follows:
3629:
3601:
3596:
2621:
496:
2115:
2049:
1792:
1513:
Small glass fragments can also be a problem if they get under someone's skin, so care is needed to ensure that fragments produced when
2323:
581:) typically use a color-coded shell. Standard color codings for jackets (or buffers) and boots (or connector shells) are shown below:
2345:
2186:
1983:
1570:
that was originally designed for single, large-diameter metallic conductor cables into multiple channels for smaller optical cables.
1533:
2141:
1538:
Generic
Requirements for Hybrid Optical and Electrical Cables for Use in Wireless Outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) Applications,
2326:
Generic
Requirements for Hybrid Optical and Electrical Cables for Use in Wireless Outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) Applications
1765:
2397:
1885:
1939:
3623:
707:
672:
3618:
3608:
3588:
3390:
1949:
1922:
1895:
1582:
230:
Investigating a fault in a fiber cable junction box. The individual fiber cable strands within the junction box are visible.
226:
2755:
788:. This additional color coding indicates the correct port for a patchcord, if many patchcords are installed at one point.
3680:
3613:
3459:
2442:
2158:
1666:
484:
17:
3385:
2550:
2390:
2266:
2240:
1691:
3479:
1745:
1721:
1651:
2299:
72:
optical fiber cable with a clear jacket. These cables are used mainly for digital audio connections between devices.
3264:
2812:
2614:
2507:
1630:
42:
3375:
2578:
2502:
297:
are commonly bundled with additional steel strength members, again with a helical twist to allow for stretching.
347:, which may be attracted to the electrical power that is carried to power amplifiers or repeaters in the cable.
3370:
2001:
502:
352:
1837:
184:
For indoor applications, the jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, together with a bundle of flexible fibrous
3395:
1545:
in vertical shafts, and other performance-related issues need to be fully addressed for these environments.
555:
is used for very short-range and consumer applications, whereas glass fiber is used for short/medium-range (
3670:
3431:
3328:
2871:
2666:
2638:
2522:
3706:
3660:
3167:
2607:
2512:
2236:
1597:
Innerducts are primarily installed in underground conduit systems that provide connecting paths between
1464:
442:
3519:
3441:
3380:
3087:
2560:
1656:
536:
169:
1557:
3291:
3252:
3097:
2997:
2926:
2859:
2686:
2534:
2478:
659:
560:
126:
94:
38:
2031:
3711:
3650:
2892:
2827:
2780:
2740:
2588:
647:
604:
556:
145:
properties. Individual coated fibers (or fibers formed into ribbons or bundles) then have a tough
3489:
3474:
3318:
3269:
3192:
3092:
2770:
2656:
2651:
2493:
387:
208:
204:
122:
1506:
hazard to technicians. The eye's natural defense against sudden exposure to bright light is the
3716:
3411:
3197:
3012:
2957:
2952:
2765:
2730:
2111:
520:
490:
211:
to allow it to be easily connected and disconnected from transmitting and receiving equipment.
149:
1788:
1604:
As stated in GR-356, cable is typically placed into innerduct in one of three ways. It may be
276:
For use in more strenuous environments, a much more robust cable construction is required. In
3701:
3313:
3117:
3082:
3002:
2982:
2904:
2792:
2713:
2413:
1468:
797:
552:
2646:
2377:
3227:
3187:
3157:
2914:
2849:
2671:
2555:
383:
363:
In
September 2012, NTT Japan demonstrated a single fiber cable that was able to transfer 1
118:
2181:
8:
3237:
3177:
2936:
2898:
2696:
2681:
2437:
1646:
785:
2136:
1244:
The color code used above resembles PE copper cables used in standard telephone wiring.
3464:
3421:
3352:
3222:
3152:
3127:
3062:
2909:
2630:
1761:
1567:
524:
203:), in a lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Each end of the cable may be
1502:
The infrared light used in telecommunications cannot be seen, so there is a potential
3504:
3426:
3340:
3323:
3286:
3132:
2962:
2931:
2797:
2691:
2584:
2447:
2348:
Generic
Requirements for Optical Cable Innerduct, Associated Conduit, and Accessories
1945:
1918:
1891:
1741:
214:
142:
133:
between the two. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a layer of
98:
3172:
269:'Ribbon' type fiber optic cables can house many more fibers than 'loose tube' types.
3509:
3469:
3449:
3416:
3345:
3303:
3217:
3072:
3057:
3032:
3007:
2967:
2817:
2676:
2661:
1661:
1441:
778:
High optical power. Sometimes used to connect external pump lasers or Raman pumps.
134:
130:
85:
2371:
3137:
2992:
2760:
2735:
2723:
2355:
2333:
2190:
2145:
2035:
1635:
101:
or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
59:
Cable assembly containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light
3335:
3207:
3182:
3142:
3112:
2987:
2822:
2775:
2750:
2708:
1514:
1437:
286:
1863:
Ultra-high-fiber-count cables require care during installation and termination
1816:
Ultra-high-fiber-count cables require care during installation and termination
1578:
Innerducts are typically small-diameter, semi-flexible subducts. According to
3695:
3484:
3257:
3247:
3162:
3052:
3047:
3037:
3022:
2844:
2703:
2483:
1640:
141:. This coating protects the fiber from damage but does not contribute to its
89:
2382:
2262:
2232:
1941:
Broadband
Communications Networks: Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice
1687:
1078:
1052:
1026:
870:
3362:
3202:
3147:
3077:
3042:
2977:
2876:
2866:
2718:
2427:
2217:
1624:
1507:
1503:
974:
922:
896:
578:
532:
528:
1713:
1130:
1104:
948:
844:
64:
3562:
3212:
3122:
3107:
3067:
3027:
2886:
2527:
2457:
1614:
Blown into the innerduct using a high air volume cable blowing apparatus.
1608:
Pre-installed by the innerduct manufacturer during the extrusion process,
1000:
379:
234:
164:
2080:"TIA approves lime green as identifying color for OM5 fiber-optic cable"
616:
OM3 or OM4 10 G laser-optimized 50/125 μm multi-mode optical fiber
430:
3567:
3274:
2972:
2881:
2837:
2807:
2785:
2462:
2452:
1966:"GR-20, Generic Requirements for Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Cable"
395:
158:
1352:
988:
109:
3552:
3017:
2832:
2599:
1611:
Pulled into the innerduct using a mechanically assisted pull line, or
1579:
1530:
1460:
540:
154:
138:
2204:"Cisco: Calculating the Maximum Attenuation for Optical Fiber Links"
706:
Mostly used for single mode fibers; some manufacturers use this for
3547:
3537:
3454:
3279:
3102:
2218:"Guidelines on What Loss to Expect when Testing Fiber Optic Cables"
1453:
314:
3542:
3527:
2745:
1598:
1472:
364:
219:
185:
177:
69:
1459:
Typical modern multimode graded-index fibers have 3 dB per
263:
252:
3572:
3532:
2854:
2432:
1440:
in glass. This is the speed of light in vacuum divided by the
1404:
1312:
1300:
1066:
1040:
858:
200:
196:
192:
2050:"Who is Erika Violet and what is she doing in my data center?"
1887:
Optical Code
Division Multiple Access: A Practical Perspective
1364:
1338:
1326:
1286:
1014:
962:
910:
884:
412:
Generic Requirements for Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Cable
3557:
3494:
2802:
2517:
1416:
1390:
1378:
1274:
1118:
1092:
936:
832:
344:
281:
146:
1938:
Haidine, Abdelfatteh; Aqqal, Abdelhak (September 19, 2018).
1517:
fiber are properly collected and disposed of appropriately.
636:
OM5 10 G + wideband 50/125 μm multi-mode optical fiber
3499:
1984:"GR-409, Generic Requirements for Indoor Fiber Optic Cable"
304:
325:
2028:
1526:
antennas mounted on poles, towers, and other structures.
2082:. Cabling Installation and Maintenance. May 14, 2017.
97:
in different applications, for example long-distance
2159:"Corning LEAF G.655 type singlemode fiber datasheet"
2289:"Laser Eye Safety for Telecommunications Systems"
1838:"OFS 864-strand singlemode fiber cable datasheet"
416:Generic Requirements for Indoor Fiber Optic Cable
176:All four connectors have white caps covering the
3693:
2193:(tutorial at lanshack.com) Retrieved 2010-08-20.
1911:Large, David; Farmer, James (January 13, 2004).
1789:"NTT demos petabit transmission on single fibre"
1463:of attenuation (signal loss) at a wavelength of
510:MDU: Fiber optics cable, multiple dwelling unit
2105:
2103:
2101:
471:OFNG: Optical fiber, nonconductive, general use
1431:
2615:
2412:
2398:
2038:. Similar to Pantone 675U or RGB (196,97,140)
2098:
2041:
1937:
626:OM4 multi-mode optical fiber (some vendors)
497:Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire
468:OFCG: Optical fiber, conductive, general use
3630:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2263:"Optical power loss (attenuation) in fiber"
2233:"Understanding Wavelengths In Fiber Optics"
2109:
1910:
23:
3666:
2622:
2608:
2405:
2391:
2072:
1452:Signal loss in optic fiber is measured in
477:OFNP: Optical fiber, nonconductive, plenum
401:
24:
2027:"Erika violet" is RAL 4003, according to
1492:Optical power loss (attenuation) in fiber
1488:Understanding wavelengths in fiber optics
2047:
1990:from the original on September 30, 2011.
1883:
1787:Chirgwin, Richard (September 23, 2012).
1786:
1556:
233:
225:
213:
163:
108:
63:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2374:The FOA Reference Guide To Fiber Optics
2048:Crawford, Dwayne (September 11, 2013).
2008:from the original on September 29, 2013
2002:"Single-Mode VS. Multimode Fiber Cable"
1688:"different types of fiber optic cables"
1685:
474:OFCP: Optical fiber, conductive, plenum
14:
3694:
2629:
2171:from the original on December 3, 2015.
2118:from the original on December 12, 2007
2060:from the original on February 22, 2014
1972:from the original on January 20, 2016.
1795:from the original on February 21, 2014
1724:from the original on December 22, 2015
1475:optical audio or for use within cars.
708:polarization-maintaining optical fiber
673:polarization-maintaining optical fiber
507:OSP: Fiber optic cable, outside plant
480:OFCR: Optical fiber, conductive, riser
358:
161:in fiber bundle imaging applications.
2603:
2386:
2378:Accurately Testing Fiber Optic Cables
2269:from the original on December 2, 2013
2243:from the original on December 2, 2013
1884:Kitayama, Ken-Ichi (April 10, 2014).
1768:from the original on January 20, 2012
1735:
1686:Posinna, Mariddetta (April 1, 2014).
1144:Color coding of premises fiber cable
791:
394:purpose of having a large network of
3676:
2265:. Ad-net.com.tw. December 28, 2008.
1850:from the original on April 25, 2016.
1718:National Instruments' Developer Zone
1436:Optical cables transfer data at the
425:
374:) over a distance of 50 kilometers.
153:from entering another. This reduces
2086:from the original on August 6, 2019
1694:from the original on April 20, 2016
1667:Tactical fiber-optic cable assembly
1627:, color coding for electrical cable
485:Optical fiber, nonconductive, riser
56:
1914:Modern Cable Television Technology
1714:"Light collection and propagation"
514:
355:, and insertion in paved streets.
57:
3728:
2365:
2230:
2110:Leroy Davis (February 21, 2007).
1652:Optical time-domain reflectometer
681:Connector boot (or shell) colors
546:
465:OFN: Optical fiber, nonconductive
3675:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3644:
3265:Free-space optical communication
2583:
2574:
2573:
1631:Free-space optical communication
1520:
1415:
1403:
1389:
1377:
1363:
1351:
1337:
1325:
1311:
1299:
1285:
1273:
1129:
1117:
1103:
1091:
1077:
1065:
1051:
1039:
1025:
1013:
999:
987:
973:
961:
947:
935:
921:
909:
895:
883:
869:
857:
843:
831:
803:
429:
382:, and as distribution cables in
324:
313:
262:
251:
2339:
2317:
2281:
2255:
2224:
2210:
2196:
2175:
2151:
2130:
2021:
1994:
1976:
1958:
1931:
1740:(4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
566:
238:An optical fiber breakout cable
157:between the fibers, or reduces
84:, is an assembly similar to an
1904:
1890:. Cambridge University Press.
1877:
1854:
1830:
1807:
1780:
1754:
1706:
1679:
585:Cord jacket (or buffer) color
571:
503:All-dielectric self-supporting
462:OFC: Optical fiber, conductive
421:
13:
1:
1672:
1643:, structured cabling standard
1552:
1251:COF200/201 fiber color chart
129:due to the difference in the
3651:Telecommunication portal
3432:Telecommunications equipment
1592:
671:Sometimes used to designate
117:Optical fiber consists of a
7:
3168:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2298:. p. 2. Archived from
2237:The Fiber Optic Association
1618:
1432:Propagation speed and delay
809:EIA598-A fiber color chart
747:Multimode fiber connectors
88:but containing one or more
10:
3733:
2872:Telecommunications history
2561:Modulating retro-reflector
1738:Understanding Fiber Optics
1657:Parallel optical interface
805:
537:polybutylene terephthalate
3639:
3581:
3518:
3480:Public Switched Telephone
3440:
3404:
3361:
3302:
3292:telecommunication circuit
3253:Fiber-optic communication
3236:
2998:Francis Blake (telephone)
2945:
2793:Optical telecommunication
2637:
2569:
2543:
2535:Optical Transport Network
2471:
2420:
2414:Optical telecommunication
2112:"Fiber wire color coding"
1944:. BoD – Books on Demand.
1497:
1447:
1154:
764:Physical contact (PC), 0°
746:
744:Physical contact (PC), 0°
743:
732:Physical contact (PC), 0°
703:Physical contact (PC), 0°
685:
660:Single-mode optical fiber
589:
127:total internal reflection
104:
95:fiber-optic communication
3391:Orbital angular-momentum
2828:Satellite communications
2667:Communications satellite
1573:
720:Angle polished (APC), 8°
648:multi-mode optical fiber
646:Outdated color code for
605:Multi-mode optical fiber
245:Fiber-optic ribbon cable
39:latest accepted revision
3270:Molecular communication
3093:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2922:Undersea telegraph line
2657:Cable protection system
2372:Fiber Optic Association
402:Reliability and quality
278:loose-tube construction
218:Fiber-optic cable in a
209:optical fiber connector
174:Right: SC/PC connectors
3412:Communication protocol
3198:Charles Sumner Tainter
3013:Walter Houser Brattain
2958:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2766:Information revolution
1762:"Definition: rip cord"
1562:
563:) telecommunications.
491:Optical attached cable
353:submarine installation
239:
231:
223:
181:
114:
73:
3386:Polarization-division
3118:Narinder Singh Kapany
3083:Erna Schneider Hoover
3003:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2983:Alexander Graham Bell
2714:online video platform
2148:Retrieved 2016-04-09.
1560:
1469:Plastic optical fiber
798:Corning Cable Systems
237:
229:
217:
167:
112:
67:
3228:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3188:Almon Brown Strowger
3158:Charles Grafton Page
2813:Prepaid mobile phone
2741:Electrical telegraph
2556:Intensity modulation
1736:Hecht, Jeff (2002).
1149:Fiber type and class
125:layer, selected for
3178:Johann Philipp Reis
2937:Wireless revolution
2899:The Telephone Cases
2756:Hydraulic telegraph
2438:Hydraulic telegraph
1764:. Its.bldrdoc.gov.
1647:Optical power meter
1252:
1145:
810:
786:fiber-optic adapter
682:
586:
359:Capacity and market
207:with a specialized
113:A multi-fiber cable
82:optical-fiber cable
80:, also known as an
29:Page version status
18:Optical fiber cable
3707:Glass applications
3376:Frequency-division
3353:Telephone exchange
3223:Charles Wheatstone
3153:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3128:Innocenzo Manzetti
3063:Reginald Fessenden
2798:Optical telegraphy
2631:Telecommunications
2354:2016-01-20 at the
2332:2016-01-20 at the
2305:on October 1, 2021
2189:2010-08-12 at the
2144:2016-04-27 at the
2138:Latency and Jitter
2034:2016-10-18 at the
1563:
1250:
1143:
808:
792:Multi-fiber cables
680:
584:
559:) and long-range (
525:polyvinyl chloride
441:. You can help by
280:the fiber is laid
240:
232:
224:
182:
115:
74:
35:
3689:
3688:
3427:Store and forward
3422:Data transmission
3336:Network switching
3287:Transmission line
3133:Guglielmo Marconi
3098:Internet pioneers
2963:Mohamed M. Atalla
2932:Whistled language
2597:
2596:
2448:Optical telegraph
1951:978-1-78923-742-9
1924:978-0-08-051193-1
1897:978-1-107-02616-2
1425:
1424:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1139:
1138:
782:
781:
678:
677:
459:
458:
410:Telcordia GR-20,
303:Domestic outdoor
143:optical waveguide
99:telecommunication
78:fiber-optic cable
26:
16:(Redirected from
3724:
3679:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3520:Notable networks
3510:Wireless network
3450:Cellular network
3442:Types of network
3417:Computer network
3304:Network topology
3218:Thomas A. Watson
3073:Oliver Heaviside
3058:Philo Farnsworth
3033:Daniel Davis Jr.
3008:Charles Bourseul
2968:John Logie Baird
2677:Data compression
2672:Computer network
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2503:Optical wireless
2407:
2400:
2393:
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2359:
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2019:
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1791:. The Register.
1784:
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1752:
1751:
1733:
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1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1683:
1662:Power-over-fiber
1442:refractive index
1419:
1407:
1393:
1381:
1367:
1355:
1341:
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266:
255:
189:strength members
135:acrylate polymer
131:refractive index
86:electrical cable
21:
3732:
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3725:
3723:
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3721:
3712:Optoelectronics
3692:
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3643:
3635:
3577:
3514:
3436:
3400:
3357:
3306:
3298:
3239:
3232:
3138:Robert Metcalfe
2993:Tim Berners-Lee
2941:
2761:Information Age
2633:
2628:
2598:
2593:
2565:
2539:
2467:
2416:
2411:
2368:
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2362:
2356:Wayback Machine
2344:
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2334:Wayback Machine
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2191:Wayback Machine
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2146:Wayback Machine
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2036:Wayback Machine
2026:
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2018:
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515:Jacket material
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439:needs expansion
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3371:Space-division
3367:
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3215:
3210:
3208:Camille Tissot
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Claude Shannon
3180:
3175:
3173:Tivadar Puskás
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Antonio Meucci
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Charles K. Kao
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Harold Hopkins
3085:
3080:
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3065:
3060:
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3030:
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3020:
3015:
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3005:
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2995:
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2988:Emile Berliner
2985:
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2975:
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2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
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2934:
2929:
2927:Videotelephony
2924:
2919:
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2895:
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2869:
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2823:Radiotelephone
2820:
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2800:
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2789:
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2748:
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2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Internet video
2701:
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2684:
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2367:
2366:External links
2364:
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2195:
2174:
2150:
2129:
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2020:
1993:
1975:
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1561:HDPE innerduct
1554:
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1449:
1446:
1438:speed of light
1433:
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1227:
1226:Singlemode IVb
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1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:Singlemode IVa
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547:Fiber material
545:
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268:
261:
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106:
103:
90:optical fibers
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3729:
3718:
3717:Signal cables
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
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3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3674:
3672:
3664:
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3498:
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3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3396:Code-division
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Time-division
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
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3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:and switching
3305:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3258:optical fiber
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Coaxial cable
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
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3201:
3199:
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3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Radia Perlman
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
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3129:
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3119:
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3109:
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3079:
3076:
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3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Lee de Forest
3051:
3049:
3048:Thomas Edison
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Donald Davies
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Claude Chappe
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Smoke signals
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:Semiconductor
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:Digital media
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Visible light
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:Optical fiber
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:Optical Fiber
2178:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2012:September 24,
2007:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1986:. Telcordia.
1985:
1979:
1971:
1968:. Telcordia.
1967:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:0-13-027828-9
1743:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:ISO/IEC 11801
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:According to
1527:
1521:Hybrid cables
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:Jacket color
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:Jacket color
1152:Diameter (μm)
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:violet/black
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:yellow/black
1054:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:black/yellow
1028:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
998:
995:
990:
986:
983:
982:
976:
972:
969:
964:
960:
957:
956:
950:
946:
943:
938:
934:
931:
930:
924:
920:
917:
912:
908:
905:
904:
898:
894:
891:
886:
882:
879:
878:
875:orange/black
872:
868:
865:
860:
856:
853:
852:
846:
842:
839:
834:
830:
827:
826:
823:Jacket color
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
806:
802:
799:
789:
787:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
758:
757:
753:
751:
750:
740:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
726:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:
713:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
684:
674:
670:
667:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
653:
652:
649:
645:
642:
640:
639:
635:
632:
630:
629:
625:
622:
620:
619:
615:
612:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
588:
582:
580:
579:SC connectors
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:plastic fiber
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
509:
506:
504:
500:
498:
494:
492:
488:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
453:
444:
440:
437:This section
435:
432:
428:
427:
419:
417:
413:
408:
399:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
375:
366:
356:
354:
348:
346:
340:
327:
316:
306:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
265:
254:
236:
228:
221:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
179:
171:
166:
162:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
111:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
71:
66:
62:
48:
47:8 August 2024
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
3702:Fiber optics
3363:Multiplexing
3238:Transmission
3203:Nikola Tesla
3193:Henry Sutton
3148:Samuel Morse
3078:Robert Hooke
3043:Amos Dolbear
2978:John Bardeen
2897:
2877:Telautograph
2781:Mobile phone
2736:Edholm's law
2719:social media
2652:Broadcasting
2544:Technologies
2488:
2479:Fiber-optics
2443:Ships' flags
2428:Smoke signal
2358:. Telcordia.
2347:
2341:
2336:. Telcordia.
2325:
2319:
2309:December 25,
2307:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2231:Hayes, Jim.
2226:
2212:
2198:
2182:
2177:
2153:
2137:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2088:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:February 12,
2062:. Retrieved
2053:
2043:
2023:
2010:. Retrieved
1996:
1978:
1960:
1940:
1933:
1917:. Elsevier.
1913:
1906:
1886:
1879:
1868:, retrieved
1862:
1856:
1832:
1821:, retrieved
1815:
1809:
1799:February 16,
1797:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:December 10,
1770:. Retrieved
1756:
1737:
1726:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1681:
1625:ANSI/TIA-568
1603:
1596:
1587:
1577:
1564:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1508:blink reflex
1504:laser safety
1501:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1426:
1259:Jacket color
1246:
1243:
1200:Multimode Ia
1187:Multimode Ia
1174:Multimode Ia
1160:Multimode Ia
979:white/black
953:slate/black
927:brown/black
901:green/black
817:Jacket color
795:
783:
623:Erika violet
575:
567:Color coding
550:
533:polyurethane
529:polyethylene
518:
447:
443:adding to it
438:
415:
411:
409:
405:
392:
380:data centers
376:
367:per second (
362:
349:
341:
337:
294:
291:Distribution
277:
275:
188:
183:
116:
81:
77:
75:
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3563:NPL network
3275:Radio waves
3213:Alfred Vail
3123:Hedy Lamarr
3108:Dawon Kahng
3068:Elisha Gray
3028:Yogen Dalal
2953:Nasir Ahmed
2887:Teleprinter
2751:Heliographs
2528:Consumer IR
2458:Signal lamp
2273:January 13,
2247:January 13,
2122:December 1,
2054:Tech Topics
1866:, July 2019
1819:, July 2019
1486:The charts
1465:850 nm
1135:aqua/black
1109:rose/black
849:blue/black
572:Patch cords
561:single-mode
422:Cable types
295:fiber units
3696:Categories
3609:Antarctica
3568:Toasternet
3490:Television
2973:Paul Baran
2905:Television
2889:(teletype)
2882:Telegraphy
2860:transistor
2838:Phryctoria
2808:Photophone
2786:Smartphone
2776:Mass media
2508:Free-space
2494:Connectors
2463:Photophone
2453:Heliograph
2056:. Belden.
1728:October 8,
1673:References
1553:Innerducts
1421:turquoise
1005:red/black
633:Lime green
557:multi-mode
396:dark fiber
390:networks.
205:terminated
172:connectors
3593:Americas
3582:Locations
3553:Internet2
3314:Bandwidth
3018:Vint Cerf
2915:streaming
2893:Telephone
2833:Semaphore
2724:streaming
2324:GR-3173,
2296:Senko.com
2090:August 6,
1698:April 11,
1593:Placement
1580:Telcordia
1531:Telcordia
1461:kilometre
541:polyamide
450:June 2008
282:helically
155:crosstalk
139:polyimide
3661:Category
3548:Internet
3538:CYCLADES
3455:Ethernet
3405:Concepts
3329:terminal
3280:wireless
3103:Bob Kahn
2946:Pioneers
2771:Internet
2662:Cable TV
2579:Category
2551:OC Rates
2523:In space
2472:Advanced
2352:Archived
2346:GR-356,
2330:Archived
2267:Archived
2241:Archived
2187:Archived
2166:Archived
2142:Archived
2116:Archived
2084:Archived
2058:Archived
2032:Archived
2006:Archived
1988:Archived
1970:Archived
1845:Archived
1793:Archived
1766:Archived
1722:Archived
1692:Archived
1690:. HFCL.
1619:See also
1515:cleaving
1454:decibels
1262:Position
1256:Position
1177:62.5/125
820:Position
814:Position
692:Comment
593:Meaning
287:Breakout
178:ferrules
123:cladding
43:reviewed
3681:Commons
3671:Outline
3624:Oceania
3543:FidoNet
3528:ARPANET
3341:circuit
2910:digital
2639:History
1870:May 22,
1823:May 22,
1599:manhole
1568:conduit
1534:GR-3173
1473:TOSLINK
1317:violet
1221:Yellow
1203:100/140
1169:Orange
689:Meaning
365:petabit
289:" and "
220:Telstra
186:polymer
70:TOSLINK
3619:Europe
3589:Africa
3573:Usenet
3533:BITNET
3470:Mobile
3346:packet
2855:MOSFET
2850:device
2647:Beacon
2589:Portal
2433:Beacon
2029:rgb.to
1948:
1921:
1894:
1744:
1583:GR-356
1498:Safety
1448:Losses
1409:yellow
1369:white
1343:black
1305:orange
1291:brown
1208:Green
1190:85/125
1182:Slate
1166:
1163:50/125
1071:violet
1045:yellow
863:orange
754:Beige
697:
656:Yellow
601:Orange
598:
539:, and
501:ADSS:
495:OPGW:
489:OPAC:
483:OFNR:
371:bits/s
345:sharks
307:cable.
201:Kevlar
197:Twaron
195:(e.g.
193:aramid
168:Left:
150:buffer
121:and a
105:Design
3602:South
3597:North
3558:JANET
3495:Telex
3485:Radio
3324:Nodes
3319:Links
3240:media
2818:Radio
2803:Pager
2731:Drums
2697:video
2692:image
2682:audio
2518:Li-Fi
2489:Cable
2421:Basic
2303:(PDF)
2292:(PDF)
2169:(PDF)
2162:(PDF)
1848:(PDF)
1841:(PDF)
1574:Types
1395:pink
1331:green
1195:Blue
1019:black
967:white
941:slate
915:brown
889:green
761:White
729:Black
717:Green
686:Color
590:Color
191:like
170:LC/PC
159:flare
147:resin
3614:Asia
3500:UUCP
3460:ISDN
2311:2021
2275:2014
2249:2014
2124:2007
2092:2019
2066:2014
2014:2013
1946:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1872:2023
1825:2023
1801:2014
1774:2011
1742:ISBN
1730:2015
1700:2016
1490:and
1383:grey
1279:blue
1234:Red
1123:aqua
1097:rose
837:blue
741:Grey
700:Blue
668:Blue
643:Grey
613:Aqua
521:LSZH
386:and
305:FTTP
119:core
3505:WAN
3475:NGN
3465:LAN
2746:Fax
2687:DCT
1357:red
1229:All
1216:All
993:red
773:Red
445:.
388:PON
384:HFC
222:pit
199:or
137:or
45:on
3698::
2294:.
2239:.
2235:.
2164:.
2114:.
2100:^
2052:.
2004:.
1843:.
1720:.
1716:.
1536:,
1412:12
1386:11
1360:10
1126:24
1114:12
1100:23
1088:11
1074:22
1062:10
1048:21
1022:20
996:19
970:18
944:17
918:16
892:15
866:14
840:13
710:.
543:.
535:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
418:.
369:10
76:A
68:A
41:,
3632:)
3628:(
2623:e
2616:t
2609:v
2406:e
2399:t
2392:v
2313:.
2277:.
2251:.
2220:.
2206:.
2126:.
2094:.
2068:.
2016:.
1954:.
1927:.
1900:.
1803:.
1776:.
1750:.
1732:.
1702:.
1400:6
1374:5
1348:4
1334:9
1322:3
1308:8
1296:2
1282:7
1270:1
1036:9
1010:8
984:7
958:6
932:5
906:4
880:3
854:2
828:1
452:)
448:(
180:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
