Opposition research

1204:, commissioned a report in response to the materials Reagan's staff had released in support of Bork's nomination. Prepared by a panel of lawyers, including two Duke University law professors, the 78-page became known as "The Biden Report." The report detailed Bork's record, and analyzed the pattern of his rulings, and deeming him to be a conservative "activist" rather than an impartial jurist. Ultimately, Bork's embattled nomination failed, and Anthony Kennedy (no relation to Ted) was later confirmed to fill the position. The fierce research-based opposition to Bork's nomination attracted significant media attention, even though a 39: 1005:, with its own budget of $ 1.1 million. These staff amassed information on eight Democratic presidential candidates based on data from voting records, Congressional Record speeches, media clippings and transcripts, campaign materials, all of which was stored on a computer for easy access. In this way the Reagan team was able to track inconsistencies and attack them. This original data base evolved into a network that linked information gleaned by Republicans in all 50 states, creating a master data base accessible to high-ranking Republican staff, even aboard 1098:'s deputy research director during the presidential campaign, spent much of the cycle rebutting viral online attacks on Obama's character and biography under the rubric of "Stop the Smears." Shortly thereafter, amid speculations that she would be conducting research against political opponents, she was reassigned as Research Director to the DNC. Politico.com reported on February 27, 2009 that "the counsel's office – which doesn't face the sort of rapid-response demands that were common in the late Clinton years – doesn't plan to fill the research post." 1400:, alleging that Spitzer's campaign finances were conducted improperly. In November of that same year, Stone sent a letter to the FBI detailing Spitzer's sexual preferences with prostitutes and sexual props, right down to his black calf-length socks. Stone was considered to be an authoritative source because he frequented the same prostitutes himself as a client. A subsequent Justice Department investigation produced evidence that ultimately led to Spitzer's resignation as governor. Bruno, Stone's client, has been a longtime political enemy of Spitzer. 464:"Oppo dumps" are used by political campaigns to systematically supply files of damaging information to press outlets, including matters of the public record, video footage from party archives and private collections, as well as private intelligence gathered by operatives. Many prime time television and radio news commentaries rely on this supply of party-generated material because it is free, and therefore more cost-effective than paying investigative reporters. 224: 1313:

to remove politically motivated research from the hands of public employees "was more or less shot down." Though Stetler has not been charged, 12 former House members and members of their staff were charged with diverting public funds for political campaign work. Stetler was among those subpoenaed, said Chuck Ardo, a spokesman for Democratic Gov. Ed Rendell. The hearing will be held before President Judge Richard Lewis in September.

850:, a Democratic opposition researcher attracted notoriety and built a reputation not for deploying his skills against Republican opponents, but for using them against other Democrats in the primary races. Working for retired Army general Wesley Clark, Lehane sought to establish a media "narrative" that Howard Dean was hypocritical and dishonest, based on surveys of his administrative archive as governor of Vermont. 736:. Carter's staff believed the book to have been stolen from the White House, but the inquiry did not uncover any credible evidence that any law had been violated. The House of Representatives conducted its own investigation, and concluded in a 2,314-page report that the Reagan staff had two copies of the book, one from Reagan's campaign director 493:

advocates and surreptitious technologies that few Internet users understand. Data becomes "richer" about political actors, policy options, and the diversity of actors and opinion in the public sphere, but citizenship is "thinner" by virtue of "the ease in which people can become politically expressive without being substantively engaged."

940:) who had dissented with Nixon policy, especially on the subject of Vietnam, with the intent of prompting Internal Revenue Service investigations. The full extent of Nixon's surveillance of private citizens solely on the basis of their dissent was not known until years after Nixon was forced to resign, as former staff members such as 1254:, research director for the DNC. Alito's "record" had been pointedly altered to present him in a negative light. While the incident was not unusual, it received publicity in prominent places because it drew attention to the "meta-data" that is often unwittingly stored in documents that are altered and forwarded electronically. 953:

campaign officially known as "Opponents List" and "Political Enemies Project." The official purpose, as described by the White House Counsel's Office, was to "screw" Nixon's political enemies, by means of tax audits from the IRS, and by manipulating "grant availability, federal contracts, litigation, prosecution, etc."

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In early July 2009 Alaska governor Sarah Palin announced that she would be resigning as governor, partly due to complications from opposition research and ethics inquiries after her inclusion on the 2008 GOP presidential race ballot as John McCain's running mate. At a later news conference Palin told

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Another technique is to position information or personnel within media outlets. Often the information is video footage gathered in campaign-funded "tracker programs" wherein videographers use candidates' itineraries to track them and record as many remarks as possible, since anything they say can and

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The research is usually conducted in the time period between announcement of intent to run and the actual election; however political parties maintain long-term databases that can cover several decades. The practice is both a tactical maneuver and a cost-saving measure. The term is frequently used to

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investigations. The "Prowler" quoted "a DNC staffer" as saying, "She realized that she could do more with all the material she saw outside of the building than inside where she'd be bound by the rules and legalities of the White House Counsel's Office. Now she isn't. She's good at what she does; her

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quoted an unnamed "official" as saying, "On the surface, it looks like things in the database that were determined not to be viable threats were never deleted but should have been", the official said. "You can also make the argument that these things should never have been put in the database in the

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is the informal name of what started as a list of President Richard Nixon's major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson, written by George T. Bell (assistant to Colson, special counsel to the White House) and sent in memorandum form to John Dean on September 9, 1971. The list was part of a

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has a black love child" whisper campaign in South Carolina. Anonymous telephone pollsters, upon determining that a voter was pro-McCain, asked the question, "Would you be more or less likely to vote for John McCain if you knew he had fathered a black child out of wedlock?" The question was not overt

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confirmed that the material had come from an IP address affiliated with the Cox campaign. Citing an Associated Press analysis, CNN reported that Knowledge being used as a "popular tool" for opposition researchers became so widespread a problem that Knowledge altered its submission guidelines and set

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alleged that millions in public funds were paid to state employees who did such research on the 2006 and 2004 campaigns of Democrats in the state. Stetler left the House after 2006 to become the state's revenue secretary. A former aide, Dan Wiedemer testified before grand jurors that the suggestion

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on the eve of the confirmation vote showed that very few Americans could name the nominee in question, much less recall his rulings. A new verb was later coined; "to bork" a candidate or nominee by mounting such voluminous research and vocal opposition that the person in question would be forced to

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for the Supreme Court, "concerned" citizens seeking to block his confirmation offered information that Brandeis was a "radical Zionist", even though he was not a practicing Jew. Brandeis aggressively outmaneuvered his detractors by mounting his own opposition research efforts, including a carefully

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was an African-American convicted murderer released on a weekend furlough during Governor Dukakis's tenure, who escaped and committed a brutal rape in Maryland, also stabbing his victim's husband. Atwater is also credited with originating "push polls" and "whisper campaigns" that use disinformation

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before she was legally divorced from her first husband. Jackson had married her in 1791 on the strength of a statement from her husband that he had divorced her; Jackson had two wedding ceremonies, the not-recognizable one of 1791 and the legally corrective one of 1794. His political opponents used

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reporters, "Obviously conditions had changed so drastically on August 29, the day I was tapped to be VP", she said. "The opposition research and the games that began there — which I think is the new normal in Alaska politics, until I hand the reins over to Sean Parnell — have been so distracting."

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Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the

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A 2005 analysis of digital media strategies published by the American Academy of Political Science took the view that new technologies enable "political elites" to use database and Internet technologies to do opposition research more easily, but they use data-mining techniques that outrage privacy

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obviously serving as a board member of a failed bank whose owners had been imprisoned for bank fraud. When the Alexander campaign raised the issue of Clement's financial ties with the convicted felons, Clement denied any connection. When the Alexander campaign produced the photograph as evidence,

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pleaded guilty on January 7, 2010, to illegal use of state resources for campaign activities, including opposition research against the political opponents of incumbent officeholders during 2007. These seven were Democrats; a total of 25 indictments have been handed down to a mix of Democrats and

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to launch his own internet campaign against McCain, and succeeded in crippling the trust of voters McCain had attracted. The Bush camp knew, as the general public did not, that in reality, John McCain was the adoptive father of a dark-skinned Bangladeshi refugee who was rescued by his wife Cindi.

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that coalesces around a certain issue. In the U.S., both the Republican and Democratic parties employ full-time "Directors of Research" and maintain databases on opponents. In recent years the task of opposition research has been privatized in many areas. Full-time companies with permanent staff

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because Brown's ads were independently funded and produced. Academic research into the Bush archives decades later revealed that a Bush staffer, Candice Strother, had released a dossier of information on Willie Horton to Elizabeth Fediay, of the non-profit group that contracted for the ad. (The

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activist groups. Research on corporate or political opponents may enable activist groups to target neighborhoods from which to increase their numbers, to refine their focus or "target", to pinpoint the target's vulnerabilities, to reveal hidden sources of funding or little-known connections, to

484:, was unseated because of videotape of the senator calling a videographer/opposition researcher a "macaca" or monkey. The name was considered to be an ethnic slur, and Allen's campaign could not overcome the damage when the incident was broadcast widely in mainstream media and on the internet. 589:

Instead of reporting that you spent $ 3,000 on a 'background check and public records search on Congressman X,' list the expenditure as 'issue research' or simply 'research'... One bonus financial filing tip: warn your candidate about spending campaign funds on fancy restaurants for 'strategy

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Political strategies for campaigns often include coaching on preventive measures to avoid providing too much information in public disclosure procedures that can provide ammunition for opponents' opposition researchers, particularly in itemized expenditure reports. "To eliminate some of these

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Another technique is to infiltrate the opposition's operations and position a paid informant there. "Gray propaganda" techniques are often used to release damaging information to news media outlets without its source being identified properly, a technique inherited from disinformation tactics

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In the 2008 presidential election, opposition researchers for Barack Obama unearthed the fact that John Edwards had paid $ 400 for haircuts at campaign expense, and supplied Politico's Ben Smith with the tip, according to a memoir later published by campaign manager David Plouffe. Though the

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had used to prepare Reagan. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Justice Department investigated to see how the information had been obtained by the Reagan camp. Two law professors filed suit in federal district court in Washington to request a special investigation, based on the 1978

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reported on its "Washington Prowler" blog that Daly was posted in the White House Counsel's Office for "about a month", and thus had access to "reams of Bush administration documents related to such things as the firings of U.S. Attorney, the use and internal debate over the

1077:, about 1,500 "suspicious incidents" including peace demonstrations outside armed forces recruiter offices, even though the groups posed no specified threat to national security. The program was known as Talon. About two years elapsed between the program's disbanding and the 1031:

improperly accessed 500 FBI files compiled for security checks of Reagan and Bush staffers in previous administrations. Craig Livingstone, said to be hired by Mrs. Clinton with dubious credentials, resigned amid public outcry. In testimony under oath during the

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Opposition research differs immensely depending on the size and funding of a campaign, the ethics of the candidate, and the era in which it is conducted. Information gathering can be classified into three main categories: open-source research enabled by the

293:, educational, or financial history or activities, as well as prior media coverage, or the voting record of a politician. Opposition research can also entail using "trackers" to follow an individual and record their activities or political speeches. 1189:

whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens for whom the judiciary is – and is often the only – protector of the individual rights that are the heart of our democracy.

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reported that Curt Levey, executive director of the Committee for Justice, had noted that conservatives were "focusing opposition research efforts on 17 women, whom they have divided into two tiers based on their perceived chances."

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to ask Miers at her confirmation hearings. The activists' thinly veiled hope is that Miers will reveal ignorance of the law and give senators a reason to oppose her." Miers later withdrew her name from consideration for the court.

857:, is considered to be the "architect" of George W. Bush's election to the governor's office in Texas, and to the presidency in 2000 and 2004. In the 2000 race, Rove is credited with masterminding the push poll that initiated the " 879:

reported that "The legacy of the Democratic National Committee itself is hardly clear going forward. Mr. Obama effectively subsumed all the responsibilities in his campaign: fundraising, voter turn-out and opposition research.

430:, " and maintenance of human systems of informants. Increasingly, data-mining of electronic records is used. Information is then stored for future use, and disseminated in a variety of ways. A local election sometimes has a 701:

this information decades later against him, and he fought many duels over his wife's honor. Rachel Robards died before Jackson took office in his first term; he maintained that the stress of the opposition had killed her.

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to oversee the recount of the disputed Presidential election in Miami-Dade County in 2000. Stone is credited with organizing the street demonstrations and eventual shut-down of the recount in that pivotal county.

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who penned an editorial condemning "the most homogeneous, self-centered, and self-complacent community in the United States." Brandeis was confirmed after four months of hearings, in a Senate vote of 47–22.

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In the 1992 presidential campaign, Republicans reported that they spent $ 6 million on a "state of the art (opposition research) war machine" to investigate Bill Clinton, who was running against

831:. In the same election, the Clinton campaign paid more than $ 100,000 to a private investigator to look into allegations about Clinton's womanizing, investigating more than two dozen women. 824:

strategies to alienate voters from opponents. A biography of Atwater, quotes him as saying in an interview toward the end of his life that he regretted some of his less ethical techniques.

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found himself amidst an investigation when he rejected a plan that would have shifted the job of opposition research from employees on the state payroll to private firms. Attorney General

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attributed the acquisition of the documents to Casey, who claimed to know nothing about them, and an analysis of Carter campaign documents found in the "Afghanistan" files of Reagan aide

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In February 2009, Shauna Daly, a former opposition researcher for the Democratic National Committee was appointed as a researcher for the White House's Office of Legal Counsel. Daly was

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File-sharing between operatives of political parties is quite common. In the 2008 presidential election, a dossier of opposition research against Republican vice-presidential nominee

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presidential campaign by a female Republican volunteer: "...an article appeared in a Washington newspaper describing the 'opposition research' program at Republican headquarters..."

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on your campaign's dime just looks bad. The press may poke a little fun at your candidate's expense; your donors may feel their donation in being misspent and may never give again.

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in the presidential race 1980, Reagan's campaign staff acquired under mysterious circumstances a 200-page briefing book, including information on Carter's strategy, which staffers

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reported that Republican conservative advocacy groups were conducting opposition research against her: "Groups are circulating lists of questions they want members of the

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pioneered "collaborative citizen-reporting projects" based on groups of volunteers examining public documents that shed light on the George W. Bush administration's

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sent out mailers targeting 26-year-old Emanuel Pleitez, grouping Pleitez's Facebook photos to suggest that he parties to excess with alcohol, and fraternizes with

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Boudin, Michael (1976). Urofsky, Melvin I.; Levy, David W.; Brandeis, Louis D. (eds.). "Justice Brandeis: The Confirmation Struggle and the Zionist Movement".

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administration, White House staffers compiled lists of names of political opponents, journalists who had criticized Nixon, and artists and actors (such as

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specializing in media productions or "grassroots" operations have replaced volunteers and campaign officials. Political media consultants may also opt for

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dedicated to reading through all of the opponents' public statements and their voting records; others initiate whisper campaigns that employ techniques of

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Candidates and incumbents who benefit from opposition research often choose to remain uninformed about their campaign's operations and tactics, to ensure

1364:"Far from being detached observers, reporters constantly call oppo staffs looking for tidbits and sometimes trading information", wrote three reporters, 340:. This manual for warriors describes the necessity for understanding an opponent's weaknesses, for using spies, and for striking in moments of weakness. 1196:

Kennedy's speech prompted a rapid-response opposition research effort from Democrats, but the White House waited two and a half months to respond. The

1061:, were implicated in efforts to use data collected on Democratic-appointed federal attorneys as ground for dismissal. Also during this administration, 1009:. Though this RNC database was accessible to both the Reagan White House and campaign team, no evidence has surfaced that U.S. federal dollars funded 371:

participated, often writing under assumed names. This tradition of robust attack was replicated later in the American colonies, when writers such as

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encouraged citizen examination of such public domain records as Mitt Romney's financial disclosure statements and Bill Clinton's income statements.

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is considered to be the "father" of modern aggressive "oppo" techniques. Atwater honed his style working in his native South Carolina for Senator

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staffers alter Knowledge content. However, anyone who wanted to could simply bypass this by using an IP address not associated with Capitol Hill.

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constructed chart that exposed the social and financial connections of the group, mostly from Boston's Back Bay, and including Harvard president

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potential issues your campaign should take the time to review the wording of your campaign finance reports", advises one strategist writing for

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or "black ops" to deliberately mislead the public by advancing a pre-determined "narrative" that will present the opponent in a negative light.

914:(FBI) agents to the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, N.J., to avert assassination attempts, and to monitor his political rival 1891:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Bereznikova, Zlata (September 2006). "Exorcising Scandal in the White House: Presidential Polling in Times of Crisis".

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will be used against them, as was the case in former Senator George Allen's "macaca moment." In the 2006 election cycle, a Virginia senator,

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is said to have gathered information that was damaging to opponents and used it in attacks against them. He accused one political opponent,

712:, did research in the Illinois State Library to collect "all the ammunition Mr. Lincoln saw fit to gather" to prepare for the run against 533:, revealed Cox's campaign had added information from an opposition research dossier to a Knowledge page on Taylor. Knowledge co-founder 419: 2300: 900:

having an extramarital affair: "We can't have any of our principal speakers refer to it, but the people down the line can get it out."

798:. During the 1988 presidential campaign, dozens of RNC researchers worked three shifts around the clock to feed the then-burgeoning 1971: 1275: 1355:. At this time, Brown confirmed that he had been the source of four mainstream media stories that had received attention from the 1045: 749: 563: 1036:

special prosecutor's investigation, Mrs. Clinton stated that she had neither hired Livingstone nor improperly perused the files.

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on a political opponent or other adversary that can be used to discredit or otherwise weaken them. The information can include

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revealed that the U.S. government kept a sizeable database of information about 126 domestic peace activist groups, including

1281: 1110: 1396:, resigned after leaving threatening phone messages on the answering machine of the 85-year-old father of New York Governor 2202: 1365: 1292:'s 2002 campaign for the U.S. Senate, Alexander's campaign staff received an anonymous mailing of a photograph of opponent 640: 629: 2506: 1806: 1731: 1543: 1504: 1478: 1177:

for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1987, prompting a Senate floor speech from Democratic Massachusetts senator

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Congressional and presidential opposition research is often conducted by or funded by a political party, lobbying group,

245: 2221: 1940: 983:, arguing that the executive branch had the power to prosecute journalists as they saw fit, under the provisions of the 1588: 1569: 1062: 664: 1024: 530: 972: 508: 405:, suggested that the GOP keep files on individuals as insurance against future races, rather than "scramble" in an 356: 2063: 1304:

In the Pennsylvania state legislature in July 2009, former state House Democratic Campaign Committee Chair, Rep.

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helped turn voters away from Dukakis and towards the Republican, although Atwater and Bush were protected by

787: 2585: 760:. Many years afterward, Carter himself stated in a PBS interview that the book had been taken by columnist 443: 2452:

Erik, Schellzig (Associated Press) "Opposition Research is 'Dark Art' for Campaigns", Jackson, Tennessee,

2356:(May 27, 2001). "On Language: Judge fights 'borking' needed to ston court packing'? The End of Minority". 2173: 975:

to conduct opposition research and retaliate against political opponents and critical journalists such as

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https://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/swot-tactics-used-in-2009/news-story/d8db36ec900bd56d74acfa0fc49313cf

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because they bore striking resemblance to the opposition research being disseminated by Citizens United.

591: 2101: 1649:(2005). "Deep Democracy, Thin Citizenship: The Impact of Digital Media in Political Campaign Strategy". 639:

Despite protestations that key party personnel had no knowledge of the dossiers it was later revealed a

95: 1357: 1347:, and other influential media outlets, and found varying levels of use of oppo research information on 1227: 1197: 647:

at previous elections which formed the basis of negative attack messaging for a 'rapid response unit'.

608: 595: 327:, eventually prompting Antony to chop off his head and right hand and display them at the Roman Forum. 672: 668: 656: 628:

In October 2011, a media storm erupted in Australia over the leaking of 'dirt files' compiled by the

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in the 1824 and 1828 presidential elections unearthed his marriage records to imply that he was an

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Opposition research also has its origins in military planning, as evident in such ancient texts as

210: 142: 518:. The text of the mailer suggested Pleitez, posing with a Latino stage actress and using a Latino 2410: 1442: 1373: 1348: 1337: 949: 663:, demanding payment for her part in project War Room. The War Room's mandate was to "disempower 2252: 1837: 1831: 1352: 1242:

gathered and circulated information on the "anti-civil rights" and "anti-immigrant" rulings of

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refer not just to the collection of information but also how it is utilized, as a component of

57: 1628: 1535: 1529: 1470: 1464: 1027:" scandal erupted when White House staffers said to be acting on the directions of First Lady 2361: 1782: 984: 893: 811:

Horton story had been completely public for an entire year, part of news coverage that won a

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Matthew Cooper, Gloria Borger, and Michael Barone, "Dirty Tricks? Cheap Shots? Says Who?"

2319: 457:. The file was compiled by the staff of her opponent in the 2006 Alaska gubernatorial race, 2542: 863: 581: 402: 298: 155: 102: 82: 8: 1149: 567: 559: 137: 2561: 2439:

Associated Press, "Seven Former House Aides Plead Guilty in State Corruption Scandal",

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Associated Press, "Special Prosecutor Sought in Briefing Book Case," October 26, 1983.

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to replace her. Upon inspection, the documents were revealed to have been amended by

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Two former opposition researchers for the RNC appointed to Justice Department posts,

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In the 2000 presidential election, longtime opposition researcher and Nixon loyalist

828: 783: 423: 376: 182: 23: 2159:""List of White House 'Enemies' and Memo Submitted by Dean to the Ervin Committee", 1321:

The practice of using tips from opposition research sources was examined in 1994 by

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was disbanded in 2008, after investigations into the bribery activities directed at

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occurred on December 17, 1971, in an article that describes the infiltration of the

2274: 1900: 1658: 1646: 1593: 1162: 1126:) of material that will have Republicans scrambling. At least that's what we hope." 786:, Atwater encouraged and helped direct what was then the advanced oppo work of the 775: 757: 737: 660: 351:, opposition research took the form of scandal-mongering pamphlet wars between the 205: 122: 117: 50: 671:

campaigns" and set a pro-ANC agenda using a range of media, without revealing the

2475: 2392: 2320:"Response Prepared to White House Analysis of Judge Bork's Record (Biden Report)" 1305: 1289: 1157: 1145: 1106: 1083: 1070: 1058: 1054: 1028: 968: 919: 918:

and civil rights activists. Johnson later also placed his Republican challenger,

897: 795: 709: 290: 286: 278: 228: 127: 112: 2543:"Political Consultant Resigns After Allegations of Threatening Spitzer's Father" 2365: 2514: 2378:

Charlie Savage, "Guess Who's Doing Opposition Research Against Harriet Miers?"

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continues to fund a research department, after the 2008 presidential election,

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Brian Bumsted, "House Leaders Subpoenaed In Legislative Corruption Scandal",

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In 2006, the campaign manager of Georgia Democratic gubernatorial candidate

2020:, 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, Taylor, and Francis Group, 2007, p. 78. 1505:"A Republican Spy in Muskie's Ranks Is Unmasked and Sent Out into the Cold" 1393: 1322: 1258: 1243: 1222: 1201: 1095: 1066: 1020: 847: 745: 728: 720: 620:

techniques, which simulate wide popular appeal for a candidate's platform.

617: 539: 454: 398: 372: 360: 2507:"Muckrakers and the Mudslinger: Should Media Treat Floyd Brown Seriously?" 892:: In 1940, the White House accidentally taped a conversation of President 1389: 1309: 1293: 1205: 1178: 1174: 964: 960: 937: 896:

instructing a lower level aide to disseminate a rumor about his opponent

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opposition research strategist had been compiling the files as part of a

534: 511: 504: 450: 323: 318: 223: 933: 551: 427: 107: 2286: 1726:(2nd ed.). Westbury, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 227, passim. 1118: 1049: 945: 854: 612: 282: 200: 172: 162: 132: 555:

investigate scare tactics, and to augment a legislative initiative.

2278: 1331: 1200:, under the direction of Delaware senator and presidential hopeful 693: 496: 314: 266: 1181:, which later became known as the "Robert Bork's America" speech: 2395:(November 7, 2005). "Beware Your Trail of Digital Fingerprints". 1836:(1st Perennial classics ed.). New York: Perennial. pp. 1392:, a political consultant in the employ of New York state senator 1074: 348: 344: 337: 2186:

J.M. Bayer & J. Rodota. "Computerized Opposition Research".

778:. From his posts on the 1984 and 1988 presidential campaigns of 2200: 501:

California's 32nd congressional district special election, 2009

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Schroeder, Christopher H.; Peck, Jeffrey (September 2, 1987).

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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

659:(ANC) was exposed when Sihle Bolani filed an affidavit in the 317:, of murdering one wife to make room for another. He attacked 515: 1749:"Army of Average Joes Culls Through Candidates' Files, Bios" 1297:

Clement claimed his role was only an informal advisory one.

529:, Morton Brilliant, resigned after Cox's opponent, Lt. Gov, 382:

The first appearance of the phrase "opposition research" in

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Opposition research became systematized in the 1970s, when

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conducted opposition research and published their results.

2301:"Report Assails Bork's Record On Constitutional Questions" 764:, but Will denied it, calling Carter "a recidivist liar." 1419:"Researchers dig deeper for dirt on political opposition" 719:

In preparation for Ronald Reagan's debate with President

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operative had been engaged to help compile the dossiers.

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indicated they came from three White House offices: the

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should criminal charges be brought against researchers.

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On July 7, 2005, soon after the resignation of Justice

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time at the White House means we've got a mother load (

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Hakim, Danny; Confessore, Nicholas (April 23, 2007).

802:. The now-infamous "Willie Horton" TV ads crafted by 453:

was posted in its entirety on a political blog site,

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Ed Magnuson, "I Never Knew There Was Such a Thing,"

1534:. Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 2201:George Lardner Jr.; Susan Schmidt (June 27, 1996). 1724:Roots to Power: A Manual for Grassroots Organizing 1088:first place until they were confirmed as threats." 740:, future head of the Central Intelligence Agency. 499:photos became a tool of opposition researchers in 2415:"Wider World of Choices to Fill Souter's Vacancy" 922:, under FBI surveillance, with a federal wiretap. 2577: 2222:"Pentagon Will Review Database on U.S. Citizens" 1807:"Inside the ANC's "black ops" election campaign" 1568:Smith, Ben; Bresnehan, John (2 September 2008). 1148:, as well as a group headed by former President 550:Opposition research is a necessary component of 2540: 1629:"In Dixie, Signs of a Rising Biracial Politics" 1261:announced his intent to retire from the court, 558:In the presidential election of 2008, the blog 2391: 2352: 2136:Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in John J. Pitney, 2064:"Dirty Tricks, South Carolina and John McCain" 1705:"Campaign Manager Resigns Amid Knowledge Flap" 1567: 1130: 487: 442:employed by intelligence agencies such as the 2317: 1992:Bad Boy: The Life and Politics of Lee Atwater 1686:"Facebook Photos Used as Opposition Research" 246: 2161:Facts on File, Watergate and the White House 1436: 1434: 1432: 1257:On May 2, 2009, after Supreme Court Justice 1156:past presidents. Brandeis sent the chart to 2478:, "Ex-aide's Testimony in Probe Revealed", 1961:, Princeton University Press, 2004, p. 141. 838:was recruited by former Secretary of State 602: 474: 2307:. The Associated Press. September 4, 1987. 883: 862:slander, but it prompted the president of 774:and to elect Congressman (later Governor) 538:up alerts so that its operators know when 336:, published in the 5th century BC by 253: 239: 2203:"Livingstone Resigns, Denying Ill Intent" 1769:Campaigns & Elections/Politics blog, 1570:"Documents Detail Palin's Political Life" 1429: 1065:(CIFA), an intelligence gathering arm of 683: 1972:"A Beloved Mug Shot For the Bush Forces" 1440: 1416: 1276:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission 1872:, New York: HarperCollins, 1994, p. 17. 1746: 1721: 1607: 1586: 1383: 1046:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy 16:Political negative campaigning practice 2578: 2517:on June 17, 2018 – via Highbeam. 2409: 2264: 2219: 1829: 1645: 1527: 1459: 632:and further revelations that a former 573: 545: 522:hand sign, was "flashing gang signs". 304: 2559: 2504: 2174:Dick Cheney's Memos from 30 Years Ago 2099: 2080: 2061: 2042: 1988: 1783:LNP caught with 'personal dirt files' 1702: 1683: 1329:. Kurtz surveyed the major networks, 1282:Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2220:Pincus, Walter (December 15, 2001). 2081:Davis, Richard H. (March 21, 2004). 1938: 1626: 1502: 1316: 967:suggested in a now-infamous memo to 1469:. New York: Insight Books. p. 1441:Mencimer, Stephanie (30 May 2008). 13: 1417:Schouten, Fredreka (23 May 2012). 1063:Counterintelligence Field Activity 566:. Other organizations such as the 564:U.S. attorneys firings controversy 37: 14: 2617: 2083:"The Anatomy of a Smear Campaign" 1747:Arnoldy, Ben (October 17, 2007). 1246:, by then nominated by President 890:Franklin Roosevelt Administration 815:for the Lawrence (Massachusetts) 2560:Weiss, Murray (April 24, 2008). 2505:Kurtz, Howard (April 19, 1994). 2100:Smith, Ben (November 10, 2009). 1939:Will, George (August 11, 2005). 1905:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02559.x 1608:Scherer, Michael (14 May 2007). 1587:McArdle, Megan (31 March 2008). 973:United States Justice Department 678: 222: 2553: 2534: 2521: 2498: 2485: 2468: 2465:Associated Press, July 7, 2009. 2459: 2446: 2433: 2403: 2385: 2372: 2346: 2334: 2311: 2293: 2258: 2245: 2232: 2213: 2194: 2179: 2167: 2152: 2143: 2130: 2112: 2093: 2074: 2062:Banks, Ann (January 14, 2008). 2055: 2036: 2023: 2010: 1982: 1978:. October 3, 1988. p. A22. 1964: 1951: 1932: 1919: 1884: 1875: 1862: 1830:Remini, Robert Vincent (2001). 1823: 1799: 1788: 1776: 1759: 1740: 1715: 1703:Hamby, Peter (April 26, 2006). 1696: 1677: 1639: 1620: 1601: 1220:to the U.S. Supreme Court, the 912:Federal Bureau of Investigation 846:In the 2004 presidential race, 716:in the 1860 presidential race. 650: 2120:"Dean Steps Down as DNC Chair" 1893:Presidential Studies Quarterly 1580: 1561: 1552: 1521: 1496: 1487: 1453: 1410: 1280:Seven aides to members of the 1269: 1: 2606:Political campaign techniques 2601:Election campaign terminology 2190:. No. 6. pp. 26–27. 1868:Quoted in Harold Holzer, ed. 1403: 1240:Democratic National Committee 1040:George W. Bush Administration 1011:The Opposition Research Group 1003:The Opposition Research Group 999:Republican National Committee 971:that the White House use the 963:presidency, Deputy Assistant 873:Democratic National Committee 788:Republican National Committee 2529:U.S. News & World Report 2138:The Art of Political Warfare 1684:Blake, Aaron (May 7, 2009). 1531:The Art of Political Warfare 1378:U.S. News & World Report 1092:Barack Obama Administration: 623: 444:Office of Strategic Services 309:In the 1st century BC, 7: 2043:Green, Joshua (June 2004). 1989:Brady, John Joseph (1997). 1870:The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1767:"TMI Can Sink Your Report," 1765:Brent Barksdale, quoted in 1627:Bass, Jack (May 11, 2008). 1589:"Prime Time for Oppo Dumps" 1447:Center for Public Integrity 1131:U.S. Supreme Court examples 948:began to disclose details. 488:Digital media and Knowledge 10: 2622: 2562:"'Two on One' vs. Spitzer" 2251:"The Washington Prowler", 1833:The life of Andrew Jackson 1358:Columbia Journalism Review 1273: 1228:Senate Judiciary Committee 1198:Senate Judiciary Committee 1043: 609:political action committee 420:Freedom of Information Act 412: 2493:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 2188:Campaigns & Elections 1753:Christian Science Monitor 1610:"The Matt Drudge Primary" 1135:In 1916, after President 750:National Security Council 657:African National Congress 359:parties. Writers such as 321:in speeches known as the 1663:10.1177/0002716204270139 1528:Pitney, John J. (2000). 1285:Republican politicians. 1154:American Bar Association 853:A protege of Atwater's, 734:Ethics in Government Act 603:Funding and institutions 520:voter registration drive 475:Trackers and videography 2480:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 1941:"Briefing Book Baloney" 1517:(subscription required) 1338:The Wall Street Journal 884:U.S. executive examples 661:Johannesburg High Court 409:fashion, race by race. 2531:, July 6, 1992, p. 41. 2253:The American Spectator 1353:Whitewater controversy 1101:The American Spectator 1017:Clinton Administration 993:: In 1984, during the 904:Johnson Administration 684:Presidential elections 641:Liberal National Party 634:Australian Labor Party 630:Liberal National Party 600: 279:collecting information 58:Grassroots fundraising 42: 2474:Tracie Mauriello and 2163:, vol. 1, pp. 96–97". 2018:No Place for Amateurs 1722:Staples, Lee (2003). 1023:administration, the " 991:Reagan Administration 985:Espionage Act of 1917 906:: In 1964, President 894:Franklin D. Roosevelt 808:plausible deniability 756:and Domestic Adviser 708:, the law partner of 655:In January 2017, the 590:meetings.' Eating at 587: 469:plausible deniability 446:during World War II. 277:) is the practice of 41: 31:Political campaigning 2596:Election campaigning 2267:The Yale Law Journal 2126:. November 10, 2008. 2049:The Atlantic Monthly 1384:Political infighting 1351:as a witness in the 1325:, media analyst for 950:Nixon's Enemies List 926:Nixon Administration 864:Bob Jones University 596:Morton's Steak House 403:Nixon Administration 299:negative campaigning 156:Negative campaigning 2586:Opposition research 2511:The Washington Post 2242:, February 7, 2009. 1503:Naughton, James M. 1493:Kamber, p. 11. 1327:The Washington Post 1236:Sandra Day O'Connor 1150:William Howard Taft 957:Ford Administration 574:Preventive measures 568:Sunlight Foundation 560:Talking Points Memo 546:Grassroot campaigns 305:Origins and history 271:opposition research 229:Politics portal 138:Post-truth politics 78:Opposition research 2456:, August 31, 2008. 2443:, January 7, 2010. 2441:Themorningcall.com 2419:the New York Times 2397:The New York Times 2358:The New York Times 2324:Cardozo Law Review 2305:The New York Times 2124:The New York Times 1976:The New York Times 1785:– The World Today. 1633:The New York Times 1263:The New York Times 981:The New York Times 877:The New York Times 800:24-hour news cycle 790:against Democrats 714:Stephen A. Douglas 384:The New York Times 43: 2031:Too Close to Call 1995:. Da Capo Press. 1957:Tali Mendelburg, 1811:amabhungane.co.za 1647:Howard, Philip N. 1344:Los Angeles Times 1317:Mass media ethics 1190: 916:Robert F. Kennedy 908:Lyndon B. Johnson 829:George H. W. Bush 784:George H. W. Bush 752:, Vice President 424:covert operations 377:Benjamin Franklin 263: 262: 183:Voter suppression 2613: 2570: 2569: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2513:. Archived from 2502: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2360:. p. SM12. 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2262: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2040: 2034: 2029:Jeffrey Toobin, 2027: 2021: 2016:Dennis Johnson, 2014: 2008: 2006: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1968: 1962: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1936: 1930: 1929:, July 11, 1983. 1923: 1917: 1916: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1773:, July 17, 2009. 1763: 1757: 1756: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1594:Atlantic Monthly 1584: 1578: 1577: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1443:"Dirty Politics" 1438: 1427: 1426: 1414: 1388:In spring 2007, 1212:After President 1187: 1173:nominated Judge 997:presidency, the 776:Carroll Campbell 758:Stuart Eizenstat 738:William J. Casey 343:In 18th-century 255: 248: 241: 227: 226: 206:Campaign manager 123:Get out the vote 118:Election promise 19: 18: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2558: 2554: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2522: 2503: 2499: 2495:, July 3, 2009. 2490: 2486: 2482:, July 22, 2009 2476:Dennis B. Roddy 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2413:(May 2, 2009). 2411:Savage, Charlie 2408: 2404: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2351: 2347: 2343:(2007), p. 283. 2341:The Gallup Poll 2339: 2335: 2316: 2312: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2263: 2259: 2255:, March 2, 2009 2250: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2226:Washington Post 2218: 2214: 2207:Washington Post 2199: 2195: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2149:Pitney, p. 126. 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2102:"A Haircut Tip" 2098: 2094: 2079: 2075: 2060: 2056: 2045:"Playing Dirty" 2041: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1987: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1945:Washington Post 1937: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1863: 1848: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1764: 1760: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1733:978-027596997-4 1720: 1716: 1701: 1697: 1682: 1678: 1644: 1640: 1625: 1621: 1606: 1602: 1585: 1581: 1566: 1562: 1558:Pitney, p. 108. 1557: 1553: 1546: 1545:978-080613263-1 1526: 1522: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1480:978-030645628-2 1466:Poison Politics 1458: 1454: 1439: 1430: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1386: 1319: 1306:Stephen Stetler 1290:Lamar Alexander 1278: 1272: 1158:Walter Lippmann 1146:Lawrence Lowell 1133: 1107:USA PATRIOT Act 1084:Washington Post 1071:Duke Cunningham 1059:Monica Goodling 1055:Timothy Griffin 1052: 1029:Hillary Clinton 1013:or its efforts. 969:Donald Rumsfeld 920:Barry Goldwater 898:Wendell Willkie 886: 796:Michael Dukakis 710:Abraham Lincoln 706:William Herndon 686: 681: 653: 626: 605: 576: 548: 507:. Front-runner 490: 477: 415: 307: 259: 221: 216: 215: 196: 188: 187: 158: 148: 147: 128:Gevald campaign 113:Retail politics 98: 88: 87: 73: 63: 62: 53: 24:Politics series 17: 12: 11: 5: 2619: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2572: 2571: 2552: 2547:New York Times 2533: 2520: 2497: 2484: 2467: 2458: 2445: 2432: 2402: 2393:Tom Zeller Jr. 2384: 2371: 2354:William Safire 2345: 2333: 2310: 2292: 2279:10.2307/795344 2273:(4): 591–596. 2257: 2244: 2231: 2212: 2209:. p. A01. 2193: 2178: 2166: 2151: 2142: 2129: 2111: 2092: 2073: 2054: 2035: 2022: 2009: 2001: 1981: 1963: 1950: 1947:. p. A23. 1931: 1918: 1899:(3): 493–505. 1883: 1874: 1861: 1846: 1822: 1798: 1787: 1775: 1758: 1739: 1732: 1714: 1695: 1676: 1638: 1619: 1600: 1579: 1560: 1551: 1544: 1520: 1495: 1486: 1479: 1461:Kamber, Victor 1452: 1428: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1385: 1382: 1374:Michael Barone 1366:Matthew Cooper 1318: 1315: 1271: 1268: 1248:George W. Bush 1214:George W. Bush 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1152:and a host of 1141:Louis Brandeis 1137:Woodrow Wilson 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1089: 1037: 1014: 988: 954: 942:Charles Colson 923: 901: 885: 882: 813:Pulitzer Prize 792:Walter Mondale 772:Strom Thurmond 754:Walter Mondale 725:David Stockman 698:Rachel Robards 690:Andrew Jackson 685: 682: 680: 677: 652: 649: 625: 622: 604: 601: 575: 572: 547: 544: 489: 486: 476: 473: 436:disinformation 414: 411: 395:Ken Khachigian 369:Henry Fielding 365:Jonathan Swift 333:The Art of War 306: 303: 261: 260: 258: 257: 250: 243: 235: 232: 231: 218: 217: 214: 213: 211:Campaign staff 208: 203: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 180: 178:Smear campaign 175: 170: 165: 159: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 143:Text messaging 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 99: 94: 93: 90: 89: 86: 85: 80: 74: 69: 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 54: 49: 48: 45: 44: 34: 33: 27: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2618: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2567: 2566:New York Post 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2162: 2155: 2146: 2139: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1959:The Race Card 1954: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1555: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1506: 1499: 1490: 1482: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1398:Eliot Spitzer 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:Gloria Borger 1367: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1252:Devorah Adler 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1218:Harriet Miers 1215: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Ronald Reagan 1168: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1115:Scooter Libby 1112: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1034:Kenneth Starr 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019:: During the 1018: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1007:Air Force One 1004: 1000: 996: 995:Ronald Reagan 992: 989: 986: 982: 978: 977:Seymour Hersh 974: 970: 966: 962: 959:: During the 958: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:Richard Nixon 928:: During the 927: 924: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 902: 899: 895: 891: 888: 887: 881: 878: 874: 868: 865: 860: 856: 851: 849: 844: 841: 837: 832: 830: 825: 822: 821:Willie Horton 818: 817:Eagle-Tribune 814: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:Ronald Reagan 777: 773: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 702: 699: 696:for marrying 695: 691: 688:Opponents of 679:United States 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 648: 646: 645:SWOT analysis 642: 637: 635: 631: 621: 619: 614: 610: 599: 597: 593: 586: 584: 583: 571: 569: 565: 561: 556: 553: 543: 541: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 485: 483: 472: 470: 465: 462: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 388:Edmund Muskie 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 334: 328: 326: 325: 320: 316: 312: 302: 300: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275:oppo research 273:(also called 272: 268: 256: 251: 249: 244: 242: 237: 236: 234: 233: 230: 225: 220: 219: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 192: 191: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 168:Fearmongering 166: 164: 161: 160: 157: 152: 151: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 100: 97: 92: 91: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 72: 67: 66: 59: 56: 55: 52: 47: 46: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 25: 21: 20: 2568:. p. 1. 2565: 2555: 2549:. p. 1. 2546: 2536: 2528: 2523: 2515:the original 2510: 2500: 2492: 2487: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2440: 2435: 2425:February 14, 2423:. 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