1327:
64:
242:
1315:
42:
3393:
415:
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Ophioglossales, in its present circumscription, was placed in the class
Psilotopsida, along with the order Psilotales. The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase
403:
The ferns in this group were originally treated as a family and later as the separate order
Ophioglossales. In some classifications, they were placed in a separate division, Ophioglossophyta, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the Ophioglossales to be closely related to the
416:
and Reveal (2009), which placed all land plants in
Equisetopsida, made it a member of subclass Ophioglossidae, equivalent to Smith's Psilotopsida. This approach has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) and PPG I (2016).
1901:
Zhang, Liang; Fan, Xue-Ping; Petchsri, Sahanat; Zhou, Lin; Pollawatn, Rossarin; Zhang, Xin; Zhou, Xin-Mao; Lu, Ngan Thi; Knapp, Ralf; Chantanaorrapint, Sahut; Limpanasittichai, Ponpipat; Sun, Hang; Gao, Xin-Fen; Zhang, Li-Bing (17 January 2020).
378:, with about 630 pairs of chromosomes (1260 chromosomes per cell). Other measurements have indicated a chromosome number up to 1440 (n = 720). For comparison, humans have 46 chromosomes, consisting of n = 23
355:. A few species send up fertile spikes only, without any conventional leaf-blade. The spores will not germinate if exposed to sunlight, and the gametophyte can live some two decades without forming a
301:(spore-bearing leaves) are divided into two distinct parts, the sporophore, which produces sporangia and has a greatly reduced and modified blade, and the rest of the leaf, the trophophore.
4155:
1165:
3992:
3838:
3808:
3585:
3104:
4018:
3998:
3986:
3760:
4224:
4173:
4058:
4032:
4012:
3926:
3832:
3715:
3092:
4052:
4040:
4026:
3814:
3802:
3784:
3766:
3727:
3721:
3571:
3098:
4213:
4161:
4121:
4046:
3956:
3950:
3938:
3932:
3826:
3820:
3796:
3733:
390:
from the
Western Ghats in India has been characterized as the world's smallest terrestrial pteridophyte with plants typically 1–1.2 cm in size.
3944:
3844:
3772:
3658:
2908:
5061:
4744:
3599:
3543:
3537:
3110:
4288:
3593:
3531:
3240:
2073:
5100:
4783:
4279:
4079:
4004:
3434:
4167:
3557:
2920:
1444:
3551:
3036:
1515:
1404:
1115:
639:
5035:
4692:
3477:
1414:
1906:
Evolutionary relationships of the ancient fern lineage the adder's tongues (Ophioglossaceae) with description of
Sahashia gen. nov
5074:
4757:
4705:
1612:
369:
5079:
4762:
287:
at a time. The leaves are usually fleshy, and in temperate areas will often turn brownish or reddish during colder months.
225:. Members of the family differ from other ferns in a number of ways. Many have only a single fleshy leaf at a time. Their
5027:
4632:
2066:
1718:
1338:
The number of genera into which the family is divided has varied. The Smith system of 2006 used four genera, treating
3427:
1717:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald & Wolf, Paul G. (2006).
5198:
5177:
4907:
4886:
2116:
17:
5105:
4788:
4731:
2111:
4850:
5172:
4881:
294:
typical of most ferns they produce eusporangia, which are larger, contain more spores, and have thicker walls.
5087:
4770:
3456:
2195:
2185:
2168:
2059:
63:
3482:
3472:
3420:
206:
4963:
419:
Older treatments recognized segregate families within the
Ophioglossales, such as Botrychiaceae for the
4845:
4684:
4658:
2044:
1766:
5141:
4837:
4710:
5203:
5115:
4912:
4798:
4582:
1962:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
5226:
4954:
3467:
2051:
374:
1770:
4679:
2200:
433:, but modern treatments combine all members of the order into the single family Ophioglossaceae.
336:
also mycoheterotrophic, producing only small, ephemeral sporophylls that do not photosynthesize.
5231:
4824:
4671:
4653:
4544:
4819:
4749:
2163:
1331:
50:
5128:
5066:
4811:
3401:
1360:, or included within it. The PPG I system of 2016 divides the family into four subfamilies:
4999:
4604:
3396:
3142:
1668:
1319:
386:
8:
3778:
2561:
2544:
2454:
2302:
4645:
1672:
5185:
4894:
4666:
3579:
3462:
2837:
2588:
2571:
2413:
2297:
2292:
2180:
2158:
2146:
2121:
1990:
1963:
1937:
1878:
1853:
1741:
1689:
1656:
1641:
1585:
1424:
914:
545:
246:
222:
168:
58:
5123:
4986:
4806:
4591:
4476:
4415:
4254:
3633:
3627:
3303:
3204:
3192:
3015:
2729:
2549:
2480:
2470:
2400:
2190:
2153:
2141:
2131:
1995:
1941:
1929:
1883:
1828:
1811:
1694:
1608:
317:
313:
1589:
5190:
4991:
4899:
4491:
4486:
4435:
4425:
4410:
4405:
4391:
4102:
3739:
3701:
3216:
3210:
3174:
2857:
2719:
2604:
2505:
2105:
1985:
1975:
1919:
1873:
1865:
1849:
1823:
1803:
1785:
1733:
1684:
1676:
1637:
1575:
1462:
1083:
614:
429:
348:
4968:
4596:
4481:
4471:
4337:
4331:
4264:
4094:
3709:
3695:
3672:
3565:
3308:
3291:
3198:
2724:
2707:
2490:
2449:
2317:
2307:
2287:
1807:
1505:
1196:
694:
328:
In addition to having mycoheterotrophic gametophytes, there are a few members of
5092:
4775:
1628:
Khandalwal, Sharda (1990). "Chromosome evolution in the genus
Ophioglossum L.".
4873:
4420:
4358:
4131:
3888:
3666:
3611:
3522:
3228:
3168:
3042:
3009:
2967:
2880:
2808:
2803:
2751:
2221:
2136:
2083:
1680:
1326:
409:
321:
218:
118:
88:
5164:
1789:
5220:
4939:
4567:
4511:
4303:
4259:
4126:
4112:
3652:
3318:
3162:
3125:
3082:
2995:
2971:
2788:
2510:
2485:
2367:
2312:
1980:
5154:
4863:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4430:
4363:
4353:
4345:
4322:
4229:
4218:
4194:
4179:
3961:
3849:
3790:
3379:
3234:
3222:
2962:
2793:
2783:
2583:
2535:
2408:
1999:
1933:
1887:
1698:
1434:
1394:
1352:
1346:
1011:
937:
897:
571:
528:
364:
259:
241:
5048:
4948:
4718:
4576:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4379:
4373:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4269:
4204:
4189:
4146:
4136:
4084:
3917:
3878:
3751:
3186:
3180:
2975:
2956:
2914:
2864:
2671:
2614:
2555:
2500:
2433:
2383:
2353:
2335:
2327:
2039:. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment
1869:
1771:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
1525:
1213:
711:
305:
226:
4978:
2013:
1745:
4239:
4184:
4070:
3870:
3386:
3313:
3281:
3267:
3250:
2798:
2475:
2264:
2255:
1961:
1812:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
1485:
1340:
1314:
1239:
737:
424:
405:
356:
344:
333:
298:
291:
214:
41:
3412:
2035:
1924:
1580:
1563:
5053:
5012:
4723:
4640:
4617:
3051:
2947:
2813:
2697:
2495:
2275:
2244:
1737:
264:
4736:
4697:
4538:
2081:
1903:
1564:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
253:
5149:
5040:
4933:
4858:
4561:
3323:
2756:
2739:
2175:
1495:
1132:
663:
420:
351:, and borne on a stalk that splits from the leaf blade; and fleshy
268:
254:
209:
classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only family in the order
5017:
4622:
221:. The Ophioglossidae are one of the groups traditionally known as
3276:
2979:
2778:
2235:
1371:
842:
473:
379:
1603:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F. & Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
1561:
309:
230:
2670:
271:
areas. They differ from the other ferns in several respects:
5136:
5004:
4832:
4609:
3509:
3503:
3262:
2675:
2373:
2087:
340:
276:
75:
1657:"Discovery of the World's Smallest Terrestrial Pteridophyte"
3443:
3047:
2766:
1716:
352:
284:
280:
202:
108:
98:
2375:
1765:
2089:
1449:
Zhang & Zhang 2022 ex Zhang, Zhang & Wan 2022
1964:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
1900:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1769:; Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald (2011).
2897:
1602:
1562:The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
2846:
2570:
1847:
1705:
5218:
2399:
2014:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
3078:
3028:
2677:
3428:
2219:
2067:
1752:
1596:
1854:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
1843:
1841:
1839:
398:
1802:
1655:Patel, Mitesh & Reddy, Mandadi (2018).
312:for their energy (in other words, they are
159:
3916:
3435:
3421:
3392:
2074:
2060:
1654:
1627:
372:of any known plant. The record holder is
332:that are unique among ferns in having the
40:
2946:
2695:
2045:Ophioglossaceae in Flora of North America
1989:
1979:
1923:
1877:
1836:
1827:
1796:
1688:
1648:
1579:
436:
283:-blade per year, producing only a single
1816:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1630:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1607:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
1325:
1313:
240:
3442:
14:
5219:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
4543:
4542:
3416:
2669:
2055:
1621:
5178:4dc1a256-c857-4d81-bfcf-8a11314711f4
5142:BA95CBBE-DAE2-1D14-D2B7-84421427B8E1
5116:c2863d16-f8e0-4295-896f-a1eb33c68e72
5028:07960d13-bee3-48d8-bcd1-df4a6320a391
4887:f0ccc5b6-d156-4cb6-a6cb-662b1c124595
4838:A713EAE7-AE45-95DF-85E4-1D7A1C65FA9F
4799:469d328a-e4dc-483a-87ea-90a2f66c562c
4633:81c8e86f-d974-402e-b1a2-7f3c921389b5
1568:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1719:"A classification for extant ferns"
1544:
408:, and both are placed in the class
24:
4851:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30029205-2
1848:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. &
1642:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01876.x
25:
5243:
324:gametophytes found in most ferns.
3391:
1829:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
62:
2006:
1955:
3402:Current definitions of Plantae
1894:
1376:B.Y.Sun, M.H.Kim & C.H.Kim
275:Many species only send up one
236:
13:
1:
1537:
813:Phylogeny of Ophioglossaceae
444:Phylogeny of Ophioglossaceae
427:and Helminthostachyaceae for
308:are subterranean and rely on
229:are subterranean and rely on
201:family, is a small family of
339:The plants have short-lived
207:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
7:
1767:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
393:
10:
5248:
1968:Frontiers in Plant Science
1681:10.1038/s41598-018-24135-2
217:is placed in the subclass
213:, which together with the
4923:
4551:
4464:
4398:
4386:
4372:
4344:
4330:
4321:
4278:
4247:
4238:
4203:
4145:
4111:
4093:
4069:
3981:
3974:
3909:
3887:
3869:
3862:
3750:
3690:
3683:
3644:
3619:
3610:
3520:
3495:
3491:
3451:
3374:
3290:
3249:
3138:
3123:
3074:
3065:
3024:
3004:
2993:
2942:
2933:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2834:
2830:
2765:
2738:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2665:
2613:
2597:
2579:
2533:
2529:
2463:
2442:
2430:
2426:
2395:
2366:
2344:
2326:
2274:
2254:
2234:
2230:
2215:
2099:
1790:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
1366:J.R.Grant & B.Dauphin
1356:has been segregated from
1236:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1162:
1155:
1129:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1080:
1072:
1008:
993:
986:
971:
964:
949:
942:
911:
894:
887:
880:
872:
865:
839:
831:
824:
734:
708:
691:
684:
677:
660:
653:
636:
629:
611:
603:
568:
542:
525:
518:
511:
503:
496:
470:
462:
455:
399:History of classification
174:
167:
157:
152:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
1981:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
375:Ophioglossum reticulatum
2034:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
1481:s.l. in other systems)
1390:s.l. in other systems)
153:Subfamilies and genera
1520:Zhang & Zhang 2020
1455:Helminthostachyoideae
1419:Zhang & Zhang 2022
1409:Zhang & Zhang 2022
1335:
1323:
1078:Helminthostachyoideae
609:Helminthostachyoideae
437:Subfamilies and genera
250:
4820:Paleobiology Database
4156:Acrostichopteridaceae
2047:(incl. Botrychiaceae)
1332:Sceptridium dissectum
1329:
1317:
1166:Sceptridium rugulosum
244:
183:Helminthostachyaceae
51:Ophioglossum vulgatum
5025:Euro+Med PlantBase:
4630:Euro+Med PlantBase:
3397:List of plant orders
3277:Pinopsida (conifers)
3263:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3255:(living gymnosperms)
2752:Leiosporocerotopsida
2471:Nephroselmidophyceae
2016:. FTOL v1.5.0 . 2023
1320:Botrypus virginianus
387:Ophioglossum malviae
263:) and occur in both
3993:Anachoropteridaceae
3839:Gondwanostachyaceae
3809:Manchurostachyaceae
3779:Archaeocalamitaceae
3586:Pseudosporochnaceae
3105:Archaeopteridopsida
2838:Polysporangiophytes
2562:Klebsormidiophyceae
2545:Mesostigmatophyceae
2491:Chlorodendrophyceae
2455:Pyramimonadophyceae
2409:Prasinodermophyceae
2303:Compsopogonophyceae
1673:2018NatSR...8.5911P
223:eusporangiate ferns
4411:Rhachidosoridaceae
4019:Botryopteridiaceae
3999:Psalixochlaenaceae
3987:Anachoropteridales
3761:Asterocalamitaceae
3580:Pseudosporochnales
3296:(flowering plants)
3217:Lyginopteridopsida
3010:Eophyllophytopsida
2963:Zosterophyllopsida
2901:Paratracheophytes*
2679:sensu strictissimo
2589:Coleochaetophyceae
2572:Phragmoplastophyta
2414:Palmophyllophyceae
2336:Glaucocystophyceae
2298:Stylonematophyceae
2293:Porphyridiophyceae
2082:Classification of
1870:10.1093/aob/mct299
1661:Scientific Reports
1382:Ophioglossoideae
1336:
1324:
314:myco-heterotrophic
251:
247:Botrychium lunaria
5214:
5213:
5124:Open Tree of Life
4807:Open Tree of Life
4545:Taxon identifiers
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4477:Didymochlaenaceae
4416:Diplaziopsidaceae
4317:
4316:
4255:Thyrsopteridaceae
4248:Thyrsopteridineae
4225:Hydropteridiaceae
4174:Stachypteridaceae
4059:Urnatopteridaceae
4033:Senftenbergiaceae
4013:Botryopteridiales
3970:
3969:
3927:Knorripteridaceae
3905:
3904:
3858:
3857:
3833:Echinostachyaceae
3716:Aspidostachyaceae
3634:Stauropteridaceae
3620:†Stauropterididae
3410:
3409:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3304:Basal angiosperms
3205:Gigantopteridales
3154:seed plant groups
3152:and other extinct
3119:
3118:
3093:Noeggerathiopsida
3061:
3060:
3016:Trimerophytopsida
2989:
2988:
2929:
2928:
2885:(vascular plants)
2850:Protracheophytes*
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2789:Andreaeobryopsida
2730:Jungermanniopsida
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2550:Chlorokybophyceae
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2481:Chloropicophyceae
2422:
2421:
2401:Prasinodermophyta
2362:
2361:
1925:10.1111/cla.12408
1614:978-0-7167-1007-3
1605:Biology of Plants
1581:10.1111/jse.12229
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1476:
1468:
1458:
1450:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1385:
1377:
1367:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1225:
1224:
1144:
1143:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
926:
925:
878:Ophioglossoideae
854:
853:
808:
807:
803:
802:
794:
793:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
758:
757:
749:
748:
723:
722:
592:
591:
583:
582:
557:
556:
509:Ophioglossoideae
485:
484:
370:chromosome counts
192:
191:
186:
180:
148:
134:
16:(Redirected from
5239:
5207:
5206:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5145:
5144:
5132:
5131:
5119:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5093:NHMSYS0000066469
5083:
5082:
5070:
5069:
5057:
5056:
5044:
5043:
5031:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5008:
5007:
4995:
4994:
4982:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4916:
4915:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4889:
4877:
4876:
4867:
4866:
4854:
4853:
4841:
4840:
4828:
4827:
4815:
4814:
4802:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4779:
4778:
4776:NBNSYS0000160570
4766:
4765:
4753:
4752:
4740:
4739:
4727:
4726:
4714:
4713:
4701:
4700:
4688:
4687:
4675:
4674:
4662:
4661:
4649:
4648:
4636:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4540:
4539:
4492:Nephrolepidaceae
4487:Lomariopsidaceae
4436:Thelypteridaceae
4426:Desmophlebiaceae
4406:Cystopteridaceae
4392:Dennstaedtiaceae
4387:Dennstaedtiineae
4328:
4327:
4245:
4244:
4103:Hymenophyllaceae
4053:Discopteridaceae
4041:Urnatopteridales
4027:Senftenbergiales
3979:
3978:
3914:
3913:
3867:
3866:
3815:Notocalamitaceae
3803:Konnostachyaceae
3785:Paracalamitaceae
3767:Autophyllitaceae
3740:Sphenophyllaceae
3728:Boegendorfiaceae
3722:Boegendorfiaceae
3702:Pseudoborniaceae
3688:
3687:
3628:Stauropteridales
3617:
3616:
3572:Iridopteridaceae
3493:
3492:
3478:Acrogymnospermae
3437:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3395:
3394:
3309:Core angiosperms
3297:
3256:
3251:Acrogymnospermae
3229:Peltaspermopsida
3211:Glossopteridales
3193:Corystospermales
3175:Callistophytales
3155:
3147:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3099:Aneurophytopsida
3081:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3026:
3025:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2957:Barinophytopsida
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2858:Horneophytopsida
2849:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2772:
2757:Anthocerotopsida
2745:
2740:Anthocerotophyta
2720:Haplomitriopsida
2713:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2667:
2666:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2605:Zygnematophyceae
2595:
2594:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2506:Trebouxiophyceae
2476:Picocystophyceae
2440:
2439:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2379:
2281:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2128:
2108:
2093:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2041:. Washington, DC
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1927:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1858:Annals of Botany
1845:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1810:(October 2009).
1808:Reveal, James L.
1800:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1738:10.2307/25065646
1723:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1559:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1474:
1466:
1463:Helminthostachys
1456:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1383:
1375:
1365:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1158:
1157:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1084:Helminthostachys
1075:
1074:
989:
988:
967:
966:
945:
944:
890:
889:
883:
882:
875:
874:
868:
867:
834:
833:
827:
826:
820:
819:
810:
809:
687:
686:
680:
679:
656:
655:
632:
631:
615:Helminthostachys
606:
605:
521:
520:
514:
513:
506:
505:
499:
498:
465:
464:
458:
457:
451:
450:
441:
440:
430:Helminthostachys
368:has the highest
184:
178:
146:
132:
67:
66:
44:
35:Ophioglossaceae
32:
31:
21:
18:Ophioglossoideae
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5227:Ophioglossaceae
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5202:
5197:
5189:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5148:
5140:
5135:
5127:
5122:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5099:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5065:
5060:
5052:
5047:
5039:
5034:
5026:
5024:
5016:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4919:
4911:
4906:
4898:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4849:
4844:
4836:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4722:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4696:
4691:
4683:
4678:
4672:Ophioglossaceae
4670:
4665:
4657:
4652:
4644:
4639:
4631:
4629:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4583:Ophioglossaceae
4581:
4580:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4553:Ophioglossaceae
4547:
4537:
4516:
4482:Dryopteridaceae
4472:Hypodematiaceae
4460:
4394:
4382:
4368:
4340:
4338:Saccolomataceae
4332:Saccolomatineae
4313:
4274:
4265:Plagiogyriaceae
4234:
4214:Heroleandraceae
4199:
4162:Cynepteridaceae
4141:
4122:Oligocarpiaceae
4107:
4095:Hymenophyllales
4089:
4065:
4047:Crossothecaceae
3966:
3957:Danaeopsidaceae
3951:Asterothecaceae
3939:Ptychocarpaceae
3933:Pecopteridaceae
3901:
3897:Ophioglossaceae
3883:
3854:
3827:Sorocaulinaceae
3821:Schizoneuraceae
3797:Apocalamitaceae
3746:
3734:Eviostachyaceae
3710:Sphenophyllales
3696:Pseudoborniales
3679:
3673:Zygopteridaceae
3645:†Zygopterididae
3640:
3606:
3566:Iridopteridales
3516:
3487:
3468:Marchantiophyta
3447:
3441:
3411:
3406:
3330:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3199:Czekanowskiales
3153:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3079:
3066:
3057:
3029:Moniliformopses
3020:
2994:
2985:
2935:Eutracheophytes
2934:
2925:
2898:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2847:
2835:
2818:
2809:Polytrichopsida
2804:Tetraphidopsida
2770:
2769:
2761:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2725:Marchantiopsida
2711:
2710:
2708:Marchantiophyta
2696:
2683:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2593:
2566:
2534:
2517:
2459:
2450:Mamiellophyceae
2431:
2418:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2340:
2322:
2318:Florideophyceae
2308:Rhodellophyceae
2288:Cyanidiophyceae
2279:
2278:
2270:
2250:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2126:
2104:
2095:
2080:
2050:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1899:
1895:
1846:
1837:
1801:
1797:
1773:
1764:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1653:
1649:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1597:
1560:
1545:
1540:
1506:Japanobotrychum
1477:(equivalent to
1473:Botrychioideae
1386:(equivalent to
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1226:
1197:Japanobotrychum
1145:
1096:Botrychioideae
1062:
1053:
1043:
1034:
1025:
927:
855:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
724:
695:Japanobotrychum
627:Botrychioideae
593:
584:
558:
486:
439:
401:
396:
290:Instead of the
239:
195:Ophioglossaceae
145:
143:Ophioglossaceae
131:
61:
28:
27:Family of ferns
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5195:
5191:wfo-9000000363
5182:
5169:
5159:
5146:
5133:
5120:
5110:
5097:
5084:
5071:
5058:
5045:
5032:
5022:
5009:
4996:
4983:
4973:
4960:
4955:Ophioglossales
4945:
4929:
4927:
4925:Ophioglossales
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4904:
4900:wfo-7000000427
4891:
4878:
4868:
4855:
4842:
4829:
4816:
4803:
4793:
4780:
4767:
4754:
4741:
4728:
4715:
4702:
4689:
4676:
4663:
4650:
4637:
4627:
4614:
4601:
4588:
4573:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:Hemidictyaceae
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4359:Lonchitidaceae
4356:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:Gleicheniaceae
4129:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3945:Weichseliaceae
3941:
3935:
3929:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3889:Ophioglossales
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3864:
3863:Ophioglossidae
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3845:Tchernoviaceae
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3773:Honseleriaceae
3769:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3667:Zygopteridales
3663:
3662:
3661:
3659:Rhacophytaceae
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3612:Polypodiopsida
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3527:
3525:
3523:Cladoxylopsida
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3473:Polypodiophyta
3470:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:classification
3440:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3235:Pentoxylopsida
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3169:Calamopityales
3165:
3158:
3156:
3133:
3126:Spermatophytes
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3083:Progymnosperms
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3048:Polypodiopsida
3045:
3043:Cladoxylopsida
3039:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2996:Euphyllophytes
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2968:Lycopodiopsida
2965:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2909:Cooksoniopsida
2904:
2902:
2888:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Oedipodiopsida
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2685:
2684:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2443:Prasinophytina
2437:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2390:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2346:incertae sedis
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2225:
2222:Archaeplastida
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:Mesomycetozoea
2198:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2137:Diaphoretickes
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2084:Archaeplastida
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2005:
1954:
1918:(4): 380–393.
1893:
1864:(4): 571–594.
1850:Chase, Mark W.
1835:
1822:(2): 122–127.
1804:Chase, Mark W.
1795:
1751:
1732:(3): 705–731.
1704:
1647:
1636:(3): 205–217.
1620:
1613:
1595:
1574:(6): 563–603.
1542:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
987:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
970:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
948:
943:
941:
933:
932:
929:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
873:
871:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
852:
851:
848:
847:
838:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
815:
814:
806:
805:
801:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:
747:
746:
743:
742:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
717:
716:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
659:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
635:
630:
628:
624:
623:
620:
619:
610:
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
590:
589:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
576:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
551:
550:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
504:
502:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
479:
478:
469:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
446:
445:
438:
435:
410:Ophioglossidae
400:
397:
395:
392:
326:
325:
322:photosynthetic
316:), unlike the
302:
295:
292:leptosporangia
288:
238:
235:
219:Ophioglossidae
211:Ophioglossales
199:adder's-tongue
190:
189:
188:
187:
181:
179:Horaninow 1847
177:Botrychiaceae
172:
171:
165:
164:
155:
154:
150:
149:
140:
136:
135:
129:Ophioglossales
126:
122:
121:
119:Ophioglossidae
116:
112:
111:
109:Polypodiopsida
106:
102:
101:
99:Polypodiophyta
96:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5244:
5233:
5232:Fern families
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4513:
4512:Polypodiaceae
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:Polypodiineae
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Dicksoniaceae
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Loxsomataceae
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Dipteridaceae
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4113:Gleicheniales
4110:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:Rhacophytales
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3600:Steloxylaceae
3597:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:Voelkeliaceae
3541:
3539:
3538:Cladoxylaceae
3535:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:Bennettitales
3160:
3159:
3157:
3144:
3143:Pteridosperms
3137:
3134:
3130:(seed plants)
3127:
3122:
3112:
3111:Protopityales
3108:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2881:Tracheophytes
2877:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Andreaeopsida
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2619:(land plants)
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2512:
2511:Chlorophyceae
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Pedinophyceae
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:Chlorophytina
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2368:Viridiplantae
2365:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Bangiophyceae
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Stramenopiles
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:(major groups
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:(Blume) Endl.
1427:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:Mankyuoideae
1363:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
990:
984:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
969:
968:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
947:
946:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
922:
921:
918:
917:
916:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
899:
892:
891:
885:
884:
877:
876:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
850:
849:
846:
845:
844:
837:Mankyuoideae
836:
835:
829:
828:
822:
821:
817:
816:
812:
811:
799:
798:
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
732:
731:
728:
727:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
688:
682:
681:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
665:
658:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
641:
634:
633:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
616:
608:
607:
601:
600:
597:
596:
588:
587:
579:
578:
575:
574:
573:
566:
565:
562:
561:
553:
552:
549:
548:
547:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
530:
523:
522:
516:
515:
508:
507:
501:
500:
494:
493:
490:
489:
481:
480:
477:
476:
475:
468:Mankyuoideae
467:
466:
460:
459:
453:
452:
448:
447:
443:
442:
434:
432:
431:
426:
422:
417:
413:
411:
407:
391:
389:
388:
383:
381:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
249:
248:
243:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
182:
176:
175:
173:
170:
166:
163:
161:
156:
151:
144:
141:
138:
137:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4924:
4552:
4507:Davalliaceae
4502:Oleandraceae
4497:Tectariaceae
4431:Aspleniaceae
4399:Aspleniineae
4364:Lindsaeaceae
4354:Cystodiaceae
4346:Lindsaeineae
4323:Polypodiales
4289:Tanydoraceae
4230:Salviniaceae
4219:Marsileaceae
4195:Schizaeaceae
4180:Tempskyaceae
3975:Polypodiidae
3962:Marattiaceae
3896:
3850:Equisetaceae
3791:Calamitaceae
3594:Steloxylales
3532:Cladoxylales
3483:Angiospermae
3380:paraphyletic
3292:Angiospermae
3269:
3268:Ginkgoales (
3241:Petriellales
3223:Medullosales
3150:(seed ferns)
2863:
2784:Sphagnopsida
2779:Takakiopsida
2712:(liverworts)
2678:
2672:Embryophytes
2626:(see below↓)
2584:Charophyceae
2554:
2536:Streptophyta
2388:land plants)
2376:
2345:
2263:
2256:Rhodelphidia
2243:
2186:Opisthokonta
2090:
2036:
2018:. Retrieved
2008:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1915:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1861:
1857:
1819:
1815:
1798:
1781:
1777:
1729:
1725:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1604:
1598:
1571:
1567:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1478:
1461:
1443:
1435:Ophioglossum
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1395:Cheiroglossa
1393:
1388:Ophioglossum
1387:
1370:
1358:Ophioglossum
1357:
1353:Cheiroglossa
1351:
1347:Ophioglossum
1345:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1318:
1311:
1238:
1237:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1194:
1164:
1163:
1131:
1130:
1114:
1113:
1082:
1081:
1012:Ophioglossum
1010:
1009:
995:
994:
973:
972:
951:
950:
938:Ophioglossum
936:
913:
912:
898:Cheiroglossa
896:
895:
841:
840:
736:
735:
710:
709:
693:
692:
662:
661:
638:
637:
613:
612:
572:Ophioglossum
570:
569:
544:
543:
529:Cheiroglossa
527:
526:
472:
471:
428:
418:
414:
402:
385:
384:
373:
365:Ophioglossum
363:
361:
338:
329:
327:
306:gametophytes
260:Ophioglossum
258:
252:
245:
233:for energy.
227:gametophytes
210:
198:
194:
193:
158:
142:
128:
82:
49:
29:
5049:iNaturalist
4949:Wikispecies
4719:iNaturalist
4577:Wikispecies
4456:Athyriaceae
4451:Blechnaceae
4446:Onocleaceae
4441:Woodsiaceae
4380:Pteridaceae
4374:Pteridineae
4309:Cyatheaceae
4299:Cibotiaceae
4294:Metaxyaceae
4280:Cyatheineae
4270:Culcitaceae
4205:Salviniales
4190:Lygodiaceae
4147:Schizaeales
4137:Matoniaceae
4085:Osmundaceae
4080:Guaireaceae
4005:Sermayaceae
3918:Marattiales
3910:Marattiidae
3879:Psilotaceae
3752:Equisetales
3684:Equisetidae
3496:Basal clade
3455:Supergroup
3187:Cordaitales
3181:Caytoniales
3067:Lignophytes
3050:(ferns and
2976:spikemosses
2915:Rhyniopsida
2865:Aglaophyton
2744:(hornworts)
2615:Embryophyta
2598:Anydrophyta
2556:Spirotaenia
2501:Ulvophyceae
2434:Chlorophyta
2384:green algae
2354:Algospongia
2328:Glaucophyta
2280:(red algae)
1667:(1): 5911.
1526:Sceptridium
1214:Sceptridium
712:Sceptridium
425:grape ferns
347:lacking an
334:sporophytes
318:terrestrial
299:sporophylls
257:species of
237:Description
5221:Categories
4737:30029205-2
4240:Cyatheales
4185:Anemiaceae
4168:Klukiaceae
4071:Osmundales
3871:Psilotales
3558:Hyeniaceae
3314:Magnoliids
3282:Gnetopsida
3052:horsetails
2980:quillworts
2972:clubmosses
2948:Lycophytes
2921:Renaliales
2698:Bryophytes
2276:Rhodophyta
2265:Rhodelphis
1912:Cladistics
1538:References
1486:Botrychium
1479:Botrychium
1445:Whittieria
1425:Ophioderma
1341:Botrychium
1240:Botrychium
952:Whittieria
915:Ophioderma
738:Botrychium
546:Ophioderma
406:Psilotales
362:The genus
357:sporophyte
343:formed in
330:Botrychium
215:Psilotales
185:Ching 1941
115:Subclass:
95:Division:
5155:100000981
4641:FloraBase
3552:Hyeniales
3510:Ibykaceae
3463:Bryophyta
2814:Bryopsida
2767:Bryophyta
2496:UTC clade
2245:Picomonas
2181:Amoebozoa
2159:Alveolata
2147:Cryptista
2122:Eukaryota
2020:17 August
1942:212939923
1778:Phytotaxa
1350:broadly.
421:moonworts
345:sporangia
265:temperate
255:epiphytic
205:. In the
72:Kingdom:
5173:VicFlora
5162:VASCAN:
5150:Tropicos
4976:BioLib:
4934:Wikidata
4882:VicFlora
4871:VASCAN:
4864:42000404
4859:Tropicos
4562:Wikidata
3504:Ibykales
3324:Eudicots
3319:Monocots
3037:Ibykales
2771:(mosses)
2676:Plantae
2374:Plantae
2176:Amorphea
2154:Rhizaria
2142:Hacrobia
2132:Excavata
2117:Bacteria
2088:Plantae
2000:36092417
1947:25 March
1934:34618972
1888:24532607
1852:(2014).
1784:: 7–54.
1746:25065646
1699:29651115
1590:39980610
1516:Sahashia
1496:Botrypus
1405:Goswamia
1133:Botrypus
1116:Sahashia
974:Goswamia
664:Botrypus
640:Sahashia
394:Taxonomy
269:tropical
169:Synonyms
160:See text
147:Martinov
139:Family:
4940:Q767431
4568:Q740217
3387:extinct
2236:Picozoa
2191:Animals
2112:Archaea
1991:9449725
1879:3936591
1690:5897345
1669:Bibcode
1475:C.Presl
1457:C.Presl
1399:C.Presl
1384:C.Presl
1372:Mankyua
843:Mankyua
474:Mankyua
349:annulus
125:Order:
105:Class:
76:Plantae
5204:425897
5129:687388
5113:NZOR:
4969:223057
4913:425898
4812:687370
4796:NZOR:
4750:114243
3382:groups
3270:Ginkgo
2978:&
2836:
2432:
2169:Plants
2106:Domain
1998:
1988:
1940:
1932:
1886:
1876:
1744:
1697:
1687:
1611:
1588:
1510:Masam.
1500:Michx.
1467:Kaulf.
1415:Haukia
996:Haukia
341:spores
304:Their
297:Their
197:, the
5199:WoRMS
5137:Plazi
5106:13827
5080:17168
5067:12291
5062:IRMNG
5054:55328
5018:1OPHO
4992:B8V4K
4908:WoRMS
4833:Plazi
4825:54779
4789:13828
4763:17169
4745:IRMNG
4724:55329
4685:10634
4667:FoAO2
4659:10634
4646:22718
4623:1OPHF
3457:Plant
2386:&
2196:Fungi
1938:S2CID
1774:(PDF)
1742:JSTOR
1726:Taxon
1722:(PDF)
1586:S2CID
1048:s.l.
1015:s.s.
380:pairs
353:roots
310:fungi
277:frond
231:fungi
203:ferns
83:Clade
5101:NCBI
5075:ITIS
5036:GBIF
5013:EPPO
5005:4502
4979:3077
4964:APNI
4846:POWO
4784:NCBI
4758:ITIS
4732:IPNI
4711:1263
4706:GRIN
4698:6627
4693:GBIF
4618:EPPO
4610:4503
3444:Fern
3385:† =
2377:s.s.
2091:s.l.
2037:Fern
2022:2023
1996:PMID
1949:2021
1930:PMID
1884:PMID
1695:PMID
1609:ISBN
1530:Lyon
1344:and
423:and
285:leaf
281:leaf
267:and
133:Link
5186:WFO
5088:NBN
5041:393
5000:EoL
4987:CoL
4895:WFO
4874:180
4771:NBN
4680:FoC
4654:FNA
4605:EoL
4597:DMT
4592:CoL
2674:or
2372:or
2086:or
1986:PMC
1976:doi
1920:doi
1874:PMC
1866:doi
1862:113
1824:doi
1820:161
1786:doi
1734:doi
1685:PMC
1677:doi
1638:doi
1634:102
1576:doi
1490:Sw.
279:or
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5201::
5188::
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5165:47
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1994:.
1984:.
1974:.
1972:13
1970:.
1966:.
1936:.
1928:.
1916:36
1914:.
1910:.
1882:.
1872:.
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1838:^
1818:.
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1728:.
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1693:.
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1584:.
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1570:.
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1439:L.
412:.
382:.
359:.
320:,
162:.
85::
4287:†
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4078:†
4057:†
4051:†
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3726:†
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3542:†
3536:†
3530:†
3521:†
3508:†
3502:†
3459::
3436:e
3429:t
3422:v
3378:*
3272:)
3239:†
3233:†
3227:†
3221:†
3215:†
3209:†
3203:†
3197:†
3191:†
3185:†
3179:†
3173:†
3167:†
3161:†
3146:*
3140:†
3109:†
3103:†
3097:†
3091:†
3085:*
3080:†
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3041:†
3035:†
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2970:(
2961:†
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2919:†
2913:†
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2382:(
2203:)
2075:e
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2024:.
2002:.
1978::
1951:.
1922::
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1890:.
1868::
1832:.
1826::
1792:.
1788::
1748:.
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1644:.
1640::
1617:.
1592:.
1578::
20:)
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