53:
2152:
2358:
31:
272:(ferns) and contains two orders, two families, 12 genera, and an estimated 129 species. The relationships between the two orders, Psilotales and Ophioglossales, has long been unclear and was only confirmed by molecular systematic studies. Psilotales have
666:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants".
303:
The following cladogram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between subclass
Ophioglossidae and the other Polypodiopsida subclasses. The first three small subclasses are sometimes informally referred to as
1863:
241:(2009) classified them as two separate subclasses, Psilotidae and Ophioglossidae, corresponding to those orders within a much broader grouping, the class
1851:
1857:
189:(ferns). This subclass consists of the ferns commonly known as whisk ferns, grape ferns, adder's-tongues and moonworts. It is equivalent to the class
1667:
741:
Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 July 2009). "Is
Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?".
2245:
1869:
1999:
832:
2271:
1679:
1795:
556:
2258:
2263:
2399:
2237:
825:
2276:
2330:
875:
268:(2014) and by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (2016). Under the latter the subclass is one of four subclasses of
870:
954:
944:
927:
818:
52:
772:
Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric
Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006).
2209:
2423:
2335:
2286:
602:
810:
242:
2418:
2392:
959:
206:
2312:
2250:
2177:
597:
222:
2307:
922:
527:
309:
2299:
2160:
2222:
2155:
1901:
773:
391:
8:
2428:
1320:
1303:
1213:
1061:
2373:
2385:
1596:
1347:
1330:
1172:
1056:
1051:
939:
917:
905:
880:
798:
760:
729:
694:
649:
622:
305:
161:
47:
39:
2294:
2062:
1963:
1951:
1774:
1488:
1308:
1239:
1229:
1159:
949:
912:
900:
890:
743:
686:
654:
570:
551:
764:
733:
1975:
1969:
1933:
1616:
1478:
1363:
1264:
864:
790:
752:
719:
698:
678:
669:
644:
636:
627:
607:
565:
229:. They placed the whisk ferns and related taxa in the class Psilotopsida, with two
2214:
2067:
2050:
1957:
1483:
1466:
1249:
1208:
1076:
1066:
1046:
781:
547:
238:
230:
226:
182:
2369:
2200:
1987:
1927:
1801:
1768:
1726:
1639:
1567:
1562:
1510:
980:
895:
842:
756:
433:
319:
293:
276:
instead of real roots, and the roots of
Ophioglossales lack both branching and
269:
253:
202:
147:
77:
2322:
612:
583:
2412:
2077:
1921:
1884:
1841:
1754:
1730:
1547:
1269:
1244:
1126:
1071:
543:
441:
285:
265:
234:
132:
2138:
1993:
1981:
1721:
1552:
1542:
1342:
1294:
1167:
690:
658:
579:
261:
218:
126:
460:
458:
456:
1945:
1939:
1734:
1715:
1673:
1623:
1430:
1373:
1314:
1259:
1192:
1142:
1112:
1094:
1086:
640:
584:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
376:
332:
281:
802:
2145:
2072:
2040:
2026:
2009:
1557:
1234:
1023:
1014:
552:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
453:
437:
297:
289:
257:
198:
152:
118:
724:
707:
1810:
1706:
1572:
1456:
1254:
1034:
1003:
794:
682:
588:
277:
2171:
840:
708:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
2194:
2082:
1515:
1498:
934:
260:
2035:
1738:
1537:
994:
273:
2227:
30:
2357:
1429:
497:
2021:
1434:
1132:
846:
64:
705:
509:
464:
2365:
1806:
1525:
475:
473:
186:
97:
87:
1134:
470:
225:
era, and considered the ferns (monilophytes), with four
308:, in contrast to the largest subclass, Polypodiidae or
217:
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level
848:
485:
621:Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014).
578:
503:
1656:
582:; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
1605:
1329:
620:
515:
288:and often subterranean, obtaining nutrients from
2410:
1158:
740:
1837:
1787:
1436:
706:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
2393:
978:
826:
771:
479:
665:
623:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
542:
491:
205:, whose relationship was only confirmed by
2400:
2386:
2151:
833:
819:
197:(2006). The subclass contains two orders,
29:
1705:
1454:
723:
648:
611:
601:
569:
557:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
193:in previous treatments, including Smith
2411:
2176:
2175:
1428:
814:
2352:
2287:6a9c960c-21d9-4290-aeb1-badba1e7bcf4
2238:f0322bb2-959b-4716-b9ce-cc847d879fd9
712:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
774:"A classification for extant ferns"
13:
14:
2440:
465:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016
2356:
2150:
571:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
221:classification published in the
51:
535:
2161:Current definitions of Plantae
521:
1:
516:Christenhusz & Chase 2014
447:
2372:. You can help Knowledge by
7:
296:happens exclusively in the
212:
10:
2445:
2351:
757:10.1600/036364409789271209
252:, 2011, included both the
2184:
2133:
2049:
2008:
1897:
1882:
1833:
1824:
1783:
1763:
1752:
1701:
1692:
1652:
1637:
1633:
1593:
1589:
1524:
1497:
1465:
1450:
1446:
1424:
1372:
1356:
1338:
1292:
1288:
1222:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1154:
1125:
1103:
1085:
1033:
1013:
993:
989:
974:
858:
613:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
389:
374:
367:
352:
345:
330:
323:
167:
160:
144:
139:
124:
117:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
504:Christenhusz et al. 2011
492:Chase & Reveal 2009
2368:-related article is a
580:Christenhusz, M. J. M.
310:leptosporangiate ferns
223:molecular phylogenetic
207:molecular phylogenetic
2308:Paleobiology Database
2235:Euro+Med PlantBase:
2156:List of plant orders
2036:Pinopsida (conifers)
2022:Cycadopsida (cycads)
2014:(living gymnosperms)
1511:Leiosporocerotopsida
1230:Nephroselmidophyceae
1864:Archaeopteridopsida
1597:Polysporangiophytes
1321:Klebsormidiophyceae
1304:Mesostigmatophyceae
1250:Chlorodendrophyceae
1214:Pyramimonadophyceae
1168:Prasinodermophyceae
1062:Compsopogonophyceae
306:eusporangiate ferns
284:of both orders are
181:is one of the four
2055:(flowering plants)
1976:Lyginopteridopsida
1769:Eophyllophytopsida
1722:Zosterophyllopsida
1660:Paratracheophytes*
1438:sensu strictissimo
1348:Coleochaetophyceae
1331:Phragmoplastophyta
1173:Palmophyllophyceae
1095:Glaucocystophyceae
1057:Stylonematophyceae
1052:Porphyridiophyceae
841:Classification of
641:10.1093/aob/mct299
292:instead of light.
40:Botrychium lunaria
2381:
2380:
2346:
2345:
2295:Open Tree of Life
2178:Taxon identifiers
2169:
2168:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2063:Basal angiosperms
1964:Gigantopteridales
1913:seed plant groups
1911:and other extinct
1878:
1877:
1852:Noeggerathiopsida
1820:
1819:
1775:Trimerophytopsida
1748:
1747:
1688:
1687:
1644:(vascular plants)
1609:Protracheophytes*
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1548:Andreaeobryopsida
1489:Jungermanniopsida
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1309:Chlorokybophyceae
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1240:Chloropicophyceae
1181:
1180:
1160:Prasinodermophyta
1121:
1120:
744:Systematic Botany
725:10.1111/jse.12229
677:(6820): 618–622.
528:Plant Systematics
480:Smith et al. 2006
429:
428:
420:
419:
411:
410:
402:
401:
176:
175:
113:
16:Subclass of ferns
2436:
2424:Plant subclasses
2402:
2395:
2388:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2153:
2068:Core angiosperms
2056:
2015:
2010:Acrogymnospermae
1988:Peltaspermopsida
1970:Glossopteridales
1952:Corystospermales
1934:Callistophytales
1914:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1858:Aneurophytopsida
1840:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1785:
1784:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1716:Barinophytopsida
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1617:Horneophytopsida
1608:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1531:
1516:Anthocerotopsida
1504:
1499:Anthocerotophyta
1479:Haplomitriopsida
1472:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1425:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1364:Zygnematophyceae
1354:
1353:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1265:Trebouxiophyceae
1235:Picocystophyceae
1199:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1138:
1040:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
976:
975:
887:
867:
852:
835:
828:
821:
812:
811:
806:
795:10.2307/25065646
778:
768:
737:
727:
702:
683:10.1038/35054555
662:
652:
628:Annals of Botany
617:
615:
605:
575:
573:
548:Reveal, James L.
530:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
468:
462:
432:The two orders,
370:
369:
348:
347:
326:
325:
316:
315:
111:
56:
55:
33:
21:
20:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2089:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1958:Czekanowskiales
1912:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1838:
1825:
1816:
1788:Moniliformopses
1779:
1753:
1744:
1694:Eutracheophytes
1693:
1684:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1606:
1594:
1577:
1568:Polytrichopsida
1563:Tetraphidopsida
1529:
1528:
1520:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1484:Marchantiopsida
1470:
1469:
1467:Marchantiophyta
1455:
1442:
1388:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1352:
1325:
1293:
1276:
1218:
1209:Mamiellophyceae
1190:
1177:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1099:
1081:
1077:Florideophyceae
1067:Rhodellophyceae
1047:Cyanidiophyceae
1038:
1037:
1029:
1009:
979:
970:
969:
885:
863:
854:
839:
809:
776:
603:10.1.1.222.1337
538:
533:
526:
522:
514:
510:
502:
498:
490:
486:
478:
471:
463:
454:
450:
444:to each other.
430:
421:
412:
403:
248:. Christenhusz
239:James L. Reveal
215:
135:
130:
110:
50:
24:Ophioglossidae
17:
12:
11:
5:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Ophioglossidae
2405:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2361:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2327:
2317:
2304:
2291:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2242:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2190:
2188:
2186:Ophioglossidae
2182:
2181:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1994:Pentoxylopsida
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1928:Calamopityales
1924:
1917:
1915:
1892:
1885:Spermatophytes
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1842:Progymnosperms
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1807:Polypodiopsida
1804:
1802:Cladoxylopsida
1798:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1755:Euphyllophytes
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1727:Lycopodiopsida
1724:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1668:Cooksoniopsida
1663:
1661:
1647:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:Oedipodiopsida
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1460:
1444:
1443:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1202:Prasinophytina
1196:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1105:incertae sedis
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
999:
997:
984:
981:Archaeplastida
972:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
960:Mesomycetozoea
957:
952:
942:
932:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:
896:Diaphoretickes
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
860:
859:
856:
855:
843:Archaeplastida
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
808:
807:
789:(3): 705–731.
769:
751:(3): 455–475.
738:
718:(6): 563–603.
703:
663:
635:(4): 571–594.
618:
576:
564:(2): 122–127.
544:Chase, Mark W.
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:
520:
508:
496:
484:
469:
451:
449:
446:
434:Ophioglossales
427:
426:
423:
422:
418:
417:
414:
413:
409:
408:
405:
404:
400:
399:
396:
395:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
373:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:Ophioglossidae
351:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:
324:
322:
320:Polypodiopsida
314:
294:Photosynthesis
270:Polypodiopsida
254:Ophioglossales
214:
211:
203:Ophioglossales
187:Polypodiopsida
179:Ophioglossidae
174:
173:
172:
171:
165:
164:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
148:Ophioglossales
142:
141:
137:
136:
131:
122:
121:
115:
114:
108:Ophioglossidae
105:
101:
100:
98:Polypodiopsida
95:
91:
90:
88:Polypodiophyta
85:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:Bennettitales
1919:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1902:Pteridosperms
1896:
1893:
1889:(seed plants)
1886:
1881:
1871:
1870:Protopityales
1867:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1640:Tracheophytes
1636:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Andreaeopsida
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:(land plants)
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1271:
1270:Chlorophyceae
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Pedinophyceae
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:Chlorophytina
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:Viridiplantae
1124:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:Bangiophyceae
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
985:
982:
977:
973:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
929:
926:
924:
923:Stramenopiles
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
892:
889:
886:(major groups
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
862:
861:
857:
853:
851:
844:
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
813:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
739:
735:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
664:
660:
656:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
572:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
529:
524:
517:
512:
505:
500:
493:
488:
481:
476:
474:
466:
461:
459:
457:
452:
445:
443:
442:sister groups
439:
435:
425:
424:
416:
415:
407:
406:
398:
397:
394:
393:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
328:
327:
321:
318:
317:
313:
311:
307:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:heterotrophic
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
243:Equisetopsida
240:
236:
235:Mark W. Chase
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
169:
168:
166:
163:
159:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
138:
134:
129:
128:
123:
120:
116:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2374:expanding it
2363:
2348:
2185:
2139:paraphyletic
2051:Angiospermae
2028:
2027:Ginkgoales (
2000:Petriellales
1982:Medullosales
1909:(seed ferns)
1622:
1543:Sphagnopsida
1538:Takakiopsida
1471:(liverworts)
1437:
1431:Embryophytes
1385:(see below↓)
1343:Charophyceae
1313:
1295:Streptophyta
1147:land plants)
1135:
1104:
1022:
1015:Rhodelphidia
1002:
945:Opisthokonta
849:
786:
780:
748:
742:
715:
711:
674:
668:
632:
626:
593:
587:
561:
555:
536:Bibliography
523:
511:
499:
487:
431:
392:Polypodiidae
390:
375:
354:
353:
331:
302:
282:gametophytes
262:Christenhusz
249:
245:
219:pteridophyte
216:
194:
191:Psilotopsida
190:
178:
177:
170:Psilotopsida
127:Ophioglossum
125:
107:
71:
38:
18:
1946:Cordaitales
1940:Caytoniales
1826:Lignophytes
1809:(ferns and
1735:spikemosses
1674:Rhyniopsida
1624:Aglaophyton
1503:(hornworts)
1374:Embryophyta
1357:Anydrophyta
1315:Spirotaenia
1260:Ulvophyceae
1193:Chlorophyta
1143:green algae
1113:Algospongia
1087:Glaucophyta
1039:(red algae)
377:Marattiidae
333:Equisetidae
112:Klinge 1882
2429:Fern stubs
2413:Categories
2073:Magnoliids
2041:Gnetopsida
1811:horsetails
1739:quillworts
1731:clubmosses
1707:Lycophytes
1680:Renaliales
1457:Bryophytes
1035:Rhodophyta
1024:Rhodelphis
448:References
438:Psilotales
298:sporophyte
290:mycorrhiza
278:root hairs
258:Psilotales
246:sensu lato
199:Psilotales
183:subclasses
153:Psilotales
119:Type genus
104:Subclass:
84:Division:
1573:Bryopsida
1526:Bryophyta
1255:UTC clade
1004:Picomonas
940:Amoebozoa
918:Alveolata
906:Cryptista
881:Eukaryota
598:CiteSeerX
589:Phytotaxa
209:studies.
61:Kingdom:
2320:VASCAN:
2251:11907106
2201:Q7097935
2195:Wikidata
2083:Eudicots
2078:Monocots
1796:Ibykales
1530:(mosses)
1435:Plantae
1133:Plantae
935:Amorphea
913:Rhizaria
901:Hacrobia
891:Excavata
876:Bacteria
847:Plantae
803:25065646
765:85855934
734:39980610
691:11214320
659:24532607
596:(1): 7.
550:(2009).
274:rhizomes
213:Taxonomy
162:Synonyms
2277:1521257
2228:8796847
2146:extinct
995:Picozoa
950:Animals
871:Archaea
699:4367248
650:3936591
227:classes
140:Orders
94:Class:
65:Plantae
2336:450775
2300:687390
2284:NZOR:
2264:846533
2215:224850
2141:groups
2029:Ginkgo
1737:&
1595:
1191:
928:Plants
865:Domain
801:
763:
732:
697:
689:
670:Nature
657:
647:
600:
280:. The
250:et al.
231:orders
195:et al.
2364:This
2331:WoRMS
2313:55182
2246:IRMNG
1145:&
955:Fungi
799:JSTOR
782:Taxon
777:(PDF)
761:S2CID
730:S2CID
695:S2CID
266:Chase
72:Clade
2370:stub
2366:fern
2272:NCBI
2259:ITIS
2210:APNI
2144:† =
1136:s.s.
850:s.l.
687:PMID
655:PMID
440:are
436:and
264:and
256:and
237:and
201:and
2223:EoL
1433:or
1131:or
845:or
791:doi
753:doi
720:doi
679:doi
675:409
645:PMC
637:doi
633:113
608:doi
566:doi
562:161
185:of
2415::
2333::
2323:48
2310::
2297::
2274::
2261::
2248::
2225::
2212::
2197::
1733:,
797:.
787:55
785:.
779:.
759:.
749:34
747:.
728:.
716:54
714:.
710:.
693:.
685:.
673:.
653:.
643:.
631:.
625:.
606:.
594:19
592:.
586:.
560:.
554:.
546:;
472:^
455:^
312:.
300:.
233:.
133:L.
74::
2401:e
2394:t
2387:v
2376:.
2137:*
2031:)
1998:†
1992:†
1986:†
1980:†
1974:†
1968:†
1962:†
1956:†
1950:†
1944:†
1938:†
1932:†
1926:†
1920:†
1905:*
1899:†
1868:†
1862:†
1856:†
1850:†
1844:*
1839:†
1813:)
1800:†
1794:†
1773:†
1767:†
1741:)
1729:(
1720:†
1714:†
1678:†
1672:†
1666:†
1658:†
1621:†
1615:†
1607:†
1141:(
962:)
834:e
827:t
820:v
805:.
793::
767:.
755::
736:.
722::
701:.
681::
661:.
639::
616:.
610::
574:.
568::
518:.
506:.
494:.
482:.
467:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
