1316:
53:
231:
1304:
31:
3382:
404:
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Ophioglossales, in its present circumscription, was placed in the class
Psilotopsida, along with the order Psilotales. The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase
392:
The ferns in this group were originally treated as a family and later as the separate order
Ophioglossales. In some classifications, they were placed in a separate division, Ophioglossophyta, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the Ophioglossales to be closely related to the
405:
and Reveal (2009), which placed all land plants in
Equisetopsida, made it a member of subclass Ophioglossidae, equivalent to Smith's Psilotopsida. This approach has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) and PPG I (2016).
1890:
Zhang, Liang; Fan, Xue-Ping; Petchsri, Sahanat; Zhou, Lin; Pollawatn, Rossarin; Zhang, Xin; Zhou, Xin-Mao; Lu, Ngan Thi; Knapp, Ralf; Chantanaorrapint, Sahut; Limpanasittichai, Ponpipat; Sun, Hang; Gao, Xin-Fen; Zhang, Li-Bing (17 January 2020).
367:, with about 630 pairs of chromosomes (1260 chromosomes per cell). Other measurements have indicated a chromosome number up to 1440 (n = 720). For comparison, humans have 46 chromosomes, consisting of n = 23
344:. A few species send up fertile spikes only, without any conventional leaf-blade. The spores will not germinate if exposed to sunlight, and the gametophyte can live some two decades without forming a
290:(spore-bearing leaves) are divided into two distinct parts, the sporophore, which produces sporangia and has a greatly reduced and modified blade, and the rest of the leaf, the trophophore.
4144:
1154:
3981:
3827:
3797:
3574:
3093:
4007:
3987:
3975:
3749:
4213:
4162:
4047:
4021:
4001:
3915:
3821:
3704:
3081:
4041:
4029:
4015:
3803:
3791:
3773:
3755:
3716:
3710:
3560:
3087:
4202:
4150:
4110:
4035:
3945:
3939:
3927:
3921:
3815:
3809:
3785:
3722:
379:
from the
Western Ghats in India has been characterized as the world's smallest terrestrial pteridophyte with plants typically 1–1.2 cm in size.
3933:
3833:
3761:
3647:
2897:
5050:
4733:
3588:
3532:
3526:
3099:
4277:
3582:
3520:
3229:
2062:
5089:
4772:
4268:
4068:
3993:
3423:
4156:
3546:
2909:
1433:
3540:
3025:
1504:
1393:
1104:
628:
5024:
4681:
3466:
1403:
1895:
Evolutionary relationships of the ancient fern lineage the adder's tongues (Ophioglossaceae) with description of
Sahashia gen. nov
5063:
4746:
4694:
1601:
358:
5068:
4751:
276:
at a time. The leaves are usually fleshy, and in temperate areas will often turn brownish or reddish during colder months.
214:. Members of the family differ from other ferns in a number of ways. Many have only a single fleshy leaf at a time. Their
5016:
4621:
2055:
1707:
1327:
The number of genera into which the family is divided has varied. The Smith system of 2006 used four genera, treating
3416:
1706:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald & Wolf, Paul G. (2006).
5187:
5166:
4896:
4875:
2105:
5094:
4777:
4720:
2100:
4839:
5161:
4870:
283:
typical of most ferns they produce eusporangia, which are larger, contain more spores, and have thicker walls.
5076:
4759:
3445:
2184:
2174:
2157:
2048:
52:
3471:
3461:
3409:
195:
4952:
408:
Older treatments recognized segregate families within the
Ophioglossales, such as Botrychiaceae for the
4834:
4673:
4647:
2033:
1755:
5130:
4826:
4699:
5192:
5104:
4901:
4787:
4571:
1951:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
5215:
4943:
3456:
2040:
363:
1759:
4668:
2189:
422:, but modern treatments combine all members of the order into the single family Ophioglossaceae.
325:
also mycoheterotrophic, producing only small, ephemeral sporophylls that do not photosynthesize.
5220:
4813:
4660:
4642:
4533:
4808:
4738:
2152:
1320:
39:
5117:
5055:
4800:
3390:
1349:, or included within it. The PPG I system of 2016 divides the family into four subfamilies:
4988:
4593:
3385:
3131:
1657:
1308:
375:
8:
3767:
2550:
2533:
2443:
2291:
4634:
1661:
5174:
4883:
4655:
3568:
3451:
2826:
2577:
2560:
2402:
2286:
2281:
2169:
2147:
2135:
2110:
1979:
1952:
1926:
1867:
1842:
1730:
1678:
1645:
1630:
1574:
1413:
903:
534:
235:
211:
157:
47:
5112:
4975:
4795:
4580:
4465:
4404:
4243:
3622:
3616:
3292:
3193:
3181:
3004:
2718:
2538:
2469:
2459:
2389:
2179:
2142:
2130:
2120:
1984:
1930:
1918:
1872:
1817:
1800:
1683:
1597:
306:
302:
1578:
5179:
4980:
4888:
4480:
4475:
4424:
4414:
4399:
4394:
4380:
4091:
3728:
3690:
3205:
3199:
3163:
2846:
2708:
2593:
2494:
2094:
1974:
1964:
1908:
1862:
1854:
1838:
1812:
1792:
1774:
1722:
1673:
1665:
1626:
1564:
1451:
1072:
603:
418:
337:
4957:
4585:
4470:
4460:
4326:
4320:
4253:
4083:
3698:
3684:
3661:
3554:
3297:
3280:
3187:
2713:
2696:
2479:
2438:
2306:
2296:
2276:
1796:
1494:
1185:
683:
317:
In addition to having mycoheterotrophic gametophytes, there are a few members of
5081:
4764:
1617:
Khandalwal, Sharda (1990). "Chromosome evolution in the genus
Ophioglossum L.".
4862:
4409:
4347:
4120:
3877:
3655:
3600:
3511:
3217:
3157:
3031:
2998:
2956:
2869:
2797:
2792:
2740:
2210:
2125:
2072:
1669:
1315:
398:
310:
207:
107:
77:
5153:
1778:
5209:
4928:
4556:
4500:
4292:
4248:
4115:
4101:
3641:
3307:
3151:
3114:
3071:
2984:
2960:
2777:
2499:
2474:
2356:
2301:
1969:
5143:
4852:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4419:
4352:
4342:
4334:
4311:
4218:
4207:
4183:
4168:
3950:
3838:
3779:
3368:
3223:
3211:
2951:
2782:
2772:
2572:
2524:
2397:
1988:
1922:
1876:
1687:
1423:
1383:
1341:
1335:
1000:
926:
886:
560:
517:
353:
248:
230:
5037:
4937:
4707:
4565:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4368:
4362:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4258:
4193:
4178:
4135:
4125:
4073:
3906:
3867:
3740:
3175:
3169:
2964:
2945:
2903:
2853:
2660:
2603:
2544:
2489:
2422:
2372:
2342:
2324:
2316:
2028:. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment
1858:
1760:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
1514:
1202:
700:
294:
215:
4967:
2002:
1734:
4228:
4173:
4059:
3859:
3375:
3302:
3270:
3256:
3239:
2787:
2464:
2253:
2244:
1950:
1801:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
1474:
1329:
1303:
1228:
726:
413:
394:
345:
333:
322:
287:
280:
203:
30:
3401:
2024:
1913:
1569:
1552:
5042:
5001:
4712:
4629:
4606:
3040:
2936:
2802:
2686:
2484:
2264:
2233:
1726:
253:
4725:
4686:
4527:
2070:
1892:
1553:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
242:
5138:
5029:
4922:
4847:
4550:
3312:
2745:
2728:
2164:
1484:
1121:
652:
409:
340:, and borne on a stalk that splits from the leaf blade; and fleshy
257:
243:
198:
classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only family in the order
5006:
4611:
210:. The Ophioglossidae are one of the groups traditionally known as
3265:
2968:
2767:
2224:
1360:
831:
462:
368:
1592:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F. & Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
1550:
298:
219:
2659:
260:
areas. They differ from the other ferns in several respects:
5125:
4993:
4821:
4598:
3498:
3492:
3251:
2664:
2362:
2076:
329:
265:
64:
1646:"Discovery of the World's Smallest Terrestrial Pteridophyte"
3432:
3036:
2755:
1705:
341:
273:
269:
191:
97:
87:
2364:
1754:
2078:
1438:
Zhang & Zhang 2022 ex Zhang, Zhang & Wan 2022
1953:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
1889:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1758:; Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald (2011).
2886:
1591:
1551:The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
2835:
2559:
1836:
1694:
5207:
2388:
2003:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
3067:
3017:
2666:
3417:
2208:
2056:
1741:
1585:
1843:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
1832:
1830:
1828:
387:
1791:
1644:Patel, Mitesh & Reddy, Mandadi (2018).
301:for their energy (in other words, they are
148:
3905:
3424:
3410:
3381:
2063:
2049:
1643:
1616:
361:of any known plant. The record holder is
321:that are unique among ferns in having the
29:
2935:
2684:
2034:Ophioglossaceae in Flora of North America
1978:
1968:
1912:
1866:
1825:
1816:
1785:
1677:
1637:
1568:
425:
272:-blade per year, producing only a single
1805:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1619:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1596:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
1314:
1302:
229:
3431:
5208:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
4532:
4531:
3405:
2658:
2044:
1610:
5167:4dc1a256-c857-4d81-bfcf-8a11314711f4
5131:BA95CBBE-DAE2-1D14-D2B7-84421427B8E1
5105:c2863d16-f8e0-4295-896f-a1eb33c68e72
5017:07960d13-bee3-48d8-bcd1-df4a6320a391
4876:f0ccc5b6-d156-4cb6-a6cb-662b1c124595
4827:A713EAE7-AE45-95DF-85E4-1D7A1C65FA9F
4788:469d328a-e4dc-483a-87ea-90a2f66c562c
4622:81c8e86f-d974-402e-b1a2-7f3c921389b5
1557:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1708:"A classification for extant ferns"
1533:
397:, and both are placed in the class
13:
4840:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30029205-2
1837:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. &
1631:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01876.x
14:
5232:
313:gametophytes found in most ferns.
3380:
1818:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
51:
1995:
1944:
3391:Current definitions of Plantae
1883:
1365:B.Y.Sun, M.H.Kim & C.H.Kim
264:Many species only send up one
225:
1:
1526:
802:Phylogeny of Ophioglossaceae
433:Phylogeny of Ophioglossaceae
416:and Helminthostachyaceae for
297:are subterranean and rely on
218:are subterranean and rely on
190:family, is a small family of
328:The plants have short-lived
196:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
7:
1756:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
382:
10:
5237:
1957:Frontiers in Plant Science
1670:10.1038/s41598-018-24135-2
206:is placed in the subclass
202:, which together with the
4912:
4540:
4453:
4387:
4375:
4361:
4333:
4319:
4310:
4267:
4236:
4227:
4192:
4134:
4100:
4082:
4058:
3970:
3963:
3898:
3876:
3858:
3851:
3739:
3679:
3672:
3633:
3608:
3599:
3509:
3484:
3480:
3440:
3363:
3279:
3238:
3127:
3112:
3063:
3054:
3013:
2993:
2982:
2931:
2922:
2882:
2867:
2863:
2823:
2819:
2754:
2727:
2695:
2680:
2676:
2654:
2602:
2586:
2568:
2522:
2518:
2452:
2431:
2419:
2415:
2384:
2355:
2333:
2315:
2263:
2243:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2088:
1779:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
1355:J.R.Grant & B.Dauphin
1345:has been segregated from
1225:
1199:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1151:
1144:
1118:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1069:
1061:
997:
982:
975:
960:
953:
938:
931:
900:
883:
876:
869:
861:
854:
828:
820:
813:
723:
697:
680:
673:
666:
649:
642:
625:
618:
600:
592:
557:
531:
514:
507:
500:
492:
485:
459:
451:
444:
388:History of classification
163:
156:
146:
141:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1970:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
364:Ophioglossum reticulatum
2023:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
1470:s.l. in other systems)
1379:s.l. in other systems)
142:Subfamilies and genera
1509:Zhang & Zhang 2020
1444:Helminthostachyoideae
1408:Zhang & Zhang 2022
1398:Zhang & Zhang 2022
1324:
1312:
1067:Helminthostachyoideae
598:Helminthostachyoideae
426:Subfamilies and genera
239:
4809:Paleobiology Database
4145:Acrostichopteridaceae
2036:(incl. Botrychiaceae)
1321:Sceptridium dissectum
1318:
1306:
1155:Sceptridium rugulosum
233:
172:Helminthostachyaceae
40:Ophioglossum vulgatum
5014:Euro+Med PlantBase:
4619:Euro+Med PlantBase:
3386:List of plant orders
3266:Pinopsida (conifers)
3252:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3244:(living gymnosperms)
2741:Leiosporocerotopsida
2460:Nephroselmidophyceae
2005:. FTOL v1.5.0 . 2023
1309:Botrypus virginianus
376:Ophioglossum malviae
252:) and occur in both
3982:Anachoropteridaceae
3828:Gondwanostachyaceae
3798:Manchurostachyaceae
3768:Archaeocalamitaceae
3575:Pseudosporochnaceae
3094:Archaeopteridopsida
2827:Polysporangiophytes
2551:Klebsormidiophyceae
2534:Mesostigmatophyceae
2480:Chlorodendrophyceae
2444:Pyramimonadophyceae
2398:Prasinodermophyceae
2292:Compsopogonophyceae
1662:2018NatSR...8.5911P
212:eusporangiate ferns
4400:Rhachidosoridaceae
4008:Botryopteridiaceae
3988:Psalixochlaenaceae
3976:Anachoropteridales
3750:Asterocalamitaceae
3569:Pseudosporochnales
3285:(flowering plants)
3206:Lyginopteridopsida
2999:Eophyllophytopsida
2952:Zosterophyllopsida
2890:Paratracheophytes*
2668:sensu strictissimo
2578:Coleochaetophyceae
2561:Phragmoplastophyta
2403:Palmophyllophyceae
2325:Glaucocystophyceae
2287:Stylonematophyceae
2282:Porphyridiophyceae
2071:Classification of
1859:10.1093/aob/mct299
1650:Scientific Reports
1371:Ophioglossoideae
1325:
1313:
303:myco-heterotrophic
240:
236:Botrychium lunaria
5203:
5202:
5113:Open Tree of Life
4796:Open Tree of Life
4534:Taxon identifiers
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4466:Didymochlaenaceae
4405:Diplaziopsidaceae
4306:
4305:
4244:Thyrsopteridaceae
4237:Thyrsopteridineae
4214:Hydropteridiaceae
4163:Stachypteridaceae
4048:Urnatopteridaceae
4022:Senftenbergiaceae
4002:Botryopteridiales
3959:
3958:
3916:Knorripteridaceae
3894:
3893:
3847:
3846:
3822:Echinostachyaceae
3705:Aspidostachyaceae
3623:Stauropteridaceae
3609:†Stauropterididae
3399:
3398:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3293:Basal angiosperms
3194:Gigantopteridales
3143:seed plant groups
3141:and other extinct
3108:
3107:
3082:Noeggerathiopsida
3050:
3049:
3005:Trimerophytopsida
2978:
2977:
2918:
2917:
2874:(vascular plants)
2839:Protracheophytes*
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2778:Andreaeobryopsida
2719:Jungermanniopsida
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2539:Chlorokybophyceae
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2470:Chloropicophyceae
2411:
2410:
2390:Prasinodermophyta
2351:
2350:
1914:10.1111/cla.12408
1603:978-0-7167-1007-3
1594:Biology of Plants
1570:10.1111/jse.12229
1520:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1480:
1465:
1457:
1447:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1374:
1366:
1356:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1214:
1213:
1133:
1132:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
915:
914:
867:Ophioglossoideae
843:
842:
797:
796:
792:
791:
783:
782:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
712:
711:
581:
580:
572:
571:
546:
545:
498:Ophioglossoideae
474:
473:
359:chromosome counts
181:
180:
175:
169:
137:
123:
5228:
5196:
5195:
5183:
5182:
5170:
5169:
5157:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5134:
5133:
5121:
5120:
5108:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5085:
5084:
5082:NHMSYS0000066469
5072:
5071:
5059:
5058:
5046:
5045:
5033:
5032:
5020:
5019:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4996:
4984:
4983:
4971:
4970:
4961:
4960:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4905:
4904:
4892:
4891:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4843:
4842:
4830:
4829:
4817:
4816:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4768:
4767:
4765:NBNSYS0000160570
4755:
4754:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4728:
4716:
4715:
4703:
4702:
4690:
4689:
4677:
4676:
4664:
4663:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4637:
4625:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4601:
4589:
4588:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4529:
4528:
4481:Nephrolepidaceae
4476:Lomariopsidaceae
4425:Thelypteridaceae
4415:Desmophlebiaceae
4395:Cystopteridaceae
4381:Dennstaedtiaceae
4376:Dennstaedtiineae
4317:
4316:
4234:
4233:
4092:Hymenophyllaceae
4042:Discopteridaceae
4030:Urnatopteridales
4016:Senftenbergiales
3968:
3967:
3903:
3902:
3856:
3855:
3804:Notocalamitaceae
3792:Konnostachyaceae
3774:Paracalamitaceae
3756:Autophyllitaceae
3729:Sphenophyllaceae
3717:Boegendorfiaceae
3711:Boegendorfiaceae
3691:Pseudoborniaceae
3677:
3676:
3617:Stauropteridales
3606:
3605:
3561:Iridopteridaceae
3482:
3481:
3467:Acrogymnospermae
3426:
3419:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3384:
3383:
3298:Core angiosperms
3286:
3245:
3240:Acrogymnospermae
3218:Peltaspermopsida
3200:Glossopteridales
3182:Corystospermales
3164:Callistophytales
3144:
3136:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3088:Aneurophytopsida
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3015:
3014:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2946:Barinophytopsida
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2847:Horneophytopsida
2838:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2761:
2746:Anthocerotopsida
2734:
2729:Anthocerotophyta
2709:Haplomitriopsida
2702:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2656:
2655:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2594:Zygnematophyceae
2584:
2583:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2495:Trebouxiophyceae
2465:Picocystophyceae
2429:
2428:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2368:
2270:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2117:
2097:
2082:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2030:. Washington, DC
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1916:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1847:Annals of Botany
1834:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1799:(October 2009).
1797:Reveal, James L.
1789:
1783:
1782:
1764:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1727:10.2307/25065646
1712:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1548:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1463:
1455:
1452:Helminthostachys
1445:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1147:
1146:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1073:Helminthostachys
1064:
1063:
978:
977:
956:
955:
934:
933:
879:
878:
872:
871:
864:
863:
857:
856:
823:
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
799:
798:
676:
675:
669:
668:
645:
644:
621:
620:
604:Helminthostachys
595:
594:
510:
509:
503:
502:
495:
494:
488:
487:
454:
453:
447:
446:
440:
439:
430:
429:
419:Helminthostachys
357:has the highest
173:
167:
135:
121:
56:
55:
33:
24:Ophioglossaceae
21:
20:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5216:Ophioglossaceae
5206:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5165:
5160:
5152:
5150:
5142:
5137:
5129:
5124:
5116:
5111:
5103:
5101:
5093:
5088:
5080:
5075:
5067:
5062:
5054:
5049:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5023:
5015:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4992:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4966:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4908:
4900:
4895:
4887:
4882:
4874:
4869:
4861:
4859:
4851:
4846:
4838:
4833:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4807:
4799:
4794:
4786:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4693:
4685:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4661:Ophioglossaceae
4659:
4654:
4646:
4641:
4633:
4628:
4620:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4572:Ophioglossaceae
4570:
4569:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4542:Ophioglossaceae
4536:
4526:
4505:
4471:Dryopteridaceae
4461:Hypodematiaceae
4449:
4383:
4371:
4357:
4329:
4327:Saccolomataceae
4321:Saccolomatineae
4302:
4263:
4254:Plagiogyriaceae
4223:
4203:Heroleandraceae
4188:
4151:Cynepteridaceae
4130:
4111:Oligocarpiaceae
4096:
4084:Hymenophyllales
4078:
4054:
4036:Crossothecaceae
3955:
3946:Danaeopsidaceae
3940:Asterothecaceae
3928:Ptychocarpaceae
3922:Pecopteridaceae
3890:
3886:Ophioglossaceae
3872:
3843:
3816:Sorocaulinaceae
3810:Schizoneuraceae
3786:Apocalamitaceae
3735:
3723:Eviostachyaceae
3699:Sphenophyllales
3685:Pseudoborniales
3668:
3662:Zygopteridaceae
3634:†Zygopterididae
3629:
3595:
3555:Iridopteridales
3505:
3476:
3457:Marchantiophyta
3436:
3430:
3400:
3395:
3319:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3188:Czekanowskiales
3142:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3068:
3055:
3046:
3018:Moniliformopses
3009:
2983:
2974:
2924:Eutracheophytes
2923:
2914:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2836:
2824:
2807:
2798:Polytrichopsida
2793:Tetraphidopsida
2759:
2758:
2750:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2714:Marchantiopsida
2700:
2699:
2697:Marchantiophyta
2685:
2672:
2618:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2582:
2555:
2523:
2506:
2448:
2439:Mamiellophyceae
2420:
2407:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2329:
2311:
2307:Florideophyceae
2297:Rhodellophyceae
2277:Cyanidiophyceae
2268:
2267:
2259:
2239:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2115:
2093:
2084:
2069:
2039:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1888:
1884:
1835:
1826:
1790:
1786:
1762:
1753:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1642:
1638:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1590:
1586:
1549:
1534:
1529:
1495:Japanobotrychum
1466:(equivalent to
1462:Botrychioideae
1375:(equivalent to
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1215:
1186:Japanobotrychum
1134:
1085:Botrychioideae
1051:
1042:
1032:
1023:
1014:
916:
844:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
713:
684:Japanobotrychum
616:Botrychioideae
582:
573:
547:
475:
428:
390:
385:
279:Instead of the
228:
184:Ophioglossaceae
134:
132:Ophioglossaceae
120:
50:
17:
16:Family of ferns
12:
11:
5:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5184:
5180:wfo-9000000363
5171:
5158:
5148:
5135:
5122:
5109:
5099:
5086:
5073:
5060:
5047:
5034:
5021:
5011:
4998:
4985:
4972:
4962:
4949:
4944:Ophioglossales
4934:
4918:
4916:
4914:Ophioglossales
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4889:wfo-7000000427
4880:
4867:
4857:
4844:
4831:
4818:
4805:
4792:
4782:
4769:
4756:
4743:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4691:
4678:
4665:
4652:
4639:
4626:
4616:
4603:
4590:
4577:
4562:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:Hemidictyaceae
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4348:Lonchitidaceae
4345:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4121:Gleicheniaceae
4118:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3934:Weichseliaceae
3930:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3878:Ophioglossales
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3852:Ophioglossidae
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3834:Tchernoviaceae
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3762:Honseleriaceae
3758:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3656:Zygopteridales
3652:
3651:
3650:
3648:Rhacophytaceae
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3601:Polypodiopsida
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3516:
3514:
3512:Cladoxylopsida
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Polypodiophyta
3459:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:classification
3429:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3224:Pentoxylopsida
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3158:Calamopityales
3154:
3147:
3145:
3122:
3115:Spermatophytes
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3072:Progymnosperms
3058:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3037:Polypodiopsida
3034:
3032:Cladoxylopsida
3028:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2985:Euphyllophytes
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2957:Lycopodiopsida
2954:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2898:Cooksoniopsida
2893:
2891:
2877:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2830:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Oedipodiopsida
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2690:
2674:
2673:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2432:Prasinophytina
2426:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2379:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:incertae sedis
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2211:Archaeplastida
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:Mesomycetozoea
2187:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2126:Diaphoretickes
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2073:Archaeplastida
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2017:
2016:
1994:
1943:
1907:(4): 380–393.
1882:
1853:(4): 571–594.
1839:Chase, Mark W.
1824:
1811:(2): 122–127.
1793:Chase, Mark W.
1784:
1740:
1721:(3): 705–731.
1693:
1636:
1625:(3): 205–217.
1609:
1602:
1584:
1563:(6): 563–603.
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
981:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
959:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
937:
932:
930:
922:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
908:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
862:
860:
855:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
827:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
804:
803:
795:
794:
790:
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
706:
705:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
648:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
624:
619:
617:
613:
612:
609:
608:
599:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
539:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
493:
491:
486:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
468:
467:
458:
452:
450:
445:
443:
438:
435:
434:
427:
424:
399:Ophioglossidae
389:
386:
384:
381:
315:
314:
311:photosynthetic
305:), unlike the
291:
284:
281:leptosporangia
277:
227:
224:
208:Ophioglossidae
200:Ophioglossales
188:adder's-tongue
179:
178:
177:
176:
170:
168:Horaninow 1847
166:Botrychiaceae
161:
160:
154:
153:
144:
143:
139:
138:
129:
125:
124:
118:Ophioglossales
115:
111:
110:
108:Ophioglossidae
105:
101:
100:
98:Polypodiopsida
95:
91:
90:
88:Polypodiophyta
85:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5233:
5222:
5221:Fern families
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4502:
4501:Polypodiaceae
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:Polypodiineae
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Dicksoniaceae
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Loxsomataceae
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Dipteridaceae
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4102:Gleicheniales
4099:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3642:Rhacophytales
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3589:Steloxylaceae
3586:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:Voelkeliaceae
3530:
3528:
3527:Cladoxylaceae
3524:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:Bennettitales
3149:
3148:
3146:
3133:
3132:Pteridosperms
3126:
3123:
3119:(seed plants)
3116:
3111:
3101:
3100:Protopityales
3097:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2871:
2870:Tracheophytes
2866:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Andreaeopsida
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2608:(land plants)
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2501:
2500:Chlorophyceae
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Pedinophyceae
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:Chlorophytina
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:Viridiplantae
2354:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Bangiophyceae
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Stramenopiles
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:(major groups
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:(Blume) Endl.
1416:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1353:Mankyuoideae
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
958:
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
936:
935:
929:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
911:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
881:
880:
874:
873:
866:
865:
859:
858:
852:
851:
848:
847:
839:
838:
835:
834:
833:
826:Mankyuoideae
825:
824:
818:
817:
811:
810:
806:
805:
801:
800:
788:
787:
779:
778:
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
730:
729:
728:
721:
720:
717:
716:
708:
707:
704:
703:
702:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:
678:
677:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
654:
647:
646:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
630:
623:
622:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
605:
597:
596:
590:
589:
586:
585:
577:
576:
568:
567:
564:
563:
562:
555:
554:
551:
550:
542:
541:
538:
537:
536:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
519:
512:
511:
505:
504:
497:
496:
490:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
457:Mankyuoideae
456:
455:
449:
448:
442:
441:
437:
436:
432:
431:
423:
421:
420:
415:
411:
406:
402:
400:
396:
380:
378:
377:
372:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
261:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
238:
237:
232:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
171:
165:
164:
162:
159:
155:
152:
150:
145:
140:
133:
130:
127:
126:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4913:
4541:
4496:Davalliaceae
4491:Oleandraceae
4486:Tectariaceae
4420:Aspleniaceae
4388:Aspleniineae
4353:Lindsaeaceae
4343:Cystodiaceae
4335:Lindsaeineae
4312:Polypodiales
4278:Tanydoraceae
4219:Salviniaceae
4208:Marsileaceae
4184:Schizaeaceae
4169:Tempskyaceae
3964:Polypodiidae
3951:Marattiaceae
3885:
3839:Equisetaceae
3780:Calamitaceae
3583:Steloxylales
3521:Cladoxylales
3472:Angiospermae
3369:paraphyletic
3281:Angiospermae
3258:
3257:Ginkgoales (
3230:Petriellales
3212:Medullosales
3139:(seed ferns)
2852:
2773:Sphagnopsida
2768:Takakiopsida
2701:(liverworts)
2667:
2661:Embryophytes
2615:(see below↓)
2573:Charophyceae
2543:
2525:Streptophyta
2377:land plants)
2365:
2334:
2252:
2245:Rhodelphidia
2232:
2175:Opisthokonta
2079:
2025:
2007:. Retrieved
1997:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1904:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1850:
1846:
1808:
1804:
1787:
1770:
1766:
1718:
1714:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1593:
1587:
1560:
1556:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1467:
1450:
1432:
1424:Ophioglossum
1422:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1384:Cheiroglossa
1382:
1377:Ophioglossum
1376:
1359:
1347:Ophioglossum
1346:
1342:Cheiroglossa
1340:
1336:Ophioglossum
1334:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1227:
1226:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1183:
1153:
1152:
1120:
1119:
1103:
1102:
1071:
1070:
1001:Ophioglossum
999:
998:
984:
983:
962:
961:
940:
939:
927:Ophioglossum
925:
902:
901:
887:Cheiroglossa
885:
884:
830:
829:
725:
724:
699:
698:
682:
681:
651:
650:
627:
626:
602:
601:
561:Ophioglossum
559:
558:
533:
532:
518:Cheiroglossa
516:
515:
461:
460:
417:
407:
403:
391:
374:
373:
362:
354:Ophioglossum
352:
350:
327:
318:
316:
295:gametophytes
249:Ophioglossum
247:
241:
234:
222:for energy.
216:gametophytes
199:
187:
183:
182:
147:
131:
117:
71:
38:
18:
5038:iNaturalist
4938:Wikispecies
4708:iNaturalist
4566:Wikispecies
4445:Athyriaceae
4440:Blechnaceae
4435:Onocleaceae
4430:Woodsiaceae
4369:Pteridaceae
4363:Pteridineae
4298:Cyatheaceae
4288:Cibotiaceae
4283:Metaxyaceae
4269:Cyatheineae
4259:Culcitaceae
4194:Salviniales
4179:Lygodiaceae
4136:Schizaeales
4126:Matoniaceae
4074:Osmundaceae
4069:Guaireaceae
3994:Sermayaceae
3907:Marattiales
3899:Marattiidae
3868:Psilotaceae
3741:Equisetales
3673:Equisetidae
3485:Basal clade
3444:Supergroup
3176:Cordaitales
3170:Caytoniales
3056:Lignophytes
3039:(ferns and
2965:spikemosses
2904:Rhyniopsida
2854:Aglaophyton
2733:(hornworts)
2604:Embryophyta
2587:Anydrophyta
2545:Spirotaenia
2490:Ulvophyceae
2423:Chlorophyta
2373:green algae
2343:Algospongia
2317:Glaucophyta
2269:(red algae)
1656:(1): 5911.
1515:Sceptridium
1203:Sceptridium
701:Sceptridium
414:grape ferns
336:lacking an
323:sporophytes
307:terrestrial
288:sporophylls
246:species of
226:Description
5210:Categories
4726:30029205-2
4229:Cyatheales
4174:Anemiaceae
4157:Klukiaceae
4060:Osmundales
3860:Psilotales
3547:Hyeniaceae
3303:Magnoliids
3271:Gnetopsida
3041:horsetails
2969:quillworts
2961:clubmosses
2937:Lycophytes
2910:Renaliales
2687:Bryophytes
2265:Rhodophyta
2254:Rhodelphis
1901:Cladistics
1527:References
1475:Botrychium
1468:Botrychium
1434:Whittieria
1414:Ophioderma
1330:Botrychium
1229:Botrychium
941:Whittieria
904:Ophioderma
727:Botrychium
535:Ophioderma
395:Psilotales
351:The genus
346:sporophyte
332:formed in
319:Botrychium
204:Psilotales
174:Ching 1941
104:Subclass:
84:Division:
5144:100000981
4630:FloraBase
3541:Hyeniales
3499:Ibykaceae
3452:Bryophyta
2803:Bryopsida
2756:Bryophyta
2485:UTC clade
2234:Picomonas
2170:Amoebozoa
2148:Alveolata
2136:Cryptista
2111:Eukaryota
2009:17 August
1931:212939923
1767:Phytotaxa
1339:broadly.
410:moonworts
334:sporangia
254:temperate
244:epiphytic
194:. In the
61:Kingdom:
5162:VicFlora
5151:VASCAN:
5139:Tropicos
4965:BioLib:
4923:Wikidata
4871:VicFlora
4860:VASCAN:
4853:42000404
4848:Tropicos
4551:Wikidata
3493:Ibykales
3313:Eudicots
3308:Monocots
3026:Ibykales
2760:(mosses)
2665:Plantae
2363:Plantae
2165:Amorphea
2143:Rhizaria
2131:Hacrobia
2121:Excavata
2106:Bacteria
2077:Plantae
1989:36092417
1936:25 March
1923:34618972
1877:24532607
1841:(2014).
1773:: 7–54.
1735:25065646
1688:29651115
1579:39980610
1505:Sahashia
1485:Botrypus
1394:Goswamia
1122:Botrypus
1105:Sahashia
963:Goswamia
653:Botrypus
629:Sahashia
383:Taxonomy
258:tropical
158:Synonyms
149:See text
136:Martinov
128:Family:
4929:Q767431
4557:Q740217
3376:extinct
2225:Picozoa
2180:Animals
2101:Archaea
1980:9449725
1868:3936591
1679:5897345
1658:Bibcode
1464:C.Presl
1446:C.Presl
1388:C.Presl
1373:C.Presl
1361:Mankyua
832:Mankyua
463:Mankyua
338:annulus
114:Order:
94:Class:
65:Plantae
5193:425897
5118:687388
5102:NZOR:
4958:223057
4902:425898
4801:687370
4785:NZOR:
4739:114243
3371:groups
3259:Ginkgo
2967:&
2825:
2421:
2158:Plants
2095:Domain
1987:
1977:
1929:
1921:
1875:
1865:
1733:
1686:
1676:
1600:
1577:
1499:Masam.
1489:Michx.
1456:Kaulf.
1404:Haukia
985:Haukia
330:spores
293:Their
286:Their
186:, the
5188:WoRMS
5126:Plazi
5095:13827
5069:17168
5056:12291
5051:IRMNG
5043:55328
5007:1OPHO
4981:B8V4K
4897:WoRMS
4822:Plazi
4814:54779
4778:13828
4752:17169
4734:IRMNG
4713:55329
4674:10634
4656:FoAO2
4648:10634
4635:22718
4612:1OPHF
3446:Plant
2375:&
2185:Fungi
1927:S2CID
1763:(PDF)
1731:JSTOR
1715:Taxon
1711:(PDF)
1575:S2CID
1037:s.l.
1004:s.s.
369:pairs
342:roots
299:fungi
266:frond
220:fungi
192:ferns
72:Clade
5090:NCBI
5064:ITIS
5025:GBIF
5002:EPPO
4994:4502
4968:3077
4953:APNI
4835:POWO
4773:NCBI
4747:ITIS
4721:IPNI
4700:1263
4695:GRIN
4687:6627
4682:GBIF
4607:EPPO
4599:4503
3433:Fern
3374:† =
2366:s.s.
2080:s.l.
2026:Fern
2011:2023
1985:PMID
1938:2021
1919:PMID
1873:PMID
1684:PMID
1598:ISBN
1519:Lyon
1333:and
412:and
274:leaf
270:leaf
256:and
122:Link
5175:WFO
5077:NBN
5030:393
4989:EoL
4976:CoL
4884:WFO
4863:180
4760:NBN
4669:FoC
4643:FNA
4594:EoL
4586:DMT
4581:CoL
2663:or
2361:or
2075:or
1975:PMC
1965:doi
1909:doi
1863:PMC
1855:doi
1851:113
1813:doi
1809:161
1775:doi
1723:doi
1674:PMC
1666:doi
1627:doi
1623:102
1565:doi
1479:Sw.
268:or
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5190::
5177::
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5154:47
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1983:.
1973:.
1963:.
1961:13
1959:.
1955:.
1925:.
1917:.
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1903:.
1899:.
1871:.
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1827:^
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1428:L.
401:.
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4040:†
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3216:†
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