Operation Vigorous

3250:, the British official historian, wrote that the relationship of the "battle for supplies" with the land war reached a climax in the second half of 1942. Far from the Eighth Army capturing airfields to the west in the Cyrenaican bulge, it had been defeated at Gazala while Operation Julius was on and lost the landing grounds to the east. The disaster at Gazala had led to the military forces on Malta trying to save Egypt rather than vice versa. MW11 had been a "disappointing operation" and turned back because the British and US air attacks on the Italian battlefleet had failed to inflict the damage hoped. Force A could not hope to defeat it in a surface action, a view echoed by Greene and Massignani in 2003. By the time that the Italian battleships had been ordered back, the convoy and escorts lacked the ammunition to continue and seven long-range Beaufighters had been lost, depriving Vigorous of air cover while beyond the reach of short-range fighters. Communications had been inadequate, with some signals taking too long to arrive but Playfair wrote that without airfields in the west of Cyrenaica, even quick and accurate reports would not have compensated. Six freighters in Vigorous and Harpoon had been sunk and nine forced to return to port. Two ships of Operation Harpoon reached Malta and delivered 15,000 long tons (15,000 t) of supplies, which with a decent harvest might keep the population of Malta fed until September but the depletion of aviation fuel led to fighters being give priority over the offensive force. Transit flights through Malta except for Beaufort torpedo bombers was suspended, only close range air attacks on easy targets were to be permitted and fuel for the fighters was to be carried to Malta by submarine. 3269:. No attempt was made to run another convoy from Alexandria until the Eighth Army had conquered Libya. Roskill wrote that with hindsight, the course of events on land made naval operations in the central Mediterranean inherently dangerous and during the operation, the withdrawal of the Eighth Army lost one of the airfields being used for air cover. Harwood was right that the bomber and torpedo-bomber force was too small and had not compensated for the lack of battleships and with Axis aircraft based along the length of the route to Malta, air power had decided the course of events. On land, the diversion of Axis bombers against the convoys had been of some benefit to the British as they conducted the "scuttle" to El Alamein. In 1941 2256: 164: 150: 137: 42: 8703: 126: 1099: 2335: 2891: 1972: 1456: 2128: 1388: 1122: 1154: 1138: 1106: 1186: 1170: 2701:...in the unenviable position of being in the centre of a fantastic circus of wildly careering capital ships, cruisers and destroyers...of tracer-shell streaks and anti-aircraft bursts...there was not a quadrant of the compass unoccupied by enemy vessels weaving to and fro.... It was essential to remain at periscope depth, for an opportunity to fire might come at any moment. 1555:. Air cover from Cyrenaica could not overlap with coverage from Malta leaving a gap but Wellingtons of 205 Group and the light bombers of the Desert Air Force would attack Axis airfields in North Africa. The coastal 201 Group would provide reconnaissance and anti-submarine sorties and a small sabotage party was to land on Crete to attack Axis aircraft on the ground. 962:

Mediterranean had been closed to British ships. Malta could not be revived as an offensive base and to provide some aviation fuel for the defending fighters, the British resorted to the expedient of running supplies through the blockade by submarine. No more convoys were attempted from the eastern Mediterranean until the Eighth Army conquered Libya. More

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starboard quarters and a destroyer at each corner of the formation 5 nmi (5.8 mi; 9.3 km) out. The flare-dropping deterred the E-boats from coming too close but the convoy and escort crews were very tired and much of the anti-aircraft ammunition of the convoy and escorts had been expended.

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Air attacks on the convoy had continued, two ships were damaged and one sunk. The Italian cruisers reappeared, fired on a previously disabled destroyer, which had been taken in tow by an escort destroyer; the crippled ship was left adrift, and eventually torpedoed and sunk by an aircraft. The damaged

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made seven attacks in five hours, opposed by a few long-range Kittyhawks and Beaufighters. The eight merchantmen were in four columns around the rescue ships, with the cruisers about 1,200 yd (1,100 m) out, the Hunt class destroyers 1 nmi (1.2 mi; 1.9 km) beyond and the fleet

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during the afternoon and made for Malta as the 7th Destroyer Flotilla put into Alexandria to refuel, the rest of the destroyers sailing on and the rest leaving Alexandria with the main force, seven cruisers and their destroyer screen. During the afternoon, the weather deteriorated and the MTBs on tow

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To camouflage preparations, the eleven merchantmen were loaded at Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Haifa and Beirut, rendezvousing at Port Said and Haifa. Secrecy led to a lack of practice for the military passengers who made up damage control and fire-fighting parties and some defects in the ships' guns

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and diplomatic sources led to a certain apprehension about the meaning of troop movements in southern Italy. The absence of evidence from signals intelligence and air reconnaissance led to a conclusion that an invasion was not imminent but the need to protect the source of information meant that this

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Axis bombing smashed the docks, ships, aircraft and airfields by the end of April 1942 and then the bombing was switched to targets preliminary to invasion: camps, barracks, warehouses and road junctions. After 18 April, German bombing suddenly stopped and Italian bombers took over, regularly bombing

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was sunk. When the Italian battleships were within 150 nmi (170 mi; 280 km) the British convoy and escorts were ordered to turn back and wait for the Italians to suffer losses from torpedo-bombers, bombers and submarines but little more damage was inflicted and after several more turns

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but by turning broadside to bring more guns to bear, the Italian ships presented bigger targets, the Beaufort crews claiming a hit on a battleship and the US crews above reporting hits on a cruiser and a destroyer, although all torpedoes missed; the Beauforts turned for Malta and landed at Luqa, the

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hours but in the longer days of June, it was doubted that the feat could be repeated. If a larger Italian force attacked the convoy, Vian was to protect the convoy with smoke and the escorts were to repulse the attackers with torpedoes and try to inflict early casualties using gunfire against two of

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The Axis was able to reinforce North Africa sufficient for Rommel to try to attack before the British. In late April, the British Chiefs of Staff ruled that there would be no convoy to Malta in May, because the Italian fleet could be expected to sail and the convoy would need battleship and aircraft

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In a later report, Harwood blamed the RAF for its inability to provide a sufficient number of aircraft capable of defeating the Italian battle fleet. The only success in Operation Julius was the arrival of two of the Harpoon ships at Malta; on land, Tobruk surrendered a few days after MW11 returned

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were sunk in port and more ships damaged. The island continued to function as a staging post but the Axis bombing campaign neutralised Malta as an offensive base. Two boats of the 10th Submarine Flotilla had been sunk, two were damaged in harbour and on 26 April the flotilla was ordered out because

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Harwood ordered Vian to turn the convoy again, asking if the Hunts and other ships had fuel enough to make Malta, the cruisers and fleet destroyers to turn for Malta after dark. MW11 was under attack when the signal arrived and after waiting for two hours for a reply, Harwood ordered that only the

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wounded; good shelters existed but some casualties were caused by delayed-action bombs. Rations of meat, fats and sugar were cut further and on 5 May, the bread ration was cut to 10.5 oz (300 g) per day, enough to last until late July; pasta rations had already been stopped and there had

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Operation Julius and the subsidiary Operation Vigorous were failures; only two merchant ships from Operation Harpoon, the simultaneous convoy from Gibraltar, reached Malta to deliver supplies. In the absence of air cover and the suppression of Axis air power lining the routes to Malta, the central

3433:. Despite many losses, enough supplies were delivered by the British for the population and military forces on Malta to resist, although it had ceased to be an offensive base. Pedestal was a costly tactical defeat for the Allies, the last Axis Mediterranean victory and one of the greatest British 2871:

that Harwood and Tedder discovered that aircraft from Malta had engaged the Italian battlefleet and received the exaggerated claims of torpedo hits, including those on the battleships. Harwood signalled that MW11 should turn for Malta again, the escorts to abandon the freighters if challenged and

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destroyers on anti-submarine patrol 2,500 yd (2,300 m) outside the Hunts. The formation was effective against torpedo-bombers but risked attack by dive-bombers in the absence of British fighters. The Germans attacked from 10,000 ft (3,000 m) from the rear or sides in groups of

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made its third trip and arrived on 16 July; at the end of the month the 10th Submarine Flotilla returned and the minesweepers with Harpoon had reduced the mine danger in the Malta approaches. Early in July Axis bombers had dropped another 700 long tons (710 t) of bombs, mainly on airfields,

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and turn back to rendezvous with the remainder. It was hoped that the decoy operation would lure out the Italian fleet, which would be exposed to attack and run short of fuel before the main convoy sailed. During the night five of the freighters for Operation Harpoon rendezvoused with the tanker

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bomber group and a fighter group had been withdrawn with more to follow, which explained the lull. Hitler was lukewarm about the operation, in case the Italian navy left down German airborne forces but the capture of Tobruk in mid-June made it appear that the invasion was unnecessary. Hitler and

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four Wellington torpedo-bombers from Malta found the Italian fleet, dropped flares and attacked but the ships made smoke and only one Wellington dropped torpedoes. At the same time, nine 217 Squadron Beauforts took off from Malta, reached the Italians as dawn broke and the first three Beauforts

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escorting the E-boats. The worst of the bombing stopped once dark fell and desultory bombing and flare dropping resumed like the night before. The escort force moved into night formation, the fleet destroyers moving into line ahead of the convoy, two cruisers and four destroyers on the port and

1340:

Enigma messages but by 23 March the scare died down and more bombing was expected. By 31 March the progress of the Axis bombing campaign led to a prediction that the attempt would be made in April but this was soon discounted because although the bombing offensive increased from 750 long tons

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In 2003, Richard Woodman wrote that the 14 June order from Harwood, for the convoy to continue west before turning back, showed indecision and a lack of strategic sense, risking valuable merchant ships in the hope that British submarine and air attacks might enable the convoy to proceed.

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delegated freedom of action to Vian. At dawn, the ships of Operation Harpoon were intercepted by an Italian cruiser force and the five British fleet destroyers boldly attacked as the smaller destroyers remained with the convoy and eventually the Italian ships broke off the attack at

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The British torpedo attack came when the Italian battlefleet was passing through the area of the 10th Submarine Flotilla, after the plan to form a line north of the track of the convoy had been overtaken by events after the Italian battleships sailed and the convoy turned back.

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Dust storms in Libya grounded day bombers until the evening and most of the aircraft based in Libya that flew operated over Vigorous. The convoy escorts reorganised, the four corvettes, two minesweepers and the 5th Destroyer Flotilla with nine destroyers being joined by

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and the relief aircraft was intercepted by German fighters. The 1st and 10th Submarine flotillas tried to reach a position to intercept but British signals were taking about four hours to arrive; some boats surfaced to listen to signals traffic and use the information.

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to increase the number of fighter sorties per bomber and then to resort to hit and run attacks by fighter-bombers. Later in July, the greater number of British fighters at Malta justified a return to intercepting raids further out to sea, which had great success.

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came to a standstill after the torpedo struck the cruiser amidships. Force W, covering Operation Harpoon, turned back during the night and the convoy proceeded with the close escorts of Force X. The Italian cruisers and seven destroyers at Palermo sailed at dusk.

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and 10th Submarine Flotilla were to send nine boats as a moving screen parallel to the convoy as it passed between Crete and Cyrenaica (Bomb Alley). On the days before and after, the submarines were to patrol areas that the Italian fleet was likely to be found.

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enabled a maximum effort to be made against Axis ships. Italian convoys had to be routed further away from the island, lengthening the journey and increasing the time during which air and naval attacks could be mounted. The Siege of Malta was broken by the

1915:, the Operation Julius convoy eastbound from Gibraltar began on 4 June, with the departure from Scotland of five merchant ships as convoy WS19z. It had been being given out that the ships were bound for Malta via the Cape but the deception was exposed when 1405:

advanced 500 mi (800 km) west to El Agheila in Libya, capturing airfields and landing grounds useful for air cover for Malta convoys. The British misjudged the speed of Axis reinforcement and expected to attack well before the Axis but

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and became convoy GM4, to be joined by an oil tanker and its escorts. Force H consisted of a battleship, two aircraft carriers, three cruisers and eight destroyers. The close escort was provided by an anti-aircraft cruiser, nine destroyers, six

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carrier cover, which was not available. An operation to fly Spitfires to Malta succeeded and anti-aircraft ammunition was to be supplied by fast minelayer, with which Malta would have to hold on until mid-June, when the situation in the

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of mining by small fast craft, which were undetectable by radar and inaudible during the bombing; the surviving minesweepers were too reduced in numbers to clear the approaches. Three reconnaissance aircraft remained and only

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losses during the dropping of 6,700 long tons (6,800 t) of bombs, three times the March figure, 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) on the docks, 2,600 long tons (2,600 t) on airfields. The bombing demolished or damaged

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merchant ships were scuttled or abandoned by their escorts. The rest of the convoy sailed into a minefield, a destroyer hit a mine and sank, the two surviving merchantmen and the remaining escorts reaching Malta that night.

2007:

the navy high command, planned a counter-operation against both convoys and nine submarines were sent to patrol off the Algerian coast, five between Lampedusa and Malta and five east of Malta in the Ionian Sea. Two Italian

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The crews of the rescue ships had been trained to use "recovery lines, scrambling nets, rafts and lifebuoys as net-men, inhaul parties, boats' crews, mooring parties" and to use specialist facilities for people covered in

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in Cagliari waited for Harpoon, along with MAS-boats and a large number of aircraft to operate in the western basin of the Mediterranean. The main Italian battlefleet was reserved for the eastbound convoy from Alexandria.

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airfield. The activity of raiding parties was reported to Washington by Bonner Fellers; three SBS parties had landed the week previous, one to attack the aircraft but had not been able to penetrate the airfield security.

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aircraft. Two destroyers were sunk during Operation Harpoon, a cruiser, three destroyers and a minesweeper were damaged, an Italian destroyer was slightly damaged, the RAF lost five aircraft, the FAA seven and claimed

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were cast off to return to Alexandria but MTB 259 was damaged and sunk, the rest made port the next day. During the night a five-man raiding party was landed by submarine on Crete and damaged or destroyed about

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the Italian ships. The success of the convoy would depend on the Italian fleet being damaged by air and submarine attack before it could close on the ships, rather than on surface action because the battleships

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The combined HQ at Alexandria received reports only after long delays and during the night, Harwood became more apprehensive that the convoy would soon sail back into Bomb Alley and ordered another turn at

2590:

a hazardous manoeuvre for a large group of ships out of position, full of tired crews and menaced by Axis torpedo-boats and U-boats. As the turn was made the cruisers fell back and were attacked by the 3rd

2325:

were transferred to Sardinia but lost contact with the convoy. Two Italian cruisers and three destroyers departed Cagliari during the evening for Palermo, ready to stop a fast ship from dashing to Malta.

1531:, were also made available. Short-range fighters based in Palestine, Egypt, Cyrenaica and Malta, were to provide air cover at first and as the convoy moved out of range, protection would be taken over by 795: 2516:

a Malta Baltimore crew had caught sight of the Italian fleet and gave a strength report of four cruisers with four destroyers, preceding two battleships and four destroyers, which reached Harwood at

2568:

based in Sardinia. Fighter-bombers attacked first then bombers and torpedo-bombers at the same time which sank a merchant ship and damaged a cruiser. As the convoy came within range of Sicily, ten

2552:

Vian requested permission to turn back as it would be impossible for the escorts to protect the merchantmen for another long summer day and Harwood ordered Vigorous to continue towards Malta until

2504:

in the outer screen. The torpedo missed but the attack on the submarine was cancelled, when torpedo boats were seen to the north-west. British fighters were ordered to engage but were bounced by

2859:

If the attack failed, Vian was to get the convoy to Malta and if the Italian ships intercepted, the merchant ships were to be abandoned to their fate, the escorts escaping in any direction. At

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were directed to Tobruk where the serious cases were transferred to a hospital ship and then they sailed for Alexandria, Tobruk being under artillery bombardment by Axis guns and arrived at

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Harwood ordered Operation Vigorous to be abandoned and the ships to return to Alexandria. The Italian battlefleet continued away from the convoy, lost the British shadowing aircraft at

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due to overloading and a fouled hull, which stopped the ship keeping direction or reaching the convoy speed of 13 kn (24 km/h; 15 mph). MW11b sailed from Alexandria with

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was ordered to assume a short voyage; the naval liaison officer, five signals staff and Navy gunners on board each merchant ship also left little to the imagination. With the cruisers

8754: 2313:

and other places during the night, to interfere with Axis air operations against the convoy. At the Gazala position in Libya, the British tanks had been defeated in the fighting from

2241:. During the short night, MW11c turned back to rendezvous off Alexandria with the rest of MW11 the next day and the Hunts put in to refuel. Operation Harpoon was undisturbed because 3285:

had been an "imperial balls-up" and the retreat to Alexandria an Axis victory, showing that Britain had lost control of the central Mediterranean. On 16 June, Harwood reported that

886:, just east of Gazala. The merchant ships and escorts rendezvoused on 13 June. The British plans were revealed unwittingly to the Axis by the US Military Attaché in Egypt, Colonel 2842:

shot down two and damaged five which turned back (one failing to return). Near the Italian battlefleet, two more Beauforts were damaged by long-range anti-aircraft fire at about

1893:, which had been disarmed between the wars and used for training, was fitted with anti-aircraft guns and pressed into service to masquerade as an operational battleship. The 3059:. The SM 79s attacked after one had been shot down by two Beaufighters and three more were shot down by ships' gunners, along with two bombers. German bombers in Libya flew 2693:(Lieutenant S. L. C. Maydon) picked up the Italian ships on hydrophone and steered towards the fleet as the torpedo-bombers dropped illumination flares. Maydon found that 312: 2956:

shot down. The convoy escorts received a reconnaissance report that the battleships were closer and the convoy continued east, the signal granting discretion arriving at

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from Malta, began bombing airfields and ports in Sicily and southern Italy. On 11 June, the Wellingtons were withdrawn to accommodate six Wellington torpedo bombers of

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and two merchant ships were sunk during Operation Vigorous; three cruisers, a destroyer and a corvette were damaged. British aircraft and submarines sank the cruiser

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with a 500 lb (230 kg)-bomb to little effect. As the B-24s turned away, five 39 Squadron Beauforts from Bir Amud arrived at low level, having set off at

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was considered but the danger of air attack was so great that it was rejected. The convoy and escort force was larger than the effort in March, with Force A, the

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be captured by the Eighth Army, a westbound convoy from Alexandria might survive without cover from battleships and aircraft carriers. It would also be known if

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called the Axis success undeniable. Malta had not been supplied and the British had lost a cruiser, three destroyers and two merchantmen against the sinking of

1955:

was to accompany the ships and then dash for Malta at 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph), with ammunition for the aircraft on Malta. Off the Italian coast,

8749: 8604: 7283: 6970: 6104: 7586: 6949: 6258: 5883: 6599: 6545: 5731: 1341:(760 t) in February, to 2,000 long tons (2,000 t) in March, 5,500 long tons (5,600 t) in April, Enigma decodes showed that there were still 7056: 6552: 6168: 3835: 3801: 3043:

attacked with torpedoes. Three ships received near misses but radar directed anti-aircraft fire in the growing darkness made the attackers cautious. At

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supply journeys had been made by May, only nine being spotted by air reconnaissance. On 14 April, five Malta aircraft were shot down and the submarine

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cipher messages showed more sailings and fewer losses and on 23 February 1942, an Italian "battleship convoy" reached Tripoli. By the end of February,

1412:

forestalled the Eighth Army by beginning an offensive on 21 January 1942. By 6 February, the British had been defeated, forced to retreat east of the

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leaving a garrison inside Tobruk; both sides sent aircraft to Vigorous, which gave a respite to the armies. Operation Harpoon came into range of the

1894: 6242: 5622: 5343: 305: 6679: 5991: 5192:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III (Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 2665:

achieving one torpedo hit, as two bombers pressed on through the destroyer and cruiser screen to the battleships, mistakenly claiming two hits.

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on 15 June, then turn onto a reciprocal course. At Gazala, the Eighth Army began to withdraw, after it had been defeated in the fighting from

7290: 7253: 7230: 6751: 5673: 5643: 2229:

was damaged by a near-miss. The ship stopped and took on a list but got under way at 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph) to be ordered at

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A shortage of oil limited Italian naval operations but the accumulation of ships at Alexandria and decrypted wireless messages from Colonel

7383: 7239: 7223: 7195: 6443: 5650: 3146:

Another Axis air attack had no effect and during the night the convoy zig-zagged eastwards at 13 kn (24 km/h; 15 mph), with

2404:, which was hit and caught fire as three bombers were shot down. Ships and boats were sent from Tobruk but could only pick up survivors by 2863:

reconnaissance reports showed that the battlefleet was still making south, 150 nmi (170 mi; 280 km) from the convoy and at

8140: 7207: 7119: 7063: 7026: 6308: 298: 7112: 5844: 5422: 3289:

We are outnumbered both in surface ships and Air Force and very gallant endeavour of all concerned cannot make up for...the deficiency.

2521: 3010:

ordered Iachino to turn away when only 110 nmi (130 mi; 200 km) from the convoy if the British had not been engaged by

2834:

to synchronise their attack with the B-24s, minus their Beaufighter escort, which had been diverted to the ground battle. Bf 109s and

8618: 7246: 5636: 5594: 4063: 2305:

attacked the main escort force catching up from the east, dropping more bombs and flares until British fighters arrived after dawn.

1438:

broke out and by 14 June, forced the British to retreat towards Tobruk. The Axis then forces pursued the British into Egypt and the

8467: 6286: 6060: 5823: 5689: 5500: 1354:

originally intended, because aircraft were detained in Russia by the Soviet winter offensive and on 26 April, Enigma revealed that

7362: 7159: 6196: 5696: 5608: 5544: 5427: 617: 7565: 7077: 5927: 5465: 2048: 990:

from Gibraltar, which further revived Malta as an offensive base, despite the loss of most of the convoy and many naval ships.

714: 410: 8161: 8066: 7593: 7339: 7214: 6300: 6274: 6131: 5837: 5754: 5281: 5255: 5197: 5178: 5159: 5132: 5113: 3197:

the tow parted for the second time; with dawn due and the long summer day to follow, the captain of the Australian destroyer

3067:

which gave some respite to the Eighth Army as it retreated towards the Egyptian frontier but left RAF landing grounds around

2024: 1329:

in Sicily and the bombing campaign against the island led to speculation that it was the prelude to invasion. Gleanings from

954:(26 May – 21 June) was being fought in Libya during Operation Julius and beginning on 14 June, the British defeat forced the 8394: 7801: 7687: 6852: 6319: 6315: 6293: 5897: 1753:

between the Italian fleet and the British escorts had been fought. The British escorts had held off the Italian fleet for

1504:. Aircraft from Gibraltar, Malta and Egypt also began reconnaissance flights on 11 June, searching for the Italian fleet. 8309: 7773: 7105: 7091: 6304: 3277:

that sailed, ten were sunk, ten were turned back damaged, three were sunk on arrival and seven delivered their supplies.

2717: 1334:

was not disclosed by the British. That preparations were being made was revealed on 7 February through the decryption of

3476:(8–16 November) in the western Mediterranean, which enabled land-based aircraft to escort merchant ships to the island. 8518: 8387: 8265: 7843: 7558: 7509: 7267: 6822: 6074: 5913: 5761: 5615: 4027: 3022:(Pylos) ready to advance should the British try again. British aircraft shadowing the battlefleet reported the turn at 982:

to reduce the tempo of operations. A limited return to offensive operations was made against Axis convoys to Libya and

8634: 7516: 7488: 7305: 6887: 6606: 6573: 2030: 74: 5789: 1098: 8671: 7829: 7766: 6901: 6737: 5860: 2042: 6414: 3456:

revitalised the Malta-based air offensive against Axis shipping. After Pedestal, submarines returned to Malta and

8195: 8036: 8025: 7861: 7620: 7579: 7472: 7410: 6797: 6067: 5936: 5904: 5217: 5147: 4093: 854:, which took place from 11 to 16 June 1942. Vigorous was part of Operation Julius, a simultaneous operation with 670: 6584: 6152: 2716:

was circled by the battleships, which then resumed their southward course, leaving it behind with the destroyer

2295:

After dark, Axis aircraft continuously illuminated the convoy with flares and dropped occasional bombs, then at

8581: 8553: 8431: 8224: 7461: 6912: 6838: 6634: 6005: 5724: 5629: 5514: 2750:

attacked through the destroyer screen, only to be frustrated by the cruisers zig-zagging and passing overhead.

2317:

and the Eighth Army was ordered to retreat the next day. Operation Harpoon continued and more aircraft of the

1432:

attacked first again but appeared close to defeat until 11 June. Operation Julius began on the same day as the

901: 636: 5417: 3132:

The attack was thwarted by smoke screens and the evasive manoeuvres of the fleet, except for a torpedo hit on

2778:(Lieutenant-Commander R. G. Norfolk) received the sighting report and surfaced to overhaul the ships but only 2621:

with one torpedo head on, which was screened by destroyers as damage-control parties worked on the damage and

1392:

Course of the desert war, showing the British loss of Libyan and Egyptian airfields after the Battle of Gazala

8641: 8574: 8525: 8456: 8281: 7787: 7738: 7502: 7495: 7098: 6859: 6650: 5703: 5403: 5190:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)

1532: 1524: 1009: 508: 346: 8715: 8611: 7986: 7947: 6866: 6701: 6686: 6613: 6592: 6410: 6088: 5874: 5867: 5851: 5562: 5521: 5493: 5087:. Translated by Hoffman, G. (English trans. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. 2495: 2412:

and Kittyhawks diverted from the Battle of Gazala, which protected the convoy from a big force of bombers.

1402: 1296: 1292: 955: 703: 2423:

was more circumspect until the convoy was beyond the cover of the short-range British fighters, then from

8678: 8002: 7954: 7572: 7544: 7397: 7012: 6991: 6512: 6175: 6081: 5571: 4155: 4021: 3469: 3133: 1201: 1013: 475: 359: 322: 29: 1230:

machine in early March made little difference to the British for lack of means. After the British broke

8784: 8476: 7972: 7891: 7836: 7724: 7680: 7330: 6956: 6880: 6782: 6659: 6531: 6524: 6484: 6457: 6189: 6122: 5717: 5528: 5458: 3225:

was too deep in the water and waited at the Great Pass as the five remaining merchantmen entered port.

2213:, escorted by five destroyers and four corvettes. During the evening, MW11c was attacked from Crete by 2017: 1769: 786: 662: 424: 2119:

off Gibraltar; by morning GM4 was making 12–13 kn (22–24 km/h; 14–15 mph) to the east.

365: 8799: 8378: 8295: 8080: 7940: 7912: 7745: 7650: 7440: 6873: 5947: 5601: 3035:

and two destroyers should make a dash for Malta. The convoy and escorts had been attacked again from

1854: 1373:

pursuing the British into Egypt for the rest of June and into July, which meant cancelling Hercules.

741: 683: 528: 516: 6145: 5188:

Playfair, I. S. O.; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C.; Gleave, T. P. (2004) . Butler, Sir James (ed.).

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sorties were flown, eleven more by FAA aircraft during the month and by the start of June, only two

958:

to withdraw eastwards, losing landing grounds from which aircraft could provide air cover for MW11.

8117: 8094: 7346: 7147: 7140: 6804: 6464: 6436: 6429: 5816: 3818: 2820:

The battlefleet continued south in two groups and eight US and one British B-24 bomber attacked at

2255: 2036: 1912: 1907: 1725:

Vigorous was planned as a joint Royal Navy–RAF operation, to be conducted from the headquarters of

855: 569: 6161: 6138: 866:(Egypt) on 11 June, to tempt the Italian battlefleet to sail early, use up fuel and be exposed to 8539: 8483: 8353: 8213: 7898: 7551: 7447: 7353: 6921: 6789: 6759: 6723: 6708: 6580: 6472: 6450: 6396: 6382: 6364: 6028: 5809: 5537: 5486: 4045: 3221:

and more attempts by U-boats to attack MW11 failed, the convoy reaching Alexandria that evening.

2757:(Lieutenant J. B. de B. Kershaw) briefly sighted the battlefleet but was too far away to attack. 1882:

ten from the Eastern Fleet, four corvettes, two minesweepers to clear the Malta approaches, four

1382: 724: 495: 389: 8779: 8744: 8231: 8124: 7926: 7877: 7780: 7673: 7643: 7426: 7314: 7040: 6831: 6422: 6403: 6373: 5920: 5890: 4039: 3662: 3166: 3040: 2656: 1750: 540: 468: 443: 5302:

The British Anti-shipping Campaign in the Mediterranean 1940–1944: Comparing Methods of Attack

5245: 8722: 8445: 8288: 8184: 8154: 8110: 7850: 7815: 7808: 7731: 7629: 7070: 7047: 6894: 6505: 6042: 5782: 5768: 5451: 4359: 3780: 937:. The British relied on aircraft and submarines to repel the Italian fleet in the absence of 690: 630: 522: 6340: 5300: 5211: 4160: 3079:

As the SM 79s departed, Vian signalled to Harwood that Force A and the convoy had less than

887: 8546: 8401: 8052: 8009: 7979: 7905: 7715: 7694: 6620: 6097: 5775: 3883: 3808: 3787: 3711: 3598: 3514: 3457: 2603: 2505: 2111: 2107: 2102:

early in the afternoon of 11 June, in Operation Rembrandt, each towing an MTB. Escorted by

1936: 1887: 1865: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1516: 1493: 1481: 950:

towards and away from Malta, the convoy and escorts returned to Alexandria on 16 June. The

622: 456: 376: 8: 8664: 8438: 8316: 8272: 7794: 6928: 6694: 6221: 6051: 6035: 5984: 5432: 4375: 3604: 3507: 2743:(Lieutenant P. R. H. Harrison), the heavy cruisers to the west of the battleships and at 1929: 1858: 1796: 1540: 1508: 1501: 1485: 1413: 774: 769: 719: 678: 593: 487: 2110:

destroyers, MW11c was to simulate the Malta convoy and steam about as far as the Tobruk

8657: 8490: 8415: 8369: 8339: 8247: 8087: 7752: 7636: 7530: 7481: 7419: 7175: 7126: 6935: 6559: 6214: 6012: 5397: 5328:

H. M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action, 3rd September, 1939 to 2nd September, 1945

3921: 3915: 3698: 3641: 3635: 3557: 3520: 3364: 3358: 3273:

merchant ships sailing for Malta arrived but in the first seven months of 1942, of the

3099: 2758: 2306: 2220: 1949: 1883: 1847: 1807: 1800: 1776: 1477: 1398: 1312: 1239: 983: 657: 609: 585: 546: 370: 5144:

British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations

2157:

sailed from Haifa and Port Said on 12 June, escorted by the 7th Destroyer Flotilla of

933:

and submarines and were then threatened by the sailing of an Italian battlefleet from

898:

wireless messages; it was later discovered that the Black Code had been broken by the

8648: 8532: 8422: 8362: 8323: 8256: 8238: 8204: 8147: 8101: 8045: 7870: 7608: 7600: 7537: 7390: 6984: 6516: 5977: 5956: 5666: 5377: 5335: 5306: 5277: 5251: 5225: 5193: 5174: 5155: 5128: 5109: 5088: 3896: 3705: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3647: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3434: 3177:

Franz-Georg Reschke) got through the anti-submarine cordon around MW11 and torpedoed

2320: 1872: 1832: 1825: 1785: 1726: 977: 759: 709: 562: 500: 463: 403: 3039:

by Ju 87s dive-bombing and Ju 88s bombing from 16,000 ft (4,900 m) as ten

8567: 8560: 8504: 8168: 7933: 7919: 7822: 7759: 7710: 7523: 7376: 7323: 7133: 7084: 6998: 6228: 6205: 5738: 3736: 3686: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3461: 3452:, justified the decision to hazard so many warships. The cargo of aviation fuel in 2418: 2409: 2379:

about 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) off Tobruk, the ships were attacked and

1839: 1497: 1489: 1466: 1439: 1423: 1330: 1084: 951: 942: 891: 843: 695: 554: 437: 33: 5747: 1226:

had crossed without escort and an intelligence blackout caused by a change to the

1019:

with small formations of aircraft. During the month, Axis aircraft flew more than

41: 8590: 8302: 8217: 8175: 8073: 8016: 7884: 7666: 7657: 7186: 6768: 6744: 5998: 5207: 4964: 3903: 3794: 3757: 3473: 3371: 3254: 2772: 2626: 2020: 2009: 1843: 1472:

began operations to deliver 63 Spitfires to Malta, which increased the number to

1080: 729: 644: 601: 481: 416: 381: 8702: 8597: 8133: 8059: 6111: 5970: 4479: 4477: 3909: 3769: 3763: 3750: 3446: 2855:

Vian was then ordered to avoid the Italians until aircraft had attacked around

2765: 2537: 2408:

and the ship ran aground and burned out. The rest of the convoy was covered by

2261: 1982: 1945: 1741:

in command of the convoy and escorts (Force A). On 22 March 1942, in Operation

1512: 1270: 1246: 1112: 1071: 926: 449: 339: 187: 130: 125: 1252:

was sunk by a U-boat and on 10 May, three of four destroyers were sunk by the

290: 8738: 8408: 6333: 6182: 6021: 5310: 5229: 5092: 4260: 4165: 3939: 3527: 3442: 2737: 2393: 2384: 2076: 1818: 1792: 1734: 1730: 987: 946: 800: 754: 734: 395: 155: 89: 76: 5381: 5339: 5036: 4889: 4766: 4658: 4631: 4474: 4450: 4399: 2991:

was ordered to sink the ship rather than linger in Bomb Alley. The other 24

2625:

soon worked back up to 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) The destroyer

2334: 1262:

of supplies, those sent in April less than one per cent and May losses were

8707: 8511: 6811: 6716: 6347: 5710: 5474: 4648: 4646: 4554: 4552: 4323: 4311: 4265: 3653: 3629: 3247: 2985: 2968: 2835: 2532:

the fleet was making 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph) southwards. At

2310: 2273: 1994: 895: 764: 169: 8775:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

1999:

that convoys were about to be run from Alexandria and Gibraltar to Malta.

1299:

had abated, sufficient for ships to escort a fast convoy from Alexandria.

8760:

Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

8346: 8332: 7994: 6670: 6491: 6476: 5830: 3730: 2890: 2002: 1738: 1323:) was an Axis plan to invade Malta and during 1942, reinforcement of the 1128: 1063: 922: 879: 182: 5024: 4643: 4564: 4549: 4525: 4462: 2574:

Ju 88s joined in but the early attacks were defeated, seven British and

2016:

lay in ambush between Crete and Cyrenaica and the 7th Cruiser Division (

882:) aircraft attacked MW11c on 12 June and a damaged ship was diverted to 7701: 7454: 7433: 6326: 5659: 5587: 5418:

Operation Vigorous Arnold Hague Convoy Database (Shorter Convoy Series)

3933: 3723: 3300:

to port and by late June, the Eighth Army had retreated to El Alamein.

2751: 1971: 938: 875: 4954: 4952: 2471:

and passengers were picked up by the rescue ships and a destroyer but

7964: 7369: 7166: 6977: 6775: 6730: 3945: 3209:

The other destroyers caught up with the convoy during the afternoon.

2687: 1922: 1528: 1282: 1059: 969: 966:

were delivered to Malta during July and increasing losses forced the

963: 914: 867: 863: 859: 141: 136: 6251: 3336:; anti-aircraft gunners on the escorts and merchant ships shot down 3201:

decided that the risk to the other destroyers was too great and had

2524:(PR) flight over Taranto had verified the departure of the ships at 1455: 842:, "the Battle of mid-June 1942") was a British operation during the 6235: 5963: 5171:

The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys: A Naval Staff History

4949: 4853: 4501: 4387: 3114: 1814: 1476:

fighters. Air operations for the two convoys began on 24 May, when

1442:

lost the Libyan landing grounds from which to cover Malta convoys.

1278: 1160: 353: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4440: 4438: 2867:

Harwood ordered the ships to reverse course again. It was only at

2824:

from 14,000 ft (4,300 m) and accurately bombed, hitting

2646:

were killed and the ship was so badly damaged that it was sunk by

2371:

was sent to Mersa Matruh and the other two to Tobruk, escorted by

5106:

The Italian Navy 1940–1945: War Secrets and Operational Decisions

3927: 2545: 1274: 1144: 934: 878:; one ship was sent back because of defects. Italian and German ( 5102:

La marina italiana 1940–1945: Segreti bellici e scelte operative

3128:

and the five 38 Squadron Wellington torpedo-bombers attacked at

6845: 5443: 5000: 4925: 4588: 4435: 4423: 4305: 3393:

on the ground and damaged many others. The fighters flew about

3068: 2288: 2127: 2013: 1192: 1176: 930: 918: 883: 847: 232: 227: 3376:

delivered aviation fuel, ammunition and other stores; another

3124:

Another reconnaissance aircraft from Malta found the fleet at

7033: 5376:. Vol. II. (1st ed.). Milano-Roma: Edizione Esse. 5012: 3430: 3019: 2981: 2950:, one near miss putting a front turret out of action for one 2540:) with two battleships, two heavy and two light cruisers and 2205:

carrying supplies and operating as a decoy, the rescue ships

1838:

from the Eastern Fleet, provided the convoy escort with four

1511:

were based at Bir Amud in Egypt near the Libyan border, five

1387: 910: 871: 851: 68: 5334:. London: Admiralty: Director of Naval Construction. 1952. 5221: 5151: 4513: 2355:

destroyers of the 2nd, 7th, 12th, 14th and 22nd flotillas.

1067: 909:

The convoy and escorts sailed through "Bomb Alley" between

8795:

Italian naval victories in the battle of the Mediterranean

5060: 5048: 4901: 4865: 4829: 4817: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4754: 4706: 4682: 4670: 4576: 4537: 4489: 8755:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United States

5187: 5042: 5030: 4970: 4895: 4772: 4664: 4652: 4637: 4570: 4558: 4531: 4483: 4468: 4456: 4405: 4381: 4369: 4347: 4335: 4329: 4317: 4976: 2732:, with no hits. The Italian ships had also been seen at 862:

and supporting operations. Sub-convoy MW11c sailed from

4913: 4790: 2536:

Harwood signalled Vian that the Italian fleet (Admiral

1878:

of the 4th Cruiser Squadron. The operation was to have

1218:

bombing neutralised Malta, British decrypts of Italian

6105:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4988: 4937: 4877: 4841: 4805: 4730: 4718: 4694: 4619: 4607: 4411: 2967:

aircraft returned and again concentrated on warships.

4742: 2908:

order from Harwood to turn for Malta reached Vian at

1422:

had begun its retirement seven weeks earlier. At the

870:

and air attack. MW11a and MW11b sailed next day from

5365:

L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale

3491:

Ship data taken from Woodman 2003, unless indicated.

2817:

with two torpedoes, the ship sinking an hour later.

2309:

and Wellington bombers attacked Axis airfields near

2233:

to divert to Tobruk with its towed MTB, escorted by

1460:

Bristol Beaufighter Mk 1, 252 Squadron; North Africa

3429:was another British operation to carry supplies to 1416:back to the Gazala line just west of Tobruk, where 5220:: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II. London: 1935:and ten destroyers, the convoy passed through the 1886:(MTB) and two rescue ships. The former battleship 8765:Naval battles of World War II involving Australia 818:¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission 8736: 5243: 5122: 4958: 4931: 4859: 4601: 4507: 4444: 4429: 4393: 2974:on the starboard quarter was attacked by twelve 2650:. As the sun rose, MW11 was heading east and at 8770:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany 5384:. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 5250:. Vol. II (repr. ed.). London: HMSO. 5168: 5018: 3233:were escorted to Port Said by four destroyers. 3047:Ju 88s attacked in a shallow dive, near-missed 2997:attacked the merchant ships with no result and 1959:were to patrol, ready to ambush Italian ships. 986:in August delivered four merchant ships and an 820:² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission 320: 3253:In 1962, the British naval official historian 2189:was ordered into port from MW11a, escorted by 8750:Naval battles of World War II involving Italy 5459: 5083:Bragadin, M'A. (1957). Fioravanzo, G. (ed.). 4278: 4257:was the first Italian ship to carry a German 4252: 4227: 4221: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4087: 4081: 4075: 3416: 3331: 3325: 3264: 3258: 3005: 2825: 2812: 2799: 2727: 2711: 2666: 2528:and another sighting reached Harwood that at 2436:breaking up into twos and threes to bomb. At 2340: 2318: 2242: 2000: 1992: 1963: 1318: 975: 899: 835: 306: 5173:. Naval Staff Histories. London: Routledge. 5125:The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 4258: 3410: 3172: 3004:The Italian ships were close to contact but 2992: 2975: 2951: 2921: 2598: 2592: 2569: 2416: 2387: 2300: 2282: 2218: 1986: 1916: 1433: 1427: 1417: 1407: 1368: 1361: 1355: 1344: 1335: 1324: 1303: 1286: 1253: 1213: 967: 5305:(PhD). registration. University of Exeter. 3879:Auxiliary ship (decommissioned battleship) 3141: 3018:the battlefleet turned north-west, towards 5466: 5452: 3150:falling behind, down at the bow, towed by 2500:was seen as the German submarine attacked 1465:Two weeks before the convoys, the carrier 1376: 1258:. In February and March, Axis losses were 313: 299: 5247:Royal Air Force 1939–45: The Fight Avails 5244:Richards, D.; Saunders, H. St G (1975) . 3001:, which survived and shot down a bomber. 160: 5150:. abridged (2nd rev. ed.). London: 5099: 5082: 4919: 4799: 3352: 2889: 2333: 2254: 2126: 1970: 1454: 1386: 5361: 5298: 5271: 5206: 5141: 5066: 5054: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4943: 4907: 4883: 4871: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4784: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4625: 4613: 4582: 4543: 4519: 4495: 4417: 4365: 4353: 4341: 3488:# - ships damaged, ## - heavily damaged 3120:to the west was also forced to dive at 2383:was shaken by near misses. About forty 1791:and several aircraft carriers from the 1302: 1090: 850:MW11 from the eastern Mediterranean to 146: 8737: 7313: 7291:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5276:(pbk. ed.). London: John Murray. 5108:]. Odoya library. Bologna: Odoya. 2934:was near-missed and slightly damaged, 2926:dive-bombers attacked the escorts but 1401:(18 November – 30 December 1941), the 1031:fighter sorties. The British had lost 8790:Naval aviation operations and battles 8162:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7594:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7240:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7196:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6301:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5447: 5127:(pbk. ed.). Rochester: Chatham. 1558: 1539:equipped with long-range fuel tanks, 294: 7284:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6316:Rape during the liberation of France 5123:Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (2002) . 2581: 2082:went unnoticed. The Port Said ships 1985:, the US Military attaché in Cairo ( 1901: 1853:. The Eastern Fleet sent the 6-inch 1551:and Beaufighter night fighters from 1360:II was being withdrawn. By 2 May, a 3479: 2912:but Axis bombers had attacked from 2786:caught sight of them out of range. 1450: 1245:was lost. On 10 March, the cruiser 1121: 1055:been a poor winter potato harvest. 46:Relief map of the Mediterranean Sea 13: 7510:German invasion of the Netherlands 5790:Weather events during World War II 5292: 3384:during sorties on 15 and 21 July. 3181:, which heeled over and sank with 2938:claiming a bomber and a probable. 2838:based near Gazala intercepted the 2272:The three convoy elements met off 1291:aircraft had been diverted to the 14: 8811: 8141:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5423:Campaign summary of Malta Convoys 5411: 4384:, pp. 299, 253–298, 331–340. 3138:which caused superficial damage. 2942:was attacked by five aircraft at 1831:of the 15th Cruiser Squadron and 906:(Italian military intelligence). 8701: 5473: 5085:The Italian Navy in World War II 3460:flown from the aircraft-carrier 3113:losing the chance to attack and 3089:of their ammunition left and at 2464:was hit three times and sank at 2201:, the decommissioned battleship 1991:, the good source), alerted the 1976:Map of the central Mediterranean 1184: 1168: 1153: 1152: 1136: 1120: 1104: 1097: 162: 148: 135: 124: 40: 5218:History of the Second World War 5148:History of the Second World War 4271: 4245: 4235: 4059:Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta 3472:(23 October – 11 November) and 2798:turned towards the immobilised 2452:from the flank and near-missed 2247:suspected that it was a decoy. 1962: 1137: 1105: 67:Eastern Mediterranean, towards 8388:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6098:Territorial changes of Germany 6006:Indonesian National Revolution 4299: 4214: 4178: 2847:damaged leader crash-landing. 2548:and would reach the convoy by 2035:in Palermo and the destroyers 1185: 1169: 1003: 902:Servizio Informazioni Militare 1: 7788:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7739:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7503:German invasion of Luxembourg 5884:Mediterranean and Middle East 5370:The Italian Air Force in WWII 5075: 3437:of the war. Only five of the 3303: 3189:Two air attacks were made on 2920:attacked. Most of the Ju 87s 1525:United States Army Air Forces 993: 279: 264: 236: 7695:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7384:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6702:Independent State of Croatia 5169:Llewellyn-Jones, M. (2007). 4959:Greene & Massignani 2002 4932:Greene & Massignani 2002 4860:Greene & Massignani 2002 4602:Greene & Massignani 2002 4508:Greene & Massignani 2002 4445:Richards & Saunders 1975 4430:Richards & Saunders 1975 4394:Greene & Massignani 2002 4306:http://www.naval-history.net 4293: 3599:Hunt-class destroyer escorts 3441:ships in the convoy reached 3363:During July, the submarines 3236: 2885: 2586:The turn order was given at 2475:were lost. After the rescue 1727:201 Naval Co-operation Group 1523:of the Halverson Detachment 1350:aircraft in Sicily, not the 7: 8679:End of World War II in Asia 8519:Western invasion of Germany 8026:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8003:Second Battle of El Alamein 7573:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7545:Battle of the Mediterranean 7398:Italian invasion of Albania 5572:Air warfare of World War II 5313:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.548977 4283:was torpedoed amidships at 4156:Battle of the Mediterranean 4149: 3470:Second Battle of El Alamein 3241: 2522:Photographic Reconnaissance 2260:HMS Centurion disguised as 1500:reconnaissance aircraft of 1014:Battle of the Mediterranean 324:Battle of the Mediterranean 30:Battle of the Mediterranean 10: 8816: 8605:Naval bombardment of Japan 7973:First Battle of El Alamein 7892:Battle of Christmas Island 7837:Japanese invasion of Burma 7601:Italian invasion of Greece 7517:German invasion of Belgium 7489:German invasion of Denmark 7462:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7331:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5595:Comparative military ranks 3356: 3074: 3031:four fastest merchantmen, 2726:Maydon fired torpedoes at 2680: 2675: 2367:developed engine-trouble, 2329: 2250: 2177:, with fleet minesweepers 2122: 2074: 2070: 2018:it:Ammiraglio di divisione 1905: 1781:were still out of action. 1445: 1380: 1310: 1062:, three submarines, three 1007: 8694: 8526:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8466: 8457:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8194: 8081:Allied invasion of Sicily 8035: 7941:Aleutian Islands campaign 7913:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7860: 7851:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7746:Second Battle of Changsha 7651:German invasion of Greece 7619: 7496:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7471: 7409: 7304: 7185: 6911: 6821: 6669: 6372: 6363: 6121: 5946: 5838:North and Central Pacific 5799: 5561: 5554: 5481: 5402:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2065: 1295:and if the crisis in the 1273:might be clearer. Should 837:Battaglia di mezzo giugno 816: 332: 246: 193: 176: 117: 50: 39: 27: 22: 8118:Allied invasion of Italy 8095:Solomon Islands campaign 7844:Third Battle of Changsha 7441:First Battle of Changsha 7347:Second Sino-Japanese War 6287:German military brothels 6153:United States war crimes 5142:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . 5009:, pp. 359, 367–368. 4973:, pp. 299, 313–314. 4171: 3720:14th Destroyer Flotilla 3695:12th Destroyer Flotilla 3597:5th Destroyer Flotilla ( 3213:sailed from Tobruk with 3142:Night, 15/16 and 16 June 1784:Bringing the battleship 1564:Anti-submarine squadrons 1070:, a water carrier and a 998: 262:2 merchant ships damaged 8540:Second Guangxi campaign 8395:Philippines (1944–1945) 7899:Battle of the Coral Sea 7802:Fall of the Philippines 7448:Battle of South Guangxi 7354:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6760:Italian Social Republic 5299:Hammond, R. J. (2011). 5274:Malta Convoys 1940–1943 5100:Bragadin, M'A. (2011). 3746:22nd Destroyer Flotilla 3572:2nd Destroyer Flotilla 3405:the Axis forces losing 3193:and its escorts and at 2494:sank, the periscope of 1948:(MGB) and small craft. 1842:light cruisers and the 1383:Western Desert Campaign 1377:Western Desert Campaign 1038:down in combat against 917:under attack from Axis 8125:Armistice of Cassibile 7927:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7878:Battle of the Java Sea 7781:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7681:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7674:Battle of South Shanxi 7644:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7427:Battle of the Atlantic 7041:Korean Liberation Army 6754:(until September 1943) 6711:(until September 1944) 6689:(until September 1944) 4279: 4259: 4253: 4251:The Italian destroyer 4228: 4222: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4088: 4082: 4076: 3663:7th Destroyer Flotilla 3417: 3411: 3332: 3326: 3297: 3265: 3259: 3173: 3071:vulnerable to attack. 3063:against Vigorous from 3006: 2993: 2976: 2952: 2946:and six Ju 87s bombed 2922: 2901: 2826: 2813: 2800: 2728: 2712: 2709: 2667: 2599: 2593: 2570: 2417: 2400:and the rest attacked 2396:medium bombers bombed 2388: 2347: 2341: 2319: 2301: 2283: 2269: 2243: 2219: 2134: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1978: 1964: 1917: 1846:anti-aircraft cruiser 1751:Second Battle of Sirte 1462: 1434: 1428: 1418: 1408: 1394: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1345: 1336: 1325: 1319: 1304: 1287: 1254: 1214: 976: 968: 900: 836: 177:Commanders and leaders 109:Italian–German victory 8289:Second Battle of Guam 8185:Bengal famine of 1943 8155:Second Battle of Kiev 8111:Battle of the Dnieper 7816:Battle of Wake Island 7688:East African campaign 7630:Battle of South Henan 7275:atrocities by Germans 7048:Korean Volunteer Army 6029:Occupation of Germany 5783:Music in World War II 5213:The Period of Balance 3458:Supermarine Spitfires 3353:Subsequent operations 3287: 2899:sinking, 16 June 1942 2893: 2699: 2578:aircraft being lost. 2460:which took on water. 2415:During the afternoon 2337: 2258: 2130: 2026:Raimondo Montecuccoli 1974: 1566:in Operation Julius. 1458: 1397:After the success of 1390: 277:21 aircraft shot down 256:2 merchant ships sunk 247:Casualties and losses 211:4 motor torpedo boats 8575:Surrender of Germany 8053:Battle of West Hubei 8010:Guadalcanal campaign 7980:Battle of Stalingrad 7906:Battle of Madagascar 6680:Albania protectorate 6467:(formerly Swaziland) 6176:Wehrmacht war crimes 5992:Expulsion of Germans 5776:Art and World War II 5674:British contribution 5623:Governments in exile 5362:Santoro, G. (1957). 5272:Woodman, R. (2003). 5043:Playfair et al. 2004 5031:Playfair et al. 2004 5019:Llewellyn-Jones 2007 4971:Playfair et al. 2004 4896:Playfair et al. 2004 4773:Playfair et al. 2004 4665:Playfair et al. 2004 4653:Playfair et al. 2004 4638:Playfair et al. 2004 4571:Playfair et al. 2004 4559:Playfair et al. 2004 4532:Playfair et al. 2004 4522:, pp. 330, 334. 4484:Playfair et al. 2004 4469:Playfair et al. 2004 4457:Playfair et al. 2004 4406:Playfair et al. 2004 4382:Playfair et al. 2004 4370:Playfair et al. 2004 4368:, pp. 203–204; 4330:Playfair et al. 2004 4318:Playfair et al. 2004 4308:and www.wrecksite.eu 4277:Bragadin wrote that 3843:Motor Torpedo Boats 3263:and minor damage to 2604:Siegfried Wuppermann 2594:Schnellbootflottille 2339:Line-drawing of the 2132:RAF Martin Baltimore 2050:Lanzerotto Malocello 1937:Straits of Gibraltar 1737:, with Rear Admiral 1541:Bristol Beaufighters 1507:Twelve Beauforts of 1426:(26 May – 21 June), 1367:Mussolini agreed to 1317:Operation Hercules ( 1305:Unternehmen Herkules 1212:From December 1941, 1202:class=notpageimage| 1091:Offensive operations 275:1 battleship damaged 273:1 heavy cruiser sunk 252:1 light cruiser sunk 8665:Potsdam Declaration 8554:Italy (Spring 1945) 8317:Liberation of Paris 7774:Siege of Sevastopol 6792:(until August 1944) 6695:Wang Jingwei regime 6517:from September 1943 6477:from September 1944 6415:from September 1944 6275:Romanian war crimes 6266:Persecution of Jews 6252:Croatian war crimes 6222:Japanese war crimes 6036:Occupation of Japan 5985:First Indochina War 5697:Military production 5609:Declarations of war 5069:, pp. 348–368. 5057:, pp. 389–432. 5045:, pp. 324–325. 4961:, pp. 239–240. 4910:, pp. 365–366. 4898:, pp. 255–256. 4874:, pp. 364–365. 4862:, pp. 236–238. 4838:, pp. 362–363. 4826:, pp. 361–362. 4787:, pp. 360–361. 4775:, pp. 245–253. 4763:, pp. 357–359. 4715:, pp. 356–357. 4691:, pp. 355–356. 4679:, pp. 354–355. 4667:, pp. 251–252. 4640:, pp. 245–251. 4585:, pp. 351–353. 4546:, pp. 350–351. 4510:, pp. 235–236. 4498:, pp. 329–330. 4486:, pp. 307–308. 4459:, pp. 308–309. 4408:, pp. 139–153. 4396:, pp. 230–231. 4372:, pp. 186–187. 4356:, pp. 204–205. 4344:, pp. 205–206. 4332:, pp. 185–186. 4320:, pp. 184–186. 3554:Light cruiser (AA) 3445:but the arrival of 3435:strategic victories 3425:Operation Pedestal 2984:) was disabled and 1884:Motor Torpedo Boats 1797:Mediterranean Fleet 1567: 1492:torpedo-bombers of 846:, to escort supply 833:(known in Italy as 715:Strait of Bonifacio 86: / 8658:Surrender of Japan 8491:Battle of Iwo Jima 8340:Belgrade offensive 7753:Siege of Leningrad 7637:Battle of Shanggao 7566:British Somaliland 7531:Dunkirk evacuation 7482:Norwegian campaign 7420:Invasion of Poland 7247:Japanese prisoners 6215:Italian war crimes 6146:British war crimes 6061:Soviet occupations 5845:South-West Pacific 5732:Allied cooperation 5690:Military equipment 5437:, escort destroyer 5428:RN submarines site 4065:Giuseppe Garibaldi 3409:Losses forced the 3359:Operation Pedestal 3055:and badly damaged 2902: 2566:50 torpedo-bombers 2348: 2270: 2221:Kampfgeschwader 54 2135: 1979: 1745:protecting convoy 1563: 1559:Operation Vigorous 1533:Curtiss Kittyhawks 1478:Vickers Wellington 1463: 1429:Panzerarmee Afrika 1409:Panzerarmee Afrika 1399:Operation Crusader 1395: 1370:Panzerarmee Afrika 1313:Operation Herkules 1206:Libya location map 984:Operation Pedestal 890:, who reported to 831:Operation Vigorous 260:3 cruisers damaged 23:Operation Vigorous 8785:Conflicts in 1942 8732: 8731: 8690: 8689: 8533:Battle of Okinawa 8432:Burma (1944–1945) 8266:Mariana and Palau 8046:Tunisian campaign 7871:Fall of Singapore 7795:Fall of Hong Kong 7538:Battle of Britain 7391:Operation Himmler 7300: 7299: 6964:Dutch East Indies 6607:Southern Rhodesia 6359: 6358: 6259:Genocide of Serbs 6162:German war crimes 6139:Soviet war crimes 6132:Allied war crimes 5978:Division of Korea 5957:Chinese Civil War 5755:Strategic bombing 5667:Manhattan Project 5283:978-0-7195-6408-6 5257:978-0-11-771593-6 5199:978-1-84574-067-2 5180:978-0-415-39095-8 5161:978-0-11-630961-7 5134:978-1-86176-190-3 5115:978-8-86288-110-4 4985:, pp. 71–72. 4184:87 men killed on 4083:Antonio Pigafetta 3963:City of Edinburgh 3418:Regia Aeronautica 3185:killed and about 2936:City of Edinburgh 2928:City of Edinburgh 2719:Antonio Pigafetta 2582:Night, 14/15 June 2410:Hawker Hurricanes 2392:dive-bombers and 2345:class battleships 2321:Regia Aeronautica 2143:City of Edinburgh 2137:Convoy MW-11a of 2098:of MW11c, sailed 2032:Eugenio di Savoia 1913:Operation Harpoon 1908:Operation Harpoon 1902:Operation Harpoon 1817:and the cruisers 1795:to reinforce the 1723: 1722: 1045:11,450 buildings, 978:Regia Aeronautica 943:aircraft carriers 856:Operation Harpoon 825: 824: 289: 288: 254:3 destroyers sunk 213:11 merchant ships 113: 112: 90:35.883°N 14.500°E 8807: 8800:June 1942 events 8725: 8718: 8711: 8708:World portal 8706: 8705: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8568:Prague offensive 8563: 8561:Battle of Berlin 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8505:Vienna offensive 8500: 8493: 8486: 8484:Battle of Manila 8479: 8459: 8450: 8441: 8434: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8374: 8365: 8358: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8268: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8234: 8227: 8225:Korsun–Cherkassy 8220: 8209: 8187: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8067:Bombing of Gorky 8062: 8055: 8048: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7934:Battle of Midway 7929: 7922: 7920:Battle of Gazala 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7830:Battle of Borneo 7825: 7823:Malayan campaign 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7767:Bombing of Gorky 7762: 7760:Battle of Moscow 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7612: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7524:Battle of France 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7377:Munich Agreement 7372: 7365: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7333: 7326: 7311: 7310: 7293: 7286: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7262:Soviet prisoners 7256: 7249: 7242: 7233: 7226: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7202:German prisoners 7198: 7178: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6747: 6740: 6738:French Indochina 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6682: 6662: 6653: 6646: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6585:from August 1944 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6468: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6370: 6369: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6311: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6229:Nanjing Massacre 6224: 6217: 6208: 6206:Nuremberg trials 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5939: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5810:Asia and Pacific 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5741: 5739:Mulberry harbour 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5574: 5559: 5558: 5547: 5540: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5407: 5401: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5375: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5348: 5342:. Archived from 5333: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5287: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5203: 5184: 5165: 5138: 5119: 5096: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4182: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4002:City of Calcutta 3981:MW-11B: tankers 3972:City of Pretoria 3480:Orders of battle 3440: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3379: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3295: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3211:City of Calcutta 3208: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3174:Korvettenkapitän 3165: 3154:and escorted by 3131: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3105:sailed north at 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3066: 3062: 3046: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3009: 2996: 2979: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2932:City of Pretoria 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2807: 2803: 2785: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2715: 2707: 2670: 2664: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600:Leutnant-zur-See 2596: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544:had sailed from 2543: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2490:Two hours after 2486: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419:Lehrgeschwader 1 2407: 2391: 2378: 2354: 2344: 2324: 2316: 2304: 2298: 2286: 2280: 2246: 2232: 2227:City of Calcutta 2224: 2216: 2147:City of Pretoria 2101: 2092:City of Calcutta 2006: 1998: 1990: 1967: 1958: 1942: 1939:on the night of 1920: 1881: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1748: 1744: 1733:and Air Marshal 1568: 1562: 1522: 1498:Martin Baltimore 1490:Bristol Beaufort 1475: 1451:Operation Julius 1440:Desert Air Force 1437: 1431: 1424:Battle of Gazala 1421: 1411: 1372: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1339: 1331:prisoners of war 1328: 1322: 1307: 1290: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1188: 1187: 1172: 1171: 1156: 1155: 1140: 1139: 1124: 1123: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1085:Fairey Swordfish 1081:Fairey Albacores 1078: 1053: 1050:were killed and 1049: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 981: 973: 952:Battle of Gazala 905: 892:Washington, D.C. 874:, Port Said and 844:Second World War 839: 425:Cape Spartivento 327: 325: 315: 308: 301: 292: 291: 284: 281: 269: 266: 241: 238: 222:2 light cruisers 220:2 heavy cruisers 215:1 auxiliary ship 199:8 light cruisers 172: 168: 166: 165: 158: 154: 152: 151: 140: 139: 129: 128: 101: 100: 98: 97: 96: 91: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 52: 51: 44: 34:Second World War 20: 19: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8700: 8698: 8686: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8624: 8619:Atomic bombings 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8462: 8455: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8377: 8368: 8361: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8322: 8315: 8310:Eastern Romania 8308: 8303:Warsaw Uprising 8301: 8296:Tannenberg Line 8294: 8287: 8282:Western Ukraine 8280: 8271: 8264: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8212: 8203: 8190: 8183: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8074:Battle of Kursk 8072: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8031: 8024: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7962: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7885:St Nazaire Raid 7883: 7876: 7869: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7709: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7667:Anglo-Iraqi War 7665: 7658:Battle of Crete 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7615: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7587:Eastern Romania 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7405: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7322: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7229: 7222: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7181: 7174: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7148:Western Ukraine 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7092:Northeast China 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6798:Slovak Republic 6796: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6769:Empire of Japan 6767: 6758: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6678: 6665: 6658: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6471: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6355: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6314: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6281:Sexual violence 6280: 6273: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6204: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6011: 6004: 5999:Greek Civil War 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5942: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5824:South-East Asia 5822: 5815: 5808: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5683:Military awards 5681: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5577: 5570: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5414: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5385: 5373: 5352: 5350: 5349:on 10 June 2016 5346: 5331: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5295: 5293:Further reading 5290: 5284: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5234: 5232: 5200: 5181: 5162: 5135: 5116: 5078: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4739:, pp. 359. 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4219: 4215: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4152: 4053:Light cruisers 4035:Heavy cruisers 4029:Vittorio Veneto 4010: 3977:Elizabeth Bakke 3967:City of Lincoln 3504:Light cruisers 3482: 3474:Operation Torch 3438: 3426: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3380:were flown off 3377: 3361: 3355: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3306: 3296: 3293: 3274: 3270: 3255:Stephen Roskill 3244: 3239: 3206: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3163: 3144: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3044: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2943: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2888: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2821: 2805: 2783: 2744: 2733: 2729:Vittorio Veneto 2723: 2708: 2705: 2683: 2678: 2662: 2651: 2643: 2640: 2633: 2614: 2607: 2587: 2584: 2575: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2484: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2405: 2376: 2352: 2346: 2332: 2314: 2307:Douglas Bostons 2296: 2278: 2268: 2253: 2230: 2214: 2187:Elizabeth Bakke 2155:Elizabeth Bakke 2151:City of Lincoln 2133: 2125: 2099: 2079: 2073: 2068: 2021:Alberto Da Zara 1988:die gute Quelle 1977: 1969: 1956: 1946:Motor Gun Boats 1940: 1910: 1904: 1879: 1772:Queen Elizabeth 1763: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1712: 1699: 1675: 1624: 1589: 1565: 1561: 1520: 1473: 1461: 1453: 1448: 1393: 1385: 1379: 1351: 1342: 1315: 1309: 1263: 1259: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1093: 1076: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008:Main articles: 1006: 1001: 996: 927:torpedo-bombers 828: 827: 826: 821: 819: 812: 808:U-boat Campaign 792: 328: 323: 321: 319: 282: 278: 276: 274: 267: 263: 261: 259: 257: 255: 253: 239: 235: 230: 225: 223: 221: 219: 214: 212: 210: 208: 206: 204: 202: 200: 163: 161: 159: 149: 147: 134: 133: 123: 94: 92: 88: 85: 80: 77: 75: 73: 72: 71: 58:12–16 June 1942 45: 12: 11: 5: 8813: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8719: 8712: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8638: 8635:South Sakhalin 8631: 8630: 8629: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8472: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8435: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8375: 8366: 8359: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8269: 8262: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8210: 8200: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8172: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8114: 8107: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8060:Battle of Attu 8056: 8049: 8041: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8022: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7809:Battle of Guam 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7732:Battle of Kiev 7728: 7721: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7319: 7317: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7271: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7243: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231:United Kingdom 7227: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7199: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7163: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7044: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635:British Empire 6628:United Kingdom 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6469: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6444:Czechoslovakia 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6341:Rape of Manila 6337: 6330: 6323: 6312: 6297: 6290: 6278: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6218: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6179: 6172: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6112:United Nations 6108: 6101: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5971:Decolonization 5967: 5960: 5952: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5917: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5663: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5644:United Kingdom 5640: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5490: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5439: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5412:External links 5410: 5409: 5408: 5359: 5323: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5269: 5256: 5241: 5208:Roskill, S. W. 5204: 5198: 5185: 5179: 5166: 5160: 5139: 5133: 5120: 5114: 5097: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5033:, p. 307. 5023: 5011: 4999: 4997:, p. 368. 4987: 4975: 4963: 4948: 4946:, p. 367. 4936: 4934:, p. 240. 4924: 4922:, p. 237. 4912: 4900: 4888: 4886:, p. 365. 4876: 4864: 4852: 4850:, p. 364. 4840: 4828: 4816: 4814:, p. 361. 4804: 4802:, p. 175. 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4727:, p. 358. 4717: 4705: 4703:, p. 357. 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4655:, p. 303. 4642: 4630: 4628:, p. 354. 4618: 4616:, p. 353. 4606: 4604:, p. 236. 4587: 4575: 4573:, p. 301. 4563: 4561:, p. 309. 4548: 4536: 4534:, p. 310. 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4473: 4471:, p. 300. 4461: 4449: 4447:, p. 204. 4434: 4432:, p. 203. 4422: 4420:, p. 350. 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4270: 4244: 4234: 4232:, plus aircrew 4213: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4161:Bonner Fellers 4158: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4069: 4068: 4051: 4050: 4033: 4032: 4009: 4008: 3990: 3979: 3951: 3950: 3890: 3889: 3877: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3841: 3840: 3817:Minesweepers ( 3815: 3814: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485:† - ships sunk 3481: 3478: 3427:(13–15 August) 3357:Main article: 3354: 3351: 3305: 3302: 3291: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3187:400 survivors. 3143: 3140: 3109:was bombed at 3076: 3073: 3037:5:20–7:20 p.m. 2894: 2887: 2884: 2703: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2583: 2580: 2538:Angelo Iachino 2434:10–12 aircraft 2338: 2331: 2328: 2284:Lehrgeschwader 2259: 2252: 2249: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2044:Alfredo Oriani 1983:Bonner Fellers 1975: 1968: 1961: 1906:Main article: 1903: 1900: 1880:26 destroyers, 1749:to Malta, the 1721: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1560: 1557: 1513:B-24 Liberator 1474:95 serviceable 1459: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1391: 1381:Main article: 1378: 1375: 1311:Main article: 1308: 1301: 1271:Western Desert 1205: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1072:floating crane 1010:Siege of Malta 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 888:Bonner Fellers 823: 822: 817: 814: 813: 811: 810: 805: 804: 803: 796:Allied convoys 791: 790: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 746: 745: 742:Cape Bougaroun 739: 738: 737: 732: 727: 717: 712: 707: 704:Messina convoy 701: 693: 688: 681: 676: 668: 660: 649: 648: 642: 634: 628: 620: 615: 607: 598: 591: 583: 575: 567: 560: 552: 544: 532: 531: 526: 520: 514: 506: 498: 493: 485: 479: 473: 466: 461: 454: 447: 441: 429: 428: 422: 414: 408: 401: 393: 387: 379: 374: 368: 363: 357: 351: 344: 333: 330: 329: 318: 317: 310: 303: 295: 287: 286: 271: 249: 248: 244: 243: 216: 209:2 rescue ships 205:2 minesweepers 196: 195: 191: 190: 188:Angelo Iachino 185: 179: 178: 174: 173: 144: 131:United Kingdom 120: 119: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 95:35.883; 14.500 66: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 37: 36: 25: 24: 18: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8812: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8780:1942 in Malta 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8745:Malta Convoys 8743: 8742: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8696: 8693: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642:Kuril Islands 8639: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8409:Syrmian Front 8406: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8355:Market Garden 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8214:Monte Cassino 8211: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7580:Baltic states 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224:United States 7221: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160:Quốc dân Đảng 7157: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6860:Liechtenstein 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644:United States 6641: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6334:Comfort women 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6318: / 6317: 6313: 6310: 6307: / 6306: 6303: / 6302: 6298: 6295: 6294:Camp brothels 6291: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183:The Holocaust 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169:forced labour 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6022:Marshall Plan 6019: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5875:Eastern Front 5872: 5869: 5868:Western Front 5865: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762:Puppet states 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704:Naval history 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5651:United States 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5405: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5021:, p. 79. 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4920:Bragadin 2011 4916: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4800:Bragadin 1957 4796: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4751:, p. 70. 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4166:Malta Convoys 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3865:Rescue ships 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3443:Grand Harbour 3436: 3432: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3350: 3342:220 attacking 3334: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312:, destroyers 3311: 3301: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3119: 3118: 3104: 3103: 3072: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3034: 3021: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2954: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2898: 2892: 2883: 2848: 2840:12 Beauforts, 2837: 2828: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2649: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2579: 2572: 2547: 2542:12 destroyers 2539: 2523: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2429:60–70 bombers 2421: 2420: 2413: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Junkers Ju 88 2390: 2386: 2385:Junkers Ju 87 2382: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2343: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2217:bombers of I 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2197:, the tanker 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2077:Malta Convoys 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1973: 1966: 1960: 1957:13 submarines 1954: 1953: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1895:1st Submarine 1892: 1891: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1793:Eastern Fleet 1790: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1752: 1740: 1736: 1735:Arthur Tedder 1732: 1731:Henry Harwood 1728: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1470: 1457: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1389: 1384: 1374: 1371: 1364: 1358: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1320:Operazione C3 1314: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1293:Russian Front 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1216: 1203: 1194: 1178: 1162: 1146: 1130: 1114: 1100: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052:350 seriously 1048:300 civilians 1021:9,500 sorties 1015: 1011: 991: 989: 985: 980: 979: 972: 971: 965: 959: 957: 953: 948: 947:heavy cruiser 945:but only one 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 904: 903: 897: 896:"Black"-coded 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 832: 815: 809: 806: 802: 801:Malta convoys 799: 798: 797: 794: 793: 788: 785: 784: 783: 782: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 751: 750: 743: 740: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 698: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 674: 673: 669: 666: 665: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 653: 646: 643: 640: 639: 635: 632: 629: 626: 625: 621: 619: 616: 613: 612: 608: 606: 605: 604: 599: 597: 596: 592: 589: 588: 584: 581: 580: 576: 573: 572: 568: 566: 565: 561: 558: 557: 553: 550: 549: 545: 542: 539: 538: 537: 536: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 503: 499: 497: 496:Grand Harbour 494: 491: 490: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 472: 471: 467: 465: 462: 460: 459: 455: 453: 452: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 435: 434: 433: 426: 423: 420: 419: 415: 412: 409: 407: 406: 402: 399: 398: 394: 391: 388: 385: 384: 380: 378: 375: 372: 369: 367: 366:Mers-el-Kébir 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 350: 349: 345: 343: 342: 338: 337: 336: 331: 326: 316: 311: 309: 304: 302: 297: 296: 293: 272: 251: 250: 245: 234: 229: 224:12 destroyers 218:2 battleships 217: 201:26 destroyers 198: 197: 192: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 175: 171: 157: 145: 143: 138: 132: 127: 122: 121: 116: 108: 105: 104: 99: 70: 65: 62: 61: 57: 54: 53: 49: 43: 38: 35: 31: 26: 21: 16: 8716:Bibliography 8699: 8512:Project Hula 8477:Vistula–Oder 8446: 8379: 8370: 8354: 8324: 8273: 8257: 8248: 8239: 8205: 8102: 8017: 7993: 7963: 7714: 7607: 7552:North Africa 7254:Soviet Union 7208:Soviet Union 7134:Soviet Union 6902:Vatican City 6812:Vichy France 6717:German Reich 6614:Soviet Union 6600:South Africa 6593:Sierra Leone 6546:Newfoundland 6365:Participants 6348:Marocchinate 6052: 6043: 6013: 5891:North Africa 5852:Indian Ocean 5711:Nazi plunder 5602:Cryptography 5475:World War II 5441: 5434: 5386:. Retrieved 5369: 5364: 5353:28 September 5351:. Retrieved 5344:the original 5327: 5315:. Retrieved 5301: 5273: 5263:29 September 5261:. Retrieved 5246: 5235:29 September 5233:. Retrieved 5212: 5189: 5170: 5143: 5124: 5105: 5101: 5084: 5067:Woodman 2003 5062: 5055:Woodman 2003 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5007:Woodman 2003 5002: 4995:Woodman 2003 4990: 4983:Roskill 1962 4978: 4966: 4944:Woodman 2003 4939: 4927: 4915: 4908:Woodman 2003 4903: 4891: 4884:Woodman 2003 4879: 4872:Woodman 2003 4867: 4855: 4848:Woodman 2003 4843: 4836:Woodman 2003 4831: 4824:Woodman 2003 4819: 4812:Woodman 2003 4807: 4785:Woodman 2003 4780: 4768: 4761:Woodman 2003 4756: 4749:Roskill 1962 4744: 4737:Woodman 2003 4732: 4725:Woodman 2003 4720: 4713:Woodman 2003 4708: 4701:Woodman 2003 4696: 4689:Woodman 2003 4684: 4677:Woodman 2003 4672: 4660: 4633: 4626:Woodman 2003 4621: 4614:Woodman 2003 4609: 4583:Woodman 2003 4578: 4566: 4544:Woodman 2003 4539: 4527: 4520:Woodman 2003 4515: 4503: 4496:Woodman 2003 4491: 4464: 4452: 4425: 4418:Woodman 2003 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4366:Hinsley 1994 4361: 4354:Hinsley 1994 4349: 4342:Hinsley 1994 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4273: 4266:search radar 4247: 4237: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196:, 4 on HMAS 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4107:Camicia Nera 4094: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4017:Battleships 4016: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953:Merchantmen 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3781:Flower class 3778: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3567: 3559: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3463: 3453: 3448: 3424: 3407:65 aircraft. 3399:36 Spitfires 3395:1000 sorties 3385: 3381: 3378:59 Spitfires 3372: 3366: 3362: 3330:and damaged 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:The cruiser 3307: 3298: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3252: 3248:Ian Playfair 3245: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3178: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3134: 3116: 3101: 3078: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3032: 3003: 2998: 2987: 2970: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2903: 2896: 2849: 2819: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2718: 2710: 2700: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2657: 2647: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2585: 2564:bombers and 2511: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2414: 2401: 2397: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2294: 2274:Mersa Matruh 2271: 2263: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2116: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 1995:Regia Marina 1980: 1965:Regia Marina 1951: 1931: 1924: 1911: 1889: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1849: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1809: 1801: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1724: 1625:13 Hellenic 1553:227 Squadron 1549:272 Squadron 1545:252 Squadron 1537:250 Squadron 1517:160 Squadron 1506: 1494:217 Squadron 1482:104 Squadron 1468: 1464: 1435:Afrika Korps 1414:Jebel Akhdar 1396: 1357:Fliegerkorps 1352:650 aircraft 1316: 1297:Indian Ocean 1267: 1248: 1241: 1211: 1064:minesweepers 1057: 1033:50 aircraft, 1025:388 British, 1017: 960: 923:dive-bombers 908: 834: 830: 829: 787:Ligurian Sea 780: 779: 748: 747: 696: 684: 671: 663: 651: 650: 637: 623: 610: 602: 600: 594: 586: 578: 577: 570: 563: 555: 547: 534: 533: 509: 501: 488: 469: 457: 450: 444:Convoy AN 14 431: 430: 417: 404: 396: 390:Cape Passero 382: 347: 340: 334: 203:9 submarines 118:Belligerents 28:Part of the 15: 8447:Bodenplatte 8333:Gothic Line 7559:West Africa 7106:Philippines 7085:Netherlands 6950:Czech lands 6888:Switzerland 6832:Afghanistan 6783:Philippines 6651:Puerto Rico 6567:Philippines 6553:New Zealand 6539:Netherlands 6492:Free France 6243:Prosecution 6044:Osoaviakhim 5914:West Africa 5898:East Africa 5545:Conferences 4220:570 men on 4137:Mitragliere 4101:Bersagliere 4071:Destroyers 3892:Submarines 3779:Corvettes ( 3568:Destroyers 3439:14 merchant 3391:17 aircraft 3061:193 sorties 3007:Supermarina 2558:11–13 June, 2442:20 aircraft 2377:12:20 p.m., 2279:20 aircraft 2244:Supermarina 2003:Supermarina 1739:Philip Vian 1729:by Admiral 1527:(USAAF) at 1521:24 aircraft 1515:bombers of 1509:39 Squadron 1502:69 Squadron 1486:38 Squadron 1480:bombers of 1419:Panzerarmee 1403:Eighth Army 1264:7 per cent. 1129:Mersa Brega 1087:were left. 1004:Siege, 1942 956:Eighth Army 939:battleships 679:Pantelleria 207:4 corvettes 183:Philip Vian 93: / 8739:Categories 8547:West Hunan 8380:Pointblank 7716:Silver Fox 7702:Summer War 7455:Winter War 7434:Phoney War 7215:Azerbaijan 7176:Yugoslavia 7071:Luxembourg 6913:Resistance 6660:Yugoslavia 6525:Luxembourg 6327:Sook Ching 6123:War crimes 5725:Technology 5718:Opposition 5660:Lend-Lease 5637:Australian 5630:Home front 5588:Blitzkrieg 5538:Casualties 5529:Commanders 5501:Operations 5388:31 October 5317:31 October 5076:References 4254:Legionario 4131:Legionario 3811:Snapdragon 3790:Delphinium 3713:Inconstant 3668:HMAS 3516:Birmingham 3389:destroyed 3349:aircraft. 3304:Casualties 3126:10:55 p.m. 3111:7:35 p.m., 3091:8:53 p.m., 3065:14–15 June 3045:6:00 p.m., 3028:16:25 p.m. 2948:Birmingham 2914:11:50 a.m. 2906:11:51 a.m. 2879:10:00 a.m. 2874:12:45 p.m. 2869:11:15 a.m. 2865:9:40 a.m., 2861:8:30 a.m., 2857:10:30 a.m. 2806:10:06 a.m. 2663:6:10 a.m., 2641:5:25 a.m., 2588:1:45 a.m., 2562:20 Italian 2534:11:15 p.m. 2518:10:30 p.m. 2487:next day. 2466:6:05 p.m.; 2425:4:30 a.m., 2315:11–13 June 2231:11:00 p.m. 2171:Inconstant 2108:Hunt-class 2106:and eight 2075:See also: 1941:11/12 June 1868:Birmingham 1855:Town-class 1711:Wellington 1698:Wellington 1663:Sunderland 1519:and about 1260:9 per cent 1060:destroyers 994:Background 988:oil tanker 876:Alexandria 720:Dodecanese 672:Campobasso 624:Portcullis 529:Alexandria 458:Abstention 377:Cape Spada 283: 600 268: 200 258:1 MTB sunk 240: 220 8612:Manchuria 8498:Indochina 8274:Bagration 7725:Lithuania 7370:Anschluss 7167:Viet Minh 7064:Lithuania 7006:Hong Kong 6776:Manchukuo 6731:Azad Hind 6390:Australia 6190:Aftermath 6053:Paperclip 5948:Aftermath 5748:Total war 5616:Diplomacy 5579:In Europe 5398:cite book 5311:798399582 5230:174453986 5210:(1962) . 5093:602717421 4294:Footnotes 4285:5:15 a.m. 4206:Aagtekerk 4202:Newcastle 4006:Rembrandt 3994:Aagtekirk 3941:Ultimatum 3897:HMS 3886:Centurion 3884:HMS 3829:HMS 3809:HMS 3802:HMS 3795:HMS 3788:HMS 3751:HMS 3724:HMS 3699:HMS 3607:Dulverton 3605:HMS 3576:HMS 3558:HMS 3523:Cleopatra 3521:HMS 3510:Newcastle 3508:HMS 3500:Cruisers 3462:HMS 3412:Luftwaffe 3397:and lost 3365:HMS 3246:In 1960, 3237:Aftermath 3223:Centurion 3207:7:00 a.m. 3195:4:30 a.m. 3164:1:27 a.m. 3130:0:30 a.m. 3122:8:00 p.m. 3115:HMS 3107:3:35 p.m. 3100:HMS 3095:4:40 p.m. 3053:Centurion 3024:4:05 p.m. 3016:3:15 a.m. 3012:4:00 p.m. 2999:Centurion 2986:HMS 2969:HMS 2962:3:20 p.m. 2958:2:20 p.m. 2944:1:00 p.m. 2918:20 Ju 87s 2910:1:45 p.m. 2886:Afternoon 2853:7:00 a.m. 2844:9:40 a.m. 2832:6:25 a.m. 2822:9:00 a.m. 2796:Ultimatum 2784:7:00 a.m. 2773:HMS 2766:HMS 2759:HMS 2752:HMS 2748:Ultimatum 2745:6:22 a.m. 2740:Ultimatum 2738:HMS 2734:6:15 a.m. 2724:6:46 a.m. 2688:HMS 2655:attacked 2652:3:40 a.m. 2627:HMS 2623:Newcastle 2619:Newcastle 2615:3:50 a.m. 2613:first at 2571:Luftwaffe 2554:2:00 a.m. 2550:7:00 a.m. 2530:2:24 a.m. 2526:8:00 p.m. 2514:6:45 p.m. 2485:9:15 p.m. 2444:attacked 2438:5:30 p.m. 2406:2:30 p.m. 2402:Aagtekirk 2357:Aagtekirk 2302:Luftwaffe 2297:4:30 a.m. 2262:HMS 2203:Centurion 2096:Rembrandt 2084:Aagtekirk 2010:MAS-boats 1950:HMS 1932:Liverpool 1930:HMS 1923:HMS 1890:Centurion 1888:HMS 1873:HMS 1866:HMS 1861:Newcastle 1859:HMS 1857:cruisers 1848:HMS 1840:5.25-inch 1833:HMS 1826:HMS 1819:HMS 1810:Cleopatra 1808:HMS 1786:HMS 1770:HMS 1700:(torpedo) 1687:Wellesley 1674:Swordfish 1636:459 RAAF 1595:Baltimore 1529:RAF Fayid 1467:HMS 1363:Luftwaffe 1346:Luftwaffe 1337:Luftwaffe 1326:Luftwaffe 1288:Luftwaffe 1283:Cyrenaica 1255:Luftwaffe 1247:HMS 1240:HMS 1215:Luftwaffe 1077:22 bomber 970:Luftwaffe 964:Spitfires 915:Cyrenaica 868:submarine 864:Port Said 860:Gibraltar 775:La Ciotat 770:Port Cros 760:Santorini 595:Agreement 541:2nd Sirte 523:1st Sirte 489:Substance 464:Souda Bay 142:Australia 8723:Category 8672:document 8582:document 8439:Ardennes 8423:Budapest 8371:Crossbow 8249:Overlord 8088:Smolensk 7306:Timeline 7141:Slovakia 7127:Thailand 6978:Ethiopia 6943:Bulgaria 6867:Portugal 6805:Thailand 6687:Bulgaria 6465:Eswatini 6458:Ethiopia 6411:Bulgaria 6236:Unit 731 6197:Response 6014:Keelhaul 5964:Cold War 5937:Americas 5928:timeline 5921:Atlantic 5801:Theaters 5382:60102091 5340:38570200 4229:Littorio 4204:, 46 on 4192:, 13 on 4190:Airedale 4188:, 45 on 4186:Hermione 4150:See also 4023:Littorio 3992:MW-11C: 3957:MW-11A: 3923:Porpoise 3917:Thrasher 3701:Pakenham 3655:Aldenham 3643:Hurworth 3637:Beaufort 3631:Airedale 3560:Coventry 3547:Arethusa 3541:Euryalus 3535:Hermione 3447:SS 3386:Welshman 3367:Parthian 3333:Littorio 3314:Airedale 3310:Hermione 3292:— 3283:Vigorous 3275:30 ships 3271:30 of 31 3266:Littorio 3242:Analysis 3205:sunk at 3179:Hermione 3160:Beaufort 3135:Littorio 3102:Porpoise 3049:Arethusa 3033:Arethusa 3020:Navarino 2988:Aldenham 2971:Airedale 2872:then at 2827:Littorio 2761:Thrasher 2704:— 2632:was hit 2617:and hit 2502:Pakenham 2469:153 crew 2353:17 fleet 2342:Littorio 2215:15 Ju 88 2117:Kentucky 2112:meridian 2104:Coventry 2100:36 hours 2012:and six 1952:Welshman 1875:Arethusa 1850:Coventry 1835:Hermione 1828:Euryalus 1815:flagship 1806:cruiser 1788:Warspite 1716:221 det. 1682:815 NAS 1652:Spitfire 1641:Maryland 1617:Blenheim 1606:Beaufort 1588:821, 826 1582:Albacore 1279:Benghazi 1242:Upholder 1224:11 ships 1161:Benghazi 1083:and two 1029:30 being 1027:all but 1023:against 611:Stoneage 587:Pedestal 579:Vigorous 548:Calendar 510:Duisburg 421: ¹ 371:Calabria 354:Club Run 242:aircraft 194:Strength 63:Location 8649:Shumshu 8416:Hungary 8363:Estonia 8347:Lapland 8325:Dragoon 8258:Neptune 8240:Ichi-Go 8206:Tempest 8148:Changde 8103:Cottage 7995:Jubilee 7711:Finland 7609:Compass 7315:Prelude 7268:Finland 7154:Vietnam 7120:Romania 6992:Germany 6971:Estonia 6957:Denmark 6936:Belgium 6929:Austria 6922:Albania 6853:Ireland 6839:Andorra 6823:Neutral 6790:Romania 6724:Hungary 6709:Finland 6581:Romania 6473:Finland 6451:Denmark 6397:Belgium 6383:Algeria 6089:Romania 6075:Hungary 5831:Pacific 5555:General 5509:Leaders 5494:Battles 5487:Outline 4226:, 1 on 4208:, 6 on 4200:, 1 on 4125:Freccia 4119:Folgore 4113:Geniere 4047:Gorizia 4013:Italian 3983:Bulkoil 3969:, m.v. 3899:Proteus 3874:Malines 3870:Antwerp 3860:MTB-264 3856:MTB-262 3852:MTB-261 3848:MTB-259 3804:Primula 3732:Javelin 3707:Paladin 3649:Tetcott 3590:Hotspur 3584:Griffin 3578:Fortune 3464:Furious 3403:of 135, 3347:22 Axis 3294:Harwood 3227:Bulkoil 3219:Primula 3215:Tetcott 3152:Javelin 3084:⁄ 3075:Evening 3026:and at 2965:36 Axis 2923:(Stuka) 2836:MC 202s 2804:and at 2681:Morning 2676:15 June 2648:Hotspur 2576:17 Axis 2546:Taranto 2506:Bf 109s 2481:Malines 2477:Antwerp 2454:Bulkoil 2446:Bulkoil 2398:Tetcott 2381:Primula 2373:Tetcott 2365:Primula 2330:14 June 2267:(A9982) 2251:13 June 2211:Antwerp 2207:Malines 2199:Bulkoil 2175:Hotspur 2123:12 June 2071:11 June 2059:Vivaldi 2055:Premuda 2023:) with 2014:E-boats 1918:Troilus 1844:C-class 1778:Valiant 1762:⁄ 1585:830 NAS 1446:Prelude 1275:Martuba 1236:26 Axis 1234:again, 1145:Martuba 1113:Tripoli 1066:, five 1040:37 Axis 1036:20 shot 935:Taranto 931:E-boats 919:bombers 658:Zuwarah 645:Algiers 638:Olterra 571:Harpoon 564:Albumen 502:Halberd 470:Matapan 411:Otranto 405:Taranto 233:U-boats 228:E-boats 170:Germany 81:14°30′E 78:35°53′N 32:of the 8626:Debate 8598:Taipei 8591:Borneo 8169:Tarawa 7363:Europe 7324:Africa 7113:Poland 7099:Norway 7078:Malaya 7057:Latvia 6999:Greece 6985:France 6881:Sweden 6846:Bhutan 6574:Poland 6560:Norway 6532:Mexico 6499:Greece 6485:France 6423:Canada 6404:Brazil 6374:Allies 6320:Serbia 6309:Poland 6082:Poland 6068:Baltic 5861:Europe 5563:Topics 5515:Allied 5380: 5372:] 5338: 5309: 5280: 5254: 5228: 5196: 5177: 5158: 5131: 5112: 5091: 4280:Trento 4223:Trento 4210:Bhutan 4198:Nestor 4143:Saetta 4095:Aviere 4089:Ascari 4077:Alpino 4041:Trento 3998:Bhutan 3987:Potaro 3935:Uproar 3837:Seaham 3831:Boston 3820:Bangor 3738:Kelvin 3726:Jervis 3682:Nestor 3676:Napier 3670:Norman 3625:Eridge 3619:Croome 3613:Exmoor 3496:Allies 3340:about 3327:Trento 3322:Nestor 3260:Trento 3203:Nestor 3199:Nestor 3191:Nestor 3183:88 men 3156:Eridge 3148:Nestor 3069:Gambut 3057:Nestor 3041:SM 79s 2994:Stukas 2980:(from 2977:Stukas 2897:Nestor 2814:Trento 2801:Trento 2792:Uproar 2754:Uproar 2713:Trento 2706:Maydon 2668:Trento 2658:Trento 2644:12 men 2492:Bhutan 2473:16 men 2462:Bhutan 2458:Potaro 2450:Bhutan 2440:about 2427:about 2289:Maleme 2239:Croome 2235:Exmoor 2195:Potaro 2183:Seaham 2179:Boston 2163:Norman 2159:Napier 2088:Bhutan 2066:Convoy 2038:Ascari 1804:-class 1630:Hudson 1577:Egypt 1574:Malta 1193:Tobruk 1177:Gazala 1058:Three 884:Tobruk 848:convoy 725:Rhodes 710:Bastia 697:Scylla 685:Sicily 631:Skerki 618:Toulon 556:Bowery 476:Tarigo 438:Excess 360:Espero 285:killed 270:killed 167: 153: 106:Result 8402:Leyte 8232:Narva 8218:Anzio 8176:Makin 8134:Burma 8018:Torch 7987:Rzhev 7948:Kiska 7034:Korea 7020:Japan 7013:Italy 6895:Tibet 6874:Spain 6752:Italy 6513:Italy 6506:India 6430:China 6305:Japan 5905:Italy 5817:China 5769:Women 5435:Grove 5374:(PDF) 5368:[ 5347:(PDF) 5332:(PDF) 5104:[ 4261:De.Te 4194:Hasty 4172:Notes 3947:Umbra 3905:Thorn 3822:class 3797:Erica 3759:Hasty 3688:Nizam 3431:Malta 3382:Eagle 3373:Clyde 3338:21 of 3318:Hasty 3168:U-205 3162:. At 2982:StG 3 2953:Stuka 2916:when 2895:HMAS 2809:Umbra 2788:Umbra 2780:Thorn 2775:Thorn 2722:; at 2695:Umbra 2690:Umbra 2629:Hasty 2611:fired 2389:Stuka 2375:. At 2369:Erica 2361:Erica 2311:Derna 2287:1 at 2264:Anson 2167:Nizam 1925:Kenya 1747:MW 10 1713:(ASV) 1676:(ASV) 1655:2 PRU 1571:Type 1543:from 1469:Eagle 1249:Naiad 1232:C 38m 1228:C 38m 1220:C 38m 999:Malta 911:Crete 872:Haifa 858:from 852:Malta 730:Leros 664:Cigno 603:Torch 482:Crete 451:Genoa 418:White 383:Hurry 348:Malta 156:Italy 69:Malta 8468:1945 8196:1944 8037:1943 7965:Blue 7955:Attu 7862:1942 7621:1941 7473:1940 7411:1939 7340:Asia 7187:POWs 7027:Jews 6745:Iraq 6671:Axis 6621:Tuva 6437:Cuba 5522:Axis 5433:HMS 5404:link 5390:2016 5378:OCLC 5355:2016 5336:OCLC 5319:2016 5307:OCLC 5278:ISBN 5265:2016 5252:ISBN 5237:2016 5226:OCLC 5222:HMSO 5194:ISBN 5175:ISBN 5156:ISBN 5152:HMSO 5129:ISBN 5110:ISBN 5089:OCLC 4242:oil. 3959:Ajax 3911:Taku 3771:Zulu 3765:Sikh 3753:Hero 3529:Dido 3513:##, 3454:Ohio 3449:Ohio 3415:and 3401:out 3370:and 3320:and 3231:Ajax 3229:and 3217:and 3158:and 3117:P222 3051:and 2940:Ajax 2930:and 2904:The 2811:hit 2794:and 2771:and 2768:Taku 2697:was 2636:S 55 2609:S 56 2497:U-77 2479:and 2456:and 2448:and 2363:and 2299:the 2237:and 2225:and 2209:and 2191:Zulu 2181:and 2173:and 2153:and 2139:Ajax 2094:and 2057:and 2029:and 1871:and 1821:Dido 1802:Dido 1775:and 1743:MG 1 1719:221 1669:230 1647:203 1590:NAS 1547:and 1496:and 1343:425 1068:tugs 1012:and 974:and 941:and 913:and 880:Axis 840:1942 781:1945 765:Symi 749:1944 691:Gela 652:1943 535:1942 432:1941 341:Vado 335:1940 55:Date 4044:†, 4026:#, 4004:#, 4000:†, 3996:†, 3929:Una 3850:†, 3762:†, 3685:†, 3634:†, 3601:): 3538:†, 3519:#, 3014:At 2960:At 2782:at 2736:by 2661:at 2639:at 2634:by 2606:); 2512:At 2281:of 1813:as 1693:47 1623:203 1612:39 1609:217 1535:of 1281:in 1277:or 894:in 755:Ist 735:Kos 517:Bon 397:MB8 8741:: 8216:/ 5400:}} 5396:{{ 5224:. 5216:. 5154:. 5146:. 4951:^ 4792:^ 4645:^ 4590:^ 4551:^ 4476:^ 4437:^ 4140:, 4134:, 4128:, 4122:, 4116:, 4110:, 4104:, 4098:, 4092:, 4086:, 4080:, 4062:, 3985:, 3975:, 3965:, 3961:, 3944:, 3938:, 3932:, 3926:, 3920:, 3914:, 3908:, 3902:, 3872:, 3858:, 3854:, 3834:, 3824:) 3807:, 3800:, 3793:, 3783:) 3768:, 3756:, 3735:, 3729:, 3710:, 3704:, 3679:, 3673:, 3652:, 3646:, 3640:, 3628:, 3622:, 3616:, 3610:, 3587:, 3581:, 3544:, 3532:, 3526:, 3316:, 2790:, 2764:, 2520:A 2359:, 2185:. 2169:, 2165:, 2161:, 2149:, 2145:, 2141:, 2090:, 2086:, 2053:, 2047:, 2041:, 1928:, 1864:, 1824:, 1706:– 1703:38 1658:– 1601:– 1598:69 1488:, 929:, 925:, 921:, 525:¹² 373:¹² 362:¹² 280:c. 265:c. 237:c. 231:2 226:6 7719:) 7713:( 6587:) 6583:( 6519:) 6515:( 6479:) 6475:( 6417:) 6413:( 5467:e 5460:t 5453:v 5406:) 5392:. 5357:. 5321:. 5286:. 5267:. 5239:. 5202:. 5183:. 5164:. 5137:. 5118:. 5095:. 4268:. 3989:# 3171:( 3086:3 3082:1 2597:( 1764:2 1760:1 1757:+ 1755:2 1690:– 1679:– 1666:– 1644:– 1633:– 1620:– 789:¹ 744:¹ 706:² 700:² 675:² 667:² 647:¹ 641:¹ 633:² 627:¹ 614:¹ 590:¹ 582:¹ 574:¹ 559:¹ 551:¹ 543:¹ 519:² 513:² 505:¹ 492:¹ 484:² 478:² 446:¹ 440:¹ 427:¹ 413:² 400:¹ 392:¹ 386:¹ 356:¹ 314:e 307:t 300:v

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Knowledge

Operation Vigorous

Index