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developed by Clarke in Cairo. Agents were allowed to report minutiae such as insignia on soldiers' uniforms and unit markings on vehicles to allow the
Germans to build up a picture. The observations in the south-central areas largely gave accurate information about the real invasion forces since Clarke had stressed that using as much real information as possible led to better outcomes. Reports from the South-West of England indicated few troop sightings, but in reality, many units were housed there in preparation for D-Day. Reports from the South-East depicted largely-notional Quicksilver forces. That approach aimed to convince German intelligence services of an
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convincing them of
Montgomery's ability to manage two entire invasions at the same time. Wild's plan outlined ten divisions for the Calais assault, six of them being fictional and the remainder being the real American V Corps and British I Corps. However, the corps would be part of the actual Normandy invasion and so it would be difficult to imply Calais as the main assault after D-Day. Strangeways's final concerns related to the effort required for physical deception, as the plan called for large numbers of troop movements and dummy craft.
1049:, raised concerns about the entire plan. Strangeways argued that the plan aimed to cover the Allies' real intentions, instead of creating a realistic threat to Calais to which Axis forces would be forced respond in defence. He was concerned the Germans might well be aware of the Allied readiness in southern England and so they would be alert to the risk of an invasion in early June. However, that would realise this gave them several weeks to defeat any bridgehead and return to defend Calais. On 25 January, Montgomery's Chief of Staff,
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aspect of any invasion was the ability to enlarge a beachhead into a full front. He also had only 37 divisions at his command, compared to around 60 German formations. That meant that any deception would have to convince the German high command that the Allies were not committing their full forces into
Normandy, but holding many of those formations in reserve. After the landings, there would then need to be some way to delay the movement of German reserves to the Normandy beachhead to prevent a potentially disastrous counterattack.
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deception plan. Montgomery put his full support behind his head of deception and so
Strangeways prevailed. Finally, in a 23 February meeting between R Force and Ops(B), Strangeways tore up a copy of the plan, declared it useless, and announced that he would rewrite it from scratch. The established deceivers were dubious about Strangeways's announcement and assumed that he would resubmit the existing plan with some modifications. However, he duly submitted a rewritten operation that was met, in Harmer's words, with "astonishment".
1378:, the Japanese ambassador, to his government recounted a recent conversation with Hitler and confirmed the effectiveness of Fortitude. When asked for Hitler's thoughts on the Allied battle plan, he had said, "I think that diversionary actions will take place in a number of places – against Norway, Denmark, the southern part of western France, and the French Mediterranean coast". He added that he expected the Allies would then attack in force across the
1115:. It had been formed for administrative purposes but never used, but the Germans had discovered its existence through radio intercepts. Strangeways proposed activating the unit, with a series of fictional and real formations. The order of battle for the army would be intended to represent the bulk of Allied forces in England and therefore the main Allied threat. To add credence to the importance of FUSAG, Bradley was replaced by Lieutenant General
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and dummy landing craft were stationed at likely embarkation point in the East and the South-East of
England. As the FUSAG commander, Patton paid many of them a visit, along with a photographer, to ensure that their location was noted. The landing craft, built from wood and canvas and nicknamed Bigbob's, suffered from being too light. Wind and rain flipped many of them over or ran them to ground during the operation.
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could take days or weeks. He thinks that
Flowers may have embellished or misremembered the story in later life. Hitler’s views on the real invasion are widely attributed to the message from the Japanese ambassador to Berlin, Ōshima, after a 27 May meeting. Anyway, during the first week of June 1944, Eisenhower was more concerned with the weather than whether the Germans had been misled about the invasion's location.
907:, the overall Allied deception stratagem for the Normandy landings. Bodyguard's main objectives were to ensure that the Germans would not increase troop presence in Normandy and to do so by promoting the appearance that the Allies would attack in other locations. It consisted of a wide range of deceptions ranging across the European front, with Operation Fortitude representing the main effort to misdirect the
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staff officers of the 21st Army Group. That iteration aimed to take advantage of the likelihood that the
Germans would notice invasion preparations in southern England. Wild wanted to create the impression that an invasion was aimed at the Pas-de-Calais slightly later in the year (July, instead of June). Once the real invasion had landed, six fictional divisions would then keep the threat to Calais alive.
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story would change to suggest to the
Germans that several assault divisions remained in England that were ready to conduct a cross-Channel attack once the Normandy beachhead had drawn German defences away from Calais. The plan still retained some of its initial form, most notably since the first part of the story still aimed to suggest an invasion date of mid-July. At that point,
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reinforce
Normandy. As before, in late June, Strangeways rewrote the operation to ensure that the focus remained on Calais. In his version, the Normandy beachhead was struggling to succeed and so Eisenhower had taken elements of FUSAG to reinforce its efforts. FUSAG would then be rebuilt with newly-arrived US formations with the aim of landing in France toward the end of July.
1305:. It was decided to continue to use the same force during Fortitude. Unlike its southern counterpart, the deception relied primarily on fake radio traffic since it was judged unlikely that German reconnaissance planes could reach Scotland without being intercepted. False information about the arrival of troops in the area was reported by the double agents
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bottled up in wait for an attack on Calais that never came. That allowed the Allies to maintain and to build upon their foothold in
Normandy. Having served its purpose, on 28 September 1944, it was agreed to end the Fortitude deception and to move any remaining operational deceptions in the field to the overall charge of Ops (B).
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The FUSAG deception was not implemented primarily with dummy tanks, aeroplanes, or other vehicles. At that stage of the war, the Germans were unable to fly reconnaissance planes over England and so Strangeways felt that such effort would have been wasted. However, temporary buildings were constructed
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and his Ops (B) staff. In practice, it was a collaboration between Wild and the heads of the London Controlling Section and B1a. Work began in December 1943 under the codename Mespot. Wild's first version of the Fortitude plan was socialised in early January 1943 with SHAEF, political leaders and the
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message for Overlord, Eisenhower received a message that was couriered from Bletchley Park and had been sent by Hitler to Rommel with battle orders that the invasion of Normandy was imminent but that it was a feint to draw troops away from the real invasion five days later against the Channel Ports,
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During the course of Fortitude, the almost-complete lack of German aerial reconnaissance, together with the absence of uncontrolled German agents in Britain, came to make physical deception almost irrelevant. The unreliability of "diplomatic leaks" resulted in their discontinuance. Most deception in
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In the early spring of 1944, British commandos attacked targets in Norway to simulate preparations for invasion. They destroyed industrial targets, such as shipping and power infrastructure and military outposts. That coincided with an increase in naval activity in the northern seas and in political
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Strangeways was still unimpressed with the Fortitude outline, and, according to Ops(B)'s Christopher Harmer, in mid-February, he set out to ride "roughshod over the established deception organization". Harmer writes that Strangeways displayed the same arrogance as his commanding officer. Montgomery
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Observed tonnage of landing shipping could be taken as sufficient for 12 or 13 divisions (less heavy equipment and rear elements) for fairly short sea routes. In all (estimating the capacity of the other English ports not so far covered by visual and photo recce) probable employment of at least 20
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With those criticisms in hand, Wild produced his final draft for Fortitude. In the revised plan, which was issued on 30 January and approved by the Allied chiefs on 18 February, fifty divisions would be positioned in Southern England to attack Pas de Calais. After the real invasion had landed, the
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The problem facing the Allies was that France was the most logical choice for an invasion into mainland Europe. Therefore, the Allied high command had only a small geographical area across which to mislead the German defences. Montgomery, commanding the Allied landing forces, knew that the crucial
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Operation Fortitude focused on creating invasion threats from the United Kingdom into various parts of Western Europe. The plan was eventually split into two parts, North and South. Fortitude South focused on creating confusion about the Allied Channel crossing, and Fortitude North, staged out of
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radio message and decrypted by Colossus, according to an account by Tommy Flowers. Another author doubts whether Hitler would have sent messages about the invasion at the time since the invasion fleet had sailed on 4 June but was then postponed for 24 hours, and even with Colossus, Fish decrypts
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Through the evolved plan, the Allies maintained the pretense of FUSAG and other forces threatening Pas-de-Calais for some considerable time after D-Day, possibly even as late as September 1944. That was vital to the success of the Allied plan by forcing the Germans to keep most of their reserves
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Instead of extensive physical measures, most of Strangeway's plan relied on radio signals and leaks through double agents. Managing that information flow had to be done with caution since leaking supposed top-secret invasion plans would have been very obvious. Instead, the deceivers used tactics
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earlier in the war. Fortitude made heavy use of Clarke's techniques for inflating the size of an army and used a number of methodologies which had come to be referred to as "special means." They included combinations of physical deception, fake wireless (radio) activity, leaks through diplomatic
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Strangeways's objections were strong, and having responsibility for the plan's implementation, he refused to undertake most of the physical deception. A power struggle ensued throughout February and early March between Ops(B) and Strangeways as to who had authority to implement each part of the
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took over control of Fortitude South from R Force. The previous month, it had begun work to follow up the operation. The new story centered on the idea that Eisenhower had decided to defeat the Germans through the existing beachhead. As a result, elements of FUSAG had been detached and sent to
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Similar to the operation in the south, Fortitude North had a subsidiary plan used to implement the extensive radio deceptions. Codenamed Operation Skye, it began on 22 March 1944, was overseen by Colonel R. M. McLeod, and became fully operational by 6 April. Skye was split into four sections,
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In North Africa, he had learned Clarke's maxim that deception relied on getting the enemy to do something, not just to think something, and so his criticism focused on that. He pointed out that convincing the Germans of so many fictional divisions would be difficult, and even more so would be
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The plan again met criticism from Strangeways. Firstly, he opposed the creation of so many fictional US formations in the face of a known manpower shortage. Secondly, the new plan reduced the threat to Pas-de-Calais which might give the German command confidence to move the Fifteenth Army to
1000:(Garbo), a Spanish citizen who volunteered to set himself up as a double agent. Garbo was a key agent for the Fortitude deception. His fictional network of 27 agents across Britain was an excellent way to create the impression of additional formations. He was so trusted he was awarded the
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via Ops B, and the armed services. Information from the various deception agencies was organised by and channelled through the London Controlling Section. To help keep the approach well-organised, Strangeways divided the implementation stages into six subplans, codenamed Quicksilver.
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was famously opinionated and held a low opinion of the London establishment of the "old boys'" of Ops (B) and the LCS. More importantly, however, he had worked under Dudley Clarke in Cairo during the beginning of the war and had extensive experience of deception operations.
1403:, a member of Ops (B), concluded that "no evidence has so far been found to show that wireless deception or visual misdirection made any contribution". It is thought that the Germans were not actually monitoring the radio traffic that was being simulated.
1313:, and the British media co-operated by broadcasting fake information, such as football scores or wedding announcements, to nonexistent troops. Fortitude North was so successful that by late spring 1944, Hitler had positioned 13 army divisions in Norway.
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I rewrote it entirely. It was too complicated, and the people who made it had not never done it before. Now they did their best – but it didn't suit the operation that Monty was considering.... You see so much depended on the success of that deception
1290:. By threatening any weakened Norwegian defence, the Allies hoped to prevent or to delay reinforcement of France after the Normandy invasion. The plan involved simulating a buildup of forces in northern England and political contact with Sweden.
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Any invasion target would have been prepared with attacks in advance of landings and so Quicksilver IV covered a number of air activities including bombing of the Pas-de-Calais beach area and tactical railway bombing immediately before D-Day.
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Strangeways's revised Fortitude plan and an operational implementation, dubbed Quicksilver, invented an entire new field army but crucially without significant fictional forces. The skeleton of the new force already existed in the form of the
1018:(Brutus), a Polish officer who ran an intelligence network for the Allies in occupied France. Captured by the Germans, he was offered a chance to work for them as a spy. On his arrival in Britain, he turned himself in to British intelligence.
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In order to explain Patton's appearance in Normandy, news was transmitted of a rumour that Patton had refused to transfer any of his units to Montgomery's 21st Army Group, and as a result had been demoted and given the lesser command of the
895:). The operation was intended to divert Axis attention away from Normandy and, after the invasion on 6 June 1944, to delay reinforcement by convincing the Germans that the landings had been purely a diversionary attack.
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Operation Fortitude was classified, along with all of the wartime deceptions, and initial accounts did not emerge until the 1970s. Once published, however, the story inspired a number of fictional accounts:
1130:'s landings to be passed off as a distraction from the later main invasion. Pas-de-Calais offered a number of advantages over the real invasion site, such as by being the shortest crossing of the
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Operation Skye: (I) Fourth Army headquarters, (II) British II Corps, (III) American XV Corps (a genuine formation but with fictional units added to its order of battle), (IV) British VII Corps.
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deception staff, was unimpressed with the approach. He was widely critical of the original plan and eventually rewrote the Fortitude deception with a focus on creating a more realistic threat.
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the south was carried out by means of false wireless traffic and through German double agents. However, those methods had significantly less impact for Fortitude North. In his 2000 book,
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about a French agent, Catherine Pradier, who risks her life to deceive the Nazis as to where and when the Allies will invade the Continent of Europe and begin the end of World War II.
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was the leader whom the Germans feared the most, and they considered him the Allies' best general. Therefore, the German High Command believed that he would lead the daring attack.
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It has been suggested that the Army later encouraged the idea that the dummies were used to draw attention away from some of the other means of deception, such as double agents.
1350:, but after touring Southeast England, he visited Normandy where he was accidentally killed on 24 July in an Allied air raid and was subsequently replaced by General
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about a Nazi spy stationed in the south of England who discovers the Allied deception and races to inform the German leadership. It was subsequently adapted into a
1053:, sent a letter to the deception planners that asked them to focus on Pas-de-Calais as the main assault and was almost certainly sent at the behest of Strangeways.
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had taken steps to fortify that area of coastline heavily. Strangeways felt that would help the deception seem realistic in the minds of German high command.
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in late 1943. Early revisions in January 1944 suggested a fictional buildup of troops in southern England with the hope of drawing German attention to the
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929:(LCS), a secret body that was set up to manage Allied deception strategy during the war. However, the execution of individual plans fell to the various
3328:
1551:, who are solidly convinced that the Allies are planning to invade Normandy, but Hitler is unswayed from his belief that Calais is the intended target.
1447:, insisted that for reasons of tactical deception, for every radar station attacked within the real invasion area, two were to be attacked outside it.
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Radio deception was used to simulate the movement of troops across the south of England, with German listening posts expected to pick up the traffic.
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The basic "story" of Fortitude South was to be leaked, under Quicksilver I, largely through the double agent network and some diplomatic channels.
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and Rommel was not to move any troops. That would mean that the Allies would have five days without determined opposition. It was sent in a
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The deception was also assisted by very high German assessments of Allied capabilities. In an appreciation of 8 May von Rundstedt said:
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1591:. All of that was planned to reinforce the Pas-de-Calais invasion deception. Luckily, Gary is able to escape and to return to England.
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989:, had done a good job in intercepting numerous German agents in Britain. Many of them were recruited as double agents under the
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that likewise focuses on Allied attempts to carry out Fortitude as well as a German agent's race to discover the true plans.
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reinforce Normandy, and a second smaller Second American Army Group (SUSAG) would be formed to threaten the Pas-de-Calais.
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One of the main deception channels for the Allies was the use of double agents. B1A, the Counter-Intelligence Division of
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1229:(such as by giving impression of extra tunnelling and additional wireless stations) to suggest embarkation preparations.
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A display of dummy landing craft, including associated simulated wireless traffic, road signs, and restricted areas.
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The London Controlling Section retained central responsibility for the use of diplomatic channels and double agents.
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judged 'Mespot' to be an unsuitable name and so 'Fortitude' was adopted from an alternative list on 18 February.
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and probably more divisions in first wave must be expected. To these must be added strong air-landing forces.
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A deception of such a size required significant organisation and input from many organisations, including
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Night lighting deception to simulate activity at night in places that dummy landing craft were situated.
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This article is about the World War II deception. For the Australian immigration checking operation, see
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for the Allied forces that placed the centre of gravity of the invasion force opposite Pas-de-Calais.
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2201:"Martin Scorsese Settles Lawsuit With Screenwriter Who Accused Him of Taking $ 500,000 to Do Nothing"
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The extensive nature of the German intelligence machinery and the rivalry among the various elements.
1425:, which quickly indicated the effectiveness of deception tactics. That is one of the early uses of a
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SHAEF was offered a list of names to choose from; Bulldog, Axehead, Swordhilt, Fortitude and Ignite
1617:. One of the historians, posing as an American journalist, ends up working for Operation Fortitude.
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Sexton, Donal J. (1983). "Phantoms of the North: British Deceptions in Scandinavia, 1941–1944".
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that was obtained by breaking German codes and ciphers. On 1 June, a decrypted transmission by
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Dummy landing craft, used during Fortitude, at an unknown location in the South-East of England
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2227:"Martin Scorsese Settles Lawsuit Over Claims He Reneged on Deal to Produce World War II Movie"
1024:(Tricycle), a Yugoslav lawyer, whose flamboyant lifestyle covered his intelligence activities.
837:. Fortitude was divided into two subplans, North and South, and had the aim of misleading the
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Ghosts of the ETO : American tactical deception units in the European Theater, 1944–1945
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The idea of creating fake formations as a method of deception had been pioneered in Cairo by
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1583:'s aides. He is used in that guise by MI5 and is sent to Calais; he makes contact with the
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is a BBC TV comedy series that features a time-traveller, Gary Sparrow. In two episodes of
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The long-term view taken by British Intelligence to cultivate double agents as channels of
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1119:, whom the Germans held in high regard and who was known to be a competitor to Montgomery.
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aired in 1998, Gary, when he returns to 1944, appears to be the double of one of General
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Vanguard: the true stories of the Reconnaissance and Intelligence Missions behind D-Day
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Fortitude North was designed to mislead the Germans into expecting an invasion of
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Bletchley Park and D-Day: The Untold Story of How the Battle for Normandy Was Won
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993:. For Fortitude, the intelligence agencies made particular use of three agents:
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channels or double agents and the usage of notable officers in fake formations.
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Symbol of the fictional 1st US Army Group, a core element of Strangeway's plan
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In a lawsuit, aspiring screenwriter Simon Afram stated that he gave director
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novel by American author Robert P. Wells, a fictionalised retelling of the
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The Fortitude South story would be that FUSAG was being prepared to invade
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913:(German High Command) to believe in specific mainland invasion objectives.
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Operation Fortitude : the story of the spy operation that saved D-Day
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Juan Pujol Garcia, or agent Garbo, was key part of the Fortitude deception
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The deceivers : allied military deception in the second world war
1657:$ 500,000 to develop his screenplay about the event, which was titled
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and two-high ranking German military intelligence officers, including
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Fortitude North and South constituted the main portion of the overall
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The use of Ultra decrypts of machine-encrypted messages between the
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some weeks after an initial diversionary invasion. That would allow
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The Allies were able to judge how well Fortitude worked because of
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The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
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under his command to handle the tactical elements of deception.
925:. Planning for Bodyguard overall came under the auspices of the
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D-Day, June 6, 1944 : the climactic battle of World War II
1613:, about time-travelling historians who study the events of the
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1443:, the Assistant Director Intelligence (Science) at the British
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833:, an overall deception strategy during the buildup to the 1944
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Tajna historia podstępu : w czasie II wojny światowej
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deception system. The messages were usually encrypted by
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Overall, Fortitude was successful for several reasons:
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Both Fortitude plans involved the creation of phantom
2715:
Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker's War 1941–1945
2135:
1723:
1321:relating to different divisions of the Fourth Army
945:, the invasion force, under the command of General
2737:The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945
2560:
1463:One author says that on 5 June before he gave the
1346:. His replacement at FUSAG was Lieutenant General
1134:and the quickest route into Germany. As a result,
1643:in selling Fortitude to the German High Command.
34:Australian Border Force § Notable operations
3996:
2753:
2392:. Krystyna Szeżyńska-Maćkowiak. Warszawa: Muza.
883:and southern England), which threatened Norway (
2633:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2589:Double cross : deception techniques in war
1752:
1750:
935:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
844:Fortitude had evolved from plans submitted by
3336:
2806:
2592:(First ed.). Somerville, Massachusetts.
2284:. Annaplois Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
933:commanders. In the case of Fortitude, it was
153:
3975:British Intelligence in the Second World War
2821:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy,
2762:(3). Society for Military History: 109–114.
2647:
2128:
2126:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2017:
1929:
1927:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1838:
1836:
1747:
1278:, the headquarters of the fictional British
3113:American logistics in the Normandy campaign
2461:Strategic deception in the Second World War
2038:
2008:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1740:
1738:
903:Fortitude was one of the major elements of
829:operation by the Allied nations as part of
3343:
3329:
3310:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord
3118:British logistics in the Normandy campaign
2813:
2799:
2704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2620:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2536:. Richmond, Surrey: Public Record Office.
2492:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2449:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2116:
2114:
2086:
2084:
1908:
1906:
1882:
1880:
1631:(Agent Garbo) double-agent story from the
160:
146:
2731:
2363:( ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
2156:
2123:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2029:
1990:
1924:
1889:
1854:
1833:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1803:
2739:. Australian National University Press.
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1784:
1759:
1735:
1270:
1245:
1088:
964:
2563:Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign
2558:
2279:
2250:
2198:
2171:
2111:
2093:
2081:
2072:
1981:
1915:
1903:
1877:
1868:
1824:
1635:through 1944 that examines his role in
1476:
1397:Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign
960:
14:
3997:
3497:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
2853:American airborne landings in Normandy
2669:
2655:. New York: New York: Overlook Press.
2628:
2529:
2457:
2356:
2298:
2183:
2141:
2026:
1845:
1812:
1800:
1775:
1064:
1033:Detailed planning ostensibly sat with
3324:
2794:
2712:
2414:
2385:
2327:
2305:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1999:
1301:) had been created, headquartered in
141:
2585:
2533:Garbo : the spy who saved D-Day
2500:
1293:During a similar operation in 1943,
841:as to the location of the invasion.
2224:
24:
2906:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express
2257:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1266:
1225:Overall increased activity around
25:
4026:
4010:World War II deception operations
1324:
921:Scotland, introduced a threat to
284:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
2882:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges
55:
3300:People of Western Europe speech
3221:Military cemeteries in Normandy
2244:
2199:Maddaus, Gene (22 March 2024).
2147:
2102:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1537:ends with a conference between
222:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum
3295:June 6, 1944, order of the day
2334:. New York: Harper & Row.
2225:Cho, Winston (22 March 2024).
1672:
1109:First United States Army Group
1101:
13:
1:
1712:
898:
3054:
3050:
2328:Brown, Anthony Cave (1975).
2251:Ambrose, Stephen E. (1994).
2014:Janeczko (2017), pp. 162–163
1717:
1317:pressure on neutral Sweden.
1076:Strangeways, writing in 1996
27:Military deception operation
18:Operation Quicksilver (WWII)
7:
3130:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)
1028:
10:
4031:
3397:London Controlling Section
2717:. London: Harper Collins.
2108:Levine (2011), pp. 290-292
1865:Levine (2011), pp. 205–206
1797:Levine (2011), pp. 203–204
1501:1981 film of the same name
1297:, a fictional field army (
1282:during Operation Fortitude
927:London Controlling Section
910:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
858:London Controlling Section
105:London Controlling Section
96:December 1943 – March 1944
31:
3959:
3879:
3821:
3814:
3788:
3691:
3679:
3670:
3649:
3633:
3615:
3608:
3576:
3533:
3495:
3486:
3474:Soviet military deception
3469:
3451:
3423:
3395:
3372:
3365:
3267:Allied forces in Normandy
3229:
3193:
3142:
3105:
3048:
2983:
2833:
1969:Deuve (2011), pp. 239–242
1960:Deuve (2011), pp. 238–239
1951:Deuve (2011), pp. 234–238
1942:Deuve (2011), pp. 231–233
1732:Latimer 2001, pp. 218–232
1361:
229:Combined Bomber Offensive
181:
128:
118:
100:
92:
82:
72:
54:
46:
41:
2458:Howard, Michael (1990).
2415:Gawne, Jonathan (2014).
2229:. The Hollywood Reporter
2023:Masterman (1972), p. 223
1912:Holt (2004), pp. 578–579
1886:Holt (2004), pp. 536–537
1665:
1344:Third United States Army
3438:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
2670:Levine, Joshua (2011).
2586:Paul, Janeczko (2017).
2559:Hesketh, Roger (2000).
2501:Holt, Thaddeus (2004).
2357:Delmer, Sefton (1971).
2299:Beevor, Antony (2012).
2280:Abrutat, David (2019).
2186:, pp. 59, 60, 175.
1587:but is captured by the
1401:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
1045:, head of Montgomery's
937:(SHAEF), under General
868:, head of Montgomery's
3836:D-Day naval deceptions
3247:D-Day naval deceptions
2629:Kenyon, David (2019).
2571:: The Overlook Press.
2530:Harris, Tomás (2000).
2507:. New York: Scribner.
2132:Holt 2004, pp. 565–566
1851:Holt (2004), pp. 50–51
1392:
1283:
1251:
1158:Quicksilver Sub-Plans
1111:(FUSAG), commanded by
1094:
1079:
970:
691:Air and Sea operations
484:Anglo-Canadian Sector
363:Anglo-Canadian Sector
3443:List of Ops (B) staff
2162:Beevor (2012), p. 571
1996:Howard (1990), p. 120
1978:Deuve (2011), pp. 242
1933:Levine (2011), p. 207
1900:Levine (2011), p. 206
1842:Levine (2011), p. 208
1772:Levine (2011), p. 202
1441:Reginald Victor Jones
1387:
1274:
1249:
1210:Physical preparations
1092:
1068:
968:
949:. A special section,
723:Supporting operations
3685:John Cecil Masterman
3017:(Canada, Poland, US)
2970:(Canada, Poland, UK)
2964:(Canada, Poland, UK)
2386:Deuve, Jean (2010).
2302:The Second World War
1756:Brown 1975, pp. 1–10
1609:two-volume novel by
1572:Goodnight Sweetheart
1477:Fictional depictions
1372:signals intelligence
1008:, he was awarded an
1004:(for his efforts on
961:Deception techniques
939:Dwight D. Eisenhower
175:(Battle of Normandy)
4005:Operation Fortitude
3759:Werner von Janowski
3672:Double-Cross System
3568:George Vander Sluis
3543:Louis Dalton Porter
3278:Operation Bodyguard
3272:Liberation of Paris
2713:Marks, Leo (1998).
2360:The counterfeit spy
2120:Holt (2004), p. 630
2099:Holt (2004), p. 586
2090:Holt (2004), p. 585
2078:Holt (2004), p. 584
2069:Ambrose 1994, p. 82
2035:Sexton 1983, p. 112
1987:Holt (2004), p. 537
1921:Holt (2004), p. 541
1874:Holt (2004), p. 535
1830:Holt (2004), p. 534
1821:Holt (2004), p. 533
1809:Holt (2004), p. 532
1781:Holt (2004), p. 531
1659:Operation Fortitude
1641:Double-Cross System
1621:Overlord, Underhand
1534:The Eagle Has Flown
1423:German High Command
1299:British Fourth Army
1159:
1065:Strangeways rewrite
1051:Francis de Guingand
991:Double Cross System
905:Operation Bodyguard
839:German High Command
831:Operation Bodyguard
823:Operation Fortitude
49:Operation Bodyguard
42:Operation Fortitude
4015:Operation Overlord
3747:Nathalie Sergueiew
3366:Deception planning
3355:military deception
3305:Rommel's asparagus
3289:Operation Jedburgh
3134:Operation Chastity
1284:
1252:
1237:Physical Deception
1222:Physical Deception
1199:Physical deception
1157:
1095:
971:
947:Bernard Montgomery
827:military deception
518:Normandy massacres
407:Operation Chastity
171:Operation Overlord
77:Military deception
3992:
3991:
3968:Bodyguard of Lies
3955:
3954:
3784:
3783:
3711:Roman Czerniawski
3705:Juan Pujol GarcĂa
3645:
3644:
3625:David Strangeways
3609:Operational units
3604:
3603:
3482:
3481:
3318:
3317:
3283:Operation Dragoon
2958:(UK 6th Airborne)
2746:978-0-7081-0459-0
2733:Masterman, John C
2683:978-0-00-731353-2
2662:978-1-58567-381-0
2640:978-0-300-24357-4
2514:978-1-4391-0388-3
2428:978-1-61200-250-7
2421:. Havertown, PA.
2399:978-83-7495-858-5
2331:Bodyguard of lies
2312:978-0-297-84497-6
2291:978-1-912690-63-3
2044:Holt 2004, p. 486
1649:978-1-63068-019-0
1633:Spanish Civil War
1615:Battle of Britain
1585:French Resistance
1581:Charles de Gaulle
1505:Donald Sutherland
1488:Eye of the Needle
1295:Operation Tindall
1244:
1243:
1128:Operation Neptune
1059:Winston Churchill
1043:David Strangeways
1016:Roman Czerniawski
998:Juan Pujol GarcĂa
941:and specifically
866:David Strangeways
835:Normandy landings
819:
818:
675:Mantes-Gassicourt
339:Normandy landings
136:
135:
132:March – June 1944
73:Operational scope
16:(Redirected from
4022:
3819:
3818:
3680:Twenty Committee
3677:
3676:
3613:
3612:
3589:Jasper Maskelyne
3493:
3492:
3370:
3369:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3291:(France, UK, US)
3285:(France, UK, US)
3257:Hobart's Funnies
3211:Hillman Fortress
3123:Mulberry harbour
3056:
3052:
3049:Landing points (
3027:Merville Battery
2896:(Deception plan)
2815:
2808:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2756:Military Affairs
2750:
2728:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2666:
2653:Deception in War
2644:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2582:
2566:
2555:
2526:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2411:
2382:
2353:
2324:
2295:
2276:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2121:
2118:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:Gawne (2002), p.
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1757:
1754:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1556:The Unlikely Spy
1348:Lesley J. McNair
1303:Edinburgh Castle
1276:Edinburgh Castle
1188:Wireless traffic
1160:
1156:
1077:
864:region. Colonel
450:La Haye-du-Puits
435:American Sector
343:American Sector
289:Merville Battery
269:Airborne assault
176:
172:
162:
155:
148:
139:
138:
59:
39:
38:
21:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3951:
3875:
3810:
3789:Fictional units
3780:
3687:
3666:
3641:
3629:
3600:
3584:Ernest Townsend
3572:
3548:Ellsworth Kelly
3529:
3505:Geoffrey Barkas
3478:
3465:
3447:
3419:
3410:Dennis Wheatley
3391:
3361:
3349:
3319:
3314:
3225:
3189:
3170:Longues-sur-Mer
3138:
3101:
3044:
3033:Verrières Ridge
2979:
2872:(UK and Canada)
2829:
2819:
2768:10.2307/1988080
2747:
2725:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2663:
2641:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2579:
2544:
2515:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2400:
2371:
2342:
2313:
2292:
2265:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:Hesketh, p. 167
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:Cave Brown 1975
2059:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
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1755:
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1736:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1655:Martin Scorsese
1549:Wilhelm Canaris
1511:Fall from Grace
1479:
1380:Strait of Dover
1364:
1327:
1269:
1267:Fortitude North
1261:order of battle
1196:Quicksilver III
1132:English Channel
1104:
1078:
1075:
1067:
1031:
963:
943:21st Army Group
923:occupied Norway
901:
893:Fortitude South
885:Fortitude North
820:
815:
802:
589:Verrières Ridge
511:Le Mesnil-Patry
434:
432:Ground campaign
342:
305:American Sector
272:British Sector
271:
177:
174:
170:
168:
166:
101:Planned by
88:
68:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3990:
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3827:
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3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
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3790:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3723:GĂĽnther SchĂĽtz
3720:
3717:Roger Grosjean
3714:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3643:
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3470:
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3463:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3415:Ronald Wingate
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3216:Pegasus Bridge
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:Falaise pocket
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
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3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3039:Villers-Bocage
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2849:(assault plan)
2844:
2843:(overall plan)
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2751:
2745:
2729:
2723:
2710:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2626:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2556:
2542:
2527:
2513:
2498:
2470:
2455:
2427:
2412:
2398:
2383:
2369:
2354:
2340:
2325:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2277:
2263:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2214:
2188:
2176:
2174:, p. 173.
2164:
2155:
2146:
2144:, p. 170.
2134:
2122:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2046:
2037:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1923:
1914:
1902:
1888:
1876:
1867:
1853:
1844:
1832:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1783:
1774:
1758:
1746:
1744:Jablonsky 1991
1734:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1651:
1618:
1592:
1568:
1552:
1522:
1508:
1478:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1438:
1433:, rather than
1415:
1412:disinformation
1376:Hiroshi ĹŚshima
1363:
1360:
1352:John L. DeWitt
1326:
1325:After invasion
1323:
1268:
1265:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:Quicksilver VI
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:Quicksilver IV
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:Quicksilver II
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1103:
1100:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1013:
962:
959:
900:
897:
848:, the head of
817:
816:
814:
813:
801:
800:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
720:
719:
714:
712:Pierres Noires
709:
704:
699:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
640:
633:
632:
631:
619:
612:
605:
592:
591:
586:
579:
572:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
527:
526:
525:
515:
514:
513:
508:
506:Villers-Bocage
496:
491:
482:
481:
480:
479:
469:
468:
467:
457:
452:
447:
442:
440:Brécourt Manor
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
411:
410:
409:
393:
392:
390:Port-en-Bessin
387:
382:
377:
372:
361:
360:
355:
350:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
301:
300:
293:
292:
291:
286:
266:
265:
260:
255:
248:
241:
239:Transport Plan
236:
231:
226:
225:
224:
219:
212:
205:
191:
182:
179:
178:
165:
164:
157:
150:
142:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
87:United Kingdom
86:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
60:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4027:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3776:Mutt and Jeff
3774:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3765:Eddie Chapman
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:Johnny Jebsen
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:Double agents
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3662:Starfish site
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3639:Beach Jumpers
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:David Slepian
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3461:Peter Fleming
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Dudley Clarke
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Atlantic Wall
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:Gun batteries
3141:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3076:Pointe du Hoc
3074:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:Western Front
2816:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2724:0-00-653063-X
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2599:9780763675714
2595:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2578:1-58567-075-8
2574:
2570:
2569:Woodstock, NY
2565:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2543:1-873162-81-2
2539:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:0-393-31293-3
2467:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2370:0-06-011019-8
2366:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2341:0-06-010551-8
2337:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2264:0-671-88403-4
2260:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:Connie Willis
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:Larry Collins
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1457:George Patton
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1414:to the enemy.
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:Mutt and Jeff
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:Quicksilver V
1218:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:Quicksilver I
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:Special Means
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Pas-de-Calais
1120:
1118:
1117:George Patton
1114:
1110:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
994:
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
975:Dudley Clarke
967:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
914:
912:
911:
906:
896:
894:
890:
889:Pas de Calais
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
812:
809:
808:
807:
806:
799:
798:
794:
790:
788:
787:
783:
781:
780:
776:
774:
773:
769:
767:
766:
762:
760:
759:
755:
753:
752:
748:
746:
745:
741:
739:
738:
734:
732:
731:
727:
726:
725:
724:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:
634:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:
620:
618:
617:
613:
611:
610:
606:
604:
603:
599:
598:
597:
596:
590:
587:
585:
584:
580:
578:
577:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:
561:
559:
558:
554:
552:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
538:
537:
533:
531:
528:
524:
523:Ardenne Abbey
521:
520:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:
366:
365:
364:
359:
358:Pointe du Hoc
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
299:
298:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
275:
274:
273:
270:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
253:
249:
247:
246:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
223:
220:
218:
217:
213:
211:
210:
206:
204:
203:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
190:
189:Atlantic Wall
187:
186:
185:
180:
173:
163:
158:
156:
151:
149:
144:
143:
140:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
66:
65:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3845:
3771:Josef Jakobs
3741:Wulf Schmidt
3735:Gösta Caroli
3729:Arthur Owens
3593:
3525:Steven Sykes
3387:Victor Jones
3359:World War II
3194:Other places
3005:(UK, Canada)
2918:
2893:
2827:World War II
2759:
2755:
2736:
2714:
2672:
2652:
2649:Latimer, Jon
2630:
2588:
2562:
2532:
2503:
2464:. New York.
2460:
2417:
2388:
2359:
2330:
2301:
2281:
2253:
2245:Bibliography
2231:. Retrieved
2205:. Retrieved
2179:
2172:Abrutat 2019
2167:
2158:
2149:
2137:
2104:
2095:
2074:
2065:
2040:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1917:
1870:
1847:
1826:
1777:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1658:
1620:
1600:
1594:
1570:
1565:Daniel Silva
1554:
1542:
1539:Adolf Hitler
1532:
1525:Jack Higgins
1510:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1445:Air Ministry
1405:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1365:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1329:On 20 July,
1328:
1319:
1315:
1292:
1285:
1257:
1253:
1169:Description
1140:
1136:Erwin Rommel
1121:
1113:Omar Bradley
1105:
1096:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1055:
1040:
1032:
984:
972:
919:
915:
908:
902:
877:field armies
874:
843:
822:
821:
804:
803:
796:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
721:
717:Audierne Bay
690:
689:
643:
636:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
593:
582:
575:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
499:
483:
431:
430:
395:
394:
368:
362:
337:
336:
303:
302:
296:
277:
268:
267:
251:
245:Postage Able
244:
215:
208:
201:
200:
194:
183:
62:
29:
3887:Accumulator
3866:Quicksilver
3753:Dušan Popov
3520:Peter Proud
3510:Tony Ayrton
3252:Dieppe Raid
3185:Mont Canisy
2184:Kenyon 2019
2142:Kenyon 2019
1503:, starring
1497:Ken Follett
1427:closed-loop
1311:Moray Firth
1280:Fourth Army
1102:Quicksilver
1022:Dušan Popov
856:, from the
765:Houndsworth
685:La Rochelle
123:Axis powers
3999:Categories
3927:Hardboiled
3912:Chettyford
3831:Copperhead
3815:Operations
3761:(Watchdog)
3755:(Tricycle)
3749:(Treasure)
3558:Bill Blass
3535:Ghost Army
3488:Camouflage
3453:D Division
3405:John Bevan
3262:Rhino tank
3150:Amfreville
2834:Operations
2676:. London.
1713:References
1629:Juan Pujol
1002:Iron Cross
899:Background
879:(based in
854:John Bevan
811:Cemeteries
665:Saint-Malo
234:Pointblank
3942:Scherhorn
3932:Mincemeat
3846:Fortitude
3841:Ferdinand
3823:Bodyguard
3767:(Zig-Zag)
3725:(Rainbow)
3657:Paradummy
3515:Hugh Cott
3433:Noel Wild
3374:'A' Force
3106:Logistics
3021:Cherbourg
2968:Tractable
2894:Fortitude
2870:Charnwood
2776:0026-3931
2700:cite book
2692:751685307
2616:cite book
2608:988027571
2523:893114283
2488:cite book
2445:cite book
2437:883514798
2408:751107447
2321:795194477
2203:. Variety
1718:Citations
1602:All Clear
1563:novel by
1517:novel by
1495:novel by
1437:machines.
1035:Noel Wild
979:'A' Force
881:Edinburgh
846:Noel Wild
805:Aftermath
758:Bulbasket
707:Cherbourg
644:Tractable
557:Charnwood
472:Cherbourg
396:Logistics
202:Fortitude
195:Bodyguard
67:deception
64:Bodyguard
3977:(Vol. 5)
3902:Boardman
3871:Zeppelin
3856:Ironside
3851:Graffham
3801:American
3737:(Summer)
3713:(Brutus)
3701:(Artist)
3563:Art Kane
3274:(France)
3230:See also
3206:Hill 262
3180:Merville
3165:Houlgate
3160:Crisbecq
3155:Azeville
3092:(Canada)
3035:(Canada)
3015:Chambois
3009:Carentan
2997:Bréville
2976:(Canada)
2962:Totalize
2946:(Canada)
2922:(German)
2900:Goodwood
2864:Bluecoat
2860:(Canada)
2858:Atlantic
2841:Overlord
2735:(1972).
2651:(2001).
2552:43879083
2480:33807546
2273:29357128
2233:1 August
2207:1 August
1596:Blackout
1577:Series 5
1421:and the
1074:—
1041:Colonel
1029:Planning
779:Jedburgh
702:La Caine
655:Chambois
650:Hill 262
629:Hill 140
623:Totalize
616:Bluecoat
595:Breakout
583:Goodwood
576:Atlantic
570:2nd Odon
494:Bréville
460:Carentan
455:Saint-LĂ´
445:Graignes
419:Mulberry
402:American
252:Tarbrush
209:Zeppelin
83:Location
47:Part of
3917:Cockade
3907:Cascade
3897:Bertram
3892:Barclay
3861:Titanic
3806:British
3707:(Garbo)
3617:R Force
3425:Ops (B)
2984:Battles
2974:Windsor
2950:Titanic
2932:Martlet
2926:Mallard
2919:LĂĽttich
2912:Jupiter
2847:Neptune
2784:1988080
2350:1340409
1605:, is a
1589:Gestapo
1454:General
1331:Ops (B)
1047:R Force
955:R Force
951:Ops (B)
931:theatre
870:R Force
850:Ops (B)
793:Wallace
786:Dragoon
744:Titanic
737:Samwest
730:Dingson
660:Falaise
637:LĂĽttich
564:Jupiter
550:Windsor
536:Martlet
530:Douvres
465:Hill 30
414:British
327:Detroit
322:Chicago
297:Mallard
216:Titanic
184:Prelude
113:R Force
109:Ops (B)
93:Planned
3937:Pastel
3922:Forfar
3796:Allied
3743:(Tate)
3731:(Snow)
3719:(Fido)
3650:Decoys
3352:Allied
2944:Spring
2782:
2774:
2743:
2721:
2690:
2680:
2659:
2637:
2606:
2596:
2575:
2550:
2540:
2521:
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2478:
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2435:
2425:
2406:
2396:
2379:207065
2377:
2367:
2348:
2338:
2319:
2309:
2288:
2271:
2261:
1647:
1544:Abwehr
1531:novel
1435:Enigma
1419:Abwehr
1370:, the
1362:Impact
1288:Norway
887:) and
862:Calais
852:, and
825:was a
795:&
772:Loyton
751:Cooney
697:Ushant
609:Spring
369:Gambit
332:Elmira
317:Boston
312:Albany
263:Fabius
119:Target
3960:Books
3880:Other
3634:Other
3577:Other
3242:D-Day
3175:Maisy
3128:Pluto
3096:Sword
3072:(US)
3070:Omaha
2991:Brest
2956:Tonga
2938:Perch
2888:Epsom
2876:Cobra
2780:JSTOR
1666:Notes
1623:is a
1559:is a
1547:head
1513:is a
1491:is a
1368:Ultra
1227:Dover
1177:Leaks
1151:SHAEF
1071:plan.
1006:D-Day
797:Hardy
680:Paris
670:Brest
602:Cobra
543:Epsom
500:Perch
477:Naval
424:Pluto
375:Sword
348:Omaha
278:Tonga
258:Tiger
3947:Span
3595:more
3098:(UK)
3090:Juno
3086:(UK)
3084:Gold
3078:(US)
3066:(US)
3064:Utah
3041:(UK)
3029:(UK)
3023:(US)
3011:(US)
3003:Caen
2999:(UK)
2993:(US)
2952:(UK)
2940:(UK)
2934:(UK)
2928:(UK)
2914:(UK)
2908:(UK)
2902:(UK)
2890:(UK)
2884:(UK)
2878:(US)
2866:(UK)
2772:ISSN
2741:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2706:link
2688:OCLC
2678:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2622:link
2604:OCLC
2594:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2548:OCLC
2538:ISBN
2519:OCLC
2509:ISBN
2494:link
2476:OCLC
2466:ISBN
2451:link
2433:OCLC
2423:ISBN
2404:OCLC
2394:ISBN
2375:OCLC
2365:ISBN
2346:OCLC
2336:ISBN
2317:OCLC
2307:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2269:OCLC
2259:ISBN
2235:2024
2209:2024
1645:ISBN
1625:2013
1607:2010
1599:and
1561:1996
1529:1991
1515:1986
1493:1978
1470:Fish
1431:Fish
1163:Plan
489:Caen
385:Gold
380:Juno
353:Utah
129:Date
3357:in
2764:doi
1639:'s
1637:MI5
1527:'s
1354:.
1147:MI6
1143:MI5
1010:MBE
987:MI5
977:'s
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2778:.
2770:.
2760:47
2758:.
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2698:{{
2686:.
2618:}}
2614:{{
2602:.
2567:.
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2517:.
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2486:{{
2474:.
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2443:{{
2431:.
2402:.
2373:.
2344:.
2315:.
2267:.
2217:^
2191:^
2125:^
2113:^
2083:^
2049:^
2028:^
1926:^
1905:^
1891:^
1879:^
1856:^
1835:^
1814:^
1802:^
1786:^
1761:^
1749:^
1737:^
1725:^
1465:Go
1399:,
1382:.
1149:,
1145:,
1012:).
111:,
107:,
3344:e
3337:t
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3057:)
3055:E
3053:→
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2786:.
2766::
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2727:.
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2643:.
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2581:.
2554:.
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2237:.
2211:.
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