915:(often abbreviated OSE). This was an unintentional demonstration on the true nature of the portability of programs created under the OpenStep specification. Programs for OPENSTEP for Mach could be ported to OSE with little difficulty. This allowed their existing customer base to continue using their tools and applications, but running them on Windows, to which many of them were in the process of switching. Never a clean match from the UI perspective, probably due to OPENSTEP's routing of window graphics through the Display Postscript server—which was also ported to Windows—OSE nevertheless managed to work fairly well and extended OpenStep's commercial lifespan.
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was used mainly on the Intel platform. In addition to being a complete OpenStep implementation, the system was delivered with a complete set of NeXTSTEP libraries for backward compatibility. This was an easy thing to do in OpenStep due to library versioning, and OPENSTEP did not suffer in bloat because of it.
882:, and so on), and retained the classic NeXTSTEP user interface and styles. OPENSTEP for Mach was further improved, in comparison to NeXTSTEP 3.3, with vastly improved driver support – however the environment to actually write drivers was changed with the introduction of the object-oriented DriverKit.
423:
The first draft of the API was published by NeXT in mid 1994. Later that year they released an OpenStep compliant version of NeXTSTEP as OPENSTEP, supported on several of their platforms as well as Sun SPARC systems. NeXT submitted the OpenStep specification to the industry's object standards bodies.
885:
OPENSTEP for Mach supported Intel x86-based PC's, Sun's SPARC workstations, and NeXT's own 68k-based architectures, while the HP PA-RISC version was dropped. These versions continued to run on the underlying Mach-based OS used in NeXTSTEP. OPENSTEP for Mach became NeXT's primary OS from 1995 on, and
721:
In the mid-1990s, NeXT staff took to writing in solutions to various CORBA magazine articles in a few lines of code, whereas the original article would fill several pages. Even though using PDO required the installation of a considerable amount of supporting code (Objective-C and the libraries), PDO
717:
with very little code. Unlike OpenStep, which defined an operating system that applications would run in, under PDO the libraries were compiled into the application itself, creating a stand-alone "native" application for a particular platform. PDO was small enough to be easily portable, and versions
898:
operating system. After developing
Solaris OpenStep, Sun lost interest in OpenStep and shifted its attention toward Java. As a virtual machine development environment, Java served as a direct competitor to OpenStep. Unlike other versions, Solaris OpenStep had Interface Builder and Project Builder
376:
was at least a consideration, even without any product releases from either. Taligent's theoretical newness was often compared to NeXT's older but mature and commercially established platform. Sun held exploratory meetings with
Taligent before deciding upon building out its object application
476:
to implement the NeXTSTEP look and feel as much as possible, and integrating the NeXT development tools, such as
Project Builder and Interface Builder, with the SunPro compiler. In order to provide a complete end-user environment, Sun also ported the NeXTSTEP-3.3 versions of several end-user
1031:
libraries, began at the time of NeXTSTEP, predating OPENSTEP. While OPENSTEP and OSE were purchased by Apple, who effectively ended the commercial development of implementing OpenStep for other platforms, GNUstep is an ongoing open source project aiming to create a portable, free software
741:. When D'OLE was first released, OLE by itself only communicated between applications running on a single machine. PDO enabled NeXT to demonstrate Excel talking to other Microsoft applications across a network before Microsoft themselves were able to implement this functionality (DCOM).
389:
and of NeXTStep, was now SunSoft's Vice
President of Object Products to lead this decision. The 1993 partnership included a $ 10 million investment from Sun into NeXT. The deal was described as "the first unadulterated piece of good news in the NeXT community in the last four years".
424:
The official OpenStep API, published in
September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and Application Kit and the first to use the "NS" prefix. Early versions of NeXTSTEP use an "NX" prefix and contain only the Application Kit, relying on standard Unix
488:. Sun shipped a beta release of the OpenStep environment for Solaris on July 22, 1996, and made it freely available for download in August 1996 for non-commercial use, and for sale in September 1996. OpenStep/Solaris was shipped only for the SPARC architecture.
463:(formerly known as Project DOE), by providing an object-oriented user interface toolkit to complement the object-oriented CORBA plumbing. The port involved integrating the OpenStep AppKit with the Display PostScript layer of the Sun
467:
server, making the AppKit tolerant of multi-threaded code (as
Project DOE was inherently heavily multi-threaded), implementing a Solaris daemon to simulate the behavior of Mach ports, extending the SunPro C++ compiler to support
1001:
macOS's primary programming environment is essentially OpenStep (with certain additions such as XML property lists and URL classes for
Internet connections) with macOS ports of the development libraries and tools, now called
697:
The standardization on OpenStep also allowed for the creation of several new library packages that were delivered on the OPENSTEP platform. Unlike the operating system as a whole, these packages were designed to run
405:-based hardware. Most of the OpenStep effort was to strip away those portions of NeXTSTEP that depended on Mach or NeXT-specific hardware being present. This resulted in a smaller system that consisted primarily of
484:
The OpenStep and CORBA parts of the products were later split, and NEO was released in late 1995 without the OpenStep environment. In March 1996, Sun announced Joe, a product to integrate NEO with
288:(GUIs) and developing software applications. OpenStep was designed to be platform-independent, allowing developers to write code that could run on multiple operating systems, including NeXTSTEP,
1125:
1189:
960:; it could be regarded as OPENSTEP 5. Two developer versions of Rhapsody were released, known as Developer Preview 1 and 2; these ran on a limited subset of both Intel and PowerPC hardware.
702:
on practically any operating system. The idea was to use OpenStep code as a basis for network-wide applications running across different platforms, as opposed to using
1197:
1009:
macOS has since become the single most popular desktop Unix-like operating system in the world, although macOS is no longer an OpenStep compliant operating system.
713:(PDO). PDO was essentially an even more "stripped down" version of OpenStep containing only the Foundation Kit technologies, combined with new libraries to provide
870:
4.0 (July, 1996), 4.1 (December, 1996), and 4.2 (January, 1997). It was, for all intents, NeXTSTEP 4.0, and still retained flagship NeXTSTEP technologies (such as
350:
window system toolkit, and to libraries built atop those interfaces. This led to complex programming even for simple projects. An attempt to address this with an
1190:"Sun Announces Availability of Solaris OpenStep and Workshop OpenStep Beta; Meets Customer Demand For Operating System and Object-based Development Environment"
413:
runtime and compilers, and the majority of the NeXTSTEP Objective-C libraries. Not included was the basic operating system, or the lower-level display system.
420:
said, "We have no insurance policy. We have made a firm one-company, one-architecture decision, not like
Taligent getting a trophy spouse by signing up HP."
416:
Steve Jobs said "We are ahead today, but the race is far from over. ... Cairo will be very close behind, and
Taligent will be very far behind." Sun's CEO
1516:
1137:
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applications. For instance one could develop a high-powered financial modeling application using D'OLE, and then call it directly from within
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that shipped with OPENSTEP are a superset of the original OpenStep specification, including many features from the original NeXTSTEP.
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In addition to the OPENSTEP for Mach port for SPARC, Sun and NeXT developed an OpenStep compliant set of frameworks to run on Sun's
1035:
GNUstep also features a fully functional development environment, reimplementations of some of the newer innovations from macOS's
986:, and responding to developers by including better backward compatibility for classic Mac OS applications through the addition of
722:
applications were nevertheless considerably smaller than similar CORBA solutions, typically about one-half to one-third the size.
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and graphics front-end; and
Display PostScript, a 2D graphics system (for drawing windows and other graphics on the screen).
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types for low-level data structures. OPENSTEP remained NeXT's primary operating system product until the company merged with
918:
OPENSTEP and OSE had two revisions (and one major one that was never released) before NeXT was purchased by Apple in 1997.
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objects, with the goal of allowing programmers to create COM services running on high-powered platforms, called from
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as a reworked version of OPENSTEP for Mach for both the Mac and standard PCs. Rhapsody was OPENSTEP for Mach with a
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was the first commercial release of this operating system, and was delivered exclusively for PowerPC Mac hardware.
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365:(API) and generally poor performance led to little real-world use and the system was eventually abandoned.
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was considered to be a competitor in the operating system and object markets, and Microsoft's
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were originally programmed at a relatively low-level making calls directly to the underlying
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NeXT completed an implementation of OpenStep on their existing Mach-based OS and called it
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Sun originally adopted the OpenStep environment with the intent of complementing Sun's
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79:
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734:
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311:, to allow advanced application development on Sun's operating systems, specifically
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applications, including Mail.app, Preview.app, Edit.app, Workspace Manager, and the
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2434:
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875:
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611:
The OpenStep API specification defines three major components: Foundation Kit, the
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296:-based systems. It has influenced the development of other GUI frameworks, such as
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provided the same types of services, but presented the resulting objects as
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1138:"Sun announces availability of Solaris OpenStep and Workshop OpenStep Beta"
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in 1997. OPENSTEP was then combined with technologies from the existing
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Defunct object-oriented application programming interface specification
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is also a descendant of OPENSTEP, but targeted at touch devices.
393:
The basic concept was to take a cut-down version of the NeXTSTEP
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2015:
2010:
2005:
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1995:
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441:
874:, UNIX underpinnings, user interface characteristics like the
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1990:
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and support for Java and Apple's own technologies, including
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NeXTSTEP is an operating system, whereas OpenStep is an API.
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141:
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1945:
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998:, starting at version 10.0; Mac OS X is now named macOS.
982:
After replacing the Display Postscript WindowServer with
620:
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464:
449:
907:
NeXT also delivered an implementation running on top of
1268:
839:-based workstations and that was then ported to run on
354:
programming model was made in the mid-1980s with Sun's
1039:
framework, as well as its own extensions to the API.
899:
sold in a separate package called Workshop OpenStep.
2238:
1107:(Interview). Interviewed by NeXTWORLD. p. 23–24
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
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processors, for example. OpenStep is "endian-free".
381:as a "preemptive move against Taligent and Cairo".
319:-based Unix OS, stylized in all capital letters as
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
967:
315:. NeXT produced a version of OpenStep for its own
1085:
3185:
1032:implementation of the Cocoa/OPENSTEP libraries.
921:
562:OpenStep differs from NeXTSTEP in various ways:
401:operating system, more specifically, Solaris on
397:'s object layers and adapt them to run on Sun's
569:Unlike NeXTSTEP, OpenStep does not require the
307:OpenStep was principally developed by NeXT and
1524:
2351:
2224:
1510:
1284:
1159:"OpenStep Development Tools - 1 Introduction"
940:After acquiring NeXT, Apple intended to ship
2695:
718:were released for all major server vendors.
1259:OpenMagic 1.0 for Sparc by Luke Th. Bullock
1075:"OPENSTEP 4.2, Intel version. Screen shots"
794:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
665:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
530:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2231:
2217:
2186:
1517:
1503:
1332:
1291:
1277:
1126:Cocoa Fundamentals Guide: A Bit of History
744:Another package developed on OpenStep was
472:using NeXT's ObjC runtime, writing an X11
368:Sun then began looking for other options.
127:
2262:
1244:Rich Burridge's Weblog on OpenStep at SUN
814:Learn how and when to remove this message
685:Learn how and when to remove this message
550:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
576:Each version of NeXTSTEP has a specific
3019:
1098:
626:
377:framework OpenStep in partnership with
284:. It provides a framework for building
3186:
3056:
2937:
1187:
1140:(Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc
902:
2212:
1498:
1272:
2847:Derived from Mac OS X: iPhone OS 3.2
1479:
1072:
826:
792:adding citations to reliable sources
759:
663:adding citations to reliable sources
630:
528:adding citations to reliable sources
495:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
889:
845:"IBM-compatible" personal computers
361:, but the combination of a complex
13:
3194:Application programming interfaces
2560:Derived from Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger:
831:NeXT's first operating system was
755:
14:
3225:
1239:SUNs Workshop OpenStep AnswerBook
1216:
709:Primary among these packages was
363:application programming interface
280:(API) specification developed by
278:application programming interface
239:Application programming interface
2195:
2194:
2185:
1478:
1469:
1468:
764:
635:
500:
20:
3143:Mac OS X Server version history
1196:. Business Wire. Archived from
968:Darwin, Mac OS X 10.0 and later
31:needs additional citations for
3199:Berkeley Software Distribution
1181:
1151:
1130:
1119:
1099:Tribble, Bud (February 1994).
1066:
491:
1:
2415:Mac OS X Public Beta (Kodiak)
1862:AIX for Apple Network Servers
1101:"Bud Tribble Explains It All"
1059:
922:Rhapsody, Mac OS X Server 1.0
385:, a founding designer of the
1188:McGirr, Lili (22 Jul 1996).
746:Enterprise Objects Framework
711:Portable Distributed Objects
7:
1042:
928:Rhapsody (operating system)
196:operating systems with the
10:
3230:
1016:
1012:
971:
925:
459:-compliant object system,
330:
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1230:in OpenStep specification
1054:Multi-architecture binary
974:Darwin (operating system)
859:-based workstations from
851:-based workstations from
750:object-relational mapping
286:graphical user interfaces
244:
232:
224:
204:
179:
169:
151:
135:
126:
3174:denote upcoming products
2889:Derived from iOS 13-18:
2402:10.6 Snow Leopard Server
1298:
599:OpenStep introduces new
3168:audioOS version history
3163:watchOS version history
3113:Non-Apple distributions
2946:Derived from iOS 8–18:
2713:Derived from Mac OS X:
2622:Derived from iOS 9–18:
2460:OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion
1719:Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah)
3158:iPadOS version history
3028:Derived from watchOS:
2584:Derived from iOS 4–8:
1420:NeXT MegaPixel Display
1234:OPENSTEP SPECIFICATION
1223:OpenStep Specification
1027:implementation of the
706:or some other system.
157:; 29 years ago
3138:macOS version history
1877:PowerOpen Environment
1525:Operating systems by
155:October 19, 1994
3148:tvOS version history
1759:10.8 (Mountain Lion)
1324:John Patrick Crecine
788:improve this section
659:improve this section
627:Building on OpenStep
524:improve this section
40:improve this article
3153:iOS version history
2397:10.5 Leopard Server
1831:Mac OS X Server 1.0
1784:10.13 (High Sierra)
1749:10.6 (Snow Leopard)
1629:Systems 2, 3, and 4
1307:Corporate directors
1264:NeXTanswers archive
962:Mac OS X Server 1.0
932:Mac OS X Server 1.0
913:OPENSTEP Enterprise
903:OPENSTEP Enterprise
123:
3081:Derived from tvOS:
3065:Derived from iOS:
2480:macOS 10.12 Sierra
1774:10.11 (El Capitan)
1425:NeXT Laser Printer
1194:thefreelibrary.com
1073:Lineback, Nathan.
1049:NeXT character set
613:software framework
407:Display PostScript
335:Workstations from
325:software libraries
121:
3181:
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2485:10.13 High Sierra
2450:10.6 Snow Leopard
2313:
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2247:operating systems
2206:
2205:
2120:Apple TV Software
1919:
1918:
1492:
1491:
1456:Interface Builder
1434:Software products
1388:Hardware products
1254:NeXTComputers.org
990:, Apple released
868:OPENSTEP for Mach
827:OPENSTEP for Mach
824:
823:
816:
735:Microsoft Windows
715:remote invocation
695:
694:
687:
605:memory management
560:
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268:
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116:
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90:
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2132:Apple Vision Pro
1794:10.15 (Catalina)
1769:10.10 (Yosemite)
1764:10.9 (Mavericks)
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1165:. Archived from
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1128:
1123:
1117:
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1114:
1112:
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948:appearance from
890:Solaris OpenStep
861:Sun Microsystems
841:32-bit Intel x86
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588:processors, and
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395:operating system
359:windowing system
344:operating system
337:Sun Microsystems
309:Sun Microsystems
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1529:
1523:
1493:
1488:
1460:
1429:
1383:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1302:
1297:
1228:List of Classes
1219:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1143:
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1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1045:
1021:
1015:
996:Mac OS X Server
980:
972:Main articles:
970:
938:
926:Main articles:
924:
905:
892:
853:Hewlett-Packard
829:
820:
809:
803:
800:
785:
769:
758:
756:Implementations
739:Microsoft Excel
691:
680:
674:
671:
656:
640:
629:
617:Application Kit
556:
545:
539:
536:
521:
505:
494:
352:object oriented
333:
300:for macOS, and
275:object-oriented
248:
161:
159:
156:
152:Initial release
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3227:
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3196:
3179:
3178:
3176:
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3110:
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3097:
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3079:
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2690:
2679:
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2675:
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2656:
2651:
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2574:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:10.15 Catalina
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:10.10 Yosemite
2467:
2465:10.9 Mavericks
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:10.0 (Cheetah)
2417:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:10.3 (Panther)
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:10.0 (Cheetah)
2369:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2321:
2315:
2314:
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2290:
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2144:
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2110:
2100:
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2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
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2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
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1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1842:Other projects
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:10.14 (Mojave)
1786:
1781:
1779:10.12 (Sierra)
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:10.5 (Leopard)
1741:
1736:
1734:10.3 (Panther)
1731:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1696:
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1616:Classic Mac OS
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1405:NeXTcube Turbo
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
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1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Joanna Hoffman
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1236:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1217:External links
1215:
1212:
1211:
1200:on 23 Oct 2012
1180:
1169:on 27 Apr 2005
1150:
1129:
1118:
1084:
1079:Toastytech.com
1064:
1063:
1061:
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1057:
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1044:
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1017:Main article:
1014:
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969:
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923:
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909:Windows NT 4.0
904:
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891:
888:
828:
825:
822:
821:
772:
770:
763:
757:
754:
693:
692:
643:
641:
634:
628:
625:
609:
608:
597:
574:
567:
558:
557:
508:
506:
499:
493:
490:
474:window manager
434:classic Mac OS
430:Apple Computer
332:
329:
292:, and various
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265:
246:
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2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:10.2 (Jaguar)
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:10.2 (Jaguar)
2380:
2378:
2375:
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2370:
2368:
2364:
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2123:
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2118:
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2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:Other devices
2082:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:iPod software
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
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1829:
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1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
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1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:12 (Monterey)
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
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1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:10.2 (Jaguar)
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
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1690:
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1617:
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1604:
1596:
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1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
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1559:
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1553:
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1532:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:NeXTdimension
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:NeXT Computer
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
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1344:
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1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
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1301:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:The NeXTonian
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:free software
1020:
1010:
1007:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
975:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
937:
933:
929:
919:
916:
914:
910:
900:
897:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
818:
815:
807:
797:
793:
789:
783:
782:
778:
773:This section
771:
767:
762:
761:
753:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
689:
686:
678:
668:
664:
660:
654:
653:
649:
644:This section
642:
638:
633:
632:
624:
622:
618:
614:
607:capabilities.
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
590:little endian
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
564:
563:
554:
551:
543:
533:
529:
525:
519:
518:
514:
509:This section
507:
503:
498:
497:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
419:
418:Scott McNealy
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
357:
353:
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338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
263:
260:/OpenStepSpec
258:/OpenStepSpec
247:
243:
240:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
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187:
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182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
154:
150:
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140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
3171:
2490:10.14 Mojave
2445:10.5 Leopard
2435:10.3 Panther
2392:10.4 (Tiger)
2292:
1819:15 (Sequoia)
1809:13 (Ventura)
1799:11 (Big Sur)
1739:10.4 (Tiger)
1681:
1445:
1349:Susan Barnes
1342:Team members
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1198:the original
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2930:Apple Watch
2715:iPhone OS 1
2505:12 Monterey
2425:10.1 (Puma)
2377:10.1 (Puma)
2103:Apple Watch
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1956:iPhone OS 2
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1814:14 (Sonoma)
1754:10.7 (Lion)
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1023:GNUstep, a
936:Cocoa (API)
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436:to produce
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383:Bud Tribble
174:Objective-C
3204:MacOS APIs
3188:Categories
3125:PureDarwin
3120:OpenDarwin
2688:iPod Touch
2520:15 Sequoia
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2500:11 Big Sur
2440:10.4 Tiger
2147:visionOS 2
2142:visionOS 1
1883:Cancelled
1451:WebObjects
1369:Susan Kare
1364:Steve Jobs
1319:Ross Perot
1314:Steve Jobs
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1060:References
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675:March 2023
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578:endianness
540:March 2023
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2048:iPadOS 13
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1573:Apple III
1556:Apple DOS
1374:Rich Page
1105:NeXTWORLD
958:QuickTime
954:ColorSync
775:does not
752:product.
748:(EOF), a
646:does not
511:does not
387:Macintosh
194:Unix-like
3021:bridgeOS
3012:Embedded
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2353:Mac OS X
2328:Mac OS X
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1929:iPhone
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