Taligent - Knowledge

524:, Ringewald was adamant that Pink's intense ambitions were deliverable within a realistic two year timeframe only if the team heavily improved its legacy compatibility code. He pragmatically warned them, "We're going to have enough trouble just reimplementing the Mac." In Apple's contentious corporate culture of consensus, this mandate was soon challenged; David Goldsmith resigned from Pink after making a counter-ultimatum for a complete redesign which obviates all legacy problems, and some other staff escalated their complaints to upward management in agreement with that. Months later, a senior executive finally overrode Ringewald, thus redeveloping Pink from scratch as a new and unique system with no System 6 legacy. 947:. Also in March 1994 at the PC Forum conference, Taligent gave the first public demonstration of TalAE applications, to an impressed but hesitant reception. A show of hands indicated one out of approximately 500 attendees were actively developing on TalAE, but Taligent reported 60 members in its future second wave of developer program. The frameworks already present allowed the integration of advanced TalAE features into pre-existing platform-native applications. CEO Joe Guglielmi reported on TalAE gaining the ongoing outside interest of IBM, but suffering relative uninvolvement from Apple—possibly due to Apple's failure to deliver a mainstream OS capable of running it. On April 18, 1994, 749:

reiterated that its existing flagship legacy would continue indefinitely with System 7 and Macintosh hardware. COO Michael Spindler said "The Mac is not dead" and others said that they had never claimed that Pink would supersede the Macintosh. Charles Oppenheimer, Director of Marketing for Macintosh system software, said "We can't say for sure how will fit together." The industry was further confused as to the very existence of any Taligent software, not realizing that it was already beyond the concept stage and in fact consisted of volumes of Pink-based software in development by Apple for years. One year later in February 1993,

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approval of Taligent's progress. In what they called overall enterprise-wide cost-cutting processes, Apple and HP wanted to simply maintain technology licenses, IBM wanted to use its own redundant marketing and support departments, and Taligent wanted to focus only on technology. In the process, nearly 200 of the 375 employees were laid off, leaving only engineering staff. Apple veteran and Taligent cofounding employee, Mike Potel, was promoted from VP of Technology to CTO, saying, "We're better protected inside the IBM world than we would be trying to duke it out as an independent company that has to pay its bills every day."

38: 489:. Having committed these engineering triumphs which were often blunted within such a notoriously fragile operating system, a restless group of accomplished senior engineers were nicknamed the Gang of Five: Erich Ringewald, David Goldsmith, Bayles Holt, Gene Pope, and Gerard Schutten. The Gang gave an ultimatum that they should either be allowed to break from their disliked management and take the entrepreneurial and engineering risks needed to develop the next generation of the Macintosh operating system, or else leave the company. 1305:(1996) had been the definitive final roadmap for Copland, naming the platform's competitors and allies, and yet its 336 pages contain no mention of Pink or Taligent. In late 1996, Apple was ever more desperately scrambling to find any operating system strategy whatsoever beyond System 7, even after having already planned its upcoming announcement of it to be made in December 1997. The company had failed to deliver even a functional developer preview of Copland in two years; and it discarded the successful 8059: 1462:, had at Apple co-written WorldScript, Macintosh Script Manager, and headed the localization of Macintosh to Arabic, Hebrew, and Japanese (KanjiTalk), was Taligent's Director of Core Technologies and architect of all its internationalization technology, and then became IBM's Chief Software Globalization Architect, moved to Google to work on internationalization and Unicode, and now helps to choose the emojis for the world's smartphones. Ike Nassi had been VP of Development Tools at Apple, launched 4557: 1096: 1200:

pleased with the platform, though disappointed in the marked lack of crossplatform presence on HP/UX, Mac OS, and Windows NT which strictly limited any adoption of CommonPoint even among enthusiasts. Hewlett-Packard wrote a beginner's guide for CommonPoint programmers to address its steep learning curve, saying that its survey showed that experienced C++ framework programmers needed at least three months to even approach their first application. At its launch,

10143: 8039: 6792: 6782: 5652: 5281: 817:. Borland CEO Philippe Kahn said "Technically, is brilliant, and Taligent is running much faster than I expected." A software venture capitalist expected new entrepreneurs to appreciate the platform's newness and lack of legacy baggage, and the industry expected Apple loyalists to embrace a new culture. Regardless of genuine merit, many in the industry reportedly expected Taligent's success to depend upon wounding Microsoft's monopoly. On January 18, 688:. In an April 12, 1991, demonstration of Pink and its architecture, IBM was profoundly impressed and its GUTS outline was immediately impacted. By 1993, IBM's ambitious global roadmap would include the unification of the diverse world of computing by converting Pink to become one of many personalities of Workplace OS, and the ending of the need to write new major applications by instead making smaller additions to Pink's generalized frameworks. 4533: 5272: 956:

1996. Apple considered MacApp's lifespan to have "run its course" as the primary Macintosh SDK, while Taligent considered MacApp to be prerequisite experience for its own platform. Meanwhile, Apple and CILabs had begun an internal mandate for all new development to be based on the complementary and already published OpenDoc. CILabs was committed to publishing its source code, while Taligent was committed against publishing its own.

29: 931:. HP had already partnered with Taligent's well-established competitor NeXT to integrate OpenStep into HP-UX, and Taligent had pursued partnerships with both Sun and HP for several months, all serving to improve HP's competitive bargaining in its offer to Taligent. A Taligent engineer reportedly said, "It wasn't that HP was driven by OpenStep to go to Taligent, but that OpenStep allowed them to make a much better deal." 4569: 8049: 4545: 1278:(called WebRunner, for making drag-and-drop compound documents for the web, and server CGIs); graphics for building 2D GUI apps; international text for Unicode and localization; filesystems; printing; and unit tests. Through 1997, Taligent was at the core of IBM's companywide shift to a Java-based middleware strategy. Taligent provided all Unicode internationalization support for Sun's 1997 release of 588:. RAM chips and hard drives were extremely expensive so most personal computers were critically resource constrained, and System 7 would already barely fit onto existing Macintosh systems. Pink would therefore be hard-pressed to include backward compatibility for System 7 applications atop itself, assuming the team wanted to do so. This physical and economical constraint is a crucial aspect of the 1395:

virtually "a whole OS of nothing but hooks"—which rests upon, integrates deeply with, and "replaces the host's original operating system", leaving "no lowest common denominator". Therefore, any Taligent native application is expected to run just the same on any supported host OS. Any degree of clean portability, especially with native integration, in the software industry was described as a

608:, and CommonPoint. Magazines throughout the early 1990s showed various mock-ups of what Pink could look like. The People, Places, and Things metaphor extends beyond the traditional desktop metaphor and provides the user with GUI tools to easily drag documents between people and things, such as fax machines and printers. The component-based document model is similar to what would become 1376:

environment. ... Taligent's frameworks are all coordinated much better than others I've seen. They're designed to work together with the underlying kernel, in a fashion similar to the Mac's ROM Toolbox calls, but on a supremely more advanced level. Nextstep is the closest thing to Taligent but it's already old and not nearly as advanced—despite the fact that until now it's been

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Meanwhile, the remaining group and all of Apple were enamored and doubtless of Pink's world-changing vision, trying to join its staff of more than 100 by April 1989. It was a flourishing project that drained personnel from various other departments. All groups outside of Blue became defensively secretive in a company-wide culture of empire-building. Pink's secretive and

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group would receive the Gang's former management duo, along with incremental improvements in speed, RAM size, and hard drive size. Pink would receive the Gang, with Erich Ringewald as technical lead, plus preemptive multitasking and a componentized application design. Red would receive speech recognition and voice commands, thought to be as futuristic as the

839:. Positioned as "the most direct path for migration" from System 7 to Pink, it was intended to provide source code compatibility between System 7, Windows 3.1, Windows NT, OS/2, and Pink. Bedrock would be abruptly discontinued 18 months later with no successor, and leaving Apple with no connection between System 7 and Pink. 1429:

writer Fred Davis compared Taligent's relationship with Apple and IBM to a classic Greek tragedy: "A child is born, destined to kill its father and commit even more unspeakable acts against its mother. The parents love their child and are unwilling to kill it, so they imprison it in a secret dungeon.

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said was "unmatched" in "sheer breadth of features" because "Now, the best of the CommonPoint technology is being channeled into Open Class for VisualAge." This bundled SDK adaptation includes several CommonPoint frameworks: desktop (infrastructure for building unified OCX or OpenDoc components); web

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The wider mass market debut of CommonPoint technology was in the form of VisualAge C++ 3.5 for Windows, with the bundling of the Compound Document Framework to handle OLE objects. In February 1997, the first comprehensive shipment of CommonPoint technology was its adoption into IBM's well-established

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reported this: "Developers and analysts also said that Taligent's fate is closely tied to that of OS/2 and the other as-yet-undelivered operating systems that it is designed to run on top of." This included Apple, Windows NT, and the yet unreleased Windows 95. A 1994 detailed report by INPUT assesses

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Taligent spent much of its first two years developing its operating system and simultaneously trying to find a market for it. They started a large project surveying potential customers, only to find little interest in a new OS. It is a point of controversy whether the lack of interest was real or the

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culture didn't share source code or product demonstrations, even with the next generation Jaguar workstation design group, until so ordered by CEO John Sculley, and only then under extreme security and monitoring. Throughout Apple, the project and the system were considered successful, but from April

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to which many aspire and few deliver, citing the fact that Microsoft Word 6.0 for Macintosh still works like a foreign Windows application because the foundation was redundantly ported with each application. In February 1997, at the first comprehensive mass release of Taligent technology in the form

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In September 1995, CEO Joe Guglielmi unexpectedly exited Taligent to become VP of Motorola, intensifying the industry's concerns. Dick Gurino, a general manager of a PC and software development division at IBM, was named the interim CEO and tasked with searching for a permanent CEO. In October 1995,

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By 1994, the platform consisted of Taligent Object Services (TOS or TalOS), Taligent Application Environment (TAE or TalAE), and the Taligent Development System (TDS or TalDS). The initial plan was to deploy TalAE in early 1994 to help seed the market with a base of applications for TalOS, which was

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acknowledged the irony of Apple and IBM building competing Taligent-based platforms, which had originated at Apple as Pink. He forecast Apple's adoption of Taligent components into the irreplaceably personal Mac OS—while empowering its competitiveness with IBM's future Taligent-based general purpose

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The Pink operating system is now formally named Taligent Object Services (TOS or TalOS) whether hosted natively on its microkernel or non-natively on a third party OS, but the nickname "Pink" will always remain industry lore, such as with the developer phone number 408-TO-B-PINK. The entire graphics

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On March 2, 1992, Taligent Inc. was launched as the first product of the AIM alliance. Moving from a temporary lease at Apple headquarters to an office down the street in Cupertino, the company launched with 170 employees, most of whom had been re-hired directly from Apple plus CEO Joe Guglielmi. At

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The pace of addition was staggering, so much so that Apple never had time to recode the low-level OS and fix some of its shortcomings. By 1990, these shortcomings, including no preemptive multitasking and no memory protection for applications, began to affect the quality of the product. The Mac was

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In 1995, Apple and HP withdrew from the Taligent partnership, licensed its technology, and left it as a wholly owned subsidiary of IBM. In January 1998, Taligent Inc. was finally dissolved into IBM. Taligent's legacy became the unbundling of CommonPoint's best compiler and application components and

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1.1 through 1.1.4 along with source code which was ported to C++ and partially to C. Enhanced versions of some of these classes went into ICU for Java (ICU4J) and ICU for C (ICU4C). The JDK 1.1 received Taligent's JavaBeans Migration Assistant for ActiveX, to convert ActiveX into JavaBeans. Davis's

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In a survey we conducted, learnability was mentioned as a main inhibitor to framework use by developers familiar with frameworks, and early developers with Taligent experienced "a stiff learning curve" even for experienced C++ programmers. ... The time it takes to become a productive developer with

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which replaced its existing six month legacy application in only six weeks. At first in 1994, they had said "We are almost overwhelmed by the complexity of . I don't know if the typical corporate developer is going to be able to assimilate this in their shop." but in 1995 they concluded the project

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total system RAM is recommended. Though essentially on schedule by the company's own PEEK projections last year, some analysts considered it to be "too little, too late" especially compared to the maturely established NeXT platform. Several PEEK beta test sites and final release customers were very

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described the enterprise computing market as shifting away from monolithic and procedural application models and even application suites, toward object-oriented component-based application frameworks, all in Taligent's favor. Its theoretical newness was often compared to NeXT's older but mature and

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In late 1994, TalAE was renamed to CommonPoint, TalDE was renamed to cpProfessional, and Taligent User Interface Builder was renamed to cpConstructor. CommonPoint was being beta tested at 100 sites, with an initial target market of internal corporate developers. TalOS was still scheduled to ship in

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By March 1994, Taligent had reportedly begun shipping code to its three investors, and some parts of TalAE had shipped to developers though without source code by policy. The first public Taligent technology demonstration was at SFA in Atlanta as an "amazingly fast" and crash-tolerant five-threaded

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Enthusiastically dismissing industry skepticism, he said Taligent would form its own corporate culture, independent of the established cultures and potential failures of its two founding investors and future customers, Apple and IBM. The two were recent allies carrying five other joint initiatives,

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and pinned to a wall. Ideas that were incremental updates to the existing system were written on blue colored cards, those that were more technologically advanced or long-term were written on pink cards, and yet more radical ideas were on red cards because they "would be pinker than Pink". The Blue

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magazine said "Taligent's very nature could change the contour of the application landscape. ... t's clear that Taligent is sitting on, using, and refining what is ostensibly the world's best developed, comprehensive, object-oriented development and system environment." The system was described as

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In June 1994, Taligent shipped its first deliverable, considered to be somewhat late for its three investors and approximately 100 developer companies. It is a prebeta developer preview called the Partners Early Experience Kit (PEEK), consisting of 80 frameworks for AIX and OS/2. It received mixed

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By October 1988, the Gang of Five had become only one—Bayles Holt—because Gene Pope, Gerard Schutten, and Erich Ringewald had exited the sprawling Pink project. The former leader held "grave doubts" over the feasibility of this "living, breathing, money-consuming thing" which was "out of control".

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Erich Ringewald led the Gang of Five as the new Pink group, located one floor below the Apple software headquarters in the De Anza 3 building, to begin a feasibility study with a goal of product launch in two years. Remembering the small but powerful original Macintosh group, he maintained secrecy

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had departed the company in 1985. This vacuum of entrepreneurial leadership created a tendency to promote low-level engineers up to management and allowed increasingly redundant groups of engineers to compete and co-lead by consensus, and to manifest their own bottom-up corporate culture. In 1988,

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In its existence, Next has sold a total of 50,000 copies of Nextstep, says Jobs. It's not much of an installed base, so he predicts the company will ship 50,000 Nextstep packages in 1993. But Next needs to increase its volume three-fold in order to build enough momentum to forestall Microsoft and

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had proven that an operating system ... could, in fact, be built on a microkernel. ... This microkernel then exported C++ interfaces, providing an object-oriented "wrapper". ... All the code that traditionally had resided in a kernel was implemented in system frameworks. This was not a monolithic

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Once you learn CommonPoint and Taligent's system you will be expert C++ programmer, whether you want to or not. ... Basing apps on CommonPoint results in programs that are more consistent internally, cleaner, and allows the framework to do significant grunt work in cooperation with the Taligent

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with, "The CommonPoint frameworks—and I'm not exaggerating—are brilliant in the way they cover the technical issues ." Others were disappointed in the marked lack of crossplatform presence on HP/UX, Mac OS, and Windows NT which strictly limited any adoption of CommonPoint even among enthusiasts.

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On September 16, 1997, IBM announced that Taligent Inc. would be dissolved by the end of the year, with its approximately 100 software engineers being "offered positions at IBM's Santa Teresa Laboratory to work on key components for IBM's VisualAge for Java programming tools, and at the recently

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On that same day it received what would be its final CEO, Taligent Inc. also ended its partnership form. Apple and HP sold out their holdings in the company, making Taligent Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of IBM alone. While dissolving the partnership, each of the three former partners expressed

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Taligent's role in the world is to create an environment in which all the applications we buy individually are built directly into the operating system. Because the apps are programmable, you can put together your own custom-made suites. Taligent could mean the end of all applications as we know

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Within one month of its founding, there was immediate industry-wide confusion about Taligent's purpose and scope. An industry analyst said "IBM and Apple blew it ... they should have announced everything or nothing." Especially regarding Taligent's potential relationship to the Macintosh, Apple

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In 1990, Pink became the Object Based Systems group with Senior Vice President Ed Birss and a diverse staff of 150, including marketing and secretaries. Meanwhile, the hundreds of personnel in the Blue design group were constrained by the commercial pragmatism of maintaining their billion-dollar

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compared the company's cultural engineering challenge as possibly exceeding its software engineering challenge. The openminded but sensible CEO reined it in, saying, "I'm tired of folklore ... I want some data." Comparing the eager startup Taligent to its billion dollar investors, a leader at

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come from years of that kind of experience, building large object-oriented C++ systems in the Taligent environment. ... This book grew from an internal style guide I wrote, which Taligent uses to develop its products, to train engineers, and to orient Taligent early developers to the Taligent

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to reflect upon "what trend or development over the past 20 years had really caught him by surprise". Gates responded with what Tennant described as biting, deadpan sarcasm: "Kaleida and Taligent had less impact than we expected." Tennant believed the explanation to be that "Microsoft's worst

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said "Now, the best of the CommonPoint technology is being channeled into Open Class for VisualAge. ... Although the technology was lauded by many, the size and complexity of the CommonPoint frameworks proved too daunting for practical purposes. ... For sheer breadth of features, the Taligent

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TalOS was unique in its architecture. It was object oriented from the kernel up, and provided true pre-emptive multi-threaded multi-tasking. The end user experience revolved around a compound document-centric, multi-user networked, direct manipulation interface with infinite session undo. The

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told CEO Joe Guglielmi that "corporate users don't generally understand what CommonPoint is for" and have trouble differentiating CommonPoint and OpenDoc. IBM reportedly conducted a "full-court press" to analyze and promote customers' awareness of CommonPoint, by training its direct sales and

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Apple was and will remain the only vendor of a desired target OS which is physically incapable of receiving Taligent's heavy payload due to System 7's critical lack of modern features such as preemptive multitasking. However, Taligent reportedly remains so committed to boosting the industry's

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magazine would assert its suspicion that Apple and IBM's core messengers are maintaining "the big lie"—that Taligent's technology is merely a concept, has no existing software, and is actually years away from production—in order to protect their established multi-billion-dollar core legacy of

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reflected, "It was fairly surreal for the Apple and IBM employees who went to Taligent and found themselves working for bosses still loyal to the opposition. Not a typical Silicon Valley career move, maybe, but perhaps a portent of other weird twists to come. Ignoring the politics as much as

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3D motif of isometric icons, beveled edges, non-rectangular windows, and drop shadows. One designer said "The large UI team included interaction and visual designers, and usability specialists." That essential visual design language would be an influence for several years into Copland,

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of the Workplace OS final beta, IBM's complementary cousin operating system to TalOS. The final beta of Workplace OS was released on January 5, 1996, in the form of OS/2 Warp Connect (PowerPC Edition) and then immediately discontinued without ever receiving a release of CommonPoint.

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hardware, therefore discovering Pink and a new desire to port it to this hardware. The other IBM group sought third party interest in its Grand Unifying Theory of Systems (GUTS) as the solution to the deeply endemic crisis that is software development, which would soon result in

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kernel, but a collection of object-oriented servers performing specific kernel-type tasks. There were frameworks for file systems, for device drivers, for databases, for networking, and so on. But they all resided outside the kernel. And in the world, these things were objects.

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In November 1996, the final public demonstration of the complete native TalOS was given, titled "The Cutting Edge Scenario". While referring to the original codename of "Pink", Taligent had already officially abandoned the never-published native TalOS in favor of CommonPoint.

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intended to be launched in 1995, with the whole platform going mainstream in two to five years—surely expecting a modern OS from Apple by 1994 or 1995. Influenced by the results of the survey effort, CEO Joe Guglielmi acknowledged the unavoidable risk of creating its own

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would describe the increased abstraction in corporate culture resulting from Hewlett-Packard's upcoming 1994 addition to the partnership: "Now you could be Apple programmer working for IBM boss who reported to HP. Or some combination thereof. Twisteder and twisteder."

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principal interface theme was People, Places and Things. The networked interface represented remote users, as well as collaborative work spaces. In many ways it was more a graphic MOO (multi-user dimension-object oriented) than a traditional operating system.

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Meanwhile, at Apple, the one-year-old Copland reached a primitive and notoriously unstable developer preview release, and Apple's frustrated lack of operating system strategy still had not shipped anything physically capable of running any Taligent software.

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survey fell prey to question-framing problems and political issues with investors. If asked the question "Do you want a new OS?", there were few who would say yes. The survey did, however, show there was sufficient support for the benefits TalOS would bring.

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1.1 through 1.1.4. Taligent was still leasing the same building from Apple, and JavaSoft was located across the street. But its parent IBM, and the related Lotus, were located on the east coast and were not fully aware of Taligent's plans and deliverables.

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In March 1988, the Gang, their management, and software manager and future Taligent CTO Mike Potel, met at the Sonoma Mission Inn and Spa. To roadmap the future of the operating system and thus of the organizational chart, ideas were written on colored

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Upon its launch, CEO Joe Guglielmi soon organized the company into three divisions: a native system group for its self-hosted Pink OS, a development tools group, and a complementary products group for application frameworks to be ported to other OSes.

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In 1997, Taligent's mission as an IBM subsidiary was to unbundle the technology of CommonPoint, and to redistribute it across IBM's existing products or license it to other companies—all with a special overall focus on Java. On September 1, 1997,

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said it was "a real OS that could demonstrate the core technology" much deeper than System 6 could do. In June 1990, Bill Bruffey abandoned the idea of Pink becoming a new Mac OS. He got permission to create yet another new microkernel named

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that Taligent's "very risky" future will depend not on its technology, but on support from IBM and major developers, the rapid and cheap development of applications and complex integration tasks, and the ability to create new markets.

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would have minimal package delivery size because customers already have most of the code in the form of the shared CommonPoint framework. The CommonPoint frameworks are divided into three categories: Application, Domain, and Support.

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and avoided the micromanagement of neighboring senior executives, by immediately relocating his quintet off the main Apple campus. They used the nondescript Bubb Road warehouse which was already occupied by the secretly sophisticated

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In May 1995, Taligent canceled the delayed release of its natively hosted TalOS, to focus on its TalAE application framework programming environment that would run on any modern operating system. Having been developed mainly upon

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system.' David Goldsmith is a Senior Scientist at Taligent, Inc., where he has contributed to the architecture, design, and consistency of the Taligent Application Environment. Previously, he led work on early versions of the

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Apple and IBM did share a progressive culture of object orientation, as seen in their deep portfolios since the early 1980s. IBM had delivered objects on System/38 and AS/400, partnered with Patriot Partners, and integrated

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In January 1993, Taligent's VP of Marketing said the strong progress of native TalOS development could encourage its early incremental release prior to the full 1995 schedule for TalAE. Apple's business manager to Taligent

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observed, "I guess it's easier to develop hot technology when the guys before you have already written most of it. Like inheriting from a rich uncle. And having another rich uncle to sell it for you doesn't hurt, either."

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reported Taligent's future plans for its SDK to be distributed. In November 1994 at Comdex, the public debut of third-party TalAE applications was on an RS/6000 running AIX to demonstrate prototypes made by seven vendors.

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platform of PowerPC AIX, which would deliver TalAE for running a hopefully forthcoming class of applications, simultaneously alongside Macintosh Application Services for running legacy System 7 personal applications.

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In January 1994, fellow object technology pioneer Hewlett-Packard joined Apple and IBM as the third co-owner of Taligent at 15% holding. HP held deeply vested experience in object technology since the 1980s with the

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Even before the signing of the alliance contract, the very existence of Pink was identified as a potential second-system threat if its revolutionary aura could prompt customers to delay their adoption of OS/2.

291:. Though diverging from Macintosh into a sprawling new dream system, Pink was wildly successful within Apple. Though having no releases until 1995, it was a subject of industry hype for years. In 1992, the new 1152:

No company is going to bet their project or job on a piece of software that is a 1.0 release. another year or year and a half's worth of work ahead, because you only prove reliability from being out there.

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At this point, Apple was reportedly "hedging its bets" in formulating a strategy to deliver the second-system TalAE, while remaining primarily devout to System 7. The company intended to soon introduce the

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frameworks are unmatched. An all-encompassing OOP framework has always proved a difficult ideal to realize, but VisualAge's Open Class Technology Preview is by far the most credible attempt we've seen.".

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subsystem is 3D, including the 2D portions which are actually 3D constructs. It is based extensively on object-oriented frameworks from the kernel upward, including device drivers, the Taligent

612:. In mid-1991, Apple CEO John Sculley bragged that Apple had written 1.5 million lines of code for Pink. An IBM engineer described the first impression of this sophisticated prototype in 1991: 520:

The Pink team was faced with the two possible architectural directions of either using legacy System 6 code or starting from scratch. Having just delivered the System 6 overhaul in the form of

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Apple canceled the unstable and unfinished Copland project in August 1996, which had already been presumptively renamed "Mac OS 8", again leaving only a System 7 legacy. Apple's own book

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fastest development platform, bar none. We have spoken with people who have used Nextstep and we considered it, but it's clear to us that CommonPoint is the next Nextstep, if you will.

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We used to joke that the frameworks were so powerful that you could write any program in three lines of code, but it would take you 6 months to figure out what those three lines were.

3850:"IBM, Apple Will Close Door on Kaleida Labs : Software: A second joint venture, Taligent, will soon close, sources predict, in another sign of trouble for the companies' alliance" 1175:

On July 28, 1995, Taligent shipped its first final product, CommonPoint 1.1, after seven years in development as Pink and then TalAE. First released only for its reference platform of

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In 1992, the earth shook: IBM and Apple clasped hands and pronounced themselves allies. From this union sprang Taligent ... developing nothing less than a universal operating system.

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Gurino died of a heart attack while jogging, leaving the company without a CEO. On December 19, 1995, founding Taligent employee and Apple veteran Debbie Coutant was promoted to CEO.

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possible, the Taligent programmers buckled down and wrote a lotta lines of code." Commenting on the corporate culture shock of combining free-spirited Apple and formal IBM personnel,

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The entire history of Pink and Taligent from 1988 to 1998 is that of a widely admired, anticipated, and theoretically competitive staff and its system, but is also overall defined by

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is uniquely intensified because Apple is beginning to view the architecturally superior TalOS as a competitor against the protractedly weak System 7 which has no successor in sight.

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By late 1989, Pink was a functional prototype of a desktop operating system on Macintosh hardware, featuring advanced graphics and dynamic internationalized text. Pink engineer Dave

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confidence in Apple's modernization that it is considering creating a way to hybridize TalOS applications for the nascent System 7, and Apple reportedly intends for the upcoming

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age 50, he was a 30 year marketing veteran of IBM and former leader of the OS/2 platform up to its soon-launched version 2.0. The company's mission was to bring Pink to market.

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consulting staff, attending industry conferences to make CommonPoint presentations, and "talking with any third-party software vendor and systems integrator who will listen".

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said that "NeXT needs to increase its volume three-fold in order to build enough momentum to forestall Microsoft and Taligent in the object-oriented software business."

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Taligent was now considered to be a venerable competitor in the desktop operating system and enterprise object markets even without any product release, and being late.

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By 1993, one year after incorporation and two years before shipping its first product, Taligent was nonetheless seen as a significant competitor in the industry.

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announced Java porting center that IBM is setting up with Sun Microsystems and Netscape". IBM withdrew CommonPoint for OS/2 from the market on August 3, 1999.

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Pink was a massive draw for this alliance, where Apple had been initially approached by two different parts of IBM. One IBM group sought customers for its new

1294:-based development tools at $ 149. In June 1997, Places for Project Teams was launched at $ 49 per user as a groupware GUI which hides the ugly interface of 859:, if the TalAE enhancements could make third party operating systems into competitors of native TalOS. The first internal development environment was an IBM 527:

The Pink team numbered eleven when the six-person kernel team within Apple's Advanced Technology Group (ATG) was merged into Pink to begin designing its new

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By 1995, it was estimated that the three investors had spent more than $ 100 million on Taligent, Inc., with its closure being predicted by sources of the

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saying it is "inhibited by a massive footprint, a shortage of development tools, and a mind-boggling complexity". TalDE was scheduled to ship in Q2 1995.

1509:. HP released the Taligent C++ compiler technology (known within Taligent as "CompTech") as its "ANSI C++" compiler, aCC. HP also released some Taligent 935:

summarized that " all bets in the race for the object market", and Sun CEO Scott McNealy derided the partnership as HP being Taligent's "trophy spouse".

10242: 10177: 1022:". Having given up on seeing Pink go to market soon, Apple publicly announced Copland in March 1994 intended to compete with the upcoming Windows 95. 5853: 4601: 1438:

nightmare is a conjoined Apple and IBM. No other single change in the dynamics of the IT industry could possibly do as much to emasculate Windows."

7224: 2550: 720:

Kaleida said "The culture of IBM and Apple is largely about getting more benefits, perks, larger offices, fancier computers, and more employees".

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due to the decline of its parent companies and due to the inherent difficulty of anyone in the IT industry remaining committed beyond 18 months.

1477:

from part of this effort. Resulting from Taligent's work led by Mark Davis, IBM published all of the internationalization libraries that are in

939:

quipped: "Now you could be Apple programmer working for IBM boss who reported to HP. Or some combination thereof. Twisteder and twisteder."

10232: 8003: 10197: 7028: 6786: 3140: 1080:. Those vendors are intended to port and bundle TalAE directly with their operating systems, and Taligent will port for those who don't. 547:, and advanced graphics. Many ideas from the red cards would later be adopted. After its first two months, Pink had a staff of about 25. 4334: 1209: 10227: 10202: 7249: 2603: 1473:

IBM harvested parts of CommonPoint to create the Open Class libraries for VisualAge for C++, and spawned an open-source project called

672:'s monopoly, and to design a new grandly unified platform for the computing industry. This alliance spun off two partner corporations: 299:

joined the partnership with a 15% stake. After a two-year series of goal-shifting delays, Taligent OS was eventually canceled, but the

9201: 7381: 7359: 4005: 2573: 568:, intended explicitly for a new Mac OS. His team of six engineers worked a few months to demonstrate a microkernel-based Mac OS on a 2493: 9360: 844:

theory is that for the past few years hardware has become very fast and that it's traditional OSes that have been slowing down.

330:

operating system project intended to succeed System 7, but never had a modern OS sophisticated enough to run Taligent technology.

9596: 8880: 7023: 3723: 1692: 3552: 927:. Taligent's object oriented portfolio was broadened with HP's compilers, DOMF, and intention to integrate TalOS and TalAE into 826:

By April 1993, Taligent, Inc. had grown to about 260 employees, mostly from Apple or "some other loose Silicon Valley culture".

1909: 353: 6445: 326:, even though Taligent did not ship a product until 1995 and Cairo never shipped at all. From 1994 to 1996, Apple floated the 10182: 7495: 5686: 5284: 4594: 4495: 4166: 2843: 2703: 1187: (equivalent to $ 11,797 in 2023) for the runtime framework and the software development kit, which further requires the 796:

systems, and easing corporate users' migration toward Apple's Enterprise Systems Division's future Taligent-based computers.

4457: 3876: 3760: 1536:

The following publications were written by Taligent personnel about its systems and about software engineering methodology.

8137: 1474: 556:

1989 and on into the 1990s, the running joke had always been and would always be, "When is Pink going to ship? Two years."

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ahead today, but the race is far from over. ... Cairo will be very close behind, and Taligent will be very far behind.

295:

spawned an Apple/IBM partnership corporation named Taligent Inc., with the purpose of bringing Pink to market. In 1994,

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The founding lead engineer of Pink, Erich Ringewald, departed Apple in 1990 to become the lead software architect at

2140: 1753: 835:

On June 23, 1993, Apple preannounced MacApp's direct successor, the new object-oriented crossplatform SDK codenamed

10217: 10192: 9935: 9635: 9606: 9372: 9193: 9145: 8172: 7572: 4587: 580:

legacy operating system, which required them to refuse many new features, which earned them the infamous nickname "

384: 265: 6195: 3035: 1317:

of 1996-1997. To build the future Mac OS, the company seriously explored licensing other third party OSes such as

668:. It was conceived to cross-pollinate Apple's personal products and IBM's enterprise products, to better confront 9586: 9555: 9498: 9076: 8687: 8484: 8167: 8082: 8072: 8062: 7599: 6587: 5909: 5455: 5275: 2329: 1349:

In 1994, several PEEK beta test sites were impressed with CommonPoint, including one production success story at

311:. CommonPoint was technologically acclaimed but had an extremely complex learning curve, so sales were very low. 272:

in 1988, Taligent Inc. was incorporated as an Apple/IBM partnership in 1992, and was dissolved into IBM in 1998.

2943: 2081: 10187: 9674: 8077: 7772: 7762: 7660: 6471: 6427: 5655: 5301: 4152: 4103: 5926: 3181: 1208:

The CommonPoint beta for OS/2 was released on December 15, 1995. This was coincidentally the same day as the

787:

was intended to begin enabling the globalization of software development, especially in simplifying Japanese.

9601: 9591: 9545: 7965: 7731: 6993: 6626: 4946: 3640: 2904: 1940: 737:, prototyped the fully object-oriented Pink operating system, and delivered object oriented frameworks using 581: 3442: 3347: 2972: 2001: 1862: 9007: 8757: 8734: 8475: 8206: 8197: 8092: 8087: 7696: 6118: 3958: 3820: 3273: 2663: 1811:

Project leaders Erich Ringewald and Mike Potel date the start of Pink as "March 1988" or "early 1988", but

1010:

held exploratory meetings with Taligent before deciding upon building out its object application framework

805:

reported on the state of Taligent, saying the company and its platform had the broad optimistic support of

3906: 3667: 9318: 7589: 7481: 6911: 6040: 5450: 5396: 4771: 1486: 1430:

Despite its mistreatment, the child grows stronger, even more intent on committing its destined crimes."

1287: 532: 3849: 2789: 1517: 361: 7960: 7944: 7486: 7441: 7369: 6862: 6767: 6614: 6364: 4981: 4523: 3167:"Creating global software: Text handling and localization in Taligent's CommonPoint application system" 1521: 1318: 1077: 573: 441: 376: 327: 4292: 3786: 1163:

Taligent said that it wants CommonPoint to be the definitive software industry standard, like a local

9876: 9513: 8562: 7074: 6945: 6906: 6654: 6632: 6529: 6271: 6202: 6157: 6136: 6075: 5707: 5679: 4786: 4713: 4447:(Video). CHM Oral History Collection. Interviewed by John Markoff. Computer History Museum. 102717191 1191:

Cset++ compiler because TalDE is still scheduled for a later release. The runtime has an overhead of

998: 986: 680: 1360:

Taligent frameworks is long (at least three months until you can approach your first application)."

923:

IDE, Distributed Smalltalk, Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF), and having cofounded the

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to develop multimedia software, and Taligent Inc. to bring Pink to market sometime in the mid-90s.

596: 531:

named Opus. Embellishing upon the pink index cards, Pink's overall key design goals were now total

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Stephen Kurtzman, project lead on the IBM Microkernel, and subsequently Kernel Manager at Taligent

233: 9567: 9503: 8177: 7939: 7645: 7519: 6940: 6823: 6600: 6395: 6142: 4718: 3241: 3236: 2728: 2082:"Getting Java ready for the world: A brief history of IBM and Sun's internationalization efforts" 1420: 924: 801: 540: 4444: 584:". This group had well established the evolution of System 6 which would be released in 1991 as 9640: 9455: 8697: 8523: 8518: 7970: 7741: 7557: 7259: 6857: 5985: 5945: 5495: 5406: 5401: 5391: 5344: 4993: 4146: 4097: 4121: 3932: 10212: 10073: 9784: 9695: 9562: 9269: 8908: 8692: 8627: 8607: 8535: 8503: 8340: 8335: 8162: 8157: 7986: 7951: 7577: 7536: 7167: 6796: 6311: 6242: 5737: 5716: 5587: 5413: 5025: 4961: 4833: 4756: 4691: 4561: 4342: 4032: 3692: 3610: 3583: 3505: 3410: 4072: 3474: 10222: 10083: 9461: 9276: 9117: 8857: 8831: 8714: 8644: 7806: 7716: 7670: 7665: 7471: 7269: 7214: 7197: 7040: 6775: 6620: 6282: 5672: 5349: 4776: 1968: 1525: 1482:

group became the Unicode group at the IBM Globalization Center of Competency in Cupertino.

1478: 1455: 1416: 1314: 1279: 1168: 1031: 856: 755: 589: 544: 417: 396: 342: 175: 63: 6005: 4009: 2577: 2466: 440:

Tom Saulpaugh in 1999, Macintosh system software engineer from June 1985, co-architect of

8: 10146: 9611: 9435: 9403: 9234: 9122: 8825: 8513: 8508: 8123: 7980: 7842: 7777: 7582: 7525: 7491: 6734: 4915: 836: 730: 220: 2050: 469:. The system's architectural limits, set forth by the tight hardware constraints of its 9952: 9748: 9707: 9331: 9047: 9025: 8979: 8724: 8182: 7955: 7930: 7830: 7812: 7476: 6816: 6808: 6643: 6178: 5861: 5368: 5364: 4843: 3237:"IBM-Apple System Venture Accelerates - Taligent Project Rushes To Challenge Microsoft" 3113: 2848: 1945: 1611: 1502: 1459: 1412:

named the native Taligent OS as number 4 of the 15 top vaporware products of all time.

1385:

Nisus Software, March 1995, after three months of Taligent training and three of coding

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Macintosh and OS/2 products from a potentially superior replacement and to divert the

360:. In the late 2010s, some of Apple's personnel and design concepts from Pink and from 9886: 9657: 9618: 9218: 9168: 8632: 8592: 8422: 8067: 8014: 7908: 7903: 7767: 7691: 7286: 7254: 7162: 7094: 7079: 6986: 6719: 6704: 6684: 5764: 5445: 5376: 4971: 4868: 4537: 4237: 4227: 3854: 3103: 3072: 3062: 2709: 2699: 2412: 2372: 2362: 2280: 2270: 2264: 2220: 2210: 1878: 1868: 1734: 1724: 1708: 1698: 1679: 1669: 1638: 1628: 1601: 1524:

operating system. Based on an object-oriented kernel and application frameworks, its

1510: 1227: 536: 482: 5699: 3209: 3117: 2169: 2141:"Here's what it was like to work on the original iPhone, codenamed 'Project Purple'" 1615: 10078: 10028: 9891: 9841: 9831: 9802: 9728: 9623: 9535: 9481: 9178: 8925: 8456: 8187: 7997: 7800: 7792: 7721: 7623: 7551: 7152: 7109: 7104: 6846: 5956: 5743: 5618: 5613: 5515: 5324: 5216: 4828: 4818: 4549: 4220: 3095: 2485: 2408:

Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company

2359:

Taligent's Guide to Designing Programs: Well-Mannered Object-Oriented Design in C++

2295: 1666:

Taligent's Guide to Designing Programs: Well-Mannered Object-Oriented Design in C++

1593: 1498: 1425: 1350: 1139: 1123: 1007: 860: 413: 388: 6224: 5825: 4503: 4170: 3987: 1556: 1183: (equivalent to $ 2,999 in 2023) for only the runtime framework for users; or 356:

was launched on March 24, 2001, as the future of the Macintosh and eventually the

287:

initiated the exploratory project named Pink to design the next generation of the

37: 9901: 9871: 9826: 9733: 9718: 9574: 9508: 9493: 9468: 9102: 9059: 8885: 8622: 8602: 8330: 7975: 7888: 7711: 7650: 7296: 7219: 7089: 6689: 6387: 5782: 4858: 4813: 4252: 3880: 2406: 1466:, served on the boards of Taligent and the OpenDoc Foundation, and worked on the 1027: 296: 237: 213: 4674: 2998: 1580: 1572: 1564: 1547: 832:

reported that the company remained on schedule or ahead through 1993 into 1994.

473:, now demanded increasingly ingenious workarounds for incremental gains such as 314:

Taligent OS and CommonPoint mirrored the sprawling scope of IBM's complementary

10038: 9896: 9861: 9723: 9283: 9107: 8967: 8865: 8568: 8215: 8024: 7898: 7893: 7854: 7782: 7736: 7655: 7364: 7244: 7018: 7010: 6729: 6714: 6694: 6216: 5832: 5732: 5480: 5252: 4888: 4878: 4848: 4823: 4700: 3099: 2696:

IBM's Official OS/2 Warp Connect PowerPC Edition: Operating in the New Frontier

1597: 1467: 994: 978: 974: 966: 944: 792: 569: 486: 470: 365: 288: 200: 6371: 5559: 3383: 2525: 1882: 1712: 1167:

in every computer. "Shake n bake" application development in four steps. Each

352:

and began synthesizing the classic Mac OS with the NeXTSTEP operating system.

261:

of "talent" and "intelligent") was an American software company. Based on the

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repository was launched in 2016 with the phrase "Pink + Purple == Fuchsia".

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called Places for Project Teams. Taligent licensed various technologies to

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In the 2010s, some of Apple's personnel and design concepts from Pink and

1485:

Taligent's own published software was a set of development tools based on

656:

On October 2, 1991, the historic AIM alliance was formed and announced by

10063: 9979: 9969: 9881: 9856: 9846: 9768: 9645: 9486: 9255: 9228: 8997: 8974: 8932: 8844: 8819: 8808: 8803: 8461: 8396: 8391: 8247: 8242: 8052: 7913: 7883: 7706: 7594: 7318: 7313: 7084: 6574: 6220: 5695: 5519: 5465: 5187: 5045: 5040: 5035: 4679: 4650: 4472: 3545:

A Beginner's Guide to Developing with the Taligent Application Frameworks

3057:

Andert, Glenn (1995). "Chapter 9: Frameworks in Taligent's CommonPoint".

1623:

Andert, Glenn (1995). "Chapter 9: Frameworks in Taligent's CommonPoint".

1494: 1366:

A Beginner's Guide to Developing with the Taligent Application Frameworks

1295: 1095: 864: 810: 733:(SOM) and Distributed SOM into OS/2 and AIX. Apple had already delivered 528: 521: 474: 280: 258: 3907:"What does Pink sound like? Designing the Audio Interface for the TalOS" 10108: 10023: 10017: 9814: 9808: 9753: 9743: 9528: 9349: 9325: 9262: 9112: 9071: 9012: 8875: 8851: 8772: 8704: 8658: 8427: 8311: 8259: 8146: 7635: 7628: 7562: 7308: 7129: 7119: 6933: 6676: 6580: 6544: 5896: 5582: 5532: 5231: 5226: 4669: 4627: 4611: 3905:

Dougherty, Tom (November 4–6, 1996). Frysinger, S.; Kramer, G. (eds.).

1910:"Taligent to Be IBM Subsidiary / Nearly 200 workers to lose their jobs" 1434: 1396: 1322: 1103: 1073: 1030:

to boot native TalOS as a next-generation alternative to System 7. The

734: 494: 457: 284: 269: 205: 145: 100: 86: 3321: 3050: 1520:(the first iPhone's codename) would resurface and blend into Google's 364:(the first iPhone's codename) would resurface and blend into Google's 9650: 9475: 9311: 9212: 9158: 9054: 8950: 8777: 8709: 8639: 8612: 8412: 8358: 8297: 8290: 7393: 7386: 7202: 7124: 7114: 6843: 6724: 6699: 6463: 6333: 6323: 6231: 6017: 5977: 5754: 5180: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 4838: 4662: 4657: 4640: 4623: 4440: 4126: 4077: 4042: 3697: 3645: 3510: 3447: 3415: 3278: 2948: 2909: 1490: 1310: 1291: 1164: 1052: 982: 920: 819: 742: 669: 657: 500: 421: 335: 141: 82: 3166: 3083: 1298:. Taligent had several products, licenses, trademarks, and patents. 981:, particularly to the "spooked" Microsoft which responded with many 10053: 9958: 9820: 9713: 9689: 9628: 9241: 9089: 9042: 8913: 8903: 8719: 8574: 8557: 8451: 8368: 8363: 8254: 8229: 8009: 7757: 7701: 7466: 7451: 7279: 7207: 7177: 6923: 6877: 6872: 6550: 6303: 6111: 5991: 5887: 5771: 5527: 5490: 5257: 5221: 5199: 4986: 4766: 4761: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4708: 4635: 4619: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3258: 3246: 2266:

Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania and Business Blunders

1011: 977:

described Taligent as a threat in the desktop market of integrated

665: 605: 585: 565: 512:

project. Pink briefly garnered an additional code name, "Defiant".

465:, a major release of the flagship Macintosh operating system, to a 462: 323: 276: 4532: 823:

reported, "Taligent draws rave reviews from software developers".

9974: 9097: 9018: 8597: 8587: 8552: 8434: 8383: 8264: 8237: 8019: 7461: 7456: 7398: 7229: 7157: 6918: 6666: 6593: 6556: 6476: 6453: 6422: 6401: 6376: 6349: 6342: 6251: 6032: 6023: 5932: 5549: 5475: 5386: 5381: 5245: 5240: 5192: 4956: 1723:. Taligent Reference Library. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1995. 1463: 1447: 1061: 916: 828: 806: 784: 609: 304: 3570: 2269:(hardback) (2nd ed.). London: Random House Business Books. 867:

CPU running AIX, building TalOS natively for the 68k Macintosh.

28: 10138:

indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.

9290: 9248: 9223: 9206: 9183: 9173: 9153: 9083: 8677: 8669: 8663: 8498: 8417: 8322: 7446: 7419: 7376: 7354: 7274: 6955: 6889: 6660: 6537: 6291: 6264: 6257: 6183: 6172: 6166: 6087: 6056: 5838: 5433: 5418: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5013: 4936: 4568: 3634: 3632: 1799: 814: 738: 445: 357: 3602: 3435: 3090:

Andert, Glenn (1994). "Object frameworks in the Taligent OS".

2876:"Corporate Culture Shock: An IBM-Apple Computer Joint Venture" 2694:

Christopher, Ken; Winters, Scott; Wright, Mary Pollak (1995).

1588:

Andert, Glenn (1994). "Object frameworks in the Taligent OS".

1565:

Driving Innovation with Technology: Intelligent Use of Objects

435:

the easiest computer to use but also one of the most fragile.

9425: 8919: 8739: 8682: 8652: 8530: 8115: 7067: 6928: 6901: 6896: 6413: 6209: 6130: 6081: 6011: 5998: 5967: 5809: 5726: 5544: 5537: 5470: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 4748: 3988:"FoRK Archive: Taligent could still be a strategic IBM asset" 3909:. Palo Alto, CA: International Conference on Auditory Display 3900: 3898: 3340: 2813: 2811: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1116: 1065: 928: 338: 4496:"Software internationalization gets key boost from Taligent" 4066: 4064: 3629: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 9413: 9336: 9297: 8729: 8547: 8350: 8274: 8223: 7291: 7234: 6094: 5797: 5791: 5554: 5438: 5209: 5017: 5009: 4941: 3294: 3265: 3210:"Taligent moves up ship dates, may offer components in '93" 2551:"Half an operating system: The triumph and tragedy of OS/2" 2544: 2542: 2481: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2361:. Taligent Reference Library. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 2258: 2256: 2254: 2177: 1697:. Taligent Reference Library. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1668:. Taligent Reference Library. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1451: 1306: 1132: 1069: 1015: 349: 308: 3895: 2944:"Taligent's leader discusses firm's first PEEK at PC Expo" 2808: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2104: 2102: 9065: 8494: 7002: 6884: 6867: 6568: 6062: 5869: 5623: 5428: 5328: 5030: 4791: 4061: 3794: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3177: 2747: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2085: 1829: 1176: 1128: 661: 209: 130: 104: 6838: 3468: 3466: 3124: 2823:(Whitepaper). Austin, TX: IBM. November 1993. p. 15 2693: 2539: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2425: 1960: 1557:

Lessons Learned from Early Adopters of Object Technology

225:

Native system, development tools, complementary products

4433: 4270: 4196: 3950: 3348:"Taligent's Guglielmi eyes future of object technology" 2657: 2655: 2352: 2350: 2330:"Pink: Apple's First Stab at a Modern Operating System" 2231: 2111:"Apple's Phone: From 1980s' Sketches to iPhone. Part 3" 2099: 2044: 6971: 4467: 4465: 3926: 3924: 3530: 3274:"Taligent draws rave reviews from software developers" 3216:. Vol. 7, no. 4. January 25, 1993. p. 3 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2302: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 4521: 3463: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 2973:"Apple won't pin all of its future hopes on Taligent" 2511: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2170:"Open-Source Clues to Google's Mysterious Fuchsia OS" 2163: 2161: 1493:, called WebRunner; and a groupware product based on 4384: 4357: 4307: 4267:"Taligent Transition Into IBM Scheduled by Year-End" 4122:"Taligent provides clean places for workgroup talks" 3779: 3409:

Burns, Christine; Lisker, Peter (January 10, 1994).

3390:(Interview). Interviewed by NeXTWORLD. p. 23-24 2835: 2652: 2347: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2117:. Maxim Antonenko, Olexandr Nikolaychuk, translators 2075: 2073: 2071: 1001:) to distract the market's attention from Taligent. 4462: 4259: 3921: 3669:

Object-Oriented Platforms for Client/Server Systems

3204: 3202: 3165:Davis, Mark; Grimes, Jack; Knoles, Deborah (1996). 2964: 2925: 2783: 2781: 2618: 2021: 1555:Deyo, Nancy; Gillach, Joe; Wescourt, Keith (1993). 1554: 1545: 4321:Taligent in the object-oriented software business. 4219: 3366: 3160: 3158: 2905:"Taligent plans to earn business with a better OS" 2565: 2383: 2158: 1546:Deyo, Nancy; Gillach, Joe; Schmarzo, Bill (1992). 4293:"WfM of selected crossplatform Licensed Programs" 4211: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3609:Scannell, Ed; Brandel, William (April 11, 1994). 3491:Screenshot of Virtus Navigator on a TalOS desktop 3164: 2820:Transforming Your Business With Object Technology 2191: 2068: 961:them. ... The suites are here to battle Taligent. 10159: 7225:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History 4326: 3957:Quinlan, Tom; Scannell, Ed (February 24, 1997). 3717: 3715: 3499: 3497: 3199: 2899: 2897: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2778: 2134: 2132: 1903: 1901: 1899: 10168:Defunct software companies of the United States 8483: 4226:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, Apple Press. 4115: 4113: 3956: 3608: 3272:Scannell, Ed; Quinlan, Tom (January 18, 1993). 3271: 3155: 3094:. Vol. 1. Taligent Inc. pp. 112–121. 2720: 2205:Saulpaugh, Tom; Mirho, Charles (January 1999). 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1754:"Taligent's online books and API documentation" 1592:. Vol. 1. Taligent Inc. pp. 112–121. 303:application framework was launched in 1995 for 4609: 4159: 4033:"Taligent takes Notes, Domino to new 'Places'" 3998: 3869: 3741: 3684: 3443:"Taligent SDK to be distributed at conference" 2996: 2844:"Executives Appointed To I.B.M.-Apple Venture" 2592: 2204: 8131: 6987: 6824: 6787:Category: Microkernel-based operating systems 5680: 5309: 4595: 4419:"Who Decides Which Emojis Get The Thumbs Up?" 4185: 4073:"Taligent releases Notes client for projects" 4006:"Welcome to the VisualAge WebRunner Toolkit!" 3843: 3841: 3712: 3506:"CommonPoint for AIX OS set for July release" 3494: 3228: 2894: 2863: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2467:"Taligent Readies a New Development Paradigm" 2129: 1896: 1721:The Power of Frameworks: For Windows and OS/2 1548:A Study of America's Top Corporate Innovators 943:3D graphics application on native TalOS on a 5694: 5323: 4110: 3933:"VisualAge for C++ 4.0: Previewing Taligent" 3814: 3812: 3724:"Analysts wary of late software by Taligent" 2790:"IBM, Apple Will Close Door on Kaleida Labs" 2664:"Taligent goes public with operating system" 1986: 1501:which are today part of Java, and others to 1018:as a "preemptive move against Taligent and 4410: 4335:"The Top 15 Vaporware Products of All Time" 3408: 3130: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2209:. Java series. Addison-Wesley. p. XI. 1934: 1932: 1930: 1860: 1793:"'The style guidelines and design rules in 1691:Cotter, Sean; Potel, Mike (March 1, 1995). 1690: 8138: 8124: 6994: 6980: 6831: 6817: 5687: 5673: 5316: 5302: 5271: 4602: 4588: 4024: 3838: 3660: 2990: 2682: 1969:"Apple surrenders the Pink (to Microsoft)" 1094: 710:and a deep rivalry of more than a decade. 36: 27: 10243:American companies disestablished in 1998 10178:Software companies disestablished in 1998 4487: 4416: 4398:. Vol. 3, no. 8. March 25, 1998 4130:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 133 3904: 3818: 3809: 3133:"The Architecture of the Taligent System" 2842:Fisher, Lawrence M. (February 25, 1992). 2464: 2404: 2356: 1802:application framework at Apple Computer." 1663: 1433:In 1995, IT journalist Don Tennant asked 1313:platforms in 1995, and the new AIX-based 783:. Its text handling and localization via 6332: 4332: 4193:"Taligent: software solutions made easy" 4119: 4030: 3514:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 14 3475:"Taligent applications begin to surface" 3330:"Shaking, Changing, Looking For Bedrock" 3015: 2661: 2108: 1927: 1907: 4493: 4363: 4318:. McGraw-Hill. April 1993. p. 44. 4217: 4081:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 6 3982: 3980: 3541: 3381: 3327: 3300: 3235:Zachary, G. Pascal (January 13, 1993). 3234: 2600:"About the CommonPoint human interface" 2262: 2138: 1938: 901:When is Pink going to ship? Two years. 870: 345:1.1 (especially internationalization). 10238:American companies established in 1992 10173:Software companies established in 1992 10160: 4120:Marshall, Patrick (October 20, 1997). 3931:Gagnon, Gabrielle (February 4, 1997). 3930: 3819:Picarille, Lisa (September 11, 1995). 3690: 3638: 3581: 3542:Laubsch, Joachim (September 6, 1995). 3503: 3472: 3089: 3059:Object Oriented Application Frameworks 3056: 2841: 2571: 2548: 2327: 2079: 2048: 1795:Taligent's Guide to Designing Programs 1625:Object Oriented Application Frameworks 1622: 1587: 704: 8119: 7360:Center for The Business of Government 6975: 6812: 5668: 5297: 4583: 4439: 4195:. Taligent. July 1997. Archived from 3847: 3761:"IBM to release app framework on AIX" 3721: 3000:Leveraging Object-oriented Frameworks 2970: 2787: 2758: 2726: 2631: 2602:. Taligent, Inc. 1995. Archived from 2167: 2049:Swaine, Michael (September 1, 1997). 1908:Einsetin, David (December 20, 1995). 1573:Leveraging Object-oriented Frameworks 185:CommonPoint, Places for Project Teams 46:, the site of Taligent's headquarters 10233:1998 disestablishments in California 8048: 4269:. Taligent Inc. 1997. Archived from 4070: 3977: 3821:"CEO exits, Taligent future unclear" 3558:from the original on October 9, 2022 3402: 3187:from the original on October 9, 2022 2549:Reimer, Jeremy (November 24, 2013). 2499:from the original on October 9, 2022 2139:Lambert, Terry (December 19, 2016). 1966: 1475:International Components for Unicode 10198:Microkernel-based operating systems 4285: 3758: 3419:. IDG Network World Inc. p. 14 3061:. Prentice-Hall. pp. 231–235. 1999: 1939:Pollack, Andrew (October 3, 1991). 1627:. Prentice-Hall. pp. 231–235. 1458:, who had previously cofounded the 1006:commercially established platform. 13: 3848:Pitta, Julie (November 18, 1995). 3582:Dvorak, John C. (April 26, 1994). 3473:Barney, Doug (November 14, 1994). 3139:(Special ed.). Archived from 3131:Potel, Mike; Grimes, Jack (1994). 2788:Pitta, Julie (November 18, 1995). 2576:. Robin Silberling. Archived from 2207:Inside the JavaOS Operating System 1861:Cotter, Sean; Potel, Mike (1995). 1805: 1787: 14: 10254: 10228:1992 establishments in California 10203:Object-oriented operating systems 7029:PC business acquisition by Lenovo 3693:"Taligent bails out of object OS" 3639:Barney, Doug (October 17, 1994). 2759:Engst, Adam (February 24, 1992). 2109:Murtazin, Eldar (June 20, 2010). 1220: 741:. Both companies had worked with 572:, which would years later become 10142: 10141: 8058: 8057: 8047: 8038: 8037: 7727:Sabre airline reservation system 7573:Thomas J. Watson Research Center 6791: 6790: 6781: 6780: 5919: 5651: 5650: 5280: 5279: 5270: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4531: 3879:. Taligent. 1997. Archived from 3611:"Industry turning to components" 3551:. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. 2971:Wylie, Margie (March 16, 1992). 2632:Davis, Fred (February 1, 1993). 2168:Matte, Daniel (April 10, 2017). 1253:Tom Dougherty, Taligent engineer 1064:, the plan was to port TalAE to 695: 420:, empire building, secrecy, and 266:object-oriented operating system 7240:Information Management Software 4494:Tennant, Don (March 12, 1997). 4031:McNamera, Paul (June 2, 1997). 2727:Moran, Tom, ed. (August 1994). 2662:Scannell, Ed (March 28, 1994). 2002:"IBM to put on a Taligent show" 1531: 985:product announcements (such as 623: 246:Footnotes / references 8145: 7993:International chess tournament 7773:Globally integrated enterprise 7763:Commercial Processing Workload 4417:NPR Staff (October 25, 2015). 4364:Tennant, Don (March 3, 2008). 4333:Townsend, Emru (May 4, 2008). 3793:. Vol. 1995, no. 7. 3691:Pontin, Jason (May 29, 1995). 3641:"First PEEK get mixed reviews" 3584:"IBM's Workplace OS Explained" 3504:Pontin, Jason (June 5, 1995). 3382:Tribble, Bud (February 1994). 2698:. Foster City, CA: IDG Books. 2465:Santalesa, Rich (March 1995). 2357:Goldsmith, David (June 1994). 2328:Hormby, Tom (April 27, 2014). 1967:Metz, Cade (October 3, 2008). 1941:"I.B.M. Now Apple's Main Ally" 1664:Goldsmith, David (June 1994). 1567:(Report). Taligent, Inc. 1993. 1539: 1328: 1083: 515: 407: 348:In 1997, Apple instead bought 240: (archived March 28, 1997) 1: 7732:Scanning tunneling microscope 4947:AIX for Apple Network Servers 3411:"Taligent, HP in object pact" 3384:"Bud Tribble Explains It All" 3354:. January 24, 1994. p. 6 3303:"MacApp is Bedrock is MacApp" 2000:Cox, John (January 8, 1996). 1822: 1583:(Report). Taligent Inc. 1993. 1575:(Report). Taligent Inc. 1993. 1273:VisualAge for C++ 4.0, which 1258: 1179:, it was initially priced at 769: 387:of the 1990s, suffering from 174:Erich Ringewald, Mike Potel, 10183:Apple Inc. operating systems 9332:Shazam Entertainment Limited 3451:. April 18, 1994. p. 14 3328:Ticktin, Neil (March 1994). 3176:. Vol. 36, no. 2. 2952:. June 27, 1994. p. 1,8 2913:. March 2, 1992. p. 110 1559:(Whitepaper). Taligent, Inc. 1337: 427: 16:Software company (1992–1998) 7: 7600:Canada Head Office Building 7590:Cambridge Scientific Center 7482:Science Research Associates 7250:Mainframe operating systems 6041:Multi-Environment Real-Time 4502:. Hong Kong. Archived from 3759:Cox, John (June 12, 1995). 3722:Abate, Tom (June 6, 1995). 3336:. Vol. 10, no. 3. 2761:"Taligent Up & Running" 2080:Werner, Laura (July 1999). 1581:Object Technology Resources 1550:(Whitepaper). Taligent Inc. 576:and the proposed Mac OS 8. 10: 10259: 7661:Virtual Universe Community 7382:International subsidiaries 7302:Service Automation Manager 4169:. Taligent. Archived from 4151:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4102:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4071:Doan, Amy (June 9, 1997). 4008:. Taligent. Archived from 3301:Addison, Ken (July 1992). 3100:10.1109/CMPCON.1994.282936 3092:Proceedings of COMPCON '94 1864:Inside Taligent Technology 1761: 1746: 1694:Inside Taligent Technology 1657:Taligent Reference Library 1598:10.1109/CMPCON.1994.282936 1590:Proceedings of COMPCON '94 641: 402: 42:The De Anza 3 building of 10208:PowerPC operating systems 10131: 10101: 9998: 9945: 9934: 9777: 9682: 9673: 9666: 9597:Non-recruiting agreements 9448: 9371: 9192: 9144: 9137: 9035: 8990: 8941: 8896: 8791: 8765: 8756: 8583: 8474: 8405: 8382: 8349: 8321: 8273: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8153: 8033: 7922: 7864: 7791: 7750: 7679: 7613: 7509: 7412: 7347: 7338: 7190: 7140: 7055: 7048: 7039: 7009: 6853: 6753: 6675: 6642: 6493: 6462: 6412: 6386: 6322: 6281: 6241: 6156: 6103: 5976: 5966: 5955: 5808: 5781: 5753: 5715: 5706: 5648: 5632: 5596: 5573: 5514: 5363: 5335: 5268: 5168: 5008: 4926: 4747: 4699: 4690: 4618: 4445:"Nassi, Ike oral history" 3959:"IBM assumes Java mantle" 3309:. Vol. 4, no. 6 1441: 1421:corporate immune response 1138: 1122: 1112: 1102: 1093: 919:desktop environment, the 383:, Taligent is cited as a 341:and the globally adopted 275:In 1988, after launching 244: 229: 219: 199: 189: 181: 168: 158: 136: 125: 110: 96: 69: 59: 51: 35: 26: 9636:Depictions of Steve Jobs 7687:Automated teller machine 7641:The Great Mind Challenge 7024:Mergers and acquisitions 5565:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5506:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5355:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3787:"Developer Support News" 2670:. Phoenix, AZ. p. 4 2526:"Why did Taligent fail?" 2405:Linzmayer, Owen (2004). 1780: 1650: 849:Taligent CTO, Mike Potel 597:graphical user interface 504:science fiction series. 479:cooperative multitasking 10218:Apple Inc. partnerships 10193:Former IBM subsidiaries 7646:Linux Technology Center 7001: 4804:Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah) 4500:ComputerWorld Hong Kong 3242:The Wall Street Journal 2997:Taligent, Inc. (1993). 1368:, Hewlett-Packard, 1995 1286:WebRunner is a set of 925:Object Management Group 908:a running joke at Apple 802:The Wall Street Journal 541:preemptive multitasking 73:March 2, 1992 9607:FBI encryption dispute 7971:Dynamic infrastructure 7936:Big Blue sports teams 7742:Universal Product Code 6797:Category: Microkernels 5402:DOS/360 and successors 4366:"Emasculating Windows" 4218:Francis, Tony (1996). 4140:Google Booksscreenshot 4091:Google Booksscreenshot 3791:Developer Support News 2263:Carlton, Jim (1999) . 2051:"Phoenix in Cupertino" 1813:Apple Confidential 2.0 1400:of VisualAge C++ 4.0, 1382: 1362: 1256: 1155: 971: 903: 891: 879: 846: 632: 620: 481:, while still lacking 437: 307:with a later beta for 10188:IBM operating systems 9270:InVisage Technologies 8103:Vacuum tube computers 7987:IBM and the Holocaust 7952:Common Public License 7837:Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 7620:Academy of Technology 7075:Power microprocessors 5414:OS/360 and successors 4962:PowerOpen Environment 4610:Operating systems by 4473:"Introduction to ICU" 4314:"Steve's Gone Soft". 2634:"Surrender the Pink!" 2490:10.1109/MS.1995.10019 1756:. Taligent Inc. 1995. 1373: 1357: 1245: 1195:for each machine and 1150: 958: 899: 887: 875: 842: 799:On January 10, 1993, 628: 615: 471:original 1984 release 432: 334:converting them into 10084:Edgar S. Woolard Jr. 9277:The Keyboard Company 8168:Timeline of products 7717:Magnetic stripe card 7666:World Community Grid 7542:Toronto Software Lab 7198:Carbon Design System 7153:Cell microprocessors 6776:Open-source software 6283:Java virtual machine 4844:10.8 (Mountain Lion) 4273:on December 11, 1997 4012:on December 11, 1997 3180:. pp. 227–243. 2574:"Taligent Portfolio" 1479:Java Development Kit 1417:second-system effect 1315:Apple Network Server 1280:Java Development Kit 1032:second-system effect 1014:in partnership with 871:HP, CommonPoint beta 857:second-system effect 756:second-system effect 599:(GUI) is based on a 590:second-system effect 545:internationalization 467:lackluster reception 418:second-system effect 397:second-system effect 343:Java Development Kit 64:Software development 9602:Price-fixing ebooks 9436:Rockstar Consortium 7981:GUIDE International 7843:Samuel J. Palmisano 7702:Electronic keypunch 7526:One Atlantic Center 7496:Weather Underground 7492:The Weather Company 6735:Andrew S. Tanenbaum 4916:Mac OS X Server 1.0 4869:10.13 (High Sierra) 4834:10.6 (Snow Leopard) 4714:Systems 2, 3, and 4 4443:(August 26, 2016). 4345:on October 10, 2018 3174:IBM Systems Journal 2572:Silberling, Robin. 2411:. No Starch Press. 1450:and design the new 1090: 731:System Object Model 705:Culture and purpose 452:Apple's cofounders 385:death march project 191:Number of employees 160:Number of locations 23: 9953:Arthur D. Levinson 9048:Sign in with Apple 8083:Personal computers 8073:Midrange computers 8063:Navigational boxes 7956:IBM Public License 7931:A Boy and His Atom 7889:Michelle J. Howard 7831:John Fellows Akers 7813:T. Vincent Learson 7520:1250 René-Lévesque 7260:Planning Analytics 4859:10.11 (El Capitan) 3143:on August 11, 2014 3137:Dr. Dobb's Journal 3036:"SFA Atlanta 1994" 2849:The New York Times 1946:The New York Times 1867:. Addison-Wesley. 1815:says "March 1987". 1769:"Taligent patents" 1503:Oracle Corporation 1460:Unicode Consortium 1266:Dr. Dobb's Journal 1088: 979:application suites 937:Dr. Dobb's Journal 722:Dr. Dobb's Journal 712:Dr. Dobb's Journal 533:object-orientation 368:operating system. 21: 10155: 10154: 10127: 10126: 10097: 10096: 9930: 9929: 9887:Peter Oppenheimer 9710:(General Counsel) 9619:iOS app approvals 9444: 9443: 9133: 9132: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8470: 8469: 8113: 8112: 8078:Operating systems 7940:American football 7909:Joseph R. Swedish 7904:Martha E. Pollack 7807:Thomas Watson Jr. 7768:Customer engineer 7692:Cynefin framework 7578:Hakozaki Facility 7537:Rome Software Lab 7505: 7504: 7334: 7333: 7287:Rational Software 7186: 7185: 7168:Personal Computer 7163:Midrange computer 6969: 6968: 6847:operating systems 6806: 6805: 6720:James G. Mitchell 6705:Per Brinch Hansen 6524: 6523: 6359: 6358: 6152: 6151: 5848: 5847: 5765:Mac OS nanokernel 5662: 5661: 5325:Operating systems 5291: 5290: 5205:Apple TV Software 5004: 5003: 4222:Mac OS 8 Revealed 4199:on March 28, 1997 3855:Los Angeles Times 3003:. IBM. p. 15 2729:"Taligent Rising" 2705:978-1-56884-458-9 1303:Mac OS 8 Revealed 1228:Los Angeles Times 1148: 1147: 861:RS/6000 model 250 537:memory protection 483:memory protection 252: 251: 114:January 1998 10250: 10145: 10144: 10079:Michael Spindler 10029:Fred D. Anderson 9943: 9942: 9892:Mark Papermaster 9842:Guerrino De Luca 9832:Fred D. Anderson 9803:Michael Spindler 9729:John Giannandrea 9680: 9679: 9671: 9670: 9179:Braeburn Capital 9142: 9141: 8763: 8762: 8481: 8480: 8212: 8211: 8203: 8202: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8061: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8041: 8040: 7801:Thomas J. Watson 7722:Relational model 7671:Think conference 7552:330 North Wabash 7472:Microelectronics 7345: 7344: 7270:Quantum Platform 7215:Cognos Analytics 7053: 7052: 7046: 7045: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6794: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6330: 6329: 6158:Capability-based 5974: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5713: 5712: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5653: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5217:Apple Vision Pro 4879:10.15 (Catalina) 4854:10.10 (Yosemite) 4849:10.9 (Mavericks) 4697: 4696: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4571: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4469: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4341:. 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Wagner 9985:Ronald D. Sugar 9937: 9926: 9902:Bertrand Serlet 9872:Nancy R. Heinen 9827:Angela Ahrendts 9773: 9749:Deirdre O'Brien 9719:Craig Federighi 9708:Katherine Adams 9662: 9509:Right to repair 9469:Think different 9440: 9367: 9319:Power Computing 9188: 9129: 9031: 8986: 8943: 8937: 8892: 8886:MLS Season Pass 8787: 8744: 8608:Developer Tools 8603:Core Foundation 8579: 8486: 8466: 8401: 8378: 8345: 8317: 8269: 8192: 8149: 8144: 8114: 8109: 8029: 8015:SHARE computing 7976:GlobalFoundries 7918: 7866: 7860: 7787: 7746: 7737:Financial swaps 7712:Hard disk drive 7675: 7609: 7583:Yamato Facility 7501: 7408: 7340: 7330: 7297:Tivoli Software 7182: 7136: 7035: 7005: 7000: 6970: 6965: 6849: 6837: 6807: 6802: 6779: 6749: 6690:Thomas Bushnell 6671: 6638: 6520: 6489: 6458: 6408: 6382: 6355: 6318: 6277: 6237: 6148: 6099: 5958: 5951: 5844: 5804: 5777: 5749: 5702: 5693: 5663: 5658: 5644: 5628: 5592: 5569: 5510: 5359: 5331: 5322: 5292: 5287: 5264: 5164: 5000: 4922: 4743: 4686: 4614: 4608: 4578: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4530: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4506:on July 7, 1997 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4458:Text transcript 4450: 4448: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4392:"Be Newsletter" 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4331: 4327: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4253:Wayback Machine 4246: 4244: 4234: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4173:on July 7, 1997 4165: 4164: 4160: 4144: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4118: 4111: 4095: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4069: 4062: 4048: 4046: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3965:. pp. 1, 8 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3929: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3883:on July 7, 1997 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3846: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3817: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3797:. June 15, 1995 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3757: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3720: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3637: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3580: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3531: 3517: 3515: 3502: 3495: 3484: 3482: 3471: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3422: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3380: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3252: 3250: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3129: 3125: 3110: 3088: 3084: 3069: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2882:. April 5, 1993 2874: 2873: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2796:. San Francisco 2786: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2757: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2725: 2721: 2706: 2692: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2660: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2630: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2580:on May 19, 2007 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2469: 2463: 2426: 2419: 2403: 2384: 2369: 2355: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2326: 2303: 2289: 2287: 2277: 2261: 2232: 2217: 2203: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2166: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2137: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2107: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2078: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2047: 2022: 2012: 2010: 1998: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1937: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1859: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1775:. Taligent Inc. 1767: 1764: 1752: 1749: 1731: 1719: 1705: 1676: 1653: 1635: 1608: 1579: 1571: 1563: 1542: 1534: 1444: 1390:In March 1995, 1388: 1384: 1371: 1364: 1340: 1331: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1223: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1161: 1157: 1086: 1028:Power Macintosh 970: 965: 912: 905: 897: 893: 885: 881: 873: 852: 848: 772: 707: 698: 654: 642:Main articles: 640: 634: 626: 621: 561:Burnard, Ph.D., 560: 518: 461:Apple released 450: 439: 430: 410: 405: 391:as a result of 320:Microsoft Cairo 297:Hewlett-Packard 248: 238:Wayback Machine 214:Hewlett-Packard 195:400 (1995) 192: 171: 161: 154: 148: 117: 115: 76: 74: 47: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10256: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10149: 10139: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10054:Robert A. Iger 10051: 10046: 10041: 10039:Mickey Drexler 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9956: 9949: 9947: 9940: 9932: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9897:Jon Rubinstein 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9862:Scott Forstall 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9724:Isabel Ge Mahe 9721: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9686: 9684: 9677: 9668: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9621: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9392: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9209: 9198: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9057: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9010: 9008:Certifications 9005: 9000: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8947: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8911: 8906: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8806: 8801: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8569:Classic Mac OS 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8519:iPadOS history 8516: 8511: 8506: 8491: 8489: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8220: 8218: 8209: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8143: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8055: 8045: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8000: 7998:Lucifer cipher 7995: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7914:Peter R. Voser 7911: 7906: 7901: 7899:Andrew Liveris 7896: 7894:Arvind Krishna 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7855:Arvind Krishna 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7797: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7656:Smarter Planet 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7548:IBM Buildings 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7533:Software Labs 7531: 7530: 7529: 7523: 7522:, Montreal, QC 7513: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7489: 7487:Service Bureau 7484: 7479: 7477:Product Center 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7442:Ambra Computer 7439: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7422: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7245:Lotus Software 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7059: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6999: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6865: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6836: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6771: 6763: 6761:= discontinued 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6730:Richard Rashid 6727: 6722: 6717: 6715:Jochen Liedtke 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6695:David Cheriton 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6605: 6597: 6591: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6534: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6499: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6446:Icaros Desktop 6443: 6437: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6372:Classic Mac OS 6368: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6336: 6327: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6308: 6287: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6246: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6217:HarmonyOS NEXT 6213: 6206: 6199: 6193: 6186: 6162: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6037: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5942: 5939:TI-RTOS kernel 5936: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5915:Off++ → Plan B 5913: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5877: 5874: 5866: 5858: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5815: 5813: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5787: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5758: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5289: 5288: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4927:Other projects 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4874:10.14 (Mojave) 4871: 4866: 4864:10.12 (Sierra) 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4829:10.5 (Leopard) 4826: 4821: 4819:10.3 (Panther) 4816: 4811: 4806: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4701:Classic Mac OS 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4632: 4630: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4576: 4564: 4562:System science 4552: 4540: 4518: 4517: 4486: 4461: 4432: 4409: 4383: 4356: 4325: 4306: 4284: 4258: 4232: 4210: 4184: 4158: 4109: 4060: 4023: 3997: 3976: 3949: 3920: 3894: 3868: 3837: 3808: 3778: 3740: 3711: 3683: 3659: 3628: 3601: 3569: 3529: 3493: 3462: 3434: 3401: 3365: 3339: 3320: 3293: 3264: 3227: 3198: 3154: 3123: 3108: 3082: 3067: 3049: 3014: 2989: 2963: 2924: 2893: 2862: 2834: 2807: 2777: 2746: 2719: 2704: 2681: 2651: 2617: 2591: 2564: 2553:. Ars Technica 2538: 2510: 2424: 2417: 2382: 2368:978-0201408881 2367: 2346: 2301: 2276:978-0099270737 2275: 2230: 2215: 2190: 2157: 2128: 2098: 2067: 2020: 1985: 1959: 1926: 1895: 1873: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1804: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1729: 1717: 1703: 1688: 1675:978-0201408881 1674: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1633: 1620: 1606: 1585: 1577: 1569: 1561: 1552: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1468:Linksys iPhone 1443: 1440: 1372: 1356: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1260: 1257: 1250: 1222: 1221:New leadership 1219: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1085: 1082: 1043:reviews, with 975:John C. Dvorak 967:John C. Dvorak 963: 945:Macintosh IIci 898: 886: 874: 872: 869: 841: 793:Chris Espinosa 771: 768: 706: 703: 697: 694: 627: 625: 622: 614: 570:Macintosh IIci 517: 514: 487:virtual memory 431: 429: 426: 409: 406: 404: 401: 289:classic Mac OS 250: 249: 242: 241: 231: 227: 226: 223: 217: 216: 203: 197: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 150: 140: 138: 134: 133: 127: 123: 122: 112: 108: 107: 98: 94: 93: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10255: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10148: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10114:Steve Wozniak 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10074:Michael Scott 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10049:Larry Ellison 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10034:Bill Campbell 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10006:Mike Markkula 10004: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9965:James A. Bell 9963: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9933: 9923: 9922:Steve Wozniak 9920: 9918: 9917:Avie Tevanian 9915: 9913: 9912:Sina Tamaddon 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9867:Ellen Hancock 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9822: 9819: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9792: 9791:Mike Markkula 9789: 9786: 9785:Michael Scott 9783: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759:Phil Schiller 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9696:Jeff Williams 9694: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9520:Headquarters 9519: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9420:Digital Ocean 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:Apple Studios 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944:digital sales 8940: 8934: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8909:Walkie-Talkie 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8897:Communication 8895: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8618:Final Cut Pro 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8341:iPhone models 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8129: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8056: 8054: 8046: 8044: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7874:Thomas Buberl 7872: 7871: 7869: 7863: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7849:Ginni Rometty 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7819:Frank T. Cary 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7605:IBM Rochester 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554:, Chicago, IL 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7528:, Atlanta, GA 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7337: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7255:Mashup Center 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080:Power Systems 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6799: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6740:Avie Tevanian 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6710:Gernot Heiser 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6301:^ integrates 6300: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5876:Little Kernel 5875: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5657: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5575:Point of sale 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5337:Supercomputer 5334: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5286: 5277: 5267: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169:Other devices 5167: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026:iPod software 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:12 (Monterey) 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4814:10.2 (Jaguar) 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4459: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4420: 4413: 4397: 4396:Be Newsletter 4393: 4387: 4371: 4370:ComputerWorld 4367: 4360: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4294: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4233:9780201479553 4229: 4224: 4223: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4147:cite magazine 4141: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4099: 4098:cite magazine 4092: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3826: 3825:Computerworld 3822: 3815: 3813: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3751: 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INPUT. 1994 3671: 3670: 3663: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3616: 3615:ComputerWorld 3612: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3554: 3547: 3546: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3467: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3109:0-8186-5380-9 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3068:9780132139847 3064: 3060: 3053: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2978: 2977:Network World 2974: 2967: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2782: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2669: 2668:Computerworld 2665: 2658: 2656: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474:IEEE Software 2468: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2418:1-59327-010-0 2414: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2216:0-201-18393-5 2212: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2179: 2175: 2174:IEEE Spectrum 2171: 2164: 2162: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2116: 2115:Mobile-Review 2112: 2105: 2103: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1996: 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Retrieved 1863: 1812: 1807: 1794: 1789: 1772: 1720: 1693: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1624: 1589: 1535: 1532:Publications 1515: 1484: 1472: 1445: 1432: 1424: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1332: 1302: 1300: 1285: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1215: 1207: 1201: 1174: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1104:Developer(s) 1058: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1024: 1002: 972: 959: 954: 948: 941: 936: 932: 913: 907: 904: 900: 892: 888: 880: 876: 853: 847: 843: 834: 827: 825: 818: 800: 798: 789: 781:Workplace OS 777:input/output 773: 764: 760: 750: 747: 727: 721: 716: 711: 708: 699: 690: 686:Workplace OS 678: 674:Kaleida Labs 655: 652:Kaleida Labs 648:Workplace OS 644:AIM alliance 635: 633: 629: 624:AIM alliance 616: 600: 594: 582:Blue Meanies 578: 558: 553:turf warring 549: 526: 519: 506: 499: 491: 451: 438: 433: 411: 373:Workplace OS 370: 347: 332: 316:Workplace OS 313: 300: 293:AIM alliance 274: 262: 254: 253: 245: 234:taligent.com 137:Headquarters 52:Company type 44:Apple Campus 18: 10223:HP software 10064:Arthur Rock 9980:Andrea Jung 9970:Alex Gorsky 9882:David Nagel 9877:Ron Johnson 9857:Tony Fadell 9847:Paul Deneve 9769:John Ternus 9658:Car project 9646:Asahi Linux 9487:Product Red 9456:Advertising 9431:Imagination 9256:FingerWorks 9229:BIS Records 9123:Look Around 8933:Game Center 8820:Beats Music 8514:iOS history 8374:Accessories 8173:Environment 8098:Typewriters 8004:Mathematica 7945:Rugby union 7884:Alex Gorsky 7851:(2012–2020) 7845:(2002–2011) 7839:(1993–2002) 7833:(1985–1993) 7827:(1981–1985) 7821:(1973–1981) 7815:(1971–1973) 7809:(1956–1971) 7803:(1914–1956) 7751:Terminology 7707:Floppy disk 7651:SkillsBuild 7614:Initiatives 7595:IBM Hursley 7569:Facilities 7220:Connections 7090:FlashSystem 6951:Taligent OS 6685:Gordon Bell 6575:OpenComRTOS 6472:Singularity 6298:Chorus/Jazz 6221:OpenHarmony 5700:nanokernels 5520:workstation 5188:Apple Watch 5046:iPhone OS 3 5041:iPhone OS 2 5036:iPhone OS 1 4899:14 (Sonoma) 4839:10.7 (Lion) 4809:10.1 (Puma) 4777:Public Beta 4451:February 9, 4402:February 1, 4299:January 10, 4247:January 10, 4203:January 10, 4177:January 10, 4016:January 10, 3913:February 9, 3861:January 10, 3830:February 3, 3617:. p. 1 3588:PC Magazine 3481:. p. 6 3282:. p. 3 3253:January 10, 3249:. p. 4 3042:January 31, 2982:February 1, 2956:February 9, 2917:February 5, 2886:February 9, 2827:February 9, 2800:January 31, 2644:February 1, 2610:February 9, 2584:February 9, 2531:January 31, 2484:: 103–109. 2339:February 1, 2334:Low End Mac 2091:October 27, 2060:February 9, 1919:January 31, 1540:Whitepapers 1513:libraries. 1495:Lotus Notes 1415:Due to the 1402:PC Magazine 1329:Dissolution 1296:Lotus Notes 1275:PC Magazine 1210:gold master 1144:Proprietary 1089:CommonPoint 1084:CommonPoint 865:PowerPC 601 811:WordPerfect 529:microkernel 522:MultiFinder 516:Pink system 495:index cards 475:MultiFinder 408:Development 371:Along with 301:CommonPoint 281:MultiFinder 259:portmanteau 55:Partnership 10162:Categories 10109:Steve Jobs 10089:Jerry York 10024:Gil Amelio 10020:(Chairman) 10018:Steve Jobs 10014:(Chairman) 10008:(Chairman) 9955:(Chairman) 9815:Steve Jobs 9809:Gil Amelio 9754:Dan Riccio 9744:Sabih Khan 9675:Executives 9612:Epic Games 9587:Litigation 9551:Typography 9536:University 9357:Potential 9326:PrimeSense 9263:Intrinsity 9072:TestFlight 9026:One to One 9013:Genius Bar 8998:AppleCare+ 8942:Retail and 8659:GarageBand 8628:Compressor 8457:Vision Pro 8147:Apple Inc. 8093:System/370 8088:System/360 7879:David Farr 7778:e-business 7680:Inventions 7629:Develothon 7510:Facilities 7370:Promontory 7365:Consulting 6956:UNICOS MAX 6934:Tru64 UNIX 6677:Developers 6644:Frameworks 6581:Phantom OS 6545:ChibiOS/RT 5903:µ-velOSity 5897:MicroEmpix 5232:visionOS 2 5227:visionOS 1 4968:Cancelled 4538:Technology 4441:Nassi, Ike 4134:January 9, 4085:January 9, 4049:January 9, 3562:October 3, 3518:January 9, 3485:January 9, 3423:January 9, 3191:August 16, 2055:Dr. Dobb's 1883:1072525751 1823:References 1713:1072525751 1456:Mark Davis 1435:Bill Gates 1397:holy grail 1323:Windows NT 1259:Unbundling 1113:Written in 1074:Windows NT 770:Technology 458:Steve Jobs 206:Apple Inc. 176:Mark Davis 170:Key people 146:California 87:California 77:1992-03-02 9938:directors 9651:iPodLinux 9629:#AppleToo 9592:Antitrust 9575:Community 9568:Codenames 9504:Criticism 9494:Ecosystem 9476:Get a Mac 9312:P.A. 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