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363:, sanctioned by IndyCar; in the United States it is quite common to refer to open-wheel cars as IndyCars, because of their recognizable appearance and widespread popularity across America at the Indy 500. Compared to covered-wheel race cars, open-wheeled cars allow more precise placement of the front wheels on the race course, as the tires are clearly visible to the driver. This allows the maximum potential of the cars to be achieved during cornering and passing. Furthermore, open-wheeled cars are less tolerant of vehicle-to-vehicle contact, which usually results in vehicle damage and retiring, whereas some level of contact is expected in covered-wheel racing, as for example in NASCAR. Open-wheeled drivers must be extremely precise to avoid contact.
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directions (one upward, one downward) at the point of contact, both wheels rapidly decelerate, torquing the chassis of both cars and often causing one or both vehicles to be suddenly and powerfully flung upwards (the rear car tends to pitch forward, and the front car tends to pitch backward.) An example of this is the 2005
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vehicle construction, the desire to maximise interior space, to improve aerodynamics, and aircraft-inspired styling trends of the era, by the end of the 1950s the majority of new road-registerable vehicles had wheels that were under the main body of the car, and thus the open-wheel design became
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capabilities, and powerful engines, are often considered the fastest racing vehicles available and among the most challenging to master. Wheel-to-wheel contact is dangerous, particularly when the forward edge of one tire contacts the rear of another tire: since the treads are moving in opposite
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in Great
Britain. In the United States, some top-level open-wheel events are held on ovals, of both short track and superspeedway variety, with emphasis more on speed and endurance than the maneuverability required for road and street course events. The Whelen Modified Tour is the only opened
402:
era in 2006, such high speeds have not been reached, with later vehicles reaching around 360 kilometres per hour (220 mph). It is difficult to give precise figures for the absolute top speeds of
Formula One cars as the data are not generally released by teams. The 'speed traps' on fast
303:) produce far more downforce relative to their mass than any other racing category, allowing much higher corner speeds on comparable tracks. However, this is not always the case; some open-wheel categories raced primarily as development or amateur categories, such as
461:
Driving an open-wheel car is substantially different from driving a car with fenders. Virtually all
Formula One and IndyCar drivers spend some time in various open-wheel categories before joining either top series. Open-wheel vehicles, due to their light weight,
213:, which he went on to win. He developed a revolutionary concept which would become the originator and forefather of the single-seater (i.e. monoposto) racecar design. Harroun has also been credited by some as pioneering the rear-view mirror which appeared on his
200:
was an early pioneer of the concept of a lightweight single-seater, open-wheel "monoposto" racecar. After working as a mechanic in the automotive industry, Harroun began competitive professional racing in 1906, winning the
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Regardless of top speeds, Formula One open-wheel race cars hold the outright lap record at the circuits where they race due to their combination of top speed, acceleration, and cornering abilities. For example, at the
678:, a wishbone-shaped frame aimed to deflect debris away from a driver's head. Despite initial criticism, including for the reason of obstructing the driver's vision, it gained some praise in the
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and other short track modified series, the driver's head is contained in the car. In modern cars, the engine is often located directly behind the driver and drives the rear wheels; except in
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in which his car broke in two and burst into flames as it split the barrier. The halo helped prevent
Grosjean from possible decapitation while it allowed him to escape from the fire.
355:. This series races on most of NASCAR's most famous tracks in the United States. Other asphalt modified series race on short tracks in the United States and Canada, such as
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pushing the car onto the road. While many other categories of racing cars produce downforce, the top categories of open-wheel racing cars (particularly
Formula One and
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cars have almost exclusively used the open-wheel design throughout the history of the championship. The only notable exception was the "Monza body" variation of the
232:, one of the most popular road-legal cars of the early 20th century. Note how the wheels are well outside the main body of the car, as was typical for the era.
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cars, such as the Whelen
Modified Tour, where the engine is in front of the driver. Depending on the rules of the class, many types of open-wheelers have
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378:. For instance, a Formula One car must weigh at least 798 kilograms (1,759 lb); the minimum weight for NASCAR is 1,500 kilograms (3,200 lb).
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racer of 1954–55, which covered the wheels with bodywork for aerodynamic reasons. Modern
Formula One regulations mandate the open-wheel configuration.
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The lower weight of an open-wheel racecar enables better performance. While the exposure of the wheels to the airstream causes a very high aerodynamic
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circuits such as Monza give a good indication, but are not necessarily located at the point on the track where the car is travelling at its fastest.
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Open-wheeled racing is among the fastest in the world. Formula One cars can reach speeds in excess of 360 kilometres per hour (220 mph). At
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Regulations tend to permit much lower open-wheel car weights than in categories that more closely resemble street-legal vehicles, such as
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A typical open-wheeler has a minimal cockpit, sufficient only to enclose the driver's body, with the head exposed to the air. In the
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is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars,
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at high speeds, it allows improved cooling of the brakes, which is important on road courses with their frequent changes of pace.
240:, street automobiles generally had wheels that protruded beyond the vehicle's main body, though they were typically covered with
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chassis), and
Formula E (with their new Spark SRT05e chassis) introduced a protection system to the cockpit called the
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Formula One car. Speeds on ovals can range in constant excess of 210–220 miles per hour (340–350 km/h), and at
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of BMW Williams F1 team recorded a top speed of 369.9 kilometres per hour (229.8 mph) (over 102 m/s) in the
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winning car, though he himself claimed he got the idea from seeing a mirror used for a similar purpose on a
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in New York. The best-attended oval race in the world is the annual
Indianapolis 500 (Indy 500) in
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which featured wheels under the main body of the vehicle, primarily for aerodynamic drag reduction
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Davidson, Donald The Talk of
Gasoline Alley (radio program). Accessed via WIBC (FM), 28 May 200
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1:24.812) is more than six seconds per lap faster than the fastest closed-wheel racing car, an
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to protect the car body and following traffic from water and mud spray. With the advent of
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team recorded an average top speed of 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph) in 2006 at
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adopted a halo combined with an aeroscreen, built by Red Bull Advanced Technologies.
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set the one-lap qualifying record of 241.428 miles per hour (388.541 km/h) at
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as chief engineer, charged with building a racecar intended to race at the first
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at the front and rear of the vehicle, as well as a very low and virtually flat
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778:"Ariel Atom 4 Roadster Unveiled Packing 320-HP Honda Type R Engine"
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1011:"Halo saved Charles Leclerc from visor strike in Spa start crash"
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introduced a halo to their new chassis which was unveiled at the
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412:
300:
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311:, do not permit the use of wings or ground effect aerodynamics.
188:, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.
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718:, thereby saving the Monegasque driver from a visor strike.
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spun and had the back of his car land on fellow countryman
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In 2018, several single seater series such as Formula One,
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in excess of 230 miles per hour (370 km/h). In 2000,
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Caterham open wheeled sports car, derived from Lotus 7
702:
was sent airborne after being hit from behind by the
435:
attain speeds of 190 miles per hour (310 km/h).
427:. Even on tight non-oval street circuits such as the
249:
almost exclusively associated with racing vehicles.
180:. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (
903:"Everything You Need to Know About NASCAR Next Gen"
454:, and more than 20 seconds per lap faster than the
168:, which have their wheels below the body or inside
330:. However, most open-wheel races are on dedicated
2866:
326:(sanctioned by IndyCar), are held on temporary
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1042:
878:"Minimum weight increase for 2022 F1 cars"
295:that helps achieve additional aerodynamic
38:
933:. Formula One Digital Media. Oct 30, 2015
822:"Ray Harroun Checks his Rear View Mirror"
443:the fastest lap in the 2021 Grand Prix (
251:
223:
196:American racecar driver and constructor
965:from the original on November 10, 2013.
656:car at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, 1993
14:
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1822:
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927:"Drivers hit record speeds in Mexico"
604:Asphalt Modified Short Track Race Car
357:Wyoming County International Speedway
172:. Open-wheel cars are built both for
975:
875:
351:wheeled race car series endorsed by
322:(sanctioned by Formula One) and the
1009:Noble, Jonathan (6 December 2018).
798:
592:, road legal open wheeled sportscar
24:
953:"De Ferran wins pole, sets record"
680:Formula 2 sprint race in Catalunya
205:in 1910. He was then hired by the
25:
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843:"1911 Marmon Wasp - Conceptcarz"
801:"Harroun, Ray - Historic - 2000"
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314:Some major races, such as the
13:
1:
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1558:International Formula Master
979:Smokin' Open-Wheel Race Cars
776:Eric Brandt (11 July 2018).
692:Formula 1 Belgian Grand Prix
7:
1619:Ginetta Junior Championship
1282:Australian National Formula
901:Weaver, Matt (2021-05-06).
10:
2901:
1696:BMW M1 Procar Championship
1201:V de V Challenge Monoplace
982:. Enslow Publishing, LLC.
727:FIA Formula 3 Championship
637:: a low-end open-wheel car
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876:Koch, Matt (2022-03-17).
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1624:Lamborghini Super Trofeo
976:Egan, Erin (July 2013).
458:touring car lap record.
207:Marmon Motor Car Company
1292:Grand Prix motor racing
710:and struck the halo of
398:. Since the end of the
396:2004 Italian Grand Prix
2880:Open wheel racing cars
261:
233:
2204:Quarter Midget racing
2044:Allison Legacy Series
1721:Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy
1716:Ginetta GT5 Challenge
1691:Aston Martin Asia Cup
1328:Formula Car Challenge
1196:Monoposto Racing Club
1126:Formula Car Challenge
690:'s halo. In the 2018
429:Grand Prix of Toronto
409:Bonneville Salt Flats
324:Long Beach Grand Prix
255:
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215:1911 Indianapolis 500
2740:Super Comp/Quick Rod
1845:Stock Car Pro Series
1731:Renault Sport Trophy
1711:Ginetta GT4 Supercup
1660:TVR Tuscan Challenge
1563:Toyota Racing Series
961:. October 28, 2000.
562:1994 Penske Indy Car
545:Red Bull Racing RB19
316:Singapore Grand Prix
281:Whelen Modified Tour
258:Mercedes-Benz 300 SL
1870:Turismo Nacional BR
1736:SEAT Leon Supercopa
1647:Porsche Carrera Cup
1573:Superleague Formula
1399:ADAC Formel Masters
1141:Formula Enterprises
1131:Formula Continental
725:, the newly-formed
425:California Speedway
219:horse-drawn vehicle
2854:Side by Side (UTV)
2094:Whelen Euro Series
2049:IMCA Sport Compact
1543:Grand Prix Masters
1333:Formula Enterprise
1287:Grand Prix Masters
749:Bahrain Grand Prix
577:sports car from UK
269:Mercedes-Benz W196
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2015:
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361:Speedway, Indiana
344:Spa-Francorchamps
320:Monaco Grand Prix
178:oval track racing
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2018:
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1632:Mazda MX-5 Cup
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1279:
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1259:
1257:Formula Junior
1254:
1252:Formula Holden
1249:
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1229:
1224:
1219:
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968:
944:
918:
893:
868:
859:
834:
813:
791:
767:
766:
764:
761:
755:collided with
742:IndyCar Series
684:Nirei Fukuzumi
663:
660:
659:
658:
648:
641:
639:
629:
622:
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615:
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581:
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554:
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549:Max Verstappen
542:
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519:
512:
510:
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500:
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484:
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383:
380:
276:
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193:
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154:open-wheel car
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
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126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:Self-propelled
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
84:
80:
79:
70:
66:
65:
62:
61:Classification
58:
57:
43:
35:
34:
33:Open-wheel car
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2019:
2009:
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1981:
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1726:MĂ©gane Trophy
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Commodore Cup
1699:
1697:
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1525:
1522:
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1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Opel/Vauxhall
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
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1359:
1356:
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1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:MRF Challenge
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1297:Tasman Series
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Formula Libre
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:Formula Dream
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Supermodified
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:Super Formula
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
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1149:
1147:
1144:
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1132:
1129:
1127:
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1119:
1117:
1114:
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1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
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1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1016:
1015:Autosport.com
1012:
1005:
991:
989:9781622851010
985:
981:
980:
972:
964:
960:
959:
958:Las Vegas Sun
954:
948:
932:
928:
922:
908:
904:
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883:
879:
872:
863:
848:
844:
838:
823:
817:
802:
795:
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772:
768:
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758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
655:
651:
650:Nigel Mansell
645:
640:
636:
633:
626:
621:
618:
612:
607:
600:
595:
591:
585:
580:
576:
570:
565:
558:
553:
550:
546:
539:
534:
531:
528:) racing for
527:
523:
516:
511:
504:
499:
498:
492:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
459:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
441:Monza Circuit
436:
434:
431:, open-wheel
430:
426:
422:
421:Gil de Ferran
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
259:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
231:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:McLaren MCL60
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2819:Trophy truck
2726:Pro Modified
2254:Group Rally5
2249:Group Rally4
2244:Group Rally3
2239:Group Rally2
2234:Group Rally1
2229:Groups Rally
2116:Street Stock
1850:Stock Series
1835:NGTC (TCN-1)
1424:Formula Asia
1353:USF Pro 2000
1146:Formula Ford
1116:Formula 1000
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
978:
971:
956:
947:
935:. Retrieved
931:Formula1.com
930:
921:
910:. Retrieved
906:
896:
885:. Retrieved
881:
871:
862:
850:. Retrieved
846:
837:
825:. Retrieved
816:
804:. Retrieved
794:
782:. Retrieved
771:
757:Daniil Kvyat
746:
735:
720:
665:
547:, driven by
526:Spark SRT05e
524:racing car (
486:
473:Ryan Briscoe
460:
437:
417:Indianapolis
385:
365:
342:in Germany,
336:Watkins Glen
332:road courses
313:
305:Formula Ford
278:
263:
238:World War II
235:
230:Ford Model T
195:
182:street legal
166:touring cars
153:
151:
54:Lando Norris
52:, driven by
2754:Competition
2736:Super Stock
2707:Top Alcohol
2189:Superstocks
2111:Super Stock
1978:Diesel 2000
1860:Top Race V6
1840:TCR (TCN-2)
1651:Radical Cup
1590:spec racing
1514:Palmer Audi
1363:USF Juniors
1166:Formula Vee
1066:auto racing
1064:Classes of
780:. The Drive
617:Sprint cars
530:HWA Racelab
477:Alex Barron
469:Chicagoland
464:aerodynamic
348:Silverstone
340:NĂĽrburgring
338:in the US,
309:Formula Vee
265:Formula One
198:Ray Harroun
174:road racing
158:sports cars
145:Ray Harroun
83:Fuel source
69:Application
2869:Categories
2809:Rallycross
2804:Dune buggy
2652:Appendix K
2348:prototypes
2327:Super 2000
2322:Super 1600
2261:Group R-GT
2179:V8 Hotstox
2054:Late model
2024:car racing
1993:Superstars
1973:Super 2000
1891:Appendix J
1815:car racing
1409:Barber Pro
1020:2019-09-25
995:2023-03-23
912:2022-04-20
887:2022-04-20
763:References
575:Ariel Atom
483:Advantages
452:sports car
376:stock cars
334:, such as
186:Ariel Atom
162:stock cars
73:Recreation
18:Open-wheel
2814:Autocross
2728:(Pro Mod)
2720:Pro Stock
2699:Funny Car
2174:BriSCA F2
2169:BriSCA F1
2064:Modifieds
1855:Supercars
1798:Superkart
1706:Dacia Cup
1628:Lotus Cup
1474:Lightning
1136:Formula E
882:Speedcafe
799:swatson.
668:Formula 2
590:KTM X-Bow
522:Formula E
520:Electric
471:crash of
433:Indy Cars
405:BAR Honda
297:downforce
293:undertray
242:mudguards
236:Prior to
221:in 1904.
125:Aerofoils
2844:Group T5
2839:Group T4
2834:Group T3
2829:Group T2
2824:Group T1
2799:Baja Bug
2791:Off-road
2773:Modified
2693:Dragster
2688:Top Fuel
2549:Trans-Am
2470:IMSA GTP
2453:Group CN
2390:Clubmans
2214:Rallying
2184:Hot Rods
1813:Touring
1803:Electric
1587:One-make
1483:Masters
1447:Chrysler
1428:Formula
1338:Indy NXT
1314:formulae
1311:One-make
963:Archived
907:Autoweek
852:17 April
827:17 April
806:17 April
784:9 August
632:Barlotti
141:Inventor
128:Optional
95:hydrogen
91:electric
87:Gasoline
2777:Pro FWD
2769:Top Gas
2762:Defunct
2750:Altered
2701:(TF/FC)
2585:Group D
2580:Group B
2575:Group 5
2570:Group 4
2565:Group 3
2558:Defunct
2509:touring
2448:Group C
2443:Group A
2438:Group 7
2433:Group 6
2428:Group 5
2423:Group 4
2418:Group 3
2399:Defunct
2346:Sports
2312:Group R
2307:Group N
2302:Group S
2297:Group B
2292:Group A
2287:Group 4
2282:Group 2
2277:Group 1
2270:Defunct
2130:Defunct
2079:Xfinity
2059:Legends
1968:Class 2
1963:Class 1
1958:Group S
1946:Group N
1941:Group H
1936:Group G
1931:Group F
1926:Group E
1921:Group C
1916:Group A
1911:Group 5
1906:Group 2
1901:Group 1
1884:Defunct
1765:Karting
1669:Defunct
1614:Fun Cup
1467:Hyundai
1404:Auto GP
1387:Defunct
1358:USF2000
1210:Defunct
1191:BOSS GP
1171:IndyCar
1074:Formula
714:driver
704:Renault
698:driver
696:McLaren
635:go-kart
495:Gallery
413:BAR 007
382:Driving
372:touring
301:IndyCar
256:A 1954
246:unibody
192:History
170:fenders
101:Powered
64:Vehicle
2849:Truggy
2695:(TF/D)
2681:Active
2673:racing
2615:LM GTE
2517:Active
2507:Grand
2356:Active
2222:Active
2142:AUSCAR
2099:Mexico
2089:Canada
2069:NASCAR
2032:Active
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1998:V8Star
1875:TC2000
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1597:Active
1504:Nissan
1492:Russia
1479:Maruti
1432:Abarth
1321:Active
1151:FF1600
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986:
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740:, the
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2671:Drag
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2137:ASCAR
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1568:S5000
1524:Rolon
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1222:F5000
1217:F3000
1181:S5000
682:when
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289:wings
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2722:(PS)
2625:AAGT
2620:IMSA
2486:LMPC
2481:LMP1
2383:LMP3
2378:LMP2
2363:LMDh
2161:Oval
2147:IROC
2039:ARCA
2008:WTCR
2003:WTCC
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1830:BTCC
1536:2.0L
1437:Alfa
1414:CFGP
1394:A1GP
1111:F600
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829:2016
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786:2018
738:2020
723:2019
654:CART
489:drag
475:and
449:LMP1
176:and
2732:Gas
2645:GTX
2640:GTU
2635:GTS
2630:GTO
2534:GT4
2529:GT2
2524:GT3
2476:LMP
2411:DPi
2373:LMP
2368:LMH
2106:SRX
2074:Cup
1983:DTM
1951:Aus
1793:KZ2
1788:KZ1
1783:KF3
1778:KF2
1773:KF1
1553:GP3
1548:GP2
1519:RUS
1457:LGB
1442:BMW
1419:FA1
1348:SRF
1242:FCJ
1161:GB3
736:In
721:In
706:of
456:DTM
400:V10
307:or
152:An
136:2–4
120:4–6
112:Yes
104:Yes
2871::
2458:GC
2406:DP
2317:R5
1106:F4
1101:F3
1096:F2
1091:F1
1013:.
955:.
929:.
905:.
880:.
845:.
751:,
733:.
694:,
630:A
479:.
390:,
370:,
318:,
228:A
160:,
93:,
89:,
75:,
48:,
1376:3
1371:2
1057:e
1050:t
1043:v
1023:.
998:.
941:.
915:.
890:.
856:.
831:.
810:.
788:.
20:)
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