Formula One car - Knowledge

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2 are wet compounds (intermediates for damp surfaces with no standing water and full wets for surfaces with standing water). Three of the dry weather compounds (generally a harder and softer compound) are brought to each race, plus both wet weather compounds. The harder tyres are more durable but give less grip, and the softer tyres the opposite. In 2009, the slick tyres returned as a part of revisions to the rules for the 2009 season; slicks have no grooves and give up to 18% more contact with the track. In the Bridgestone years, a green band on the sidewall of the softer compound was painted to allow spectators to distinguish which tyre a driver is on. Beginning in 2019, Pirelli scrapped the tyre naming system such that the tyres will denote at each Grand Prix independently as hard, medium and soft with white, yellow and red sidewalls respectively rather than having a separate name and colour for each of the five tyres. The change was implemented so that casual fans could better understand the tyre system. Generally, the three dry compounds brought to the track are of consecutive specifications.

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speeds of Formula 1 cars were a little over 300 km/h (185 mph) at high-downforce tracks such as Albert Park, Australia and Sepang, Malaysia. These speeds were down by some 10 km/h (6 mph) from the 2005 speeds, and 15 km/h (9 mph) from the 2004 speeds, due to the recent performance restrictions (see below). On low-downforce circuits greater top speeds were registered: at Gilles-Villeneuve (Canada) 325 km/h (203 mph), at Indianapolis (USA) 335 km/h (210 mph), and at Monza (Italy) 360 km/h (225 mph). In testing one month prior to the 2005 Italian Grand Prix, Juan Pablo Montoya of the McLaren-Mercedes F1 team recorded a record top speed of 372.6 km/h (231.5 mph), which was officially recognised by the FIA as the fastest speed ever achieved by an F1 car, even though it was not set during an officially sanctioned session during a race weekend. In the 2005 Italian GP Kimi Räikkönen of McLaren-Mercedes was recorded at 370.1 km/h (229.9 mph). This record was broken at the

2028:(KERS). These devices recover the kinetic energy created by the car's braking process. They store that energy and convert it into power that can be called upon to boost acceleration. KERS typically adds 80 hp (60 kW) and weighs 35 kg (77 lb). There are principally two types of systems: electrical and mechanical flywheel. Electrical systems use a motor-generator incorporated in the car's transmission which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Once the energy has been harnessed, it is stored in a battery and released at will. Mechanical systems capture braking energy and use it to turn a small flywheel which can spin at up to 80,000 rpm. When extra power is required, the flywheel is connected to the car's rear wheels. In contrast to electrical KERS, mechanical energy does not change state and is, therefore, more efficient. There is one other option available, hydraulic KERS, where braking energy is used to accumulate hydraulic pressure which is then sent to the wheels when required. 804: 748: 784: 1692: 1110: 1486: 1070: 1470: 1028: 1502: 2206: 840: 724: 764: 1459:, and the use of such diffusers was declared as legal. Brawn GP boss Ross Brawn claimed the double diffuser design as "an innovative approach of an existing idea". These were subsequently banned for the 2011 season. Another controversy of the 2010 and 2011 seasons was the front wing of the Red Bull cars. Several teams protested claiming the wing was breaking regulations. Footage from high-speed sections of circuits showed the Red Bull front wing bending on the outsides subsequently creating greater downforce. Tests were held on the Red Bull front wing and the FIA could find no way that the wing was breaking any regulation. 1090: 1401:

wet-weather tyres), but during the race, it could only be activated when a driver is less than one second behind another car at pre-determined points on the track. (From 2013 DRS is available only at the pre-determined points during all sessions). The system is then deactivated once the driver brakes. The system "stalls" the rear wing by opening a flap, which leaves a 50 mm horizontal gap in the wing, thus reducing drag and allowing higher top speeds. However, this also reduces downforce so it is normally used on long straight track sections or sections which do not require high downforce.

1004: 1397:. Most of those innovations were effectively outlawed under even more stringent aero regulations imposed by the FIA for 2009. The changes were designed to promote overtaking by making it easier for a car to closely follow another. The new rules took the cars into another new era, with lower and wider front wings, taller and narrower rear wings, and generally much 'cleaner' bodywork. Perhaps the most interesting change, however, was the introduction of 'moveable aerodynamics', with the driver able to make limited adjustments to the front wing from the cockpit during a race. 1866:) are used instead of steel or cast iron because of their superior frictional, thermal, and anti-warping properties, as well as significant weight savings. These brakes are designed and manufactured to work in extreme temperatures, up to 1,000 degrees Celsius (1800 °F). The driver can control brake force distribution fore and aft to compensate for changes in track conditions or fuel load. Regulations specify this control must be mechanical, not electronic, thus it is typically operated by a lever inside the cockpit as opposed to a control on the steering wheel. 1571:, runs down the middle of the car to prevent the cars from running low enough to contact the track surface; this skid block is measured before and after a race. Should the plank be less than 9 mm thick after the race, the car is disqualified. The 2022 rule change allowed for teams to utilise venturi tunnels to create much more ground effect than previous seasons allowed. This change, along with a vast simplification of the over body aerodynamics, was done with the intention of creating closer racing by reducing the vortices created by the complex wings. 1657: 974:

an engine only had to last for Saturday and Sunday running. This was to promote Friday running. In the 2008 season, engines were required to last two full race weekends; the same regulation as the 2006 season. However, for the 2009 season, drivers were allowed to use a maximum of 8 engines per head over the season, meaning that a couple of engines had to last three race weekends. This method of limiting engine costs also increased the importance of tactics, since the teams had to choose in which races to employ a new or an already-used engine.

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effort has been spent reducing drag as increasing downforce – from the vertical end-plates fitted to wings to prevent vortices forming to the diffuser plates mounted low at the back, which helps to re-equalise pressure of the faster-flowing air that has passed under the car and would otherwise create a low-pressure 'balloon' dragging at the back. Despite this, designers can't make their cars too 'slippery', as a good supply of airflow has to be ensured to help dissipate the vast amounts of heat produced by the engine and brakes.

2239: 1848: 1550: 2377: 704: 2168:, recording a speed of 378.035 km/h (234.9 mph), albeit through the use of slipstream drafting. This top speed is yet to be confirmed by any official method as currently the only source of this information is the Williams team's Twitter post, while the FIA's official speed trap data measured Bottas's speed at 366.1 km/h in that instance. At the moment Montoya's speed of 372.6 km/h (231.5 mph) is still regarded as the official record, even though it was not set during a sanctioned session. 2037: 1645: 2140: 1050: 1724: 1435:. They also feature aerodynamic appendages that direct the airflow. Such an extreme level of aerodynamic development means that an F1 car produces much more downforce than any other open-wheel formula; Indycars, for example, produce downforce equal to their weight (that is, a downforce:weight ratio of 1:1) at 190 km/h (118 mph), while an F1 car achieves the same at 125 to 130 km/h (78 to 81 mph), and at 190 km/h (118 mph) the ratio is roughly 2:1. 2002:). Theoretically this would allow the car to reach 100 km/h (62 mph) in less than 1 second. However the power cannot be converted to motion at low speeds due to traction loss and the usual figure is 2.5 seconds to reach 100 km/h (62 mph). After about 130 km/h (80 mph) traction loss is minimal due to the combined effect of the car moving faster and the downforce, hence continuing to accelerate the car at a very high rate. The figures are (for the 75: 1757: 1345: 978:

placement of the turbocharger's compressor at one side of the engine and the turbine at the other; both were then linked by a shaft travelling through the vee of the engine. The benefit was that air was not traveling through as much pipework, in turn reducing turbo lag and increasing the efficiency of the car. In addition, it meant that the air moving through the compressor was much cooler, since it was farther away from the hot turbine section.

2126:, the large downforce allows an F1 car to corner at very high speeds. As an example of the extreme cornering speeds, the Blanchimont and Eau Rouge corners at Spa-Francorchamps are taken flat-out at above 300 km/h (190 mph), whereas the race-spec touring cars can only do so at 150–160 km/h (note that lateral force increases with the square of the speed). A newer and perhaps even more extreme example is the Turn 8 at the 34: 1357:

are fitted with different profiles depending on the downforce requirements of a particular track. Tight, slow circuits like Monaco require very aggressive wing profiles – cars run two separate 'blades' of 'elements' on the rear wings (two is the maximum permitted). In contrast, high-speed circuits like Monza see the cars stripped of as much wing as possible, to reduce drag and increase speed on the long straights.

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the drag of the car, allowing it to move faster. As soon as the driver touches the brake, the rear wing shuts again. In free practice and qualifying, a driver may use it whenever he wishes to, but in the race, it can only be used if the driver is 1 second, or less, behind another driver at the DRS detection zone on the race track, at which point it can be activated in the activation zone until the driver brakes.

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when supplied to the engine, boosts its power. Also, the air supplied to it is highly turbulent since it passes above the driver's helmet. The airbox absorbs this turbulent air, preventing it from disturbing the laminar airflow along with other parts. The second advantage of the air box is its large size, which provides a large space for advertising, in turn, providing opportunities for additional ad revenue.

1261: 118: 1134: 1835:(50,000 mi), a Formula One tyre does not even last the whole race distance (a little over 300 km (190 mi)); they are usually changed one or two times per race, depending on the track. This is the result of a drive to maximize the road-holding ability, leading to the use of very soft compounds (to ensure that the tyre surface conforms to the road surface as closely as possible). 175: 2373:

made taller yet less efficient at producing downforce. The overall aerodynamic grip was dramatically reduced with the banning of complex appendages such as winglets, bargeboards and other aero devices previously used to better direct airflow over and under the cars. The maximum engine speed was reduced to 18,000 rpm to increase reliability further and conform to engine life demand.

1341:, which had a radiator fan that also extracted air from the skirted area under the car, creating enormous downforce. After technical challenges from other teams, it was withdrawn after a single race. Rule changes then followed to limit the benefits of 'ground effects' – firstly a ban on the skirts used to contain the low-pressure area, later a requirement for a 'stepped floor'. 1427:, but they are far more developed than American open-wheel racers, which depend more on suspension tuning; for instance, the nose is raised above the centre of the front aerofoil, allowing its entire width to provide downforce. The front and rear wings are highly sculpted and extremely fine 'tuned', along with the rest of the body such as the turning vanes beneath the nose, 2369:) made in conjunction with Microsoft. These ECUs have placed restrictions on the use of electronic driver aids such as traction control, launch control, and engine braking and are tagged to prevent modification. The emphasis is on reducing costs as well as placing the focus back onto driver skills as opposed to the so-called 'electronic gizmos' mainly controlling the cars. 2094:. The callipers are aluminium alloy-bodied with titanium pistons. The regulations limit the modulus of the calliper material to 80 GPa in order to prevent teams using exotic, high specific stiffness materials, for example, beryllium. Titanium pistons save weight, and also have a low thermal conductivity, reducing the heat flow into the brake fluid. 803: 1252:. In order to keep costs low in Formula One, gearboxes must last five consecutive events, and since 2015, gearbox ratios will be fixed for each season (for 2014 they could be changed only once). Changing a gearbox before the allowed time will cause a penalty of five places drop on the starting grid for the first event that the new gearbox is used. 1711:, the FIA made technical changes to the aerodynamic characteristics of the cars to reduce the amount of this 'dirty air' and allow for easier overtaking. Front wing, side pods, and rear wing have all been redesigned to redirect aerodynamic turbulence upwards, and larger tyres with 18-inch wheels were adopted in an effort to limit disruptive 1678:

With the 2009 regulations, the FIA rid F1 cars of small winglets and other parts of the car (minus the front and rear wing) used to manipulate the airflow of the car in order to decrease drag and increase downforce. Currently, the front wing is shaped specifically to push air towards all the winglets

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is a significant feature of the latest breeds of F1 cars. Since a vortex is a rotating fluid that creates a low-pressure zone at its centre, creating vortices lowers the overall local pressure of the air. Since low pressure is what is desired under the car, as it allows normal atmospheric pressure to

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The system was introduced to promote more overtaking, and is often the reason for overtaking on straights or at the end of straights where overtaking is encouraged in the following corner(s). However, the reception of the DRS system has differed among drivers, fans, and specialists. Returning Formula

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In recent years, most Formula One teams have tried to emulate Ferrari's 'narrow waist' design, where the rear of the car is made as narrow and low as possible. This reduces drag and maximises the amount of air available to the rear wing. The 'barge boards' fitted to the sides of cars have also helped

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Despite the full-sized wind tunnels and vast computing power used by the aerodynamic departments of most teams, the fundamental principles of Formula One aerodynamics still apply: to create the maximum amount of downforce for the minimal amount of drag. The primary wings mounted on the front and rear

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The regulations for the 2014 season limit the maximum fuel mass flow to the engine to 100 kg/h, which reduced the maximum power output from 550 kW to about 450 kW. The rules also double the power limit of the electric motor to 120 kW for both acceleration and energy recovery, and

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to be fitted to the cars in time for the 2009 season. The system aims to reduce the amount of kinetic energy converted to waste heat in braking, converting it instead to a useful form (such as electrical energy or energy in a flywheel) to be later fed back through the engine to create a power boost.

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Since the start of the 2007 season, F1 has had a sole tyre supplier. From 2007 to 2010, this was Bridgestone, but 2011 saw the reintroduction of Pirelli into the sport, following the departure of Bridgestone. Seven compounds of F1 tyre exist; 5 are dry weather compounds (labeled C1 through C5) while

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To make sure that the teams and fuel suppliers are not violating the fuel regulations, the FIA requires Elf, Shell, Mobil, Petronas, and the other fuel teams to submit a sample of the fuel they are providing for a race. At any time, FIA inspectors can request a sample from the fueling rig to compare

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F1 blends are tuned for maximum performance in given weather conditions or different circuits. During the period when teams were limited to a specific volume of fuel during a race, exotic high-density fuel blends were used which were actually more dense than water, since the energy content of a fuel

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Since the start of the 2011 season, cars have been allowed to run with an adjustable rear wing, more commonly known as DRS (drag reduction system), a system to combat the problem of turbulent air when overtaking. On the straights of a track, drivers can deploy DRS, which opens the rear wing, reduces

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Due to increasing environmental pressures from lobby groups and the like, many have called into question the relevance of Formula 1 as an innovating force towards future technological advances (particularly those concerned with efficient cars). The FIA has been asked to consider how it can persuade

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The combination of light weight (642 kg in race trim for 2013), power (670–750 kW (900–1,000 bhp) with the 3.0 L V10, 582 kW (780 bhp) with the 2007-regulation 2.4 L V8, 710 kW (950 bhp) with 2016 1.6 L V6 turbo), aerodynamics, and ultra-high-performance

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The driver has the ability to fine-tune many elements of the race car from within the machine using the steering wheel. The wheel can be used to change gears, apply rev. limiter, adjust fuel/air mix, change brake balance, control the differential, power unit, engine braking and call the radio. Data

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Revised regulations introduced in 2005 forced the aerodynamicists to be even more ingenious. In a bid to cut speeds, the FIA reduced downforce by raising the front wing, bringing the rear wing forward, and modifying the rear diffuser profile. The designers quickly regained much of this loss, with a

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Every single surface of a modern Formula One car, from the shape of the suspension links to that of the driver's helmet – has its aerodynamic effects considered. Disrupted air, where the flow 'separates' from the body, creates turbulence which creates drag – which slows the car down. Almost as much

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In the 2004 championship, engines were required to last a full race weekend. For the 2005 championship, they were required to last two full race weekends, and if a team changed an engine between the two races, they incurred a penalty of 10 grid positions. In 2007, this rule was altered slightly and

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and similar ultra-lightweight materials. The minimum weight permissible is 740 kg (1,631 lb) including the driver but not fuel. Cars are weighed with dry-weather tyres fitted. Prior to the 2014 F1 season, cars often weighed in under this limit so teams added ballast in order to add weight

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were meant to reduce downforce by about 30%, however, most teams were able to successfully reduce this to a mere 5 to 10% downforce loss. In 2006 the engine power was reduced from 710 to 560 kW (950 to 750 bhp) by shifting from the 3.0L V10s, used for a decade, to 2.4L V8s. Some of these

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so that the airflow is smooth. Should these be removed, various parts of the car will cause great drag when the front wing is unable to shape the air past the body of the car. The regulations which came into effect in 2009 have reduced the width of the rear wing by 25 cm, and standardised the

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Just behind the driver's cockpit is a structure called the Air Box. The Air Box serves two purposes. It receives the high-speed moving air and supplies it to the intake manifold of the engine. This high-speed air is pressurised and hence is compressed due to the Ram Effect. This high-pressure air,

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Several teams started to experiment with the now familiar wings in the late 1960s. Racecar wings operate on the same principle as aircraft wings but are configured to cause a downward force rather than an upward one. A modern Formula One car is capable of developing 6 Gs of lateral cornering force

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Changes were made for the 2009 season to increase dependency on mechanical grip and create overtaking opportunities – resulting in the return to slick tyres, a wider and lower front wing with a standardized centre section, a narrower and taller rear wing, and the diffuser being moved backward and

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Top speeds are in practice limited by the longest straight at the track and by the need to balance the car's aerodynamic configuration between high straight-line speed (low aerodynamic drag) and high cornering speed (high downforce) to achieve the fastest lap time. During the 2006 season, the top

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Tyres can be no wider than 405 mm (15.9 in) at the rear, front tyre width expanded from 245 mm to 305 mm for the 2017 season. Unlike the fuel, the tyres bear only a superficial resemblance to a normal road tyre. Whereas a road car tyre has a useful life of up to 80,000 km

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construction, weighs in at 1.3 kilograms. In the 2014 season, certain teams such as Mercedes have chosen to use larger LCDs on their wheels which allow the driver to see additional information such as fuel flow and torque delivery. They are also more customizable owing to the possibility of using

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which rises from the undertray at the rear axle to the actual rear of the bodywork. F1 regulations heavily limited the use of ground effect until the 2022 rule change, which are a highly efficient means of creating downforce with a small drag penalty. Until 2022, the underside of the vehicle, the

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by Williams driver Valtteri Bottas, whose top speed in race conditions was 372.54 km/h (231.48 mph). However, even though this information was shown in FIA's official monitors, the FIA is yet to accept it as an official record. Bottas had previously set an even higher record top speed

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Formula 1 car and stated that under heavy braking he felt like his lungs were hitting the inside of his ribcage, forcing him to exhale involuntarily. Here the aerodynamic drag actually helps, and can contribute as much as 1.0 g of braking, which is the equivalent of the brakes on most road

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As well as being fast in a straight line, F1 cars have greater cornering ability. Grand Prix cars can negotiate corners at significantly higher speeds than other racing cars because of their levels of grip and downforce. Cornering speed is so high that Formula One drivers have strength training

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circuit. Teams started to use exotic alloys in the late 1990s, leading to the FIA banning the use of exotic materials in engine construction, with only aluminium, titanium and iron alloys being allowed for the pistons, cylinders, connecting rods and crankshafts. The FIA has continually enforced

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An average F1 car can decelerate from 100 to 0 km/h (62 to 0 mph) in about 15 meters (48 ft), compared with a 2009 BMW M3, which needs 31 meters (102 ft). When braking from higher speeds, aerodynamic downforce enables tremendous deceleration: 4.5 g to 5.0 g (44 to

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The new DRS (Drag Reduction System) rear wing system, introduced in 2011 usurped the former system. This too allows drivers to make adjustments, but the system's availability is electronically governed – originally it could be used at any time in practice and qualifying (unless a driver is on

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As of the 2014 season, all F1 cars have been equipped with turbocharged 1.6 L V6 engines. Turbochargers had previously been banned since 1989. This change may give an improvement of up to 29% fuel efficiency. One of the many reasons that Mercedes dominated the season early was due to the

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The aerodynamic forces of a Formula 1 car can produce as much as three times the car's weight in downforce. In fact, at a speed of just 130 km/h (81 mph), the downforce is equal in magnitude to the weight of the car. At low speeds, the car can turn at 2.0 g. At 210 km/h

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All cars have the engine located between the driver and the rear axle. The engines are a stressed member in most cars, meaning that the engine is part of the structural support framework, being bolted to the cockpit at the front end, and transmission and rear suspension at the back end.

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has been quoted as saying he "has not seen any overtaking moves in Formula 1 for two years", suggesting that the DRS is an unnatural way to pass cars on the track as it does not actually require driver skill to successfully overtake a competitor, therefore, it would not be overtaking.

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racing events. The regulations governing the cars are unique to the championship and specify that cars must be constructed by the racing teams themselves, though the design and manufacture can be outsourced. Formula One drivers experience peak cornering forces of up to six lateral g.

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The carbon brakes in combination with tyre technology and the car's aerodynamics produce truly remarkable braking forces. The deceleration force under braking is usually 4 g (39 m/s), and can be as high as 5–6 g when braking from extreme speeds, for instance at the

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is also performed electro-hydraulically, except when launching from a standstill (i.e., stationary, neutral) into first gear, where the driver operates the clutch manually using a lever mounted on the back of the steering wheel. The last F1 car fitted with a conventional

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configuration, with no more than four valves per cylinder. Further technical restrictions, such as a ban on variable intake trumpets, have also been introduced with the new 2.4 L V8 formula to prevent the teams from achieving higher RPM and horsepower too quickly. The

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However, unlike road car systems that automatically store and release energy, the energy is only released when the driver presses a button and is useful for up to 6.5 seconds, giving an additional 60 kW (80 hp) and 400 kJ. It effectively mimics the '

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circuit, a 190° relatively tight 4-apex corner, in which the cars maintain speeds between 265 and 285 km/h (165 and 177 mph) (in 2006) and experience between 4.5 g and 5.5 g for 7 seconds—the longest sustained hard cornering in Formula 1.

1469: 1780:, albeit with a far more tightly controlled mix. Formula One fuel would fall under high octane premium road fuel with octane thresholds of 95 to 102. Since the 1992 season onwards all Formula One cars must mandatorily utilize unleaded racing gasoline fuel. 2364:

In 2008, the FIA further strengthened its cost-cutting measures by stating that gearboxes are to last for 4 Grand Prix weekends, in addition to the 2 race weekend engine rule. Furthermore, all teams were required to use a standardised ECU supplied by MES

2344:. Yet despite these changes, constructors continued to extract performance gains by increasing power and aerodynamic efficiency. As a result, the pole position speed at many circuits in comparable weather conditions dropped between 1.5 and 3 seconds in 1792:

was stripped of his third-place finish at Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium after the FIA determined that his fuel was not the correct formula, as well as in 1976, both McLaren and Penske cars were forced to the rear of the Italian Grand Prix after the

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due to aerodynamic downforce. The aerodynamic downforce allowing this is typically greater than the weight of the car. That means that, theoretically, at high speeds, they could drive on the upside-down surface of a suitable structure; e.g. on the

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by the end of the period; however, development had led to these engines producing between 730 and 750 kW (980 and 1,000 hp), and the cars reaching top speeds of 375 km/h (233 mph) (Jacques Villeneuve with Sauber-Ferrari) on the

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The bargeboards, in particular, are designed, shaped, configured, adjusted, and positioned not to create downforce directly, as with a conventional wing or underbody venturi, but to create vortices from the air spillage at their edges. The use of

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Early experiments with movable wings and high mountings led to some spectacular accidents, and for the 1970 season, regulations were introduced to limit the size and location of wings. Having evolved over time, similar rules are still used today.

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Page 3, 6.3: "The obligation to design and use Listed Parts shall not prevent a constructor from outsourcing the design and/or manufacture of any Listed Parts to a third party in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 3 to The 2009 Concorde

2221:(pictured), considered among the most technologically advanced racing cars ever built, won 27 Grands Prix and 36 pole positions in the early 1990s, until the active suspension and accompanying electronic gadgetries were outlawed by FIA in 1994. 1236:

A modern F1 clutch is a multi-plate carbon design with a diameter of less than 100 mm (3.9 in), weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 lb) and handling around 540 kW (720 hp). As of the 2009 race season, all teams are using

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racers. However, this drag is more than compensated for by the ability to corner at extremely high speed. The aerodynamics are adjusted for each track; with a low drag configuration for tracks where high speed is more important like

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Early designs linked wings directly to the suspension, but several accidents led to rules stating that wings must be fixed rigidly to the chassis. The cars' aerodynamics are designed to provide maximum downforce with a minimum of

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The acceleration figure is usually 1.45 g (14.2 m/s) up to 200 km/h (124 mph), which means the driver is pushed by the seat with a force whose acceleration is 1.45 times that of Earth's gravity.

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car, which they claim complied with FIA Formula One regulation, to set an unofficial speed record of 413 km/h (257 mph) on a one way straight-line run on 6 November 2005 during a shakedown ahead of their

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increase the maximum amount of energy the KERS is allowed to use to 4 MJ per lap, with charging limited to 2 MJ per lap. An additional electric motor-generator unit may be connected to the turbocharger.

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The aerodynamic designer has two primary concerns: the creation of downforce, to help push the car's tyres onto the track and improve cornering forces, and minimising drag caused by turbulence that slows the car.

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the sport to move down a more environmentally friendly path. Therefore, in addition to the above changes outlined for the 2009 season, teams were invited to construct a KERS device, encompassing certain types of

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The rear wing of a modern Formula One car, with three aerodynamic elements (1, 2, 3). The rows of holes for adjustment of the angle of attack (4) and installation of another element (5) are visible on the wing's

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In 2012, the engines consumed around 450 L (16 cu ft) of air per second (at the 2012 rev limit of 18,000 rpm); race fuel consumption rate was normally around 75 L/100 km (3.8 mpg

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Throughout much of the turbo-hybrid era, drivers have noted that following closely behind other cars, particularly when attempting to overtake, has been made considerably more difficult by large amounts of

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for stability control, breaching article 3.15 of the 2006 Formula One technical regulation which states that any specific part of the car influencing its aerodynamic performance must be rigidly secured.

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sports cars. In other words, if the throttle is let go, the F1 car will slow down under drag at the same rate as most sports cars do with braking, at least at speeds above 250 km/h (160 mph).

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The F1 cars for the 2009 season came under much questioning due to the design of the rear diffusers of the Williams, Toyota and the Brawn GP cars raced by Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello, dubbed

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surface on its underside which would cause air moving relative to the car to push it to the road. Applying another idea of Jim Hall's from his Chaparral 2J sports racer, Gordon Murray designed the

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F1 brakes are 278 mm (10.9 in) in diameter and a maximum of 32 mm (1.3 in) thick. The carbon/carbon brake pads are actuated by 6-piston opposed callipers provided by Akebono,

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such as engine rpm, lap times, tyre temperature, brake temperature, speed, and gear are displayed on an LCD screen. The wheel hub will also incorporate gear change paddles and a row of

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Carbon/carbon is a short name for carbon fibre reinforced carbon. This means carbon fibres strengthening a matrix of carbon, which is added to the fibres by way of matrix deposition (

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is claimed to be able to brake at 1.3 g). An F1 car can brake from 200 km/h (124 mph) to a complete stop in just 2.9 seconds, using only 65 metres (213 ft).

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centre section of the front wing to prevent teams from developing the front wing. The cars underwent major changes in 2017, allowing wider front and rear wings, and wider

3108: 2817: 2580: 3231: 3554: 2103:(130 mph) already the lateral force is 3.0 g, as evidenced by the esses (turns 3 and 4) at the Suzuka circuit. Higher-speed corners such as Blanchimont ( 3693: 2769: 679: 2553: 2111:) are taken at above 5.0 g, and 6.0 g has been recorded at Suzuka's 130-R corner. This contrasts with a maximum for high-performance road cars such as 2735: 1495:

F1 car. Front wings heavily influence the cornering speed and handling of a car, and are regularly changed depending on the downforce requirements of a circuit.

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to the car. The advantage of using ballast is that it can be placed anywhere in the car to provide ideal weight distribution. This can help lower the car's

402: 377: 1333:" downforce to auto racing. In the mid-1970s, Lotus engineers found out that the entire car could be made to act like a giant wing by the creation of an 2902: 2485: 1557:. The diffuser is the black structure, near the ground, with vertical fins. Rear diffusers have been an important aerodynamic aid since the late 1980s 895: 575: 342: 3498: 3366: 2188:

following their takeover of BAR at the end of 2005, set an FIA ratified record of 400 km/h (249 mph) on a one way run on 21 July 2006 at

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engine development was frozen and the FIA limited all engines to 19,000 rpm to increase reliability and control at increasing engine speeds.

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In an effort to reduce speeds and increase driver safety, the FIA has continuously introduced new rules for F1 constructors since the 1980s.

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News: 'FIA ratify Honda Racing F1 Team's Bonneville records' (15 November 2006) and 'Bonneville team crack 400 in Mojave' (6 November 2005)

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engine became the engine used by many private teams in cars winning a record 167 races between 1967 and 1983 and helped win 12 driver titles

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record attempt. The car was optimised for top speed with only enough downforce to prevent it from leaving the ground. The car, badged as a

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of seventy seconds, and was able to beat the cars to the finish line from a standing start, a distance of only 5.2 km (3.2 mi).

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value between 0.25 and 0.35), so that, despite the enormous power output of the engines, the top speed of these cars is less than that of

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has become key to success in the sport, and teams spend tens of millions of dollars on research and development in the field each year.

3005: 3056: 2713: 3744: 2791: 1171:. The gearbox is constructed of carbon titanium, as heat dissipation is a critical issue, and is bolted onto the back of the engine. 454: 3027: 1788:

the "fingerprint" of what is in the car during the race with what was submitted. The teams usually abide by this rule, but in 1997,

1532:

Nose boxes are hollow structures made of carbon fibers. They absorb the shock at the time of crash preventing injury to the driver.

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There are three companies that manufacture brakes for Formula One. They are Hitco (based in the US, part of the SGL Carbon Group),

1444:

press the car down from the top; by creating vortices, downforce can be augmented while still staying within the rules prohibiting

595: 390: 540: 2515: 2967: 327: 3450: 2821: 2584: 3673: 634: 477: 3596:"372.54 km/h by Valtteri Bottas in Mexico GP, new F1 speed record according to official statistics (with image, tweet)" 1423:; every part of the bodywork is designed with this aim in mind. Like most open-wheel cars they feature large front and rear 876:

to improve stability and also allows the team to fine-tune the weight distribution of the car to suit individual circuits.

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Every F1 car is capable of going from 0 to 160 km/h (0 to 99 mph) and back to 0 in less than five seconds.

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All three accelerations should be maximised. The way these three accelerations are obtained and their values are:

422: 337: 149: 3722: 2025: 1157: 508: 2411: 2192:. On this occasion the car did not fully meet FIA Formula One regulations, as it used a moveable aerodynamic 1940:

tyres is what gives the F1 car its high performance figures. The principal consideration for F1 designers is

1707:

or 'dirty air' from the leading car reducing the aerodynamic performance of the following car. Thus, for the

738: 600: 580: 2104: 427: 2390: 757:; which is considered by many to be one of the most technologically advanced Formula One cars of all time. 2317: 2076: 1944:, and not simply top speed. Three types of acceleration can be considered to assess a car's performance: 1862:

consist of a rotor and caliper at each wheel. Carbon composite rotors (introduced by the Brabham team in

1211: 1176: 1154: 417: 320: 185: 2366: 914:

For a decade, F1 cars had run with 3.0 L naturally aspirated engines with all teams settling on a

145: 3472: 3283: 3086: 2850: 2674: 2205: 951:

to keep them competitive with the most powerful V8 engines. The only team to take this option was the

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a year developing their car) had the option of keeping the current V10 for another season, but with a

3764: 2080: 2049: 1875: 1871: 1680: 1629: 1428: 920: 627: 1878:(Italian GP). This contrasts with 1.0 g to 1.5 g (10 to 15 m/s) for sports cars (the 853:". This type of diffuser was used by several teams for two seasons before later being banned by the 3502: 2289: 2165: 1925: 1241: 1142: 2072:

sources theirs from Honeywell, and Carbone Industrie purchases their carbon from Messier Bugatti.

1579:

undertray, had to be flat between the axles. The limited size of the wings (requiring use at high

3336: 3254:"A new era begins: Watch as the full-size 2022 F1 car is unveiled for the first time | Formula 1" 3164:"Formula 1 in 2022: Explaining the new rules and car changes as teams prepare for first launches" 3133:"Formula 1 in 2022: Explaining the new rules and car changes as teams prepare for first launches" 2415: 2407: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2226: 2172: 2160: 2144: 2123: 1894: 1863: 1828: 1824: 1696: 1673: 1661: 1456: 1319: 1299: 1164: 1146: 1119:

engine. The engine produced over 865 hp @ 18,300 rpm, and was used in the highly-successful

928:

were reputed to develop 730 kW (980 hp), power levels not seen since before the ban on

891: 545: 513: 286: 20: 3625: 2214: 2003: 1315: 1172: 991: 276: 2068:

in Italy, and Carbone Industrie of France. Whilst Hitco manufactures their own carbon/carbon,

2304:); smaller front and rear wings and a reduction in engine capacity from 3.5 to 3.0 litres in 2261: 1967: 1708: 1575: 1562: 1445: 1432: 924:

material and design restrictions to limit power. Even with the restrictions, the V10s in the

850: 656: 550: 2997: 3759: 3060: 2705: 2148: 1632:, and a high traction configuration for tracks where cornering is more important, like the 1330: 1163:

with paddle-shifters, with regulations stating that 8 forward gears (increased from 7 from

911:

season limited engines to 18,000 rpm in order to improve engine reliability and cut costs.

898:(FIA) introduce a then-new engine formula, which mandated cars to be powered by 2.4 L 826: 686: 620: 53: 2795: 8: 3031: 2189: 2152: 2108: 1909: 1476: 899: 885: 296: 92: 85: 3650: 3575: 1936:

claimed to be able to perform 300 repetitions of 23 kg (50 lb) with his neck.

1870:

49 m/s), and up to 5.5 g (54 m/s) at the high-speed circuits such as the

2112: 1933: 1656: 1455:. Appeals from many of the teams were heard by the FIA, which met in Paris, before the 1393:

variety of intricate and novel solutions such as the 'horn' winglets first seen on the

1298:

The use of aerodynamics to increase the cars' grip was pioneered in Formula One in the

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Cosworth MS80. By the end of the 1960s wings had become de facto on all Formula cars.

1377: 1364: 1099:, a 3.5 L N/A V12 engine produced over 830 hp @ 15,800 rpm, and was used in the 873: 660: 585: 301: 130: 2975: 2249: 1811: 1268: 2238: 2116: 1852: 1847: 1596: 1588: 1549: 1369: 1180: 1168: 940: 19:

For a summary of the technical and sporting regulations of Formula One racing, see

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Front and rear wings made their appearance in the late 1960s. Seen here in a 1969

3697: 3677: 3658: 3583: 3531: 3319: 2907: 2473: 2036: 1917: 1649: 1644: 1580: 1373: 1244:, which allow almost instantaneous changing of gears with minimum loss of drive. 2736:"Revealed: How Mercedes packaging of their turbo engine has given them the edge" 2399: 2337: 2218: 2181: 2122:

Since the force that creates the lateral acceleration is largely friction, and

2053: 1879: 1420: 1394: 1349: 1310:. At first, Lotus introduced modest front wings and a spoiler on Graham Hill's 1220: 1215: 1192: 1100: 1080: 1079:

N/A 3.0 L V12 engine; which produced 700 hp @ 17,000 rpm, and used in the

754: 694: 3421: 3394: 3332: 2139: 3753: 3359:"F1 V6 turbos are more powerful than V8s or V10s says, Mercedes' engine boss" 2423: 2210: 2127: 1921: 1794: 1665: 1624: 1617: 1406: 1338: 1120: 929: 846: 814: 730: 710: 590: 2308:; reducing the width of the cars from over 2 metres to around 1.8 metres in 3524: 2395: 2273: 2254: 1999: 1913: 1761: 1744: 1723: 1613: 1280: 868: 794: 790: 774: 714: 472: 3193: 2937: 2706:"BBC Sport – Formula 1 bosses confirm engines will not change until 2014" 2243: 1740: 1554: 1525:

They channelise the airflow to the bottom of the car toward the diffuser.

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over the prior year's times. The aerodynamic restrictions introduced in

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These rules have included the banning of such ideas as the "wing car" (

2041: 1995: 1987: 1971: 1859: 1820: 1704: 1621: 1567: 1303: 1245: 1225: 1200: 1138: 952: 915: 134: 2762:"BMW's 1,400bhp turbo: How to drive F1's most powerful car · RaceFans" 1756: 1352:'s rear engine cover designed to direct airflow towards the rear wing. 1344: 2087: 1991: 1890: 1728: 903: 2414:

collectively agreed not to use it. It however made a return for the

1979: 1518:

Nose box or more commonly the nose cones serve three main purposes:

1389:

to shape the flow of the air and minimise the amount of turbulence.

3549: 2185: 1983: 1712: 1311: 1273: 1203: 1196: 1037: 818: 810: 770: 2312:; again a reduction in engine capacity from 3.0 to 2.4 litres in 2176: 1592: 1424: 1334: 1307: 1292: 1160: 1014: 936: 2873:"Traction control returns; but it's not quite as simple as that" 777:

3.0 L V8 engine, pictured at the 2014 Goodwood Festival of Speed

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with full-width wings mounted on struts high above the driver.

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Modern-day Formula One cars are constructed from composites of

91:

Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and

3717: 3030:. Formula One Administration. 21 February 2008. Archived from 1648:

The front wing is lower than ever before, as seen on the 2012

1574:

A substantial amount of downforce is provided by using a rear

659:

formula racing car with substantial front and rear wings, and

2353:

new engines were capable of achieving 20,000 rpm during

2151:

set an unofficial speed record of 413 km/h (257 mph) at

1975: 1685: 1522:

They are the structures on which the front wings are mounted.

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2010 F1 Sporting Regulations – published on 19.08.2009 (PDF)

1329:

In the late 1960s, Jim Hall of Chaparral, first introduced "

1021:

cars in the 1980s developed 1400 bhp during qualifying.

3712: 2403: 2057: 1773: 1137:

The gearbox with mounted rear suspension elements from the

3363:

James Allen on F1 – The official James Allen website on F1

2056:, a former Grand Prix driver, tested the Williams Toyota 1737: 1731:

wheel, with a complex array of dials, knobs, and buttons.

1600: 1060: 854: 830: 1776:

used in F1 cars is fairly similar to ordinary (premium)

833:

in 1983, later brought back for the 2022 season onwards.

1248:

for modern Formula One cars are in the region of 2 – 3

3417:

F1 2016 V6 Turbo 0–100 kmh Onboard – all manufacturers

3057:"Japanese Grand Prix – team and driver preview quotes" 2200: 2818:"F1 2010 Technical Regulations – Transmission system" 2119:

of above 1.7 g for the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.

1932:

routines just for the neck muscles. Former F1 driver

2340:, after electronic driver aids were reintroduced in 2124:

friction is proportional to the normal force applied

1743:. The wheel alone can cost about $ 50,000, and with 1318:; then, Brabham and Ferrari went one better at the 2581:"F1 2010 Technical Regulations – Engines and KERS" 2575: 2573: 2571: 2486:"VIDEO: Analysing 2017's massive rises in G-Force" 1587:created by open wheels lead to a high aerodynamic 1059:engine, a 16-cylinder 64-valve engine used by the 3028:"Managing change: what's new for 2008 – Part Two" 2606: 2604: 2602: 1897:are the Formula One brake manufacturers to date. 1528:They act as shock absorbers in case of accidents. 3751: 1664:cars having smoother bodywork, as shown on this 1660:A ban on aerodynamic appendages resulted in the 955:team, which was reformed and regrouped Minardi. 3499:"Koenigsegg One:1 – a lap at Spa-Francorchamps" 2932: 2930: 2792:"Future vision: Engineers discuss 2014 changes" 2669: 2667: 2568: 1167:onwards) and 1 reverse gear must be used, with 2599: 2016:0 to 300 km/h (186 mph): 8.4 seconds 2013:0 to 200 km/h (124 mph): 4.2 seconds 1264:The streamlined body of a 1954 Ferrari 553 F1. 849:; harnessed effects of downforce by a "double- 3390:F1 2016 V6 Turbo Acceleration 100-200-300 KMH 2642:"Villeneuve: A peak of 375 km/h| Auto123.com" 2010:0 to 100 km/h (62 mph): 2.4 seconds 997:V8 engine, which powered the 2006 Renault R26 789:The first Formula One car to be powered by a 628: 2927: 2849:. Formula One Administration. Archived from 2820:. Formula One Administration. Archived from 2664: 2583:. Formula One Administration. Archived from 3284:"The $ 50,000 steering wheels of Formula 1" 2410:– while it was not technically banned, the 1819:The 2009 season saw the re-introduction of 671: 62:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2847:"Understanding the Sport – Engine/Gearbox" 1695:The 2022 concept chassis, revealed at the 635: 621: 193:remove low-quality or irrelevant citations 2960: 1797:of the mixture was found to be too high. 1210:perform the actual shift, as well as the 896:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 229:Learn how and when to remove this message 211:Learn how and when to remove this message 3545:"Blink and you'll miss these F1 records" 3161: 3109:"2008 Formula One Technical Regulations" 3083:"Understanding F1 Racing – Aerodynamics" 2375: 2248: 2237: 2204: 2138: 2035: 1846: 1810: 1755: 1722: 1690: 1655: 1643: 1561:F1 regulations heavily limit the use of 1548: 1491:A low downforce spec. front wing on the 1363: 1343: 1267: 1259: 1132: 1013:, a 4-cylinder 1.5 L turbo for the 663:, intended to be used in competition at 3689:2006 Formula One Technical Regulations 2097: 1948:Longitudinal acceleration (speeding up) 1276:was designed to maximize ground effect. 939:team spent less than 50 million, while 3752: 3479:from the original on 24 September 2015 2841: 2839: 2703: 2024:There are also boost systems known as 1823:replacing the grooved tyres used from 1153:Formula One cars use highly automated 661:an engine positioned behind the driver 3728:Official F1 site – Technical analysis 3294:from the original on 15 December 2012 3228:Formula 1® – The Official F1® Website 3174:from the original on 10 February 2023 3143:from the original on 10 February 2023 2716:from the original on 3 September 2011 2556:from the original on 26 February 2015 2538: 2083:) or by pyrolysis of a resin binder. 1583:to create sufficient downforce), and 596:Formula One Constructors' Association 3632:from the original on 6 December 2021 3339:from the original on 4 November 2021 2948:from the original on 19 January 2022 2883:from the original on 27 October 2021 2622:from the original on 9 November 2021 1768:, are mandatory on Formula One cars. 1431:, sidepods, underbody, and the rear 935:The lesser funded teams (the former 168: 111: 68: 27: 3393:, 23 September 2016, archived from 2836: 2201:Recent FIA performance restrictions 1951:Longitudinal deceleration (braking) 1599:; compared with the average modern 817:. This car, and its successor (the 259:2024 Formula One World Championship 13: 3365:. 27 November 2015. Archived from 3234:from the original on 12 March 2017 3204:from the original on 23 April 2022 3162:Morlidge, Matt (4 February 2022). 3044:Sporting Regulations, Article 28.6 2915:from the original on 28 April 2022 2772:from the original on 23 April 2022 2685:from the original on 12 April 2012 2652:from the original on 22 April 2022 2496:from the original on 18 April 2022 2231:History of Formula One regulations 116: 14: 3776: 3706: 3651:Qualifying Session Maximum Speeds 3557:from the original on 23 July 2018 3194:"Interview with Gabriele Tredozi" 3121:from the original on 11 May 2008. 2742:from the original on 6 April 2014 2526:from the original on 24 June 2018 2406:series. KERS was not seen in the 1815:Bridgestone Potenza F1 front tyre 1764:, reinforced with such fibers as 1718: 862: 43:This article has multiple issues. 3453:from the original on 24 May 2022 3420:, 6 October 2016, archived from 3264:from the original on 17 May 2022 3008:from the original on 18 May 2022 2546:"Technical Regulations – Weight" 2445:List of Formula One constructors 2426:and Lotus utilizing the device. 1544: 1500: 1484: 1468: 1372:Formula One car being tested by 1108: 1088: 1068: 1048: 1026: 1002: 983: 838: 829:, which was later banned by the 802: 782: 762: 746: 722: 702: 678: 655:is a single-seat, open-cockpit, 173: 73: 32: 3683: 3663: 3644: 3618: 3588: 3569: 3537: 3523:The importance of aerodynamics 3517: 3491: 3465: 3435: 3408: 3381: 3351: 3325: 3306: 3276: 3246: 3216: 3186: 3155: 3125: 3101: 3075: 3049: 3020: 2990: 2903:"What Has F1 Ever Done for Us?" 2895: 2865: 2810: 2784: 2754: 2728: 2704:Benson, Andrew (29 June 2011). 2031: 2026:kinetic energy recovery systems 1961: 1255: 1128: 825:effects of downforce, known as 606:Grand Prix Drivers' Association 51:or discuss these issues on the 3473:"Car Reviews: evo Car Reviews" 3333:"Video on Youtube on that lap" 2697: 2634: 2508: 2478: 2456: 1954:Lateral acceleration (turning) 1908:During a demonstration at the 1900: 1639: 943:spent hundreds of millions of 438:Race Promoters' Trophy winners 1: 2450: 2300:(these were reintroduced for 2280:(these were reintroduced for 2134: 2052:or at Indianapolis. In 2007, 1784:depends on its mass density. 1715:generated by their rotation. 739:2004 United States Grand Prix 601:Formula One Teams Association 581:FIA World Motor Sport Council 186:excessive number of citations 95:related to non-recent events. 86:slanted towards recent events 3700:. Retrieved 24 January 2007. 3680:. Retrieved 24 January 2007. 3534:. Retrieved 26 January 2007. 3501:. Koenigsegg. Archived from 2968:"Forti-Corse – full profile" 2516:"Scrutineering and weighing" 2391:regenerative braking systems 2105:Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps 1889:along with its sister brand 7: 3002:www.formula1-dictionary.net 2433: 1513: 1212:electronic throttle control 10: 3781: 2367:McLaren Electronic Systems 2224: 2164:during qualifying for the 1912:circuit in Britain, an F1 1804: 1671: 1563:ground effect aerodynamics 1553:A rear diffuser on a 2009 1535: 1183:, have been illegal since 883: 879: 150:the image placement policy 129:may require adjustment of 18: 3530:18 September 2019 at the 3322:. Retrieved 21 July 2007. 2171:Away from the track, the 2050:Gilles Villeneuve circuit 1876:Autodromo Nazionale Monza 1872:Circuit Gilles Villeneuve 1842: 1748:much different software. 1630:Autodromo Nazionale Monza 1173:Fully-automatic gearboxes 16:Class of formula race car 3696:1 September 2006 at the 3313:F1Technical.com web site 2418:, with all teams except 2166:2016 European Grand Prix 1966:The 2016 F1 cars have a 1800: 1413: 672:Notable Formula One cars 152:for further information. 3676:2 November 2005 at the 3447:formula1-dictionary.net 2227:Formula One regulations 2161:2016 Mexican Grand Prix 2040:The carbon brakes on a 1751: 1697:2021 British Grand Prix 1674:Formula One regulations 1457:2009 Chinese Grand Prix 1320:1968 Belgian Grand Prix 892:2006 Formula One season 287:Formula One regulations 21:Formula One regulations 2472:24 August 2009 at the 2385: 2257: 2246: 2222: 2155: 2044: 1874:(Canadian GP) and the 1856: 1816: 1769: 1732: 1699: 1669: 1653: 1595:'s technical director 1591:(about 1 according to 1558: 1385: 1353: 1316:1968 Monaco Grand Prix 1277: 1265: 1175:, and systems such as 1150: 729:The highly successful 445:Points scoring systems 277:History of Formula One 127:This article's images 121: 3723:Animated F1 Car Guide 3582:23 April 2022 at the 3224:"2017 season changes" 2379: 2253:A much narrower 2011 2252: 2241: 2208: 2175:team used a modified 2142: 2039: 1968:power-to-weight ratio 1850: 1814: 1759: 1726: 1694: 1659: 1647: 1552: 1367: 1347: 1271: 1263: 1136: 120: 3657:27 June 2021 at the 3640:– via Twitter. 3424:on 18 September 2019 3397:on 18 September 2019 3347:– via YouTube. 3318:6 April 2022 at the 2098:Lateral acceleration 687:Red Bull Racing RB18 460:Sponsorship liveries 391:Engine manufacturers 146:the picture tutorial 3739:Racecar Engineering 3733:Racecar Engineering 3525:www.f1technical.net 3369:on 22 November 2020 3063:on 28 February 2010 2853:on 22 February 2014 2190:Bonneville Speedway 2153:Bonneville Speedway 2109:Silverstone Circuit 1851:Brake discs on the 900:naturally aspirated 886:Formula One engines 797:. Pictured in 2013. 755:1993 Williams FW15C 297:Formula One engines 3606:on 23 January 2017 3505:on 22 January 2021 3200:. 3 October 2003. 2998:"Seamless Gearbox" 2978:on 10 October 2007 2944:. 3 October 2003. 2675:"Engine / gearbox" 2587:on 15 January 2010 2386: 2258: 2247: 2223: 2217:and its successor 2156: 2045: 1934:Juan Pablo Montoya 1857: 1817: 1770: 1733: 1700: 1670: 1654: 1559: 1386: 1354: 1278: 1266: 1197:electric solenoids 1151: 1095:The V12 F1 engine 735:Michael Schumacher 282:Formula One racing 122: 3626:"Williams Racing" 3290:. 25 March 2011. 2938:"F1 Transmission" 2798:on 6 October 2014 2768:. 14 April 2020. 2408:2010 championship 2357:, though for the 2296:; slick tyres in 2286:active suspension 2268:(reintroduced in 2004:2016 Mercedes W07 1807:Formula One tyres 1634:Circuit de Monaco 1380:. The car is the 932:engines in 1989. 874:centre of gravity 793:engine: the 1977 773:, powered by the 645: 644: 586:Formula One Group 478:Red-flagged races 302:Formula One tyres 239: 238: 231: 221: 220: 213: 167: 166: 110: 109: 66: 3772: 3765:Formula One cars 3713:Official F1 site 3701: 3687: 3681: 3671:'Bonneville 400' 3667: 3661: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602:. Archived from 3592: 3586: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3541: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3323: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3089:on 26 March 2014 3085:. 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Archived from 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2618:. 18 July 2009. 2608: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2490:www.formula1.com 2482: 2476: 2460: 2322:traction control 2117:Koenigsegg One:1 1914:McLaren-Mercedes 1853:Mercedes MGP W02 1760:Crash resistant 1597:Gabriele Tredozi 1589:drag coefficient 1581:angles of attack 1504: 1488: 1472: 1453:double diffusers 1181:traction control 1169:rear-wheel-drive 1112: 1092: 1072: 1052: 1030: 1006: 987: 842: 821:) exploited the 806: 786: 766: 750: 726: 706: 682: 637: 630: 623: 455:National colours 292:Formula One cars 271:Related articles 241: 240: 234: 227: 216: 209: 205: 202: 196: 177: 176: 169: 162: 159: 153: 119: 112: 105: 102: 96: 93:add more content 77: 76: 69: 58: 36: 35: 28: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3750: 3749: 3709: 3704: 3698:Wayback Machine 3688: 3684: 3678:Wayback Machine 3668: 3664: 3659:Wayback Machine 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3584:Wayback Machine 3576:Race Speed Trap 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3532:Wayback Machine 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3320:Wayback Machine 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3198:f1technical.net 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2942:F1technical.net 2936: 2935: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2908:Bleacher Report 2901: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2824:on 22 July 2010 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2646:www.auto123.com 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2616:f1technical.net 2610: 2609: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2474:Wayback Machine 2461: 2457: 2453: 2436: 2328:, and again in 2233: 2203: 2137: 2100: 2034: 1964: 1920:gave a pair of 1918:David Coulthard 1903: 1845: 1809: 1803: 1754: 1721: 1676: 1650:Mercedes F1 W03 1642: 1611: 1547: 1538: 1516: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1489: 1480: 1473: 1416: 1374:Fernando Alonso 1258: 1195:, and advanced 1165:the 2014 season 1145:'s car for the 1131: 1124: 1113: 1104: 1093: 1084: 1073: 1064: 1053: 1044: 1031: 1022: 1007: 998: 988: 965: 961: 902:engines in the 888: 882: 865: 858: 843: 834: 807: 798: 787: 778: 767: 758: 751: 742: 727: 718: 707: 698: 685:The victorious 683: 674: 649:Formula One car 641: 612: 611: 610: 570: 562: 561: 560: 530: 522: 521: 518: 500: 496:TV broadcasters 482: 464: 432: 409: 408: 384: 383: 359: 358: 315: 307: 306: 272: 264: 263: 254: 235: 224: 223: 222: 217: 206: 200: 197: 190: 184:may contain an 178: 174: 163: 157: 154: 143: 131:image placement 123: 117: 106: 100: 97: 90: 78: 74: 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3778: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3707:External links 3705: 3703: 3702: 3682: 3662: 3643: 3617: 3587: 3568: 3536: 3516: 3490: 3464: 3434: 3407: 3380: 3350: 3335:. 2 May 2007. 3324: 3305: 3275: 3245: 3215: 3185: 3154: 3124: 3100: 3074: 3048: 3019: 2989: 2959: 2926: 2894: 2864: 2835: 2809: 2783: 2753: 2738:. Sky Sports. 2727: 2696: 2663: 2633: 2598: 2567: 2537: 2507: 2477: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2398:' button from 2338:engine braking 2318:launch control 2219:Williams FW15C 2202: 2199: 2182:Bonneville 400 2136: 2133: 2099: 2096: 2054:Martin Brundle 2033: 2030: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 1970:of 1,400 1963: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1924:street cars a 1916:car driven by 1902: 1899: 1880:Bugatti Veyron 1844: 1841: 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1753: 1750: 1720: 1719:Steering wheel 1717: 1672:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1607: 1603:, which has a 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1446:ground effects 1415: 1412: 1395:McLaren MP4-20 1350:McLaren MP4-21 1306:, Ferrari and 1257: 1254: 1239:seamless-shift 1221:manual gearbox 1216:Clutch control 1193:steering wheel 1177:launch control 1155:semi-automatic 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1101:Ferrari 412 T1 1094: 1087: 1085: 1081:Ferrari 412 T2 1074: 1067: 1065: 1054: 1047: 1045: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1008: 1001: 999: 989: 982: 963: 962:; 3.1 mpg 959: 884:Main article: 881: 878: 864: 863:Chassis design 861: 860: 859: 844: 837: 835: 813:; designed by 808: 801: 799: 788: 781: 779: 768: 761: 759: 752: 745: 743: 728: 721: 719: 708: 701: 699: 695:Max Verstappen 684: 677: 673: 670: 643: 642: 640: 639: 632: 625: 617: 614: 613: 609: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 517: 516: 511: 505: 502: 501: 499: 498: 493: 491:Female drivers 487: 484: 483: 481: 480: 475: 469: 466: 465: 463: 462: 457: 451: 448: 447: 441: 440: 434: 433: 431: 430: 425: 420: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 400: 393: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 375: 368: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 350: 345: 340: 335: 333:Sprint winners 330: 323: 319: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 255: 253:Current season 252: 251: 248: 247: 237: 236: 219: 218: 181: 179: 172: 165: 164: 126: 124: 115: 108: 107: 84:appears to be 81: 79: 72: 67: 41: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3777: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2977: 2973: 2972:f1rejects.com 2969: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2877:grandprix.com 2874: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:ground effect 2256: 2251: 2245: 2242:A wider 1979 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:Williams FW14 2207: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2132: 2129: 2128:Istanbul Park 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107:) and Copse ( 2106: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994:; 0.635 1993: 1989: 1986:; 1,270 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1922:Mercedes-Benz 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1795:octane number 1791: 1790:Mika Häkkinen 1785: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1762:fuel bladders 1758: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1730: 1725: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1667: 1666:Williams FW31 1663: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1625:Silver Arrows 1623: 1619: 1618:Mercedes-Benz 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1556: 1551: 1545:Ground effect 1542: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1411: 1408: 1407:Robert Kubica 1402: 1398: 1396: 1390: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368:A modern-day 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1339:Brabham BT46B 1336: 1332: 1331:ground effect 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1262: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:transmissions 1240: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1122: 1121:Ferrari F2004 1118: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1005: 1000: 996: 993: 986: 981: 980: 979: 975: 971: 967: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 930:turbo-charged 927: 922: 917: 912: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 887: 877: 875: 870: 856: 852: 848: 847:Brawn BGP 001 841: 836: 832: 828: 827:ground effect 824: 820: 816: 815:Colin Chapman 812: 805: 800: 796: 792: 785: 780: 776: 772: 765: 760: 756: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731:Ferrari F2004 725: 720: 716: 712: 711:McLaren MP4/4 709:The dominant 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 681: 676: 675: 669: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 638: 633: 631: 626: 624: 619: 618: 616: 615: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 591:Liberty Media 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569:Organisations 566: 565: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 526: 525: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 504: 503: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 486: 485: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 468: 467: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 450: 449: 446: 443: 442: 439: 436: 435: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 413: 412: 404: 401: 399: 395: 394: 392: 388: 387: 379: 376: 374: 370: 369: 367: 363: 362: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 325: 324: 322: 318: 317: 311: 310: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 268: 267: 260: 257: 256: 250: 249: 246: 243: 242: 233: 230: 215: 212: 204: 194: 188: 187: 182:This article 180: 171: 170: 161: 151: 147: 142: 140: 136: 132: 125: 114: 113: 104: 101:November 2022 94: 89: 87: 82:This article 80: 71: 70: 65: 63: 56: 55: 50: 49: 44: 39: 30: 29: 26: 22: 3745:Formula1.com 3718:F1 Technical 3685: 3665: 3646: 3634:. 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