123:
34:
296:
423:
25:
292:
evolution shaped by migration and genetic drift explains the entire pattern of past and present Native
American variation. Most modern populations can be shown to have a mosaic of generalized-derived traits, while a few of them (Aleut-Eskimos) display the derived extreme also present in northeast Asia, and others present a rather generalized, ancestral morphology (Pericu, Aztecs, and Paleoamericans)".
259:. For example, Wiercinski states that the colossal Olmec heads represent the "Dongolan" type. The empirical frequencies of the Dongolan type at Tlatilco calculated by Wiercinski was 0.231, more than twice as high as Wiercinski's theoretical figure of 0.101, for the presence of Dongolans at Tlatilco.
109:
view maintained across publications in peer-reviewed academic journals that are concerned with
Mesoamerican and other pre-Columbian research is that the Olmec and their achievements arose from influences and traditions that were wholly indigenous to the region, or at least the New World, and there is
133:
Some writers suggest that the Olmecs were related to peoples of Africa - based primarily on their interpretation of facial features of Olmec statues. They additionally contend that epigraphical, genetic, and osteological evidence supports their claims. The idea was first suggested by José Melgar,
339:
actually bore
Chinese characters. These claims are unsupported by mainstream Mesoamerican researchers. The evidence relied on by Mike Xu, including the coincidence of markings on Olmec pottery with those on Chinese oracle bone writings, the significance of jade in both cultures and the shared
287:
Wiercinski's research methods and conclusions are not accepted by the vast majority of
Mesoamerican scholars, in part because of his reliance on the Polish Comparative-Morphological methodology which limits the placement of skull types within a very narrow spectrum that is often within Caucasoid,
248:
methods, as well as the Polish
Comparative-Morphological School skeletal reference collection. These measurements were then compared against three crania sets from Poland, Mongolia and Uganda to represent three racial categories which allowed Wiercinski to sort each skull into one or more racial
291:
An interdisciplinary analysis of Native
American skulls confirmed that Beringia "was the homeland of Native Americans" and stated that "The evolution and diffusion of an extremely derived north-east Asian phenotype, the high heterogeneity of founder groups, and the beginning of in situ New World
110:
no reliable material evidence to suggest otherwise. They, and their neighbouring cultures with whom they had contact, developed their own characters which were founded entirely on a remarkably interlinked and ancient cultural and agricultural heritage that was locally shared, but
453:, among others to claim a Nordic ancestry for at least some of the Olmec leadership... , it is extremely misleading to use the testimony of artistic representations to prove ethnic theories. The Olmec were American Indians, not Negroes (as Melgar had thought) or Nordic supermen."
96:
The great majority of scholars who specialize in
Mesoamerican history, archaeology and linguistics remain unconvinced by alternative origin speculations. Many are more critical and regard the promotion of such unfounded theories as a form of ethnocentric
237:, Olmec influences appear in the architectural record. The crania were from the Pre-Classic period, contemporary with the Olmec. Cerro de las Mesas is within the Olmec heartland, although according to Wiercinski, "the series . . . is dated on the
413:
Some Mormon scholars therefore identify the Olmec civilization with the
Jaredites, citing similarities and noting that the period in which the Olmecs flourished and later declined corresponds roughly with the Jaredite civilization timeline.
71:
civilization which contradict generally accepted scholarly consensus, which holds that Olmec civilization is entirely indigenous to the region or at least to the New World. These origin theories typically involve contact with
462:"The Olmec Football Player" is a 1980 short story by Katherine MacLean. In it, at least one of the Olmec colossal heads depicts an African-American college student who traveled back in time while wearing his football helmet.
50:(supposed feature of Chinese origin) and prominent lips (supposed feature of African origin) are put forward as proof by supporters of alternative origins. Both almond-shaped eyes and snarled mouths are characteristic of the
1653:(1972). "Inter- and Intrapopulational Racial Differentiation of Tlatilco, Cerro de Las Mesas, Teothuacan, Monte Alban and Yucatan Maya", XXXlX Congreso Intern. de Americanistas, Lima 1970, Vol. 1, p. 231-252.
374:
as a people who left the Old World in ancient times and founded a civilization in the
Americas. Mainstream American history and literature specialists place the literary setting for the Book of Mormon among the
438:
claimed that at least some of the Olmec leadership had Nordic ancestry, a view at least partly inspired by the bearded figure, often referred to as "Uncle Sam", carved into La Venta Stela 3, whose apparent
197:
These assertions have found no support among
Mesoamerican researchers. While mainstream scholars have made significant progress translating the Maya script, researchers have yet to translate Olmec glyphs.
646:
Rensberger, B. (September, 1988). "Black kings of ancient America", Science Digest, 74-77 and 122. See also Wiercinski, A. (1972a) "An anthropological study on the origin of 'Olmecs'", Swiatowit, 33, p.
178:
argued that Arabized "Black" West Africans influenced the cultures of Mexico which alongside the discovery of the Olmec heads resulted in more speculationl, in particular, the symbols on the
332:
argued that the Olmec civilization originated due to Shang Chinese influences around 1200 BC. In a 1996 book, Mike Xu, with the aid of Chen Hanping, claimed that the very same La Venta
621:, Houston, S. et al., Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (2001), (pp. 45-47); and C. S. Rafinesque, "Second letter to Mr. Champollion--Elements of the Glyphs", ibid., pp. 48-53.
799:
546:
Taube, p. 17. "There simply is no material evidence of any Pre-Hispanic contact between the Old World and Mesoamerica before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century."
252:
Based on his comparisons, Wiercinski found that 14% of the skeletons from Tlatilco and 4.5% of the skeletons from Cerro de las Mesas had elements of "Black" racial composition.
494:
574:
de Montellano, Bernard Ortiz; Haslip-Viera, Gabriel; Barbour, Warren (Spring 1997). "They Were NOT Here before Columbus: Afrocentric Hyperdiffusionism in the 1990s".
863:. Coon notes that Smith uses precisely the same description as Priest, Humboldt, and others in describing the Great Lakes region as "the lake country". See, "Lake",
288:
Negroid, and Mongoloid. Native Americans are thus made to fit within these groups which often yields false and contradictory assumptions as a result of sample bias.
394:
in Mesoamerica. The tradition leading to this Mesoamerican model, however, does not clearly originate with the Book of Mormon, but with enthusiastic interest in
714:
207:
255:
In the last section of his paper, Wiercinski compared the physiognomy of the skeletons to corresponding examples of Olmec sculptures and bas-reliefs on the
1696:
1472:
531:
1452:
Salas, Antonio; Richards, Martin; Lareu, María-Victoria; Scozzari, Rosaria; Coppa, Alfredo; Torroni, Antonio; Macaulay, Vincent; Carracedo, Ángel
1205:
142:) in 1862 and subsequently published two papers that attributed this head to a "Negro race". The view was espoused in the early 20th century by
1576:
1536:
955:
1747:
1360:(1871) "Estudio sobre la antigüedad y el origen de la Cabeza Colosal de tipo etiópico que existe en Hueyapan del cantón de los Tuxtlas" in
489:
1762:
1757:
183:
685:"The Peopling of America: Craniofacial Shape Variation on a Continental Scale and Its Interpretation from an Interdisciplinary View."
387:
1466:
740:
859:, June 15, 1842, Vol. 3, No. 16, pp 818–820; signed with Joseph Smith’s "ED". Smith comments on a chapter from Josiah Priest's
80:, particularly the idea of an African connection to the Olmec, they are not regarded as credible by mainstream researchers of
1704:
1584:
1508:
1424:
1301:"The Transpacific Origin of Mesoamerican Civilization: A Preliminary Review of the Evidence and Its Theoretical Implications"
1184:
1136:
1094:
1019:
386:
scholars and authors seek to demonstrate that events described in the Book of Mormon have a literal foundation. A popular
217:
Polish craniologist Andrzej Wiercinski claims that some of the Olmecs were of African origin. He supports this claim with
617:
C. S. Rafinesque, "First letter to Mr. Champollion on the Graphic systems of Otolum or Palenque in Central America", in
775:
349:
304:
102:
266:
The indigenous rootstock of Tlatilco and Cerro de las Mesas consists of "Ainoid, Arctic, and Pacific racial elements".
484:
499:
379:" of North America. The work is therefore classified in the American "mound-builder" genre of the 19th century.
1620:
1567:
1279:
1530:
947:
467:
167:
917:
244:
To determine the racial heritage of the skeletons, Wiercinski used classic diagnostic traits, determined by
129:
Colossal Head 6, a 3-meter-high Olmec sculpture with lips and nose said to resemble African facial features.
122:
990:
163:
864:
684:
126:
1767:
1752:
1416:
1124:
363:
1621:
A pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific transition and its implications for human evolutionary history
1772:
1305:
1221:
994:
449:
329:
410:), allowing for the eventual migration of Book of Mormon peoples to Mexico and Central America.
1374:
533:
Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs] an article from
391:
376:
171:
111:
1367:
1368:
Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard; Gabriel Haslip-Viera; Warren Barbour (Spring 1997). "They Were
718:
340:
knowledge of the position of true North, was discussed in an article by Claire Liu in 1997.
1680:
443:
has been cited as possible evidence for ancient visitors to the Americas from the Old World:
135:
106:
842:
Choice Above All Other Lands – Book of Mormon Covenant Lands According to the Best Sources
262:
Wiercinski summarizes his research by offering the following "ethnogenetical hypotheses":
8:
818:, 1994, pp. 228-231; Robert Silverberg, "and the mound-builders vanished from the earth",
447:"The presence of Uncle Sam inspired Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian explorer and author of
395:
1455:
390:
places the scene of the Jaredite arrival and subsequent development in lands around the
1476:
1391:
1328:
1242:
1176:
1169:
1112:
1086:
1062:
1046:
853:
Joseph Smith (editor), "Traits of the Mosaic History Found Among the Aztaeca Nations",
591:
226:
744:
1710:
1700:
1590:
1580:
1540:
1514:
1504:
1430:
1420:
1399:
1336:
1250:
1190:
1180:
1142:
1132:
1100:
1090:
1079:
1066:
1054:
1038:
998:
959:
921:
855:
771:
269:"A next migratory wave" brought in additional Pacific as well as "Laponoid" elements.
320:
Some writers claim that the Olmec civilization came into existence with the help of
1526:
1492:
1462:
1383:
1318:
1234:
1028:
916:(in Spanish) (2nd edition, with corrections and expansions ed.). México D.F.:
583:
230:
179:
147:
64:
1323:
1300:
1238:
1500:
1128:
608:
Ortíz de Montellano, Bernard & Gabriel Haslip Viera & Warren Barbour 1997
234:
77:
47:
1219:(September 1976). "Olmec Origins and Transpacific Diffusion: Reply to Meggers".
894:
406:
placed the arrival of the Jaredites in "the lake country of America" (region of
33:
1742:
1074:
1010:
982:
943:
435:
355:
300:
238:
704:
JD Jennings and E. Norbeck, eds., Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 489—510.
191:
76:
societies. Although these speculations have become somewhat well-known within
1736:
1296:
1164:
1058:
1042:
816:
Hidden Cities: The Discovery and Loss of Ancient North American Civilization
440:
371:
325:
218:
85:
1714:
1594:
1544:
1518:
1434:
1403:
1194:
1146:
1104:
963:
504:
Tamoanchán: the state of Morelos and the beginning of civilization in Mexico
1340:
1254:
407:
403:
295:
139:
1693:
Having visions: The Book of Mormon Translated and Exposed in Plain English
1002:
925:
422:
1643:(1971), "Affinidades raciales de algunas poblaiones antiquas de Mexico",
1458:, American Journal of Human Genetics; March 2004; 74(3): p. 454–465.
1216:
431:
333:
245:
187:
81:
51:
1119:(Reprint, Originally published New York: Knopf ©1946 ed.). London:
1050:
1563:
1120:
700:
Pool, p. 92, who cites Gordon Ekholm (1964) "Transpacific Contacts" in
630:
308:
175:
143:
1456:"The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade"
1395:
1332:
1246:
595:
1276:
The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico
1033:
1014:
537:
Volume 38, Number 3, June 1997, pp 419-441 Reproduced with permission
359:
73:
1598:
272:"Some Chinese influence of Shang Period could penetrate Mesoamerica"
24:
1532:
Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec, October 28th and 29th, 1967
1387:
1372:
Here before Columbus: Afrocentric Hyperdiffusionism in the 1990s".
1085:(4th edition, revised and enlarged ed.). London and New York:
952:
Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec, October 28th and 29th, 1967
587:
472:
367:
276:
275:"A strange transatlantic, more or less sporadic migration" brought
222:
1548:
1468:
When Lehi's Party Arrived in the Land, Did They Find Others There?
1206:
Mitochondrial DNA affinities of the people of North-Central Mexico
967:
426:
Detail of the carved portrait nicknamed "Uncle Sam" by researchers
151:
1497:
Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church
471:, the few remaining Olmecs are described as being descendants of
280:
170:
proposed that the Maya inscriptions were probably related to the
43:
573:
1659:(1972b). "An anthropological study on the origin of 'Olmecs'",
1350:(1869) "Antigüedades mexicanas, notable escultura antigua", in
383:
98:
1575:. Pre-Columbian Art at Dumbarton Oaks, no. 2. Washington, DC:
307:, suggested that the Olmec art style might have originated in
1310:
1226:
637:, Volume 3, Philadelphia, PA: Innes & Sons (1922) p. 271.
321:
303:. Gordon Ekholm, who was an archaeologist and curator at the
256:
68:
1690:
844:, Ch. 4, "Unsigned Articles and a Popular Book", pp. 64–104
400:
Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan
166:
are related to African scripts. In the early 19th century,
1362:
Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística
1352:
Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística
564:
Stirling, p. 2, who cites Melgar (1869) and Melgar (1871).
1603:
1553:
972:
911:
1645:
Anales de Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
1415:. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge and New York:
1444:( September, 1988). "Black kings of ancient America",
1268:. Princeton University: University of Princeton Press.
715:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
208:
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
1525:
1491:
1410:
770:. University of Central Oklahoma Press. p. 52.
1625:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
1473:
Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship
1158:
African Mexicans and the discourse on Modern Mexico
1111:
914:
La población negra de México: Estudio etnohistórico
1168:
1078:
212:
91:
1461:
1295:
1734:
1673:(1975) "Comment", The New Diffusionist, 5 (18),5
1613:Underhill, P.A., Jin, L., Zemans, R., Oefner, J.
865:The Book of Mormon & "Mound-Builder" America
861:American Antiquities and Discoveries in the West
157:
1215:
1073:
1009:
997:; distributed by Van Nostrand (Princeton, NJ).
981:
942:
522:See Grove (1976) or Ortiz de Montellano (1997).
1577:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
1537:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
1163:
989:. Richard B. Woodbury (consultant). New York:
956:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
16:Hypotheses on the origin of Olmec civilization
1175:. Ancient peoples and places series. London:
713:This theory is mentioned in the history book
1364:, época 2, vol. 3, pp. 104–109; Mexico.
1354:, época 2, vol. 1, pp. 292–297, Mexico.
490:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
1562:
1015:"Mormons and Archaeology: An Outside View"
1322:
1032:
689:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
567:
324:refugees, particularly at the end of the
1272:MacLachlan, C.M. & Rodriguez O, J.E.
1171:The Olmecs: America's First Civilization
1117:Mexico South: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec
619:The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing
421:
336:
294:
121:
1728:, University of Central Oklahoma Press.
1413:Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica
1735:
1647:, 7a epoca, tomo II, pp. 123–143.
1290:Estudios arqueologicas y ethnograficas
602:
221:evidence from two Mesoamerican sites:
67:theories relating to the formation of
1266:The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership
1081:Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs
1020:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
457:
434:, explorer and cultural diffusionist
114:of any extra-hemispheric influences.
61:Olmec alternative origin speculations
1691:Wolverton, Susan Stansfield (2004).
1748:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
1529:(1968). Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.).
635:Africa and the Discovery of America
343:
13:
1763:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
1579:; Trustees of Harvard University.
1210:American Journal of Human Genetics
895:"Title: The Olmec Football Player"
765:
350:Archaeology and the Book of Mormon
315:
305:American Museum of Natural History
201:
117:
14:
1784:
1758:Indigenous cultural appropriation
1681:Mother Culture, or Only a Sister?
912:Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo (1972).
485:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
417:
1726:Origin of the Olmec Civilization
950:. In Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.).
702:Prehistoric Man in the New World
328:. In 1975, Betty Meggers of the
162:Some researchers claim that the
32:
23:
887:
878:
869:
847:
834:
825:
822:, June 1969, Volume 20, Issue 4
808:
793:
784:
759:
732:
723:
707:
694:
677:
668:
659:
650:
640:
500:Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete
362:by churches and members of the
213:Claims of osteological evidence
150:identified the Olmecs with the
92:Mainstream scientific consensus
46:masks. Facial features such as
1280:University of California Press
1121:KPI (Kegan Paul International)
805:. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
738:
683:Rolando González-José et al.
624:
611:
558:
549:
540:
525:
516:
388:Book of Mormon geography model
1:
1663:, 33:1972, pp. 143–174.
1411:Pool, Christopher A. (2007).
1324:10.1525/aa.1975.77.1.02a00020
1239:10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00120
939:, Madrid: Editorial Alhambra.
904:
790:See for example Grove (1976).
674:Wiercinski, p. 158 or p. 171.
468:The Mysterious Cities of Gold
246:craniometric and cranioscopic
168:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
158:Claims of epigraphic evidence
987:America's First Civilization
510:
229:. Tlatilco is a site in the
164:Mesoamerican writing systems
7:
1569:Olmec Art at Dumbarton Oaks
1313:reproduction). New Series.
1229:reproduction). New Series.
1160:. University Press, Oxford.
691:137, no. 2 (2008): 175-187.
478:
358:(1830), a text regarded as
10:
1789:
1417:Cambridge University Press
1154:Cuevas, Marco P. Hernandez
1125:Routledge & Kegan Paul
993:, in association with the
918:Fondo de Cultura Económica
820:American Heritage Magazine
495:Settlement of the Americas
347:
205:
146:and others. Afro-centrist
54:motif common in Olmec art.
1635:They came before Columbus
665:Wiercinski (1972b), p.160
555:Diehl (2004); Coe (1968).
364:Latter Day Saint movement
134:who discovered the first
948:"Views of Olmec Culture"
831:Southerton (2004, p.157)
741:"Transpacific Contacts?"
233:. Although outside the
127:San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán
1306:American Anthropologist
1222:American Anthropologist
995:Smithsonian Institution
937:Los origenes de America
450:The Kon-Tiki Expedition
330:Smithsonian Institution
154:people of West Africa.
1627:, 93, p. 196-200.
1499:. Salt Lake City, UT:
1127:, by arrangement with
455:
427:
392:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
312:
192:Offering 4 at La Venta
130:
445:
425:
370:are described in the
298:
125:
1617:Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.
1606:online reproduction)
1556:online reproduction)
1527:Stirling, Matthew W.
1493:Southerton, Simon G.
958:. pp. 135–142.
875:see Coe (1968, p.59)
535:Current Anthropology
398:'s 1841 bestseller,
103:indigenous Americans
1685:The New York Times,
1677:Wilford, John Noble
1177:Thames & Hudson
1113:Covarrubias, Miguel
1087:Thames & Hudson
803:Taiwan-Panorama.com
656:Wiercinski (1972b).
396:John Lloyd Stephens
301:Olmec baby figurine
174:writing of Africa.
112:arose independently
84:and are considered
63:are non-mainstream
1619:(1996, January). "
933:Alchina-France, J.
840:Coon, W. Vincent,
814:Roger G. Kennedy,
719:William H. McNeill
458:In popular culture
428:
313:
279:, Equatorial, and
227:Cerro de las Mesas
131:
101:at the expense of
48:almond-shaped eyes
1768:Hyperdiffusionism
1753:Pseudoarchaeology
1706:978-0-87586-308-5
1631:Van Sertima, Ivan
1586:978-0-88402-275-6
1535:. Washington DC:
1510:978-1-56085-181-3
1463:Sorenson, John L.
1426:978-0-521-78882-3
1297:Meggers, Betty J.
1186:978-0-500-02119-4
1138:978-0-7103-0184-0
1123:, distributed by
1096:978-0-500-27722-5
991:American Heritage
954:. Washington DC:
856:Times and Seasons
766:Xu, Mike (1996).
747:on August 2, 2001
402:. Mormon founder
138:at Hueyapan (now
1780:
1723:
1718:
1678:
1672:
1671:Jairazbhoy, R.A.
1668:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1597:. Archived from
1574:
1559:
1557:
1547:. Archived from
1539:. pp. 1–8.
1522:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1475:. Archived from
1453:
1448:, 74-77 and 122.
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1034:10.2307/45224400
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978:
976:
966:. Archived from
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743:. Archived from
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547:
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529:
523:
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344:Jaredite origins
231:Valley of Mexico
180:Tuxtla Statuette
148:Ivan Van Sertima
65:pseudohistorical
36:
27:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
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1733:
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1731:
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1707:
1687:March 15, 2005.
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1656:
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1511:
1501:Signature Books
1482:
1480:
1451:
1441:
1427:
1357:
1347:
1285:
1271:
1261:
1217:Grove, David C.
1201:
1187:
1153:
1139:
1129:Alfred A. Knopf
1097:
1075:Coe, Michael D.
1013:(Summer 1973).
1011:Coe, Michael D.
983:Coe, Michael D.
970:
944:Bernal, Ignacio
932:
907:
902:
893:
892:
888:
883:
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235:Olmec heartland
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1382:(2): 199–234.
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1299:(March 1975).
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1695:. New York:
1692:
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1660:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1599:the original
1568:
1549:the original
1531:
1496:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1467:
1445:
1412:
1379:
1375:Ethnohistory
1373:
1369:
1361:
1358:Melgar, Jose
1351:
1348:Melgar, Jose
1314:
1304:
1289:
1275:
1265:
1262:Gutherie, J.
1230:
1220:
1209:
1170:
1157:
1116:
1080:
1027:(2): 40–48.
1024:
1018:
986:
968:the original
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749:. Retrieved
745:the original
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408:Lake Ontario
404:Joseph Smith
399:
381:
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254:
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249:categories.
243:
216:
196:
161:
140:Tres Zapotes
132:
95:
60:
59:
1722:Xu, H. Mike
1637:. New York.
1564:Taube, Karl
1317:(1): 1–27.
1286:Marquez, C.
1204:, (2000), "
1202:Green, L.D.
884:Coe. p. 55
751:15 December
432:Michael Coe
299:Head of an
190:(tools) in
82:Mesoamerica
52:were-jaguar
1737:Categories
905:References
768:The Origin
739:Xu, Mike.
717:(1963) by
631:Leo Wiener
473:Atlanteans
348:See also:
309:Bronze Age
281:Bushmenoid
206:See also:
186:, and the
176:Leo Wiener
144:Leo Wiener
1661:Swiatowit
1483:April 21,
1292:. Mexico.
1115:(1986) .
1067:254386666
1059:197923057
1043:0012-2157
511:Footnotes
382:However,
368:Jaredites
360:scripture
283:elements.
107:consensus
74:Old World
1715:54806382
1633:(1976).
1595:56096117
1566:(2004).
1545:52523439
1519:55534917
1495:(2004).
1465:(1992).
1435:68965709
1404:42388116
1288:(1956).
1264:(1996).
1195:56746987
1167:(2004).
1156:(2004).
1147:14069879
1105:29708907
1077:(1994).
1051:45224400
985:(1968).
964:52523439
946:(1968).
935:(1985).
729:Meggers.
647:143-174.
479:See also
277:Armenoid
223:Tlatilco
184:Teo Mask
1724:(1996)
1454:(2004)
1341:1479294
1255:1479294
354:In the
322:Chinese
219:cranial
44:jadeite
1713:
1703:
1697:Algora
1669:&
1593:
1583:
1543:
1517:
1507:
1433:
1423:
1402:
1396:483368
1394:
1339:
1333:674066
1331:
1282:(1980)
1253:
1247:674425
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1103:
1093:
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1001:
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926:781507
924:
800:台灣光華雜誌
774:
596:483368
594:
384:Mormon
366:, the
311:China.
257:stelas
105:. The
99:racism
42:Olmec
1743:Olmec
1573:(PDF)
1392:JSTOR
1329:JSTOR
1311:JSTOR
1243:JSTOR
1227:JSTOR
1063:S2CID
1047:JSTOR
592:JSTOR
334:celts
188:celts
152:Mandé
69:Olmec
1711:OCLC
1701:ISBN
1615:and
1591:OCLC
1581:ISBN
1541:OCLC
1515:OCLC
1505:ISBN
1485:2007
1431:OCLC
1421:ISBN
1400:OCLC
1337:OCLC
1251:OCLC
1191:OCLC
1181:ISBN
1143:OCLC
1133:ISBN
1101:OCLC
1091:ISBN
1055:OCLC
1039:ISSN
999:OCLC
960:OCLC
922:OCLC
772:ISBN
753:2015
225:and
1623:",
1604:PDF
1554:PDF
1384:doi
1370:NOT
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