1030:
38:
1240:
2698:
1206:
1046:
2686:
485:. Fracture surfaces are sugary in texture, and sparkle from the exposed perfect cleavage on . Jade is relatively dense, with a specific gravity of 3.3 to 3.5 in natural specimens. The specific gravity increases with the iron content, and very pure jadeite has a specific gravity of 3.25. The luster is vitreous, or pearly on exposed cleavage surfaces, and the streak is colorless. Jadeite is translucent to transparent.
2135:
606:
1157:
are sold as jade, but the difference can be determined by cleavage and hardness. Jadeite jade is the most valuable form, with the highest-quality material commanding prices well in excess of $ 200 per carat as of 1994. Jadeite jade first came into significant use in China only towards the end of the
525:
tetrahedra in which each silicon ion is surrounded by four oxygen ions, with two of the oxygen ions shared with neighboring silica tetraheda. The chains are bonded together by aluminium and sodium ions to form the full three-dimensional structure of a jadeite crystal. The aluminium joins pairs of
468:
family of minerals. Though highly variable in color, it is typically apple-green to emerald-green, or less commonly white or white with spots of green. Occurrences are typically granular or massive; individual crystals are very rare, occurring only as small prismatic crystals in
1072:
is a very dark green to black variety. Color is largely affected by the presence of trace elements such as chromium and iron. Its translucence varies from opaque to almost clear. Variations in color and translucence are often found even within a single specimen.
1224:
have been found across the
British Isles. Because of the difficulty of working this material, all the axe heads of this type found are thought to have been non-utilitarian and to have represented some form of currency or be the products of gift exchange.
473:
in massive jadeite. Crystals are four-sided or eight-sided in cross section and show perfect cleavage on at angles of 87 and 93 degrees. There is also a rare parting on . The interlocking crystals of massive jadeite help give it its extreme toughness.
1081:
Significant occurrences of jadeite are isolated and rare. It is found exclusively in high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rock of continental margins. Here it may be found as pods or veins or as disseminated grains. Deposits are found in
1188:
Unusual colors, like "Olmec blue" jade, which is characterized by its deep blue-green, translucent hue with white flecking, are becoming more highly valued because of its unique beauty and historical use by the
Mesoamerican
637:, it is not stable under the conditions in which these two minerals are present. Formation of jadeite requires a pressure of 10 to 25 kbar and a temperature of 600 to 1,000 °C (1,100 to 1,800 °F) via the reaction:
384:
of about 6.5 to 7.0), very tough, and dense, with a specific gravity of about 3.4. It is found in a wide range of colors, but is most often found in shades of green or white. Jadeite is formed only in the
1017:
Jadeitite is resistant to weathering, and alluvial boulders of jadeitite released from the serpentine-rich environments in which they formed can have weights of up to tons. Raw specimens having
526:
chains (occupying the so-called M1 site) while sodium joins the paired chains to neighboring paired chains (occupying the so-called M2 site). The resulting crystal structure belongs to the
166:
Apple-green, emerald-green, bluish green, leek-green, purplish blue, greenish white, white, black, may show green spots, rarely blue or violet; colorless in thin section. Often also banded.
1995:
1236:. These beads and axes were traded throughout Japan and the Korean Peninsula and were produced by the world's oldest known jadeite-using culture, centered on the Itoigawa region.
1739:
Yingying, Xing; Lijian, Qi (31 March 2021). "Structural hydroxyl distribution in jadeite grains and the diagenesis mechanism of jadeitite in
Myanmar, Guatemala and Russia".
586:
series, as omphacite has its own structure that is slightly different from either pure jadeite or pure diopside, so that it is separated from either end member by a
500:
also has a lower density and refractive index than jadeite. Massive jadeite also characteristically shows a more granular texture than nephrite or serpentinite.
1872:
1124:
Jade received its name, "piedra de ijada" ("stone of the side"), because it was once thought to cure kidney ailments when applied to the side of the body.
404:. Jade tools and implements have been found at Stone Age sites, showing that the mineral has been prized by humans since before the beginning of
2003:
1970:
1118:. This was prized in traditional Chinese culture, where it was worked into a great variety of beautiful ornaments and utensils.
1855:
1094:
of
California, jadeite is associated with glaucophane, aragonite, muscovite, lawsonite, and quartz. However, occurrences of
488:
Jadeite is characterized by its green color and tough aggregates of compact fibrous crystals. It can be distinguished from
2744:
2167:
1065:
556:. There is no significant replacement of silicon by aluminium in natural jadeite, and only very limited substitution of
2117:
2040:
1900:
1723:
1648:
1358:
1350:
106:
1677:
The origin of jadeitite-forming subduction-zone fluids: CL-guided SIMS oxygen-isotope and trace-element evidence.
1029:
492:
by its vitreous luster on polished surfaces (polished nephrite has an oily luster) and by its higher density and
1616:
1588:
1524:
211:
2106:
1263:
244:
2739:
2689:
2658:
2729:
1917:
1268:
2673:
2032:
2026:
1999:
2724:
2668:
2139:
626:
400:, a precious stone particularly prized in China. Most gem-quality jadeite jade comes from northern
20:
1214:
2734:
2160:
1273:
96:
1228:
A great many jadeite beads and axe heads as well as the remains of jadeite workshops from the
37:
2297:
337:– inert to weak white or weak brownish red in long wave, generally inert in short wave; some
201:
2112:. Longman Earth Science Series. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical.
1748:
1464:
1311:
8:
497:
300:
234:
224:
1752:
1468:
1315:
2596:
2153:
1772:
1329:
1239:
1091:
191:
1373:
598:, the most valuable variety of jade, is colored an intense emerald green by traces of
594:
is a dark green variety of jadeite in which some aluminium is replaced by iron, while
2231:
2113:
2036:
1896:
1851:
1776:
1764:
1719:
1644:
1612:
1584:
1520:
1354:
1333:
1243:
1233:
792:
622:
527:
2663:
2319:
2302:
1932:
1843:
1756:
1476:
1472:
1319:
1278:
1150:
1021:
tax stamps or polished slots for evaluating quality are prized by some collectors.
992:
618:
493:
437:
405:
386:
280:
254:
181:
67:
2254:
2702:
2551:
2226:
1251:
1007:
587:
421:
2057:
1847:
1437:
2559:
2396:
1974:
1038:
583:
429:
116:
2749:
2718:
2591:
1768:
1229:
1221:
1166:
521:
and has the typical clinopyroxene structure. This consists of long chains of
478:
465:
381:
290:
171:
128:
2502:
2236:
1057:
Jadeite's color commonly ranges from white through pale apple green to deep
1006:. In all well-documented occurrences, jadeitite appears to have formed from
2637:
2623:
2619:
2606:
2506:
2457:
2202:
1419:
1178:
1058:
1011:
390:
313:
2077:"International Jomon Culture Conference Bulletin 1 2004 (English version)"
1936:
1205:
503:
Jadeite has a fusibility of 2.5 (making it moderately easy to fuse with a
2463:
2374:
2274:
1760:
1247:
1220:
Over 180 axe heads made from jadeitite quarried in northern Italy in the
1045:
976:
531:
310:
146:
1611:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1324:
1299:
2611:
2585:
2343:
2337:
1791:"Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, Chubu Region, Honshu Island, Japan"
1689:
1194:
1182:
1121:
Jadeite was also used by Stone Age peoples for implements and weapons.
804:
137:
121:
1790:
1401:
2614:
2564:
2496:
2491:
2448:
2402:
2382:
2378:
2279:
2264:
2259:
2191:
1210:
1170:
1103:
1087:
1034:
1003:
988:
984:
980:
796:
634:
575:
565:
564:
substitutes for up to 20% of the sodium, balanced by substitution of
396:
Jadeite is the principal mineral making up the most valuable form of
365:
2633:
2601:
2580:
2526:
2514:
2468:
2443:
2433:
2391:
2353:
2176:
2076:
1146:
1139:
1095:
1050:
599:
579:
489:
449:
358:
329:– inert to weak green in long wave, generally inert in short wave;
325:– inert to weak white in long wave, generally inert in short wave;
59:
1455:
Delario, A. J. (November 1960). "Jade through the Ages — Part 1".
2627:
2554:
2365:
2314:
2221:
2211:
1114:
Jadeite is the dominant mineral of the most desirable variety of
1099:
1083:
1018:
800:
569:
561:
504:
401:
368:
43:
2185:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
452:, which is a different mineral that also shares the common name
2546:
2509:
2386:
2370:
2269:
2134:
1819:
1154:
996:
630:
614:
605:
557:
522:
482:
374:
362:
176:
Commonly massive, or fibrous, granular; prismatic crystals rare
440:
phrase "piedra de ijada" which means "stone of the side". The
341:– moderate to strong orange in long wave, weaker in short wave
333:– inert to weak in long wave, generally inert in short wave;
2486:
2453:
2359:
2349:
2308:
1190:
1174:
441:
2145:
1438:"Jade | Etymology, origin and meaning of jade by etymonline"
2641:
2575:
2568:
2520:
2216:
1807:
1142:
1133:
1115:
1041:, northwestern Turkey. The color is from jadeite pyroxene.
470:
453:
397:
1049:
Jade rock inspection with a portable UV LED flashlight in
1895:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 54.
1583:(21st ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 482–483, 598.
1374:"Handbook of Mineralogy : Jadeite Na(Al; Fe3+)Si2O6"
1002:
Rocks that consist almost entirely of jadeite are called
714:
Jadeite can also form at high pressure via the reaction:
1068:), pink, lavender and a multitude of other rare colors.
629:. Although it is intermediate in silica content between
464:
Jadeite is a hard, extremely tough, rare mineral of the
285:
nα = 1.654 – 1.673 nβ = 1.659 – 1.679 nγ = 1.667 – 1.693
1675:
Sorena
Sorensen, George E. Harlow, and Douglas Rumble,
1643:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 271=272.
791:
At still higher pressure, corresponding to the highest
19:
This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see
1657:
1718:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1579:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993).
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1402:"Jadeite: Mineral information, data and localities"
578:is intermediate in composition between jadeite and
2105:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1880:. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
1581:Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)
1138:Jadeite is one of two minerals recognized as the
393:at high pressure but relatively low temperature.
2716:
1679:American Mineralogist, v. 91, pp. 979-996 (2006)
1510:
1508:
1506:
1533:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1349:(Gia), Gemological. Gem Reference Guide. City:
481:of 6.5 to 7, slightly less than that of common
2024:
1738:
1602:
1600:
2161:
389:of continental margins, where rock undergoes
1825:
1813:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1578:
1483:
1918:"Jadeite of Guatemala: A contemporary view"
1597:
1086:, the Alps, Russia, California, Japan, and
2685:
2168:
2154:
1716:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1707:
1607:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "jadeite".
1368:
1366:
975:Minerals associated with jadeite include:
36:
1838:Desautels, Paul E. (1986). "False Jade".
1837:
1625:
1514:
1323:
2108:An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology
1238:
1204:
1044:
1028:
604:
2103:
1960:. (1968). André Emmerich Inc., New York
1915:
1890:
1663:
1606:
1454:
1363:
1181:, as well as the indigenous peoples of
1149:. Occasionally, other minerals such as
1106:remain an important source of jadeite.
1066:recently rediscovered "Olmec Blue" jade
540:
507:flame) and gives a yellow flame color.
2717:
1870:
1713:
621:of the low-temperature, high-pressure
2149:
2028:Companion encyclopedia of archaeology
1638:
1412:
1394:
1345:
1343:
1064:but can also be blue-green (like the
186:Single and lamellar twinning on and
1300:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1297:
965:
809:
781:
716:
704:
639:
2074:
13:
2055:
1958:Pre-Columbian Jade from Costa Rica
1340:
14:
2761:
2127:
1519:. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.
545:Pure jadeite has the composition
510:Pure jadeite has the composition
2696:
2684:
2133:
2031:. New York: Routledge. pp.
1351:Gemological Institute of America
1200:
1098:quality are almost exclusive to
609:Phase diagram for jadeite system
229:Subvitreous, pearly on cleavages
2298:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
2068:
2049:
2018:
1988:
1963:
1950:
1909:
1884:
1864:
1831:
1783:
1732:
1682:
1669:
582:. However, there is not a true
1477:10.1080/00357529.1960.11766693
1448:
1430:
1291:
1:
2175:
2104:Yardley, Bruce W. D. (1989).
1284:
1264:Clinopyroxene thermobarometry
1076:
560:iron for aluminium. However,
459:
305:r > v; moderate to strong.
2690:List of gemstones by species
2659:List of individual gemstones
2320:Precious White and Fire Opal
1891:Keverne, Roger, ed. (1991).
1213:jadeitite axe-head from the
448:, is the origin of the term
7:
1848:10.1007/978-1-4684-6572-3_2
1257:
1033:Unusual lavender jade (meta
1010:fluids in association with
10:
2766:
2745:Minerals in space group 15
2097:
1956:Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy.
1641:Introduction to mineralogy
1639:Nesse, William D. (2000).
1269:Costa Rican jade tradition
1131:
18:
2682:
2674:List of sapphires by size
2651:
2539:
2477:
2424:
2415:
2328:
2288:
2245:
2200:
2190:
2183:
2000:Wiltshire Heritage Museum
1102:. Stream boulders of the
1024:
627:destructive plate margins
361:mineral with composition
345:
309:
299:
289:
279:
271:
263:
253:
243:
233:
223:
210:
200:
190:
180:
170:
162:
157:
145:
127:
115:
105:
95:
66:
55:
50:
35:
30:
2669:List of emeralds by size
1826:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1814:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1714:Allaby, Michael (2013).
1515:Sinkankas, John (1964).
1246:Jadeite Plaque, 600–900
21:Jadeite (disambiguation)
2025:Barker, Graeme (1999).
1517:Mineralogy for amateurs
1274:Jade use in Mesoamerica
1232:have been uncovered in
1127:
1109:
411:
1304:Mineralogical Magazine
1254:
1217:
1054:
1042:
795:, jadeite reacts with
610:
433:
425:
2237:Natural marine pearls
2062:Tateshinakougen.gr.jp
1937:10.5741/GEMS.26.2.134
1871:Austin, G.T. (1994).
1381:Rruff.geo.arizona.edu
1242:
1208:
1048:
1032:
608:
444:version of the name,
321:are generally inert.
107:Strunz classification
2356:, pink, yellow-green
2142:at Wikimedia Commons
1916:Hargett, D. (1990).
1761:10.1515/mt-2020-0034
1457:Rocks & Minerals
613:Jadeite occurs with
572:iron for aluminium.
541:Chemistry and origin
339:dyed lavender colors
2740:Monoclinic minerals
2703:Minerals portal
2275:Precious Black Opal
1828:, pp. 598–599.
1753:2021MTest..63..235Y
1609:Glossary of geology
1469:1960RoMin..35..578D
1325:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1316:2021MinM...85..291W
1298:Warr, L.N. (2021).
2730:Aluminium minerals
2525:Opaque iridescent
2416:Jewelry-Industrial
2362:yellow, blue, pink
2075:Pearson, Richard.
1971:"Jadeite axe-head"
1463:(11–12): 578–582.
1255:
1218:
1215:Museum of Toulouse
1173:, was used by the
1092:Franciscan Complex
1055:
1043:
611:
272:Optical properties
267:vitreous to greasy
2712:
2711:
2540:Industrial stones
2535:
2534:
2411:
2410:
2138:Media related to
2056:Kijima, Tsutomu.
1857:978-1-4684-6574-7
1842:. pp. 9–11.
1741:Materials Testing
1165:Jadeite from the
1158:18th century, as
973:
972:
793:blueschist facies
789:
788:
712:
711:
623:blueschist facies
528:monoclinic system
446:lapis nephriticus
352:
351:
295:δ = 0.013 – 0.020
141:
2757:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2664:List of diamonds
2422:
2421:
2198:
2197:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2123:
2111:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2006:on 25 April 2012
2002:. Archived from
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1840:The Jade Kingdom
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1690:"Chloromelanite"
1686:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1576:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1481:
1480:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1295:
1279:List of minerals
967:
958:
957:
956:
955:
947:
941:
940:
939:
938:
931:
925:
924:
923:
922:
903:
897:
896:
895:
894:
870:
864:
863:
862:
861:
850:
844:
843:
842:
841:
817:
810:
783:
774:
773:
772:
771:
764:
758:
757:
756:
755:
744:
738:
737:
736:
735:
724:
717:
706:
697:
696:
695:
694:
683:
677:
676:
675:
674:
663:
657:
656:
655:
654:
647:
640:
619:metamorphic rock
555:
520:
494:refractive index
420:is derived (via
387:subduction zones
281:Refractive index
255:Specific gravity
216:
135:
133:Prismatic (2/m)
73:
72:(repeating unit)
40:
28:
27:
16:Pyroxene mineral
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2725:Sodium minerals
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2697:
2695:
2678:
2647:
2531:
2473:
2417:
2407:
2324:
2284:
2241:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2130:
2120:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1637:
1626:
1619:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1577:
1534:
1527:
1513:
1484:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1341:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1260:
1252:Brooklyn Museum
1234:Itoigawa, Japan
1203:
1145:. The other is
1136:
1130:
1112:
1079:
1027:
1008:subduction zone
953:
949:
948:
945:
944:
943:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
901:
900:
899:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
860:
856:
852:
851:
848:
847:
846:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
815:
814:
813:
770:
766:
765:
762:
761:
760:
754:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:
740:
734:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:
720:
693:
689:
685:
684:
681:
680:
679:
673:
669:
665:
664:
661:
660:
659:
653:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
588:miscibility gap
554:
550:
546:
543:
519:
515:
511:
462:
414:
406:written history
379:
373:
214:
134:
91:
87:
83:
79:
71:
70:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Pyroxene group
2732:
2727:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2562:
2560:Petrified wood
2557:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2346:, polychromous
2341:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2128:External links
2126:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2067:
2064:(in Japanese).
2048:
2041:
2017:
1987:
1975:British Museum
1962:
1949:
1931:(2): 134–141.
1908:
1901:
1883:
1863:
1856:
1830:
1818:
1816:, p. 599.
1806:
1782:
1747:(3): 235–244.
1731:
1724:
1706:
1681:
1668:
1666:, p. 105.
1656:
1649:
1624:
1617:
1596:
1589:
1532:
1525:
1482:
1447:
1442:Etymonline.com
1429:
1424:Webmineral.com
1411:
1393:
1362:
1339:
1310:(3): 291–320.
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1202:
1199:
1167:Motagua Valley
1132:Main article:
1129:
1126:
1111:
1108:
1078:
1075:
1070:Chloromelanite
1039:Bursa Province
1026:
1023:
971:
970:
961:
959:
951:
935:
919:
915:
911:
907:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
858:
854:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
787:
786:
777:
775:
768:
752:
748:
732:
728:
710:
709:
700:
698:
691:
687:
671:
667:
651:
592:Chloromelanite
584:solid solution
552:
548:
542:
539:
517:
513:
477:Jadeite has a
461:
458:
413:
410:
380:. It is hard (
377:
371:
350:
349:
347:
343:
342:
316:
307:
306:
303:
297:
296:
293:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
247:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
217:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
174:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
158:Identification
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
131:
125:
124:
119:
117:Crystal system
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:or Na(Al,Fe)Si
81:
77:
74:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Pink sapphire
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Blue Sapphire
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2119:0-582-30096-7
2115:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2058:"翡翠製大珠の加工と流通"
2052:
2044:
2042:0-415-21329-0
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:"Jadeite axe"
1991:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1902:9781461539223
1898:
1894:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1725:9780199653065
1721:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1650:9780195106916
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1420:"A to Z List"
1415:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1359:0-87311-019-6
1356:
1353:(GIA), 1988.
1352:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:Neolithic era
1226:
1223:
1222:Neolithic era
1216:
1212:
1207:
1201:Stone Age use
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
969:
962:
960:
812:
811:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
785:
778:
776:
719:
718:
715:
708:
701:
699:
642:
641:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
607:
603:
601:
597:
596:imperial jade
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
538:
536:
533:
529:
524:
508:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
479:Mohs hardness
475:
472:
467:
466:clinopyroxene
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
383:
382:Mohs hardness
376:
370:
367:
364:
360:
356:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
292:
291:Birefringence
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:Polish luster
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
173:
172:Crystal habit
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
150:
148:
144:
139:
132:
130:
129:Crystal class
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
75:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
45:
42:Jadeite from
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2694:
2638:Pyrophyllite
2607:Serpentinite
2588:(green mica)
2478:
2458:Baltic amber
2438:
2425:
2329:
2289:
2246:
2201:
2107:
2084:. Retrieved
2081:Academia.edu
2080:
2070:
2061:
2051:
2027:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1965:
1957:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1928:
1924:
1911:
1892:
1886:
1873:
1866:
1839:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1785:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1715:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1664:Yardley 1989
1659:
1640:
1608:
1580:
1516:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1227:
1219:
1193:and also in
1187:
1179:Maya peoples
1164:
1159:
1137:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1080:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1053:Jade Market.
1016:
1012:serpentinite
1001:
974:
963:
790:
779:
713:
702:
612:
595:
591:
574:
544:
534:
509:
502:
487:
476:
463:
445:
417:
415:
395:
391:metamorphism
354:
353:
338:
335:light purple
334:
330:
327:light yellow
326:
322:
318:
314:fluorescence
259:3.24 to 3.43
151:
25:
2620:Ophicalcite
2501:Colorless,
2464:Chrysoprase
2375:Spessartine
2340:– Verdelite
2232:Alexandrite
1980:21 November
1942:24 December
977:glaucophane
532:space group
436:) from the
323:Light green
319:Dark colors
311:Ultraviolet
275:Biaxial (+)
249:Translucent
245:Diaphaneity
147:Space group
2719:Categories
2624:Serpentine
2612:Aventurine
2586:Listwanite
2377:(malaya),
2344:Indicolite
2338:Tourmaline
2311:(Imperial)
2303:Aquamarine
2086:2016-06-30
2010:31 October
1925:Gems Gemol
1800:2016-06-30
1795:Mindat.org
1699:25 January
1694:Mindat.org
1618:0922152349
1590:047157452X
1526:0442276249
1406:Mindat.org
1386:25 January
1285:References
1195:Costa Rica
1183:Costa Rica
1151:serpentine
1077:Occurrence
993:serpentine
966:Reaction 3
902:paragonite
805:paragonite
782:Reaction 2
705:Reaction 1
498:Serpentine
460:Properties
346:References
301:Dispersion
212:Mohs scale
138:H-M symbol
122:Monoclinic
97:IMA symbol
2615:quartzite
2567:(Porouse
2565:Cacholong
2527:feldspars
2497:Rhodonite
2492:Amazonite
2479:2nd order
2449:Malachite
2426:1st order
2403:Turquoise
2383:Almandine
2379:Rhodolite
2330:4th order
2290:3rd order
2280:Tanzanite
2265:Tsavorite
2260:Demantoid
2247:2nd order
2203:1st order
2177:Gemstones
1874:Gemstones
1777:232433079
1769:2195-8572
1334:235729616
1211:Neolithic
1209:Polished
1171:Guatemala
1104:Uyu River
1090:. In the
1088:Guatemala
1035:phonolite
1004:jadeitite
989:aragonite
985:muscovite
981:lawsonite
816:lawsonite
797:lawsonite
646:nepheline
635:nepheline
576:Omphacite
566:magnesium
416:The name
206:Splintery
2634:Pagodite
2602:Fluorite
2597:Selenite
2581:Obsidian
2515:Hematite
2469:Charoite
2444:Nephrite
2434:Lazurite
2392:Amethyst
2354:Heliodor
1258:See also
1160:fei tsui
1147:nephrite
1140:gemstone
1096:lapidary
1051:Mandalay
799:to form
600:chromium
580:diopside
490:nephrite
450:nephrite
359:pyroxene
215:hardness
202:Fracture
196:Good on
192:Cleavage
182:Twinning
60:Pyroxene
56:Category
2652:Related
2628:Calcite
2574:Marble
2555:granite
2552:Graphic
2519:Common
2439:Jadeite
2397:Citrine
2371:Garnets
2366:Peridot
2315:Elbaite
2307:Orange
2222:Emerald
2212:Diamond
2192:Jewelry
2140:Jadeite
2098:Sources
1749:Bibcode
1465:Bibcode
1312:Bibcode
1100:Myanmar
1084:Myanmar
1037:) from
1019:Burmese
869:zoisite
849:jadeite
801:zoisite
743:jadeite
686:2NaAlSi
682:jadeite
650:NaAlSiO
570:ferrous
562:calcium
530:, with
505:propane
438:Spanish
418:jadeite
402:Myanmar
355:Jadeite
111:9.DA.25
68:Formula
51:General
44:Myanmar
31:Jadeite
2547:Jasper
2510:quartz
2418:stones
2387:Pyrope
2270:Spinel
2194:stones
2116:
2039:
1899:
1854:
1775:
1767:
1722:
1647:
1615:
1587:
1523:
1357:
1332:
1155:quartz
1025:Colors
997:quartz
930:quartz
893:)O(OH)
853:NaAlSi
763:quartz
747:NaAlSi
727:NaAlSi
723:albite
666:NaAlSi
662:albite
631:albite
615:albite
558:ferric
547:NaAlSi
523:silica
512:NaAlSi
483:quartz
422:French
235:Streak
225:Luster
136:(same
76:NaAlSi
2503:smoky
2487:Agate
2454:Amber
2401:Blue
2360:Topaz
2350:Beryl
2309:topaz
1921:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1773:S2CID
1377:(PDF)
1330:S2CID
1191:Olmec
1175:Olmec
1062:green
946:water
918:)(OH)
910:(AlSi
820:4CaAl
442:Latin
430:Latin
357:is a
331:white
239:White
219:6.5–7
163:Color
62:group
2750:Jade
2642:Talc
2576:onyx
2569:opal
2521:opal
2507:pink
2505:and
2217:Ruby
2114:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2012:2011
1982:2009
1944:2021
1897:ISBN
1893:Jade
1852:ISBN
1765:ISSN
1720:ISBN
1701:2022
1645:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1388:2022
1355:ISBN
1244:Maya
1177:and
1143:jade
1134:Jade
1128:Jade
1116:jade
1110:Uses
1060:jade
995:and
906:NaAl
885:)(Si
881:(SiO
832:(OH)
803:and
633:and
535:C2/c
471:vugs
454:jade
434:ilia
428:and
426:jade
412:Name
398:jade
152:C2/c
2592:Jet
2033:378
1933:doi
1844:doi
1757:doi
1473:doi
1320:doi
1153:or
934:SiO
873:2Ca
767:SiO
625:at
617:in
568:or
2721::
2385:,
2381:,
2373:–
2352:–
2079:.
2060:.
2035:.
1998:.
1973:.
1929:26
1927:.
1923:.
1850:.
1793:.
1771:.
1763:.
1755:.
1745:63
1743:.
1692:.
1627:^
1599:^
1535:^
1485:^
1471:.
1461:35
1459:.
1440:.
1422:.
1404:.
1379:.
1365:^
1342:^
1328:.
1318:.
1308:85
1306:.
1302:.
1250:,
1248:AD
1197:.
1185:.
1169:,
1162:.
1014:.
999:.
991:,
987:,
983:,
979:,
950:6H
942:+
926:+
916:10
898:+
877:Al
865:→
845:+
836:·H
824:Si
807::
759:+
739:→
678:→
658:+
602:.
590:.
537:.
496:.
456:.
432::
424::
408:.
369:Si
366:Al
363:Na
101:Jd
2644:)
2640:/
2636:(
2630:)
2626:/
2622:(
2571:)
2460:)
2456:(
2169:e
2162:t
2155:v
2122:.
2089:.
2045:.
2014:.
1984:.
1946:.
1935::
1905:.
1860:.
1846::
1803:.
1779:.
1759::
1751::
1728:.
1703:.
1653:.
1621:.
1593:.
1529:.
1479:.
1475::
1467::
1444:.
1426:.
1408:.
1390:.
1336:.
1322::
1314::
968:)
964:(
954:O
952:2
936:2
920:2
914:O
912:3
908:2
891:7
889:O
887:2
883:4
879:3
875:2
859:6
857:O
855:2
840:O
838:2
834:2
830:7
828:O
826:2
822:2
784:)
780:(
769:2
753:6
751:O
749:2
733:8
731:O
729:3
707:)
703:(
692:6
690:O
688:2
672:8
670:O
668:3
652:4
553:6
551:O
549:2
518:6
516:O
514:2
378:6
375:O
372:2
140:)
90:6
88:O
86:2
82:6
80:O
78:2
23:.
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