424:
38:
439:. Initially, the other instructors opposed the hiring of a woman, but her training soon earned her admiration. Around the same time, Niko, who had been living between Paris and Tiflis since 1871, establishing and writing for a number of revolutionary periodicals, returned to Georgia. After teaching at the gymnasium for five years, Guramishvili left in 1880 and accompanied Niko when he was arrested and exiled to
531:. On 5 September, Rusudan left newly renamed Petrograd with her son to return to the family home in Didi Jikhaishi and avoid the turmoil of the revolution. She began working as a teacher at the gymnasium her mother had founded. When Georgia gained its independence in 1918, Niko became a member of the
551:
where her husband Niko had been buried. She is remembered as one of the first
Georgian women to study abroad and introduce pedagogy to Georgia. More than 7,000 of the letters exchanged by Guramishvili and Nikoladze are extant and housed in an archive in the United States. A small portion of them was
640:
It is unclear when the family moved to Saint
Petersburg. Rusudan graduated from the Tiflis Women's Gymnasium in 1904 and then enrolled at the Women's Pedagogical Institute of Saint Petersburg, graduating in 1909. She married in Saint Petersburg in 1913 and had her son, Nikolai Nikoladze-Polievktov
556:
by I. A. Meskhi. In 2018, the
Tbilisi City Council renamed a section of Theodore Afanasiev Street in the Isani District of the city in her honor. Her daughter Rusudan became a chemist and married Russian historian Mikhail Polievktov. Giorgi became a well-known mathematician. Tamar, an academic,
286:
In the early 1870s, Switzerland was a gathering place for
Russian revolutionaries who were preaching the socialist doctrine. Guramishvili, one of the first Georgian women to study abroad, became involved in the student movement and became active with other Georgian women students like Fefo
270:
teacher, upon completing her high school studies, she attended biology lectures with
Professor Tarkhnishvili. At the time, there were few opportunities for university study for women in the Russian Empire, and Guramishvili dreamed of going abroad to further her education in
367:. They had three children โ a son who died young, and two daughters, Nino and Elizabeth, known as "Lolo". He and Guramishvili began a correspondence at this period, which would last throughout their lives. Becoming a socialist, Guramishvili regularly attended the
343:
in 1873, Guramishvili became a member of the group. Its stated purpose was for students abroad to study socialist doctrine to liberate their homeland and form a republican state. In 1874, the
Tsarist regime issued a decree requiring woman students to leave the
322:
461:
257:
399:, wrote that Kato Nikoladze, Mashiko Tsereteli and Guramishvili were to be found as a trio at almost every gathering of Geneva's international community or French communists. After completing her degree in
491:
527:
and both daughters began working as telephone operators for the new Soviet leadership. In the spring, Niko and
Guramishvili returned to Tiflis, where he became one of the founders of the
1377:
1251:
477:
region of western
Georgia. Guramishvili opened a girls' school which introduced new teaching methods, bringing in teachers from Tiflis to help advance her ideas. One of these was
252:
1512:
1502:
1532:
1522:
334:
1492:
641:
there in 1915. Her younger sister, Tamara graduated in 1916โ1917 from the Women's
Pedagogical Institute, indicating that she had likely enrolled four years previously.
1477:
512:, where Niko served as mayor until 1912. While they were living in Poti, Guramishvili continued her focus on education, serving as the chair of the school board.
1507:
1497:
1467:
1527:
1517:
1348:
496:(1888โ1931) and Tamar (1892โ1939) were born during this time. In 1894, she opened a women's gymnasium, which focused on agricultural sciences. Bringing in
456:
160:
486:
164:
1472:
329:
1166:
1462:
1086:
317:
1387:
1406:[Concerning the Name of Public Figure Olga Guramishvili-Nikoladze for Theodore Afanasiev Street Section in Isani District, Tbilisi].
275:. Her father was against the plan, but her mother encouraged Guramishvili, who obtained the passport of Ephrosine Nikoladze, older sister of
1404:"แฅ.แแแแแแกแจแ, แแกแแแก แ แแแแแจแ, แแแแแแ แ แแคแแแแกแแแแแก แฅแฃแฉแแก แแแแแแแแแแกแแแแก แกแแแแแแแ แแแฆแแแฌแแก แแแฆแ แแฃแ แแแแจแแแแ-แแแแแแแซแแก แกแแฎแแแแก แแแแแญแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ"
211:
to the country and taught her students mechanical knitting and weaving. In her later career, she served as the chair of the school board in
1261:
1403:
557:
physiologist and one of the first women in
Georgia to participate in international sporting events, married one of Giorgi's colleagues,
1230:
368:
1447:
524:
1303:
1039:
359:
Though Niko was interested in Guramishvili romantically, she was enjoying her freedom and studies. Niko left Geneva and went to
451:. Niko and Zemianskaia were formally separated in the early summer of 1883, and on 29 July, he and Guramishvili married at the
363:, where he married a Polish woman, Bogumila Zemianskaia (also Bogumiลa Ziemiaลska), who had lived for a while in his hometown,
1292:
1211:
1155:
1487:
1482:
232:
65:
423:
203:
and brought advanced teaching methods to Georgia. In 1886, she founded a girls' school, and later a women's gymnasium, in
1112:
528:
1284:
91:
1222:
266:. After completing her secondary education, Guramishvili attended the Tiflis Women's Gymnasium. Hoping to become an
1452:
575:
447:, though they were unable to marry. Divorce was a difficult process in the period and required permission from the
1360:
215:
from 1894 to 1912. She is remembered for her contributions to education and a street in Tbilisi bears her name.
1077:
396:
536:
376:
1311:
223:
Olga Alexandres asuli Guramishvili (Olga daughter of Alexander Guramishvili) was born on 29 July 1855
1260:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung South Caucasus Regional Office. Archived from
1457:
1180:
312:
1256:
1094:
1356:
1176:
1120:
539:, the family moved to London for three years, before returning to Tiflis, where Niko died in 1928.
296:
1203:
1411:
558:
470:
443:, though he did not refrain from his radical publishing activities. In 1881, they relocated to
288:
204:
1278:
1141:
1197:
967:
292:
1410:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: Ministry of Justice of Georgia. 25 May 2018. Archived from
1442:
1437:
580:
532:
408:
349:
345:
8:
570:
548:
520:
478:
380:
300:
508:
as well as machine knitting and weaving to her students. Later that year, they moved to
436:
432:
248:
199:
biologist and educator. One of the first women to study abroad, she earned a degree in
1254:[Zรผrich Girls: Following in the Footsteps of 19th-Century Georgian Students].
352:, where members of the Yoke became more closely aligned with radical philosophies the
1328:
1320:
1288:
1207:
1151:
1093:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: แฅแแแแแแก แแแแชแแแขแแแ แแแแแกแฌแแ แแแแกแแแแแก. Archived from
1071:
1058:. Blog is edited by Tengiz Verulava, editor of the scientific peer-reviewed journals
1047:
1026:
622:
608:
263:
186:
547:
Guramishvili died on 24 May 1940 in Tbilisi. In 1957, her remains were moved to the
348:
and return to their homelands. Instead, Guramishvili left with Niko to study at the
37:
1382:
1171:
515:
By 1916, Niko was working in Saint Petersburg, having taken a post on the board of
482:
444:
404:
1018:
1123:. Niko Nikoladze 160: Anniversary Collection, MFN: 68783, p=78-84. Archived from
452:
600:
427:
Olga with her husband Niko and their daughters. Photo by their son George, 1902
353:
340:
276:
236:
136:
69:
1124:
1030:
1431:
1324:
384:
243:, to Prince Alexander Guramishvili (b. 1825) and his wife, Princess Ketevan
1234:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
244:
240:
174:
383:
and equality, as well as the socio-economic and political policies of the
505:
497:
372:
272:
208:
815:
448:
431:
Returning to Georgia in 1875, Guramishvili began working at the boys'
1147:
1046:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: แแแแแแ แแแ แฃแแแแ, M.D. Archived from
440:
412:
392:
308:
304:
196:
894:
892:
890:
280:
1355:. St Andrews, Fife, Scotland: School of Mathematics and Statistics
1252:"แชแแฃแ แแฎแแแ แแแแแแแ: แแ-19 แกแแฃแแฃแแแก แฅแแ แแแแแ แกแขแฃแแแแขแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแ"
1199:
The Fall of Tsarism: Untold Stories of the February 1917 Revolution
1165:
Karaulshchikov, Taras; Kinslow, Kenneth; Lyandres, Natasha (2017).
400:
267:
200:
1319:(3). London: International Society of Olympic Historians: 20โ26.
1225:[Georgian Biographical Dictionary: Nino Tkeshelashvili].
887:
474:
388:
364:
224:
87:
61:
1378:"Regular Political Errors or Fear of Loss of Power? โ Part One"
1025:. Tbilisi, Georgia: Publishing House Modi Ltd. pp. 36โ41.
228:
875:
1402:
1304:"Was the "Unknown French Boy" in 1900 actually from Georgia?"
1164:
973:
830:
360:
805:
803:
801:
523:
began, the family immediately supported the creation of the
519:(Russian Liberty), a leading left-leaning journal. When the
994:
841:
839:
509:
501:
212:
1347:
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (September 2018).
955:
788:
786:
784:
771:
769:
767:
765:
933:
931:
863:
798:
904:
836:
407:, but was expelled from Russia for her involvement with
1064:
Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery โ Prevention, Communication
943:
781:
762:
752:
750:
1223:"แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแก แแแแแ แแคแแฃแ แแแฅแกแแแแแจแ: แแแแ แขแงแแจแแแแจแแแแ"
982:
928:
916:
851:
1346:
898:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
371:
section meetings where they discussed such issues as
1513:
19th-century women scientists from Georgia (country)
1503:
20th-century women scientists from Georgia (country)
747:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
659:
1533:
20th-century women educators from Georgia (country)
1523:
19th-century women educators from Georgia (country)
1089:[Olga Guramishvili-Nikoladze (1855โ1940)].
720:
1493:Expatriates from Georgia (country) in Switzerland
671:
1429:
473:, (sometimes known as Didi-Dzhikhaishi), in the
247:(b. 1825). She was related to the Georgian poet
1478:19th-century biologists from the Russian Empire
1508:19th-century scientists from Georgia (country)
1498:20th-century scientists from Georgia (country)
1468:19th-century educators from the Russian Empire
626:
612:
455:in Tiflis. The following year, their daughter
251:, and a relative and god-daughter of Princess
190:
1528:20th-century educators from Georgia (country)
1518:19th-century educators from Georgia (country)
1301:
1220:
1000:
869:
1037:
775:
1375:
1276:
949:
881:
831:Karaulshchikov, Kinslow & Lyandres 2017
809:
1179:. collection #MSE/REE 0001. Archived from
1016:
910:
845:
792:
466:(1884โ1981) was born in Saint Petersburg.
36:
1376:Siharulidze, Madona (23 September 2010).
1249:
1231:National Parliamentary Library of Georgia
1115:[Women of the Nikoladze Family].
756:
262:, a Georgian literary figure, married to
1473:Women scientists from the Russian Empire
1195:
988:
961:
937:
922:
857:
422:
1353:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1087:"แแแฆแ แแฃแ แแแแจแแแแ-แแแแแแแซแ (1855โ1940)"
1084:
741:
525:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
395:. In his memoir, revolutionary figure,
1430:
1139:
1110:
1038:แแแแแแแแจแแแแ, แแแ (11 February 2010).
714:
665:
387:. Many of the lectures focused on the
369:International Workingmen's Association
231:(known after 1936 as Tbilisi), in the
1463:Schoolteachers from Georgia (country)
469:In 1886 or 1887, the family moved to
315:founded an organization known as the
1167:"Polievktov-Nikoladze Family Papers"
599:Formally, in the Georgian system of
195:, 29 July 1855 โ 24 May 1940) was a
1302:Natsvlishvili, Paata (March 2015).
1285:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
542:
13:
1386:. Tbilisi, Georgia. Archived from
1283:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
1017:Abzianidze, Zaza (February 2012).
617:), denotes "daughter of", whereas
110:Olga Alexandres asuli Guramishvili
92:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
14:
1544:
1229:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia:
1146:(2nd ed.). London, England:
1119:(in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia:
1019:"The Architect of Future Georgia"
481:, who she hired as a teacher for
1280:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
1250:แแแแแจแแแแ, แแแแแ (3 June 2015).
1221:Mchedlishvili, David A. (2012).
576:Anastasia Tumanishvili-Tsereteli
535:and served until 1921. When the
403:, Guramishvili briefly lived in
207:. At the school, she introduced
1277:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
1009:
634:
485:. The couples' other children,
145:
16:Georgian biologist and educator
1448:People from Tiflis Governorate
593:
356:in Western Europe and Russia.
253:Olga Guramishvili-Chavchavadze
1:
1408:Legislative Herald of Georgia
1143:Georgian: A Learner's Grammar
1042:[Olga Guramishvili].
975:Legislative Herald of Georgia
899:O'Connor & Robertson 2018
648:
328:(Yoke Society), supported by
218:
653:
7:
1488:University of Geneva alumni
1483:University of Zurich alumni
1060:Health Policy and Insurance
564:
183:Olga Guramishvili-Nikoladze
25:Olga Guramishvili-Nikoladze
10:
1549:
1312:Journal of Olympic History
1202:. Oxford, United Kingdom:
1113:"แแแแแแแซแแแ แแฏแแฎแแก แฅแแแแแ"
1076:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1196:Lyandres, Semion (2014).
627:
613:
529:National Democratic Party
418:
192:แแแฆแ แแฃแ แแแแจแแแแ-แแแแแแแซแ
191:
170:
155:
130:
122:
114:
106:
98:
76:
47:
35:
31:แแแฆแ แแฃแ แแแแจแแแแ-แแแแแแแซแ
30:
23:
1357:University of St Andrews
1349:"Nikoloz Muskhelishvili"
1177:University of Notre Dame
1121:Tbilisi State University
586:
1453:20th-century biologists
1204:Oxford University Press
1175:. Notre Dame, Indiana:
1140:Hewitt, George (2005).
537:Soviets invaded Georgia
227:, a northern suburb of
1257:Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung
1085:แฉแแฎแแแซแ, แแแแ (1976).
559:Nikoloz Muskhelishvili
428:
289:Ekaterine Melikishvili
279:, and made her way to
1111:แญแแแแซแ, แแแแ (2003).
504:, France, she taught
426:
293:Pelagia Natsvlishvili
241:House of Guramishvili
1237:on 29 September 2019
1097:on 29 September 2019
631:) means "son of").
581:Ekaterine Gabashvili
533:Constituent Assembly
409:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
350:University of Geneva
346:University of Zurich
233:Caucasus Viceroyalty
66:Caucasus Viceroyalty
884:, pp. 498โ499.
571:Elizabeth Orbeliani
549:Mtatsminda Pantheon
521:February Revolution
479:Nino Tkeshelashvili
301:Agrippina Japaridze
295:, Ekaterine "Kato"
118:educator, biologist
1414:on 12 October 2019
1390:on 12 October 2019
1363:on 11 October 2019
1183:on 11 October 2019
1091:nateba.websail.net
1040:"แแแแ แแฃแ แแแแจแแแแ"
1001:Natsvlishvili 2015
964:, pp. 44, 46.
870:Mchedlishvili 2012
437:Iakob Gogebashvili
429:
249:Davit Guramishvili
239:into an old noble
42:Guramishvili, 1878
1294:978-1-4422-4146-6
1264:on 2 October 2019
1213:978-0-19-871348-7
1157:978-1-134-31658-8
1127:on 2 October 2019
776:แแแแแแแแจแแแแ 2010
318:แฃแฆแแแ แกแแแแแแแแแแ
264:Ilia Chavchavadze
180:
179:
161:Rusudan Nikoladze
123:Years active
1540:
1458:Women biologists
1423:
1421:
1419:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1383:Georgian Journal
1372:
1370:
1368:
1359:. Archived from
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:on 10 March 2018
1333:
1327:. Archived from
1308:
1298:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1233:. Archived from
1217:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1172:Hesburgh Library
1161:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1034:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
971:
965:
959:
953:
950:Siharulidze 2010
947:
941:
935:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
885:
882:Mikaberidze 2015
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
834:
828:
813:
810:Mikaberidze 2015
807:
796:
790:
779:
773:
760:
754:
745:
739:
718:
712:
669:
663:
642:
638:
632:
630:
629:
616:
615:
597:
543:Death and legacy
495:
483:Russian language
465:
445:Saint Petersburg
405:Saint Petersburg
381:women's suffrage
377:internationalism
338:
326:
313:Giorgi Tsereteli
261:
194:
193:
165:Giorgi Nikoladze
149:
147:
107:Other names
83:
57:
55:
40:
21:
20:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1393:
1391:
1366:
1364:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1306:
1295:
1267:
1265:
1240:
1238:
1214:
1186:
1184:
1158:
1130:
1128:
1100:
1098:
1069:
1068:
1053:
1051:
1050:on 12 July 2017
1023:Modi to Georgia
1012:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
929:
921:
917:
911:Abzianidze 2012
909:
905:
897:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
846:Abzianidze 2012
844:
837:
829:
816:
808:
799:
793:Abzianidze 2012
791:
782:
774:
763:
755:
748:
740:
721:
713:
672:
664:
660:
656:
651:
646:
645:
639:
635:
598:
594:
589:
567:
545:
489:
459:
453:Kashveti Church
421:
397:Nikolai Morozov
332:
320:
255:
221:
151:
148: 1883)
143:
139:
94:
85:
81:
72:
59:
53:
51:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1425:
1424:
1400:
1373:
1344:
1299:
1293:
1274:
1247:
1218:
1212:
1193:
1162:
1156:
1137:
1108:
1082:
1035:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:
993:
981:
966:
954:
942:
927:
915:
903:
886:
874:
862:
850:
835:
814:
812:, p. 499.
797:
780:
761:
757:แแแแแจแแแแ 2015
746:
719:
670:
668:, p. 283.
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
644:
643:
633:
591:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
578:
573:
566:
563:
544:
541:
517:Russkaia volia
471:Didi Jikhaishi
420:
417:
354:intelligentsia
341:Niko Nikoladze
287:Eliozishvili,
277:Niko Nikoladze
237:Russian Empire
220:
217:
205:Didi Jikhaishi
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
157:
153:
152:
141:
137:Niko Nikoladze
135:
134:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
86:
84:(aged 84)
78:
74:
73:
70:Russian Empire
60:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1305:
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