526:. Another author, writing about halitosis, noted that there are generally three types of persons that complain of halitosis: those with above-average odor, those with average or near-average odor who are oversensitive, and those with below-average or no odor who believe they have offensive breath. Therefore, in persons with genuine odor complaints, the distress and concern may typically be out of proportion to the reality of the problem. Genuine halitosis has been described as a social barrier between the individual and friends, relatives, partners and colleagues, and may negatively alter self-esteem and quality of life. Similar psychosocial problems are reported in other conditions which cause genuine odor symptoms. In the literature on halitosis, emphasis is frequently placed on multiple consultations to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis, and also asking the individual to have a reliable confidant accompany them to the consultation who can confirm the reality of the reported symptom. ORS patients are unable to provide such confidants as they have no objective odor.
188:). In one review, ideas of reference were present in 74% of cases. Usually, these involve misinterpretations of comments, gestures and actions of other people such that it is believed that an offensive smell from the individual is being referred to. These thoughts of reference are more pronounced in social situations which the individual with ORS may find stressful, such as public transport, crowded lift, workplace, classroom, etc. Example behaviors which are misinterpreted include coughing, sneezing, turning of the head, opening a window, facial expressions, sniffing, touching nose, scratching head, gestures, moving away, avoiding the person, whistling. Commonly, when being in proximity to others who are talking among themselves, persons with ORS will be convinced that the conversation is about his or her odor. Even the actions of animals (e.g. barking of dogs) can be interpreted as referential to an odor. Persons with ORS may have trouble concentrating at a given task or in particular situations due to obsessive thoughts concerning body odor.
518:(body odor), etc. These conditions are excluded before a diagnosis of ORS is made. Although there are many different publications on topics like halitosis, the symptom is still poorly understood and managed in practice. It is recognized that symptoms such as halitosis can be intermittent, and therefore may not be present at the time of the consultation, leading to misdiagnosis. Individuals with genuine odor symptoms may present with similar mindset and behavior to persons with ORS. For example, one otolaryngologist researcher noted "behavioral problems such as continuous occupation with oral hygiene issues, obsessive use of cosmetic breath freshening products such as mouthwashes, candies, chewing gums, and sprays, avoiding close contact with other people, and turning the head away during conversation" as part of what was termed "
218:, mint, chewing gum, scented candles, and soap; changing clothes (e.g. underwear), multiple times per day, frequent washing of clothes, wearing several layers of clothing, wrapping feet in plastic, wearing garments marketed as odor-reducing, eating special diets, dietary supplements (e.g. intended to reduce flatulence odor), repeatedly seeking reassurance from others that there is no odor, although the negative response is usually interpreted instead as politeness rather than truth, and avoidance behaviors such as habitually sitting at a distance from others, minimizing movement in an attempt "not to spread the odor", keeping the mouth closed and avoiding talking or talking with a hand in front of the mouth.
403:". The revised third edition (DSM-III-R) mentions ORS in the text, stating that "convictions that the person emits a foul odor are one of the most common types of delusion disorder, somatic type." The fourth edition (DSM-IV), does not use the term ORS but again mentions such a condition under "delusional disorder, somatic type", stating "somatic delusions can occur in several forms. Most common are the person's conviction that he or she emits a foul odor from the skin, mouth, rectum or vagina." In the fifth edition (DSM-5), ORS again does not appear as a distinct diagnosis, but it is mentioned in relation to
407:(ćŻŸäșșææç, "disorder of fear of personal interaction"). The variants of taijin kyĆfushĆ (shubo-kyofu "the phobia of a deformed body" and jikoshu-kyofu "fear of foul body odor") are listed under 300.3 (F42) "other specified obsessive compulsive and related disorders", and is about someone's fear that his or her body, or its functions, is offensive to other people. There are four subtypes of taijin kyĆfushĆ. 17% of these individuals have "the phobia of having foul body odor", the subtype termed jikoshu-kyofu. Although taijin kyĆfushĆ has been described as a
231:, becoming housebound, psychiatric hospitalization, and suicide attempts. According to some reports, 74% of persons with ORS avoid social situations, 47% avoid work, academic or other important activities, 40% had been housebound for at least one week because of ORS, and 31.6% had experienced psychiatric hospitalization. With regards to suicide, reports range from 43 to 68% with suicidal ideation, and 32% with a history of at least one suicide attempt. 5.6% died by suicide.
584:. Little data are available regarding the efficacy of these treatments in ORS, but some suggest that psychotherapy yields the highest rate of response to treatment, and that antidepressants are more efficacious than antipsychotics (response rates 78%, 55% and 33% respectively). According to one review, 43% of cases which showed overall improvement required more than one treatment approach, and in only 31% did the first administered treatment lead to some improvement.
165:
considering the condition as a form of delusional disorder, as seems to occur in the DSM, is inappropriate. In one review, in 57% of cases the beliefs were fixed, held with complete conviction, and the individual could not be reassured that the odor was non existent. In 43% of cases the individual held the beliefs with less than complete conviction, and was able to varying degrees to consider the possibility that the odor was not existent.
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of cultural differences, i.e. Western culture being primarily concerned with individual needs, and
Japanese culture primarily with the needs of the many. Hence, it is claimed that ORS mainly focuses on the affected individual's embarrassment, and jikoshu-kyofu is focused on the fear of creating embarrassment in others. In this article, jikoshu-kyofu and ORS are considered as one condition.
533:âtaste dysfunction) can present as a complaint related to smell, and vice versa. These conditions, collectively termed chemosensory dysfunctions, are many and varied, and they may trigger a person to complain of an odor than is not present; however, the diagnostic criteria for ORS require the exclusion of any such causes. They include pathology of the right hemisphere of the brain,
149:). Olfactory hallucination can be considered the result of the belief in an odor delusion, or the belief a result of the olfactory hallucination. In one review, the individual with ORS was unreservedly convinced that he or she could detect the odor themselves in 22% of cases, whilst in 19% there was occasional or intermittent detection and in 59% lack of self-detection was present.
93:(bad breath); the anus; the genitals; the skin generally; or specifically the groin, armpits or feet. The source(s) of the supposed odor may also change over time. There are also some who are unsure of the exact origin of the odor. The odor is typically reported to be continuously present. The character of the odor may be reported as similar to bodily substances, e.g.
416:
literature to refer to subjective halitosis complaints (i.e. when a person complains of halitosis yet no odor is detectable clinically) can also be considered under the umbrella of ORS. Examples include halitophobia, non-genuine halitosis, delusional halitosis, pseudo-halitosis, imaginary halitosis, psychosomatic halitosis, and self halitosis.
133:, burnt rags, candles, garbage, burning fish, medicines, old cheese. Again, the reported character of the odor complaint may change over time. Halitosis appears to be the most common manifestation of ORS, with 75% complaining of bad breath, alone or in combination with other odors. The next most common complaint was sweat (60%).
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When treated, the prognosis is better. In one review, the proportion of treated ORS cases which reported various outcomes were assessed. On average, the patients were followed for 21 months (range: two weeks to ten years). With treatment, 30% recovered (i.e. no longer experienced ORS odor beliefs and
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Conversely, some have suggested that medical conditions which cause genuine odor may sometimes be misdiagnosed as ORS. There are a great many different medical conditions which are reported to potentially cause a genuine odor, and these are usually considered according to the origin of the odor, e.g.
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Such treatments generally have no long-term effect on the individual's belief in an odor symptom. If non-psychiatric clinicians refuse to carry out treatment on the basis that there is no real odor and offer to refer the patient to a psychologist or psychiatrist, persons with ORS typically refuse and
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present when the condition developed but which were unrelated to smell. In one review, 85% of reported cases had traumatic, smell-related experiences, and 17% of cases had stress factors unrelated to smell. Reported smell-related experiences usually revolve around family members, friends, co-workers,
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confined to east Asia (e.g. Japan and Korea), it has been suggested that the jikoshu-kyofu variant of taijin kyĆfushĆ is closely related or identical to ORS, and that such a condition occurs in other cultures. However, some
Western sources state that jikoshu-kyofu and ORS are distinguishable because
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Although the existence of ORS is generally accepted, there is some controversy as to whether it is a distinct condition or merely a part or manifestation of other psychiatric conditions, mainly due to the overlapping similarities. Similarly, there is controversy with regards how the disorder should
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ORS may be misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. About 13% of people with schizophrenia have olfactory hallucinations. Generally, schizophrenic hallucinations are perceived as having an imposed, external origin, while in ORS they are recognized as originating from the individual. The suggested diagnostic
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or SAD. Body dismorphic disorder (BDD) has been described as the closest diagnosis in DSM-IV to ORS as both primarily focus on bodily symptoms. The defining difference between the two is that in BDD the preoccupation is with physical appearance, not body odors. Similarly, where obsessive behaviors
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When untreated, the prognosis for ORS is generally poor. It is chronic, lasting many years or even decades with worsening of symptoms rather than spontaneous remission. Transformation to another psychiatric condition is unlikely, although very rarely what appears to be ORS may later manifest into
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and brother's sexual intimacy. It has been suggested that a proportion of such reported experiences may not have been real, but rather early symptom of ORS (i.e. referential thoughts). Examples of non smell-related stressful periods include guilt due to a romantic affair, being left by a partner,
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95% of persons with ORS engage in at least one excessive hygiene, grooming or other related repetitive practice in an attempt to alleviate, mask and monitor the perceived odor. This has been described as a contrite reaction, and repetitive, counterphobic, "safety", ritual or compulsive behaviors.
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For unknown reasons, males appear to be affected twice as commonly as females. High proportions of ORS patients are unemployed, single, and not socially active. The average age reported is around 20â21 years, with almost 60% of cases occurring in subjects under 20 in one report, although another
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Persons with ORS tend to develop a behavior pattern of avoidance of social activities and progressive social withdrawal. They often avoid travel, dating, relationships, break off engagements and avoid family activities. Due to shame and embarrassment, they may avoid school or work, or repeatedly
164:
into the condition, and can recognize that the odor might not be real, and that their level of concern is excessive. Others argue that reported cases of ORS present a spectrum of different levels of insight. Since sometimes the core belief of ORS is not of delusional intensity, it is argued that
415:
Synonyms for ORS, many historical, include bromidrosiphobia, olfactory phobic syndrome, chronic olfactory paranoid syndrome, autodysomophobia, delusions of bromosis, hallucinations of smell and olfactory delusional syndrome. By definition, the many terms which have been suggested in the dental
136:
Although all individuals with ORS believe they have an odor, in some cases the individual reports they cannot perceive the odor themselves. In the latter cases, the belief arises via misinterpretation of the behavior of others or with the rationale that a disorder of smell which prevents self
322:
was carried out while the person with ORS listened to both neutral words and emotive words. Compared to an age and sex matched healthy control subject under the same conditions, the individual with ORS showed more activation areas in the brain when listening to emotionally loaded words. This
556:. However, some reported ORS cases were presented as co-morbid. Indeed, some have suggested that ORS may in time transform into schizophrenia, but others state there is little evidence for this. Persons with ORS have none of the other criteria to qualify for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
679:
was first proposed in 1971 by
William Pryse-Phillips. Prior to this, published descriptions of what is now thought to be ORS appear from the late 1800s, with the first being Potts 1891. Often the condition was incorrectly described as other conditions, e.g. schizophrenia.
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The typical history of ORS involves a long delay while the person continues to believe there is a genuine odor. On average, a patient with ORS goes undiagnosed for about eight years. Repeated consultation with multiple different non-psychiatric medical specialists
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It has been suggested that various special investigations may be indicated to help rule out some of the above conditions. Depending upon the case, this might include neuroimaging, thyroid and adrenal hormone tests, and analysis of body fluids (e.g. blood) with
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behaviors, excessive tooth brushing, or tongue scraping (a treatment for halitosis), repeated smelling of oneself to check for any odor, over-frequent bathroom use, attempts to mask the odor, with excessive use of
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The causes of ORS are unknown. It is thought that significant negative experiences may trigger the development of ORS. These have been considered as two types: key traumatic experiences related to smell, and life
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are directly and consistently related to body odors rather than anything else, ORS is a more appropriate diagnosis than obsessiveâcompulsive disorder, in which obsessions are different and multiple over time.
431:
Persistent (more than six months), false belief that one emits an offensive odor, which is not perceived by others. There may be degrees of insight (i.e. the belief may or may not be of delusional intensity).
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This pre-occupation causes clinically significant distress (depression, anxiety, shame), social and occupational disability, or may be time-consuming (i.e. preoccupies the individual at least one hour per
543:(SAD) and ORS have some demographic and clinical similarities. Where the social anxiety and avoidance behavior is primarily focussed on concern about body odors, ORS is a more appropriate diagnosis than
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criteria mean that the possibility of ORS is negated by a diagnosis of schizophrenia in which persistent delusions of an offensive body odor and olfactory hallucinations are contributing features for
388:) does not have a specific entry for ORS, or use the term, but in the "persistent delusional disorders" section, states delusions can "express a conviction that others think that they smell."
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Other symptoms may be reported and are claimed to be related to the cause of the odor, such as malfunction of the anal sphincter, a skin disease, "diseased womb", stomach problems or other unknown
89:
The defining feature of ORS is excessive thoughts of having offensive body odor(s) which are detectable to others. The individual may report that the odor comes from: the nose and/or mouth, i.e.
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of mental illness or other conditions in ORS is unclear, because most reported cases have lacked this information. In some cases, there has been reported psychiatric and medical conditions in
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Mountain, H; Brisbane, JM; Hooper, AJ; Burnett, JR; Goldblatt, J (Oct 20, 2008). "Trimethylaminuria (fish malodour syndrome): a "benign" genetic condition with major psychosocial sequelae".
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peers or other people making comments about an odor from the person, which causes embarrassment and shame. Examples include accusation of flatulence during a religious ceremony, or being
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which caused a bad taste in the mouth, mockery about a fish odor from a finger which had been inserted into the person's vagina in the context of a sexual assault, and revulsion about
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The belief is not a symptom of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, and not due to the effects of medication or recreational drug abuse, or any other general medical condition.
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In modern times, commercial advertising pressures have altered the public's attitude towards problems such as halitosis, which have taken on greater negative psychosocial
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Wise, PM; Eades, J; Tjoa, S; Fennessey, PV; Preti, G (Nov 2011). "Individuals reporting idiopathic malodor production: demographics and incidence of trimethylaminuria".
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Various organic diseases may cause parosmias (distortion of the sense of smell). Also, since smell and taste are intimately linked senses, disorders of gustation (e.g.
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of ORS in the general population because data are limited and unreliable, and due to the delusional nature of the condition and the characteristic secrecy and shame.
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for flatulence such at school, accidental urination in class, announcements about a passenger needing to use deodorant over speaker by a driver on public transport,
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FalcĂŁo, DP; Vieira, CN; Batista de Amorim, RF (Mar 2012). "Breaking paradigms: a new definition for halitosis in the context of pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia".
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as a result. For example, in the United States, a poll reported that 55â75 million citizens consider bad breath a "principal concern" during social encounters.
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thoughts of reference), 37% improved and in 33% there was a deterioration in the condition (including suicide) or no change from the pre-treatment status.
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such as schizophrenia, psychosis, alcoholism, suicide, affective disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, paranoia, neurosis, sociopathy, and
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forms of ORS. In the delusional type, there is complete conviction that the odor is real. In the non-delusional type, the individual is capable of some
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638:. Dunne (2015) reported a Case Study treatment of ORS using EMDR which was successful using a trauma model formulation rather than an OCD approach.
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difference was described as abnormal, but less pronounced as would be observed in the brain of a person with a psychotic disorder.
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493:. Despite the absence of any clinically detectable odor, physicians and surgeons may embark on unnecessary investigations (e.g.
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Despite these measures, the odor symptom is reported to still offend other people. Example ORS behaviors include: repetitive
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which the patient thinks are foul and offensive to other individuals. People with this condition often misinterpret others'
50:, as being referential to an unpleasant body odor which in reality is non-existent and cannot be detected by other people.
469:") in an attempt to have their non-existent body odor treated is frequently reported. Individuals with ORS may present to
259:, schizophrenia, hypochondriasis, alcohol or drug abuse and obsessive compulsive disorder may also be co-morbid with ORS.
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Robles, DT; Romm, S; Combs, H; Olson, J; Kirby, P (Jun 15, 2008). "Delusional disorders in dermatology: a brief review".
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Dunne, T.P. (2015). "EMDR: An
Effective and Less Stigmatising Treatment for Olfactory Reference Syndrome", EMDR
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Finkelstein, Y; Talmi, YP; Ophir, D; Berger, G (Oct 2004). "Laser cryptolysis for the treatment of halitosis".
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Begum, M; McKenna, PJ (Mar 2011). "Olfactory reference syndrome: a systematic review of the world literature".
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Arenas, B; Garcia, G; GĂłmez, J; Renovell, M; GarcĂa, V; Olucha-Bordonau, FE; SanjuĂĄn, J (Jan 16, 2013). "".
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for ORS may be complicated as the disorder shares features with other conditions. Consequently, ORS may be
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Cases have been reported from many different countries around the world. It is difficult to estimate the
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Brent, A (2010). "Chapter 46, Odor - unusual". In Gary R. Fleisher; Stephen Ludwig; et al. (eds.).
623:. The most common treatment used for ORS is SSRIs. Specific antidepressants that have been used include
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in ORS is reported. Depression, which is often severe, may be a result of ORS, or may be pre-existing.
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Subramanian, C; Nyirjesy, P; Sobel, JD (Jan 2012). "Genital malodor in women: a modern reappraisal".
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schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, or major depressive disorder. The most significant risk is suicide.
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change jobs and move to another town. Significant developments may occur such as loss of employment,
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1782:"The scent of disease: volatile organic compounds of the human body related to disease and disorder"
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in one case. That is to say, part of the brain was receiving insufficient blood flow. In another,
141:) exists. In the cases where the non-existent odor can be detected, this is usually considered as
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The onset of ORS may be sudden, where it usually follows after a precipitating event, or gradual.
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There is no agreed treatment protocol. In most reported cases of ORS the attempted treatment was
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in which there is a persistent false belief and preoccupation with the idea of emitting abnormal
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be classified. As ORS has obsessive and compulsive features, some consider it as a type of
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People with ORS misinterpret the behavior of others to be related to the imagined odor (
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1759:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.
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1307:"Olfactory reference syndrome: demographic and clinical features of imagined body odor"
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Elias, MS; Ferriani, Md (SepâOct 2006). "Historical and social aspects of halitosis".
717:, because of the belief that the behavior of others is referential to a supposed odor.
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Disorder: Paranoia and Related Illnesses. Concepts in clinical psychiatry
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Sobel, JD (Jun 2012). "Genital malodour in women: an unmet therapeutic challenge".
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1411:"The mouse who couldn't stop washing: pathologic grooming in animals and humans"
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International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
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violence in school, family illness when growing up (e.g. cancer), and bullying.
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1128:"Olfactory reference syndrome: diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis"
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121:; or alternatively it may be an unnatural, non-human or chemical odor, e.g.
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review reported an older average age for both males (29) and females (40).
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Stitt, WZ; Goldsmith, A (Sep 1995). "Scratch and sniff. The dynamic duo".
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ORS has also never been allocated a dedicated entry in any edition of the
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1699:(11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1333, 1334.
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172:. Excessive washing in ORS has been reported to cause the development of
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537:, arteriovenous malformations in the brain, and temporal lobe epilepsy.
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1604:. Arlington, VA: Amer. Psychiatric Pub. Incorporated. 2013. pp.
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399:. In the third edition (DSM-III), ORS was mentioned under "atypical
301:. Sometimes more than one family member had a noteworthy condition.
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belief, some suggest that ORS is a monosymptomatic hypochondriacal
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syndrome" in patients with genuine halitosis secondary to chronic
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Feusner, Jamie D.; Phillips, Katharine A.; Stein, Dan J. (2010).
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Richter, JL (Apr 1996). "Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis".
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855:"Delusions of body malodour: the olfactory reference syndrome."
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Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, eds. (2012).
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Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
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497:), and treatments, including surgery such as, among others,
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2000:"Treatment needs (TN) and practical remedies for halitosis"
864:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 334â353.
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Coil, JM; Yaegaki, K; Matsuo, T; Miyazaki, H (Jun 2002).
1373:"How to help patients with olfactory reference syndrome"
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Pharmacotherapies that have been used for ORS include
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Phillips KA, Gunderson C, Gruber U, Castle D (2006).
397:
1409:
Feusner, JD; Hembacher, E; Phillips, KA (Sep 2009).
1037:
630:
Psychotherapies that have been used for ORS include
2261:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79, 91, 92.
2334:
2081:
1820:
1779:
1304:
1208:Feusner, JD; Phillips, KA; Stein, DJ (Jun 2010).
3558:
2743:
1210:"Olfactory reference syndrome: issues for DSM-V"
1125:
1040:"Olfactory Reference Syndrome: Issues for DSM-V"
994:
455:as another medical or psychiatric condition and
349:component. It is also suggested to be a type of
314:(HMPAO SPECT) demonstrated hypoperfusion of the
1948:
1856:Pausch, NC; Reiss, M; Reiss, G (Feb 2001). "".
1275:Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
3516:
1570:Breath odors origin, diagnosis, and management
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
2302:
1884:
1690:
1688:
1631:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
860:. In Brewer WJ, Castle D, Pantelis C (eds.).
636:eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
2120:
1627:
1625:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
1859:Medizinische Monatsschrift fĂŒr Pharmazeuten
1773:
1347:
1293:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
765:
506:instead seek "a better" doctor or dentist.
234:
16:False belief of emitting pungent body odors
3206:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2473:
2309:
2295:
2197:
2163:
1685:
1650:
1549:
1451:
1397:
1253:
1150:
1088:
312:single-photon emission computed tomography
2095:
2015:
1905:
1797:
1622:
1434:
1330:
1236:
1071:
442:
3469:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
3065:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1757:Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine
1632:Sajatovic M, Loue S, eds. (2012-02-29).
1305:Phillips, KA; Menard, W (JulâAug 2011).
885:
221:
1885:Reiss, M; Reiss, G (Nov 23, 2000). "".
1594:
1592:
1590:
1272:
593:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
3559:
2169:
2084:Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
1957:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
1126:Lochner, C; Stein, DJ (OctâDec 2003).
419:
339:obsessiveâcompulsive spectrum disorder
191:
53:This disorder is often accompanied by
3515:
3383:
3318:
3170:
2897:
2742:
2652:
2472:
2333:
2290:
2254:
2248:
1911:
1754:
1748:
320:functional magnetic resonance imaging
76:
2653:
2041:OtolaryngologyâHead and Neck Surgery
1587:
1573:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 89â90.
1281:(4): 370â2, 374â6 passim, quiz 388.
179:
3172:Physiological and physical behavior
1780:Shirasu, M; Touhara, K (Sep 2011).
711:, pertaining to the sense of smell.
13:
3118:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
2512:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2141:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02126.x
2017:10.1002/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00922.x
1697:Carranza's clinical periodontology
1567:Nir Sterer; Mel Rosenberg (2011).
1323:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.04.004
307:has been used to investigate ORS.
14:
3588:
3298:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
331:
84:
2598:X-linked intellectual disability
2129:The Medical Journal of Australia
1722:The American Journal of Medicine
1634:Encyclopedia of immigrant health
1132:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
393:American Psychiatric Association
2427:Intermittent explosive disorder
2352:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
2172:"Sweaty, smelly hands and feet"
2106:10.1590/s0104-11692006000500026
2075:
2032:
1991:
1914:Sexually Transmitted Infections
1878:
1849:
1814:
1713:
1371:Phillips KA, Castle DJ (2007).
654:
3070:Dissociative identity disorder
2335:Adult personality and behavior
1031:
341:, while others consider it an
309:Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime
1:
759:
545:avoidant personality disorder
3572:Psychopathological syndromes
3474:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
3011:Generalized anxiety disorder
2744:Neurological and symptomatic
2389:Sexual relationship disorder
2283:, Vol. 7, No.1, Jan, pp 6â7.
2226:10.1088/1752-7155/6/1/017105
2053:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.044
2004:International Dental Journal
1969:10.1097/LGT.0b013e31822b7512
1926:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050440
1734:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.05.030
702:olfactory reference syndrome
695:
677:olfactory reference syndrome
641:
632:cognitive behavioral therapy
601:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
567:
427:have been proposed for ORS:
353:or, as it involves a single
326:
137:detection of the odor (i.e.
20:Olfactory reference syndrome
7:
3250:REM sleep behavior disorder
2719:Seasonal affective disorder
2517:Separation anxiety disorder
2179:Australian Family Physician
1311:General Hospital Psychiatry
727:
10:
3593:
3517:Symptoms and uncategorized
2618:developmental disabilities
2384:Sexual maturation disorder
2206:Journal of Breath Research
1835:10.1001/archderm.131.9.997
1659:Dermatology Online Journal
683:
670:
3567:Somatic symptom disorders
3522:
3511:
3487:
3479:Simple-type schizophrenia
3456:
3448:Schizophreniform disorder
3425:
3404:
3400:
3379:
3332:
3314:
3283:
3260:
3214:
3181:
3177:
3166:
3088:
3055:
3003:
2946:
2937:
2918:
2914:
2893:
2859:
2826:Mild cognitive impairment
2811:CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
2791:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2709:Major depressive disorder
2662:
2648:
2614:Psychological development
2613:
2588:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2397:
2344:
2340:
2329:
1427:10.1017/S1092852900023567
1009:10.1017/S0033291710001091
597:tricyclic antidepressants
378:World Health Organization
262:
3527:Impulse-control disorder
3443:Schizoaffective disorder
3438:Brief reactive psychosis
3135:Mass psychogenic illness
3098:Body dysmorphic disorder
2877:Post-concussion syndrome
2487:Emotional and behavioral
2255:Munro, Alistair (1999).
1535:10.33588/rn.5602.2012555
380:'s 10th revision of the
351:body dysmorphic disorder
255:, may exist with ORS.
251:, and predominantly the
235:Psychiatric co-morbidity
3464:Childhood schizophrenia
2816:Frontotemporal dementia
2773:High-functioning autism
2590:Intellectual disability
2170:Scarff, CE (Sep 2009).
1823:Archives of Dermatology
1786:Journal of Biochemistry
862:Olfaction and the brain
541:Social anxiety disorder
147:olfactory hallucination
2981:Specific social phobia
2872:Organic brain syndrome
2714:Melancholic depression
2475:Childhood and learning
1636:. New York: Springer.
1217:Depression and Anxiety
1044:Depression and Anxiety
997:Psychological Medicine
499:thoracic sympathectomy
449:differential diagnosis
443:Differential diagnosis
409:culture-bound syndrome
295:first degree relatives
65:, avoidance behavior,
3537:Psychomotor agitation
3327:and substance-related
3270:Postpartum depression
3150:Somatization disorder
3036:Acute stress reaction
2801:AIDS dementia complex
1523:Revista de NeurologĂa
371:monothematic delusion
245:Personality disorders
222:Functional impairment
186:thoughts of reference
28:psychiatric condition
3532:KlĂŒverâBucy syndrome
3362:Substance dependence
3275:Postpartum psychosis
2821:Huntington's disease
2603:LujanâFryns syndrome
2452:Personality disorder
401:somatoform disorders
289:The importance of a
3412:Delusional disorder
3357:Stimulant psychosis
3347:Physical dependence
3201:Rumination syndrome
3103:Conversion disorder
3080:Psychogenic amnesia
2930:with depressed mood
2928:Adjustment disorder
2831:Parkinson's disease
2806:Alzheimer's disease
2699:Atypical depression
2535:Social functioning
2410:Munchausen syndrome
2405:Factitious disorder
2218:2012JBR.....6a7105P
2010:(Suppl 3): 187â91.
1386:(3). Archived from
749:Delusional disorder
425:Diagnostic criteria
420:Diagnostic criteria
367:delusional disorder
316:frontotemporal lobe
192:Repetitive behavior
3431:schizophrenia-like
3075:Dissociative fugue
2524:Movement disorders
1671:10.5070/D32MC7J245
1380:Current Psychiatry
734:Fish Odor syndrome
562:gas chromatography
475:gastroentrologists
345:due to the strong
119:vaginal secretions
77:Signs and symptoms
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3375:
3374:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3051:
3050:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2846:Vascular dementia
2768:Asperger syndrome
2734:
2733:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2578:Tourette syndrome
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2268:978-1-139-42732-6
1799:10.1093/jb/mvr090
1766:978-1-60547-159-4
1706:978-1-4377-0416-7
1643:978-1-4419-5659-0
1615:978-0-89042-554-1
1580:978-3-642-19312-5
871:978-0-521-84922-7
479:otolaryngologists
180:Referential ideas
152:Some distinguish
42:, touching their
3584:
3513:
3512:
3402:
3401:
3381:
3380:
3316:
3315:
3191:Anorexia nervosa
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3145:Psychogenic pain
3113:Globus pharyngis
2961:Childhood phobia
2944:
2943:
2916:
2915:
2895:
2894:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2650:
2649:
2549:Selective mutism
2500:Conduct disorder
2483:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2447:Trichotillomania
2422:Gender dysphoria
2417:Fear of intimacy
2374:Sexual anhedonia
2342:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2318:Mental disorders
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2272:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1564:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1377:
1368:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1229:10.1002/da.20688
1214:
1205:
1148:
1147:
1123:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1056:10.1002/da.20688
1035:
1029:
1028:
992:
883:
882:
880:
874:. Archived from
859:
850:
754:Bipolar disorder
343:anxiety disorder
257:Bipolar disorder
71:social isolation
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3518:
3499:
3483:
3452:
3430:
3421:
3396:
3371:
3328:
3325:substance abuse
3302:
3279:
3256:
3210:
3196:Bulimia nervosa
3173:
3154:
3130:Hypochondriasis
3125:False pregnancy
3108:Ganser syndrome
3090:Somatic symptom
3084:
3047:
2999:
2988:Specific phobia
2933:
2910:
2881:
2855:
2787:
2783:Savant syndrome
2755:Autism spectrum
2745:
2730:
2658:
2636:
2615:
2609:
2584:
2477:
2456:
2432:Dermatillomania
2393:
2379:Sexual anorexia
2336:
2325:
2315:
2276:
2269:
2253:
2249:
2202:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2125:
2121:
2097:10.1.1.586.5603
2080:
2076:
2037:
2033:
1996:
1992:
1953:
1949:
1910:
1906:
1883:
1879:
1854:
1850:
1819:
1815:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1753:
1749:
1728:(11): 1058â63.
1718:
1714:
1707:
1693:
1686:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1565:
1550:
1519:
1452:
1407:
1398:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1348:
1303:
1294:
1271:
1254:
1212:
1206:
1151:
1124:
1089:
1036:
1032:
993:
886:
878:
872:
857:
851:
766:
762:
730:
698:
686:
673:
657:
644:
621:benzodiazepines
589:antidepressants
582:psychotherapies
574:antidepressants
570:
535:substance abuse
467:doctor shopping
445:
422:
405:taijin kyĆfushĆ
363:hypochondriacal
334:
329:
265:
237:
224:
194:
182:
170:organic disease
87:
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Rebound effect
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:Hypersexuality
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3026:Panic disorder
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:Claustrophobia
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2976:Anthropophobia
2968:
2966:Social anxiety
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Pick's disease
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2322:Classification
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2247:
2196:
2162:
2119:
2074:
2031:
1990:
1947:
1904:
1893:(47): 1953â5.
1877:
1848:
1813:
1772:
1765:
1747:
1712:
1705:
1684:
1649:
1642:
1621:
1614:
1586:
1579:
1548:
1450:
1396:
1393:on 2015-05-11.
1346:
1317:(4): 398â406.
1292:
1252:
1149:
1087:
1050:(6): 592â599.
1030:
884:
881:on 2014-01-08.
870:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
729:
726:
725:
724:
718:
712:
697:
694:
685:
682:
672:
669:
656:
653:
643:
640:
617:chlorpromazine
605:antipsychotics
578:antipsychotics
576:, followed by
569:
566:
514:(bad breath),
471:dermatologists
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
432:
421:
418:
333:
332:Classification
330:
328:
325:
291:family history
264:
261:
236:
233:
223:
220:
193:
190:
181:
178:
158:non-delusional
86:
85:Odor complaint
83:
78:
75:
61:, significant
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3589:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3510:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:Schizophrenia
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:Schizophrenia
3382:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Drug overdose
3335:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3285:Sexual desire
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3165:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:Social phobia
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:-related and
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:(1): 017105.
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1792:(3): 257â66.
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:(9): 503â13.
1420:
1416:
1415:CNS Spectrums
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1138:(4): 328â31.
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:(3): 453â61.
1002:
998:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
877:
873:
867:
863:
856:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
764:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Schizophrenia
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:
693:
691:
681:
678:
668:
664:
662:
652:
648:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
557:
555:
549:
546:
542:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
507:
504:
503:tonsillectomy
500:
496:
492:
491:gynecologists
488:
487:proctologists
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
460:
459:
454:
450:
437:
433:
430:
429:
428:
426:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
284:
280:
276:
271:
260:
258:
254:
253:avoidant type
250:
247:, especially
246:
242:
232:
230:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
189:
187:
177:
175:
171:
166:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
74:
72:
68:
67:social phobia
64:
60:
59:embarrassment
56:
51:
49:
46:or opening a
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3417:Folie Ă deux
3342:Intoxication
3323:substances,
3321:Psychoactive
3240:Night terror
3057:Dissociative
3021:Panic attack
2573:Tic disorder
2280:
2257:
2250:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2185:(9): 666â9.
2182:
2178:
2165:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2090:(5): 821â3.
2087:
2083:
2077:
2047:(4): 372â7.
2044:
2040:
2034:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1963:(1): 49â55.
1960:
1956:
1950:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1866:(2): 48â50.
1863:
1857:
1851:
1829:(9): 997â9.
1826:
1822:
1816:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1756:
1750:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1696:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1633:
1606:263â264, 837
1600:
1569:
1529:(2): 65â71.
1526:
1522:
1418:
1414:
1388:the original
1383:
1379:
1314:
1310:
1278:
1274:
1223:(6): 592â9.
1220:
1216:
1135:
1131:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1000:
996:
876:the original
861:
704:comes from:
701:
699:
687:
676:
674:
665:
658:
655:Epidemiology
649:
645:
629:
625:clomipramine
586:
580:and various
571:
558:
550:
539:
528:
516:bromhidrosis
508:
463:
456:
453:misdiagnosed
446:
423:
414:
390:
375:
335:
305:Neuroimaging
303:
288:
266:
241:co-morbidity
239:Psychiatric
238:
225:
195:
183:
167:
157:
153:
151:
135:
88:
80:
52:
23:
19:
18:
3390:schizotypal
3225:Hypersomnia
3215:Nonorganic
2956:Agoraphobia
2687:Cyclothymia
2682:Bipolar NOS
2657:(affective)
2529:Stereotypic
2437:Kleptomania
609:blonanserin
554:criterion A
524:tonsillitis
495:gastroscopy
3561:Categories
3542:Stereotypy
3405:Delusional
3394:delusional
3367:Withdrawal
3235:Parasomnia
3140:Nosophobia
2920:Adjustment
2908:somatoform
2841:Sundowning
2694:Depression
2677:Bipolar II
2566:Stuttering
2561:Cluttering
2357:Paraphilia
2135:(8): 468.
1920:(4): 238.
760:References
739:Bad breath
661:prevalence
458:vice versa
355:delusional
208:deodorants
201:and other
154:delusional
143:phantosmia
32:body odors
3577:Body odor
3495:Catatonia
3427:Psychosis
3262:Postnatal
3245:Nightmare
2851:Wandering
2704:Dysthymia
2672:Bipolar I
2627:Pervasive
2442:Pyromania
2367:Voyeurism
2362:Fetishism
2092:CiteSeerX
1942:207027103
1064:1091-4269
715:Reference
709:Olfactory
700:The term
696:Etymology
675:The term
642:Prognosis
568:Treatment
531:dysgeusia
512:halitosis
359:psychosis
327:Diagnosis
279:sinusitis
270:stressors
249:cluster C
216:mouthwash
199:showering
129:, rotten
127:detergent
91:halitosis
36:behaviors
3230:Insomnia
2900:Neurotic
2867:Delirium
2793:Dementia
2632:Specific
2234:22368258
2191:19893792
2157:35200507
2149:18928446
2114:17117270
2069:25036981
2061:15467602
2026:12090450
1985:21530432
1977:21964208
1934:22383853
1899:11143967
1872:11255985
1808:21771869
1742:21851918
1679:18713583
1665:(6): 2.
1543:23307351
1445:19890232
1341:21762838
1247:20533369
1144:14699232
1082:20533369
1025:34660521
1017:20529415
728:See also
721:Syndrome
690:sequelae
607:, (e.g.
591:, (e.g.
483:dentists
365:type of
299:epilepsy
283:menarche
212:perfumes
203:grooming
63:distress
40:sniffing
2939:Anxiety
2778:PDD-NOS
2667:Bipolar
2320: (
2214:Bibcode
1843:7661625
1436:2853748
1332:3139109
1287:9051972
1238:4247225
1073:4247225
684:Society
671:History
619:), and
613:lithium
347:anxiety
275:bullied
229:divorce
162:insight
139:anosmia
123:ammonia
111:vomitus
38:, e.g.
26:) is a
3183:Eating
3031:Stress
2948:Phobia
2904:stress
2763:Autism
2556:Speech
2345:Sexual
2265:
2242:814114
2240:
2232:
2189:
2155:
2147:
2112:
2094:
2067:
2059:
2024:
1983:
1975:
1940:
1932:
1897:
1887:Praxis
1870:
1841:
1806:
1763:
1740:
1703:
1677:
1640:
1612:
1577:
1541:
1443:
1433:
1339:
1329:
1285:
1245:
1235:
1142:
1080:
1070:
1062:
1023:
1015:
868:
489:, and
386:ICD-10
369:, see
263:Causes
174:eczema
131:onions
99:flatus
48:window
3488:Other
3217:sleep
3004:Other
2860:Other
2726:Mania
2398:Other
2238:S2CID
2175:(PDF)
2153:S2CID
2065:S2CID
1981:S2CID
1938:S2CID
1391:(PDF)
1376:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1021:S2CID
879:(PDF)
858:(PDF)
520:skunk
435:day).
115:semen
107:sweat
103:urine
95:feces
55:shame
3392:and
3041:PTSD
2655:Mood
2495:ADHD
2263:ISBN
2230:PMID
2187:PMID
2145:PMID
2110:PMID
2057:PMID
2022:PMID
1973:PMID
1930:PMID
1895:PMID
1868:PMID
1839:PMID
1804:PMID
1761:ISBN
1738:PMID
1701:ISBN
1675:PMID
1638:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1539:PMID
1441:PMID
1337:PMID
1283:PMID
1243:PMID
1140:PMID
1078:PMID
1060:ISSN
1013:PMID
866:ISBN
501:and
447:The
376:The
156:and
69:and
44:nose
3429:and
3016:OCD
2544:RAD
2539:DAD
2505:ODD
2281:Now
2222:doi
2137:doi
2133:189
2102:doi
2049:doi
2045:131
2012:doi
1965:doi
1922:doi
1831:doi
1827:131
1794:doi
1790:150
1730:doi
1726:124
1667:doi
1531:doi
1431:PMC
1423:doi
1327:PMC
1319:doi
1233:PMC
1225:doi
1068:PMC
1052:doi
1005:doi
603:),
395:'s
373:).
24:ORS
3563::
3388:,
2902:,
2236:.
2228:.
2220:.
2208:.
2183:38
2181:.
2177:.
2151:.
2143:.
2131:.
2108:.
2100:.
2088:14
2086:.
2063:.
2055:.
2043:.
2020:.
2008:52
2006:.
2002:.
1979:.
1971:.
1961:16
1959:.
1936:.
1928:.
1918:88
1916:.
1891:89
1889:.
1864:24
1862:.
1837:.
1825:.
1802:.
1788:.
1784:.
1736:.
1724:.
1687:^
1673:.
1663:14
1661:.
1624:^
1608:.
1589:^
1551:^
1537:.
1527:56
1525:.
1453:^
1439:.
1429:.
1419:14
1417:.
1413:.
1399:^
1382:.
1378:.
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