493:
904:, that they release at high concentrations in their sweat. Their perspiration unlike humans is created by apocrine glands. This protein, by wetting the horses' coat hairs facilitate water flow for cooling evaporation. The presence of this protein can be seen in the lathering that often occurs on the coats of sweating horses, especially when rubbed. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intensity exercise can lose 30 to 35 litres (6.6 to 7.7 imp gal; 7.9 to 9.2 US gal) of water and 100 grams (3.5 oz) of sodium, 198 grams (7.0 oz) of chloride and 45 grams (1.6 oz) of potassium.
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36:
756:, feet, and hands, it is possible for someone to experience this condition over their whole body. The face is another common area for hyperhidrosis to be an issue. Sweating uncontrollably is not always expected and may be embarrassing to people with the condition. It can cause both physiological and emotional problems in patients. It is generally inherited. It is not life-threatening, but it is threatening to a person's quality of life. Treatments for hyperhidrosis include
440:
1162:. Sweat can be sampled and sensed non-invasively and continuously using electronic tattoos, bands, or patches. However, sweat as a diagnostic fluid presents numerous challenges as well, such as very small sample volumes and filtration (dilution) of larger-sized hydrophilic analytes. Currently the only major commercial application for sweat diagnostics is for infant cystic fibrosis testing based on sweat chloride concentrations.
789:
there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats caused by a medical condition or infection can be described as "severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to the environment". Some of the underlying medical conditions and infections that cause these severe night sweats can be life-threatening and should promptly be investigated by a medical practitioner.
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If an individual weighs more, sweat rate is likely to increase because the body must exert more energy to function and there is more body mass to cool down. On the other hand, a fit person will start sweating earlier and more readily. As someone becomes fit, the body becomes more efficient at regulating the body's temperature and sweat glands adapt along with the body's other systems.
284:. The eccrine sweat glands are distributed over much of the body and are responsible for secreting the watery, brackish sweat most often triggered by excessive body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are restricted to the armpits and a few other areas of the body and produce an odorless, oily, opaque secretion which then gains its characteristic odor from bacterial decomposition.
1037:). Probably many other less-abundant trace minerals leave the body through sweating with correspondingly lower concentrations. Some exogenous organic compounds make their way into sweat as exemplified by an unidentified odiferous "maple syrup" scented compound in several of the species in the mushroom genus
828:
Sweating causes a decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling at the skin surface. As high energy molecules evaporate from the skin, releasing energy absorbed from the body, the skin and superficial vessels decrease in temperature. Cooled venous blood then returns to the body's core and
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Artificial skin capable of sweating similar to natural sweat rates and with the surface texture and wetting properties of regular skin has been developed for research purposes. Artificial perspiration is also available for in-vitro testing, and contains 19 amino acids and the most abundant minerals
852:
People have an average of two to four million sweat glands, but how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including sex, genetics, environmental conditions, age and fitness level. Two of the major contributors to sweat rate are an individual's fitness level and weight.
719:
is well known for its use as a diaphoretic, and was widely used in the 19th and early 20th century by physicians to "purge" the body of an illness. However, due to the high toxicity of mercury, secondary symptoms would manifest, which were erroneously attributed to the former disease that was being
788:
While night sweats might be relatively harmless, it can also be a sign of a serious underlying disease. It is important to distinguish night sweats due to medical causes from those that occur simply because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because
879:: the maximum rate of sweating increases and its solute composition decreases. The volume of water lost in sweat daily is highly variable, ranging from 100 to 8,000 millilitres per day (0.041 to 3.259 imp fl oz/ks). The solute loss can be as much as 350
295:, which is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2–4 litres (0.53–1.06 US gal) per hour or 10–14 litres (2.6–3.7 US gal) per day, but is less in children prior to puberty.
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Horses have a thick, waterproofed, hairy coat that would normally block the rapid translocation of sweat water from the skin to the surface of the hair required for evaporative cooling. To solve this, horses have evolved a detergent-like protein,
927:. A microfluidic model of the eccrine sweat gland provides details on what solutes partition into sweat, their mechanisms of partitioning, and their fluidic transport to the skin surface. Dissolved in the water are trace amounts of
155:
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under the most extreme conditions. During average intensity exercise, sweat losses can average up to 2 litres (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal) of water/hour. In a cool climate and in the absence of
734:. The allergy is not due to the sweat itself but instead to an allergy-producing protein secreted by bacteria found on the skin. Tannic-acid has been found to suppress the allergic response along with showering.
832:
There are two situations in which the nerves will stimulate the sweat glands, causing perspiration: during physical heat and during emotional stress. In general, emotionally induced sweating is restricted to
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One of the most common causes of night sweats in women over 40 is the hormonal changes related to menopause and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during the menopausal transition years.
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Bandodkar AJ, Hung VW, Jia W, Ramirez GV, Windmiller JR, Martinez AG, Ramirez J, Chan G, Kagan K, Wang J (2013). "Tattoo-based potentiometric ion-selective sensors for epidermal pH monitoring".
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Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within
2005:
Kameia T, Tsudab T, Kitagawab S, Naitoha K, Nakashimaa K, Ohhashi T (5 June 1998). "Physical stimuli and emotional stress-induced sweat secretions in the human palm and forehead".
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Hou L, Hagen J, Wang X, Papautsky I, Naik R, Kelley-Loughnane N, Heikenfeld J (2013-04-23). "Artificial microfluidic skin for in vitro perspiration simulation and testing".
727:(childhood mercury poisoning) is characterized by excessive perspiration. A clinician should immediately consider acrodynia in an afebrile child who is sweating profusely.
825:. Overall, however, the sweating response to a rise in hypothalamic ('core') temperature is much larger than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature.
782:
Night sweats, also known as nocturnal hyperhidrosis, is the occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep. The person may or may not also perspire excessively while awake.
508:, fever, ingestion of toxins or irritants, and high environmental temperature. Strong emotions (anger, fear, anxiety) and recall of past trauma can also trigger sweating.
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and hence are termed sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons.
1387:
Sawka ML, Wenger CB, Pandolf KB (1996). "Thermoregulatory responses to acute exercise-heat stress and heat acclimation". In Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds.).
809:, where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the
896:, sodium loss can be very low (less than 5 mmol/d). Sodium concentration in sweat is 30–65 mmol/L, depending on the degree of acclimatisation.
387:
to an underlying condition (in which case it is called secondary hyperhidrosis) and usually involving the body as a whole (in which case it is called
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Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the brain's
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752:, but more than half never receive treatment due to embarrassment, lack of awareness, or lack of concern. While it most commonly affects the
326:) produce sweat in order to cool down. In horses, such cooling sweat is created by apocrine glands and contains a wetting agent, the protein
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1767:
Boron, Walter F., and Emile L. Boulpaep. "Sweating." Medical
Physiology. Updated 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2012. 1260–264. Print.
605:, which can result in serious sickness or even death. Diaphoresis can also be caused by many types of infections, often accompanied by
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Robyn A Peterson, Audrey
Gueniche, Ségolène Adam de Beaumais, Lionel Breton, Maria Dalko-Csiba, Nicolle H Packer (17 November 2015).
311:, accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and
307:
weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is produced. Animals with few sweat glands, such as
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Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT (April 1989). "Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function".
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617:. Most infections can cause some degree of diaphoresis and it is a very common symptom in some serious infections such as
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Heikenfeld J (2016). "Non-invasive
Analyte Access and Sensing through Eccrine Sweat: Challenges and Outlook circa 2016".
2072:
2101:"The microfluidics of the eccrine sweat gland, including biomarker partitioning, transport, and biosensing implications"
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are also excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is (although measurements can vary fifteenfold)
53:
982:(ENaC) that are located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells that form the duct (see Fig. 9 of the reference).
765:
479:
121:
2478:"A mass-customizable dermal patch with discrete colorimetric indicators for personalized sweat rate quantification"
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Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC (2007). "Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress".
2743:
1246:
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Nadel ER, Bullard RW, Stolwijk JA (July 1971). "Importance of skin temperature in the regulation of sweating".
626:
461:
2329:"Sweating the small stuff: Glycoproteins in human sweat and their unexplored potential for microbial adhesion"
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or sign, which means that it has many possible causes. Some causes of diaphoresis include physical exertion,
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418:. Medications that are used for other treatments and diet also affect odor. Some medical conditions, such as
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Sonner Z, Wilder E, Heikenfeld J, Kasting G, Beyette F, Swaile D, Sherman F, Joyce J, Hagen J (2015-05-01).
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that either bind directly to, or prevent the binding of microbes to, the skin and seem to form part of the
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sweat has a high concentration of Na ions. In the sweat ducts, the Na ions are re-absorbed into tissue by
1288:"Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages"
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climate, adaptive changes occur in the sweating mechanisms of the person. This process is referred to as
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is increased or excessive sweating in certain regions such as the underarm, palms, soles, face, or groin.
78:
1108:, was shown to be effective at killing some species of bacteria and fungi that affect humans, including
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or differentiable from it only by clinical criteria involved in narrow specialist senses of the words).
1948:"The impact of hyperhidrosis on patients' daily life and quality of life: a qualitative investigation"
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Hidromeiosis is a reduction in sweating that is due to blockages of sweat glands in humid conditions.
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or other secretory fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, and milk). It does this through a combination of
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neurons; however, the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands secrete
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17:
1053:). Sweat is found at moderately acidic to neutral pH levels, typically between 4.5 and 7.0.
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Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals, relatively few (apart from humans,
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2016:
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Mack GW, Nadel ER (1996). "Body fluid balance during heat stress in humans". In Fregly MJ,
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813:. High skin temperature reduces the hypothalamic set point for sweating and increases the
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Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A (January 2017).
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625:. In addition, pneumothorax can cause diaphoresis with splinting of the chest wall.
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Kamudoni P, Mueller B, Halford J, Schouveller A, Stacey B, Salek M (8 June 2017).
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McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ (1998). "Sweating: Fluid and Ion Losses and
Replacement".
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injections or surgical cutting of nerves that stimulate the excessive sweating (
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Cohn JR, Emmett EA (1978). "The excretion of traces of metals in human sweat".
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860:; though it contains no protein, it always contains a small amount (0.2–1%) of
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361:) or excessive perspiration (in which sense they can be either synonymous with
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2228:"Sweat Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium and Chromium Levels in National Wrestler"
1964:
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McDonald RE, Fleming RI, Beeley JG, et al. (2009). Koutsopoulos S (ed.).
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715:) also cause contraction of sweat gland smooth muscle leading to diaphoresis.
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range of human sweat, where it was present at concentrations of 1–10 mg/ml.
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A substance or medicine that causes perspiration is a sudorific or sudatory.
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1420:" [Further research on the branched sweat glands in some mammals].
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and other malignant diseases (e.g. leukemias) can also cause diaphoresis.
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from skin. This protein, which could be cleaved into other antimicrobial
939:. Although the mineral content varies, some measured concentrations are:
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760:, iontophoresis, and surgical removal of sweat glands. In severe cases,
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have also been associated with diaphoresis. Diaphoresis due to ectopic
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464: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Yokozeki H, Murota H, Katayama I (1 September 2016). "Sweat
Allergy".
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Diaphoresis may be associated with some abnormal conditions, such as
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1847:. Current Problems in Dermatology. Vol. 51. pp. 101–108.
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849:, while physical heat-induced sweating occurs throughout the body.
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1945:
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Jenkinson DM (April 1973). "Comparative
Physiology of Sweating".
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International
Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
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The vast majority of sweat glands in the body are innervated by
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neurons. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically secrete
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1242:"Simultaneous Study of Constituents of Urine and Perspiration"
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which transfers from the skin to the surface of their coats.
288:
210:
77:"Perspire" redirects here. For the song by Gigolo Aunts, see
2418:"DCD dermcidin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI"
2004:
1721:"Maintaining health, comfort and productivity in heat waves"
2969:
1927:. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 7 June 2023
1389:
Handbook of
Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology
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Handbook of
Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology
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of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to
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Jain V, Ochoa M, Jiang H, Rahimi R, Ziaie B (2019-06-17).
1797:
Hiragun T, Hiragun M, Ishii K, Kan T, Hide M (July 2017).
1594:"Latherin: A Surfactant Protein of Horse Sweat and Saliva"
1422:
Bollettino della Società Italiana di
Biologia Sperimentale
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An athlete with sweat on his face after physical exertion.
308:
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Ferner S, Koszmagk R, Lehmann A, Heilmann W (1990). "".
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1366:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–214.
1132:. It was active at high salt concentrations and in the
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590:, and chest discomfort, it suggests serious illness.
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44:
A request that this article title be changed to
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
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The evaporation of sweat on the skin cools the body.
1449:"Sweat gland function of the donkey (Equus asinus)"
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1539:
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1335:Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals
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597:(heart attack), from the increased firing of the
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542:and shock. If it is accompanied by unexplained
2624:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2574:Zeitschrift für Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane
1543:
2744:
1831:
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349:can both mean either perspiration (in which
70:"Sweat" redirects here. For other uses, see
61:this article until the discussion is closed.
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371:is decreased sweating from whatever cause.
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2256:1986 Ten Speed Press, Berkeley California
2201:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
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1981:
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1447:Robertshaw D, Taylor CR (November 1969).
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821:system in response to variations in core
480:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2367:
2232:İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi
1799:"Sweat allergy: Extrinsic or intrinsic?"
1664:
1657:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1644:
1418:Cavia cobaya, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus
911:
796:
491:
1778:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome~clinical
636:shots or oral medications may have low
27:Fluid secreted from sudoriferous glands
14:
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1919:
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829:counteracts rising core temperatures.
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2226:Saraymen R, Kılıç E, Yazar S (2004).
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1391:. New York: Oxford University Press.
644:), which can also cause diaphoresis.
593:Diaphoresis is also seen in an acute
401:
1650:
462:adding citations to reliable sources
433:
162:Droplets of perspiration on the skin
83:
29:
2252:Aurora, David "Lactarius fragilis"
2073:American College of Sports Medicine
1952:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
1912:
1697:. Allaboutsweat.com. Archived from
748:Millions of people are affected by
291:, sweating is primarily a means of
24:
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2482:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
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1580:
1510:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07573.x
1495:
1100:, isolated a large protein called
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534:Pathological sweating and symptoms
109:improve coverage for other species
25:
3179:
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1803:Journal of Dermatological Science
766:endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
2657:
2370:"Bacteria killer found in sweat"
1158:There is interest in its use in
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613:which can trigger the result of
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1998:
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1292:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
1247:Journal of Biological Chemistry
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449:needs additional citations for
383:is excessive sweating, usually
148:Sweating, hidrosis, diaphoresis
1816:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.002
1498:British Journal of Dermatology
1489:
1465:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008952
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1405:
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627:Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
426:, can also affect sweat odor.
333:
111:and discuss this issue on the
13:
1:
2636:10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70063-3
2595:Journal of Applied Physiology
2029:10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00642-9
1558:10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30213-4
1261:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)76026-2
1240:Mosher HH (1 February 1933).
1226:
916:Beads of sweat emerging from
864:. When a person moves from a
2270:(6th ed.). p. 151.
1677:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
1619:10.1371/journal.pone.0005726
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7:
2760:Skin and related structures
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257:, is the fluid secreted by
79:Tales from the Vinegar Side
10:
3184:
2607:10.1152/jappl.1971.31.1.80
2386:10.1136/bmj.323.7323.1206c
1695:"Academy of Hyperhidrosis"
1412:Goglia G (January 1953). "
1150:and metabolites in sweat.
980:epithelial sodium channels
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741:
730:Some people can develop a
695:is a classic symptom of a
681:Sympathetic nervous system
599:sympathetic nervous system
522:and are named sympathetic
410:when it is metabolized by
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2673:
2502:10.1038/s41378-019-0067-0
2368:Josefson D (2001-11-24).
2238:(1): 7–10. Archived from
1965:10.1186/s12955-017-0693-x
1453:The Journal of Physiology
1304:10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3
1094:Eberhard-Karls University
720:treated with mercurials.
679:painkiller dependencies.
429:
389:generalized hyperhidrosis
322:, some primates and some
238:
228:
202:
190:
178:
166:
161:
152:
144:
139:
103:excessively human-centric
2066:Hansen J (22 May 2013).
1189:Hidradenitis suppurativa
1092:In 2001, researchers at
887:mmol/d acclimatised) of
856:Human sweat is not pure
276:can be found in humans:
2914:Loose connective tissue
2374:British Medical Journal
2170:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.574
1145:Artificial perspiration
1077:function, like that of
3037:Bulb with matrix cells
2555:10.1002/elan.201600018
2068:"The Science of Sweat"
2008:Analytica Chimica Acta
1417:
1041:. In humans, sweat is
920:
802:
711:inhibitors (e.g. some
497:
72:Sweat (disambiguation)
2346:10.1093/glycob/cwv102
2254:Mushrooms Demystified
1844:Perspiration Research
1737:10.3402/gha.v2i0.2057
1123:Staphylococcus aureus
1117:Enterococcus faecalis
915:
800:
742:Further information:
632:Diabetics relying on
601:, and is frequent in
595:myocardial infarction
495:
424:diabetic ketoacidosis
406:Sweat contributes to
3060:Arrector pili muscle
2950:Apocrine sweat gland
2666:at Wikimedia Commons
2422:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2080:on 21 September 2013
1337:. Berlin: Springer.
1087:innate immune system
1056:Sweat contains many
995:0.4 milligrams/litre
845:, and sometimes the
817:of the hypothalamic
768:) may be an option.
709:Acetylcholinesterase
502:non-specific symptom
458:improve this article
2955:Eccrine sweat gland
2903:Panniculus carnosus
2898:Panniculus adiposus
2882:Subcutaneous tissue
2494:2019MicNa...5...29J
2295:2013Ana...138..123B
2021:1998AcAC..365..319K
1610:2009PLoSO...4.5726M
1160:wearable technology
1140:Society and culture
1073:Sweat may serve an
683:stimulants such as
560:shortness of breath
375:Focal hyperhidrosis
301:evaporative cooling
97:This article about
3070:Pilosebaceous unit
2919:Superficial fascia
2828:Basal keratinocyte
2795:Stratum granulosum
2703:External resources
2455:10.1039/C3LC41231H
2303:10.1039/c2an36422k
1725:Glob Health Action
1719:Parsons K (2009).
921:
803:
673:nonbenzodiazepines
603:serotonin syndrome
498:
402:Signs and symptoms
3153:Animal physiology
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3087:
3086:
2992:Inner root sheath
2987:Outer root sheath
2876:
2875:
2820:Basement membrane
2726:
2725:
2662:Media related to
2449:(10): 1868–1875.
2117:10.1063/1.4921039
1862:978-3-318-05904-5
1853:10.1159/000446788
1680:, Wolters Kluwer.
1398:978-0-19-507492-5
1373:978-0-19-507492-5
1344:978-3-540-41234-2
1333:Jessen C (2000).
1209:Sweat diagnostics
1098:Tübingen, Germany
647:Drugs (including
500:Diaphoresis is a
490:
489:
482:
248:
247:
134:Medical condition
132:
131:
124:
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
3175:
2975:
2974:
2934:
2933:
2909:Membranous layer
2805:Malpighian layer
2800:Stratum spinosum
2773:
2772:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2647:
2618:
2589:
2559:
2558:
2549:(6): 1242–1249.
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2105:Biomicrofluidics
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2076:. Archived from
2063:
2057:
2056:
2015:(1–3): 319–326.
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1967:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1794:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1237:
1129:Candida albicans
1111:Escherichia coli
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
970:
962:
954:
946:
923:Sweat is mostly
886:
882:
697:pheochromocytoma
485:
478:
474:
471:
465:
442:
434:
293:thermoregulation
253:, also known as
157:
137:
136:
127:
120:
116:
92:
91:
84:
54:under discussion
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3083:
3079:sebaceous gland
3064:
3046:
3008:
2964:
2923:
2872:
2861:Dermal papillae
2842:
2814:
2790:Stratum lucidum
2785:Stratum corneum
2762:
2757:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2698:
2697:
2682:
2654:
2568:
2566:Further reading
2563:
2562:
2543:Electroanalysis
2539:
2535:
2474:
2470:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2366:
2362:
2325:
2318:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2224:
2220:
2197:
2193:
2154:
2150:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2064:
2060:
2003:
1999:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1925:"Hyperhidrosis"
1923:
1922:
1913:
1899:
1897:
1863:
1839:
1832:
1795:
1788:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1590:
1581:
1542:
1533:
1494:
1490:
1445:
1441:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1331:
1327:
1284:
1277:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1168:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1071:
1066:
1064:Other functions
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
968:
960:
952:
944:
910:
884:
880:
877:acclimatization
795:
780:
774:
762:botulinum toxin
758:antiperspirants
746:
740:
669:benzodiazepines
564:unconsciousness
540:hyperthyroidism
536:
486:
475:
469:
466:
455:
443:
432:
404:
336:
282:apocrine glands
221:
217:
213:
209:
135:
128:
117:
106:
93:
89:
82:
75:
62:
46:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:Huxley's layer
2999:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2810:Stratum basale
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:Classification
2668:
2667:
2653:
2652:External links
2650:
2649:
2648:
2619:
2590:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2533:
2468:
2433:
2409:
2380:(7323): 1206.
2360:
2339:(3): 218–229.
2316:
2273:
2268:BRS Physiology
2266:Constanzo LS.
2258:
2245:
2242:on 2011-08-20.
2218:
2191:
2164:(6): 574–582.
2148:
2091:
2058:
1997:
1938:
1911:
1861:
1830:
1786:
1769:
1760:
1711:
1683:
1672:Wolters Kluwer
1663:
1643:
1579:
1531:
1504:(4): 397–406.
1488:
1439:
1424:(in Italian).
1404:
1397:
1379:
1372:
1350:
1343:
1325:
1298:(6): 733–748.
1275:
1254:(3): 781–790.
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
987:trace elements
976:eccrine glands
945:0.9 gram/litre
918:eccrine glands
909:
906:
794:
791:
776:Main article:
773:
770:
739:
736:
535:
532:
520:norepinephrine
488:
487:
446:
444:
437:
431:
428:
420:kidney failure
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
392:
378:
372:
366:
335:
332:
278:eccrine glands
246:
245:
243:Antiperspirant
240:
236:
235:
233:Drinking water
230:
226:
225:
204:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
159:
158:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
133:
130:
129:
96:
94:
87:
64:
63:
60:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3042:Hair follicle
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Henle's layer
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Lamina lucida
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:(4): 537–63.
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:(in German).
2575:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:Lab on a Chip
2437:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:(3): 031301.
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1701:on 2018-12-27
1700:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1220:
1219:Transpiration
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:glycoproteins
1080:
1076:
1075:antimicrobial
1069:Antimicrobial
1061:
1059:
1058:glycoproteins
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
972:
966:
958:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
914:
905:
903:
897:
895:
890:
883:mmol/d (or 90
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
799:
790:
786:
783:
779:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:hyperhidrosis
745:
744:Hyperhidrosis
738:Hyperhidrosis
735:
733:
732:sweat allergy
728:
726:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:adrenal gland
702:
698:
694:
693:catecholamine
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
529:
528:acetylcholine
525:
521:
517:
514:
509:
507:
503:
494:
484:
481:
473:
463:
459:
453:
452:
447:This section
445:
441:
436:
435:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
381:Hyperhidrosis
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:hyperhidrosis
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
272:Two types of
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
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201:
198:
195:
193:
192:Complications
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
160:
156:
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147:
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138:
126:
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95:
86:
85:
80:
73:
68:
58:
56:
55:
51:
49:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2946:Sweat glands
2838:Lamina densa
2710:
2686:
2664:Perspiration
2627:
2623:
2598:
2594:
2577:
2573:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:
2412:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2336:
2333:Glycobiology
2332:
2289:(1): 123–8.
2286:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2240:the original
2235:
2231:
2221:
2207:(4): 270–5.
2204:
2200:
2194:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2071:
2061:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1906:Google Books
1904:– via
1898:. Retrieved
1843:
1806:
1802:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1676:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1604:(5): e5726.
1601:
1597:
1552:(1): 75–95.
1549:
1545:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1459:(1): 79–89.
1456:
1452:
1442:
1428:(1): 58–60.
1425:
1421:
1407:
1388:
1382:
1363:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1295:
1291:
1251:
1245:
1235:
1199:Hyponatremia
1194:Hyperthermia
1157:
1148:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1091:
1072:
1055:
1051:concentrated
1045:relative to
1038:
1003:0.3–0.8 mg/L
984:
973:
922:
898:
855:
851:
831:
827:
807:hypothalamus
804:
787:
784:
781:
778:Night sweats
772:Night sweats
747:
729:
722:
713:insecticides
689:amphetamines
646:
642:hypoglycemia
631:
623:tuberculosis
615:hyperthermia
592:
556:palpitations
537:
510:
499:
476:
467:
456:Please help
451:verification
448:
405:
369:Hypohidrosis
358:
344:
340:
317:
303:. Hence, in
286:
274:sweat glands
271:
259:sweat glands
254:
251:Perspiration
250:
249:
219:Hyperthermia
140:Perspiration
118:
102:
67:
45:
43:
3158:Body fluids
3128:Hyponychium
3123:Paronychium
3101:Nail matrix
2979:Root sheath
2938:Skin glands
2712:MedlinePlus
2601:(1): 80–7.
2580:(2): 70–5.
1660:, Elsevier.
1360:Blatteis CM
1154:Diagnostics
1049:(i.e. less
1043:hypoosmotic
985:Many other
933:lactic acid
908:Composition
823:temperature
638:blood sugar
576:muscle pain
544:weight loss
516:cholinergic
513:sympathetic
341:diaphoresis
334:Definitions
297:Evaporation
197:Dehydration
173:Dermatology
145:Other names
59:do not move
3147:Categories
3118:Eponychium
3106:Nail plate
3014:Hair shaft
2890:Panniculus
2427:2022-12-04
2084:13 January
1958:(1): 121.
1931:17 January
1900:13 January
1871:2016030383
1809:(1): 3–9.
1705:2014-04-05
1227:References
1214:Sauna suit
1204:Pheromones
969:0.0013 g/L
723:Infantile
661:withdrawal
607:high fever
524:adrenergic
470:March 2016
355:synonymous
339:The words
229:Prevention
3163:Excretion
2960:Sebaceous
2868:Reticular
2856:Papillary
2777:Epidermis
2510:2055-7434
2488:(1): 29.
2394:0959-8138
2125:1932-1058
2045:0003-2670
2037:1873-4324
1974:1477-7525
1887:40308286M
1879:958455309
1783:eMedicine
1566:0749-0739
1184:Deodorant
1179:Body odor
1102:dermcidin
1039:Lactarius
1035:0.05 mg/L
1027:0.05 mg/L
965:magnesium
961:0.015 g/L
949:potassium
793:Mechanism
725:acrodynia
699:, a rare
572:dizziness
506:menopause
408:body odor
385:secondary
353:they are
239:Treatment
223:Hot flash
185:Body odor
168:Specialty
113:talk page
57:. Please
3168:Reflexes
2528:31240108
2463:23576120
2355:26582610
2311:23113321
2178:18156662
2143:26045728
2053:01716731
1992:28595584
1895:27584969
1825:28416076
1755:20052377
1731:: 2057.
1652:Elsevier
1638:19478940
1598:PLOS ONE
1526:35727313
1434:13066656
1362:(eds.).
1312:28130590
1270:43499897
1174:Apocrine
1166:See also
1106:peptides
1019:0.1 mg/L
1015:chromium
929:minerals
902:latherin
894:exercise
847:forehead
819:feedback
677:narcotic
653:morphine
649:caffeine
588:diarrhea
584:vomiting
554:, or by
412:bacteria
359:sweating
346:hidrosis
328:latherin
207:Exercise
180:Symptoms
3032:Medulla
3022:Cuticle
2693:D013546
2644:2654204
2615:5556967
2586:2264363
2519:6572848
2490:Bibcode
2403:1173041
2291:Bibcode
2283:Analyst
2186:3030692
2134:4433483
2017:Bibcode
1983:5465471
1746:2799322
1629:2684629
1606:Bibcode
1574:9561689
1518:4582049
1483:5347721
1474:1348626
1414:Italian
1320:8504408
1134:acidity
1029:), and
963:), and
957:calcium
953:0.2 g/L
869:climate
843:armpits
754:armpits
717:Mercury
703:of the
685:cocaine
665:alcohol
657:alcohol
634:insulin
619:malaria
609:and/or
568:fatigue
414:on the
324:bovidae
313:pharynx
267:mammals
261:in the
107:Please
101:may be
99:biology
3111:Lunula
3052:Muscle
3027:Cortex
2929:Adnexa
2894:Pannus
2848:Dermis
2717:003218
2642:
2613:
2584:
2526:
2516:
2508:
2461:
2400:
2392:
2353:
2309:
2213:686643
2211:
2184:
2176:
2141:
2131:
2123:
2051:
2043:
2035:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1859:
1823:
1753:
1743:
1636:
1626:
1572:
1564:
1524:
1516:
1481:
1471:
1432:
1395:
1370:
1341:
1318:
1310:
1268:
1126:, and
1079:earwax
1047:plasma
1023:nickel
1011:1 mg/L
999:copper
941:sodium
935:, and
889:sodium
885:
881:
862:solute
611:chills
580:nausea
552:chills
430:Causes
320:horses
289:humans
203:Causes
3077:Hair
2182:S2CID
2033:eISSN
1522:S2CID
1316:S2CID
1266:S2CID
925:water
871:to a
858:water
839:soles
835:palms
701:tumor
663:from
548:fever
357:with
351:sense
255:sweat
211:Fever
48:Sweat
18:Sweat
3093:Nail
2970:Hair
2768:Skin
2688:MeSH
2640:PMID
2611:PMID
2582:PMID
2524:PMID
2506:ISSN
2459:PMID
2390:ISSN
2351:PMID
2307:PMID
2209:PMID
2174:PMID
2139:PMID
2121:ISSN
2086:2023
2049:OCLC
2041:ISSN
1988:PMID
1970:ISSN
1933:2024
1902:2024
1891:PMID
1875:OCLC
1867:LCCN
1857:ISBN
1821:PMID
1751:PMID
1634:PMID
1570:PMID
1562:ISSN
1514:PMID
1479:PMID
1430:PMID
1393:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1308:PMID
1031:lead
1007:iron
991:zinc
937:urea
866:cold
815:gain
811:skin
687:and
621:and
422:and
416:skin
343:and
309:dogs
280:and
263:skin
215:Heat
2632:doi
2603:doi
2578:175
2551:doi
2514:PMC
2498:doi
2451:doi
2398:PMC
2382:doi
2378:323
2341:doi
2299:doi
2287:138
2166:doi
2129:PMC
2113:doi
2025:doi
2013:365
1978:PMC
1960:doi
1849:doi
1811:doi
1781:at
1741:PMC
1733:doi
1624:PMC
1614:doi
1554:doi
1506:doi
1469:PMC
1461:doi
1457:205
1300:doi
1296:147
1256:doi
1096:in
1021:),
1013:),
1005:),
997:),
971:).
955:),
947:),
873:hot
675:or
460:by
305:hot
287:In
265:of
52:is
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