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also be a sign of an intracranial hemorrhage (brain tumours or epilepsy). Other studies have also found that the symptoms of phantosmia have been alleviated after the patient has been treated for depression. Another case of a 70-year-old male reported that his first abnormal symptoms were irregular bowel movements. After this the patient developed irregular eye movements and had developed a sleep and behavior disorder. He subsequently developed phantosmia, in which what he smelled was described as "stinky and unpleasant". The patient did not display any of the following symptoms: loss of awareness; confusion; automatisms; convulsive seizures; auditory/visual hallucinations.
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sounds. Sometimes they occur spontaneously. Patients having complaints of phantosmia might self-admit a poor quality of life, with each meal having the unpleasant odor as well. The disorder's first onset, usually spontaneous, may last only a few minutes. Recurrences may gradually increase from monthly, then weekly, and then daily over a period of six months to a year. The duration of the perceived odor may also increase over the same time, often lasting most of a day after one year. Some patients also state that the odor they smell is different from any known odor.
225:, and it has been found that these patients have a high level of activity in their contralateral frontal, insular and temporal regions. The significance of the activity in these regions is not definitive as not a significant number of patients have been studied to conclude any relation of this activity with the symptoms. However the intensity of the activity in these regions was reduced by excising the olfactory epithelium from the associated nasal cavity.
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Alzheimer's, where it is exceedingly difficult to convince the patient that these are in fact hallucinations and not real. Specifically in
Alzheimer's disease, atrophy in the temporal lobe has been known to occur. As evidenced in trauma and seizures, phantosmia is strongly associated with this area; leading to its appearance in some Alzheimer's patients. Parkinson's disease patients can also experience phantosmia, as well as
491:. Furthermore, 26% of these participants also claimed that they also experienced an increased sensitivity to foods that were bitter and a decreased sensitivity to salt. These findings suggest that pregnant women experience distorted smell and taste perception during pregnancy. It has also been found that 75% of women alter their diets during pregnancy. Further research is being conducted to determine the mechanism behind
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senses of smell and taste were working normally. Due to some phantosmias believed to be caused by a blockage causing the odor molecules to not reach the olfactory receptors, doctors surgically widened the olfactory cleft. Unfortunately, the phantosmia symptoms remained. Further unsuccessful treatment included a long-term disruption of the axonal projections from the primary
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but would correctly identify known odors and would claim to have no symptoms of smell loss. She had no history of epilepsy, and her electroencephalographic results were normal. Later on, while the symptoms of phantosmia were decreasing, she developed severe symptoms of
Parkinson disease. While the patient was treated for her tremors with
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would happen every day beginning in the morning, and the symptoms would worsen during the few days before her menstrual period. If the symptoms did not occur in the morning, they would be triggered by strong olfactory stimuli or by loud noises. Occasionally she could avoid the phantosmia symptoms by forcing herself to sneeze.
542:, she noticed that the drug resulted in the complete elimination of her phantosmia symptoms. This discovery has caused scientists and doctors to research if a link between phantosmia and mild depressive disorders exists, and this idea is supported by the reported improvement of phantosmia after repeated
554:
In the case of a 57-year-old woman, strong olfactory sensations were reported, ranging from odors of perfume to slightly unpleasant odors of "wet dog". The episodes experienced would last between seconds and hours and would occur multiple times per day. The patient would report phantosmia symptoms,
468:
Phantosmia is most likely to occur in women between the ages of 15 and 30 years. The duration of the first hallucination(s) is likely to be from five to twenty minutes. It has also been found that the second hallucination is likely to occur approximately a month later in the same manner as the first.
404:
On the other hand, many cases have also reported that the strength of their symptoms have decreased with time. (Duncan and Seidan, 1995) A case involving long term phantosmia has been treated with the use of an anti depressive medication by the common name
Venlafaxine (Effexor). The relation between
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at the age of 18. After this diagnosis she began to experience headaches on the right side of her head, and phantosmia in her left nostril that would often occur together. The olfactory hallucination reported by the woman was an unpleasant mixture of vinegar, fecal material, and rotten eggs. This
216:
Other studies on phantosmia patients have found that the perception of the odor initiates with a sneeze, thus they avoid any nasal activity. It has also been found that the perception of the odor is worse in the nostril that is weaker in olfaction ability. It has also been noted that about a quarter
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The woman consulted many medical practitioners but could not receive a reliable diagnosis. She was prescribed medications including nasal steroid sprays and other drugs, but they would not relieve her of her headaches and phantosmia symptoms. Through chemosensory evaluation, it was found that her
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After determining the nature of the disorder, and confirming phantosmia, the examiner must then have the patient describe their perception of the phantom odor. In many cases, patients have described the odor to be that of something burning and rotten and have described it to be unpleasant and foul.
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malfunction and transmit incorrect signals to the brain or it may be due to the malfunction of the olfactory neurons. The central explanation is that active or incorrectly functioning cells of the brain cause the perception of the disturbing odor. Another central cause is that the perception of the
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producing molecules. The reported smells were of perfumes, candles, and fruits, however the woman could not accurately identify what type of perfume or fruit she was smelling. Her phantosmia episodes would occur abruptly and would last from minutes to half an hour. A rhinologic examination came
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In the case of a 52-year-old woman, the first symptoms of phantosmia reported appeared to the woman as an increased sense of smell. She believed to have the ability to detect odors before other people, and with better accuracy. She later began to experience the typical symptoms of phantosmia and
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For a 52-year-old woman, phantosmia occurring as fluctuating episodes occurred for a period of 27 years, and there was no discernible reason for the onset of symptoms. She could weaken the symptoms by rinsing her nose with a saline solution, and by going to sleep. The smells she would encounter
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is a disease characterized by seizures. In the case of phantosmia, if smelling and something else become so strongly linked, the action of "something else" occurring can induce activation of the olfactory bulb even though there was no stimulus for the bulb present. This is an example of plasticity
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have been found to be a symptom of mood disorders (depression). However, it is not known what olfactory disorders occur and if they are indeed a symptom of a depressive disorder. It has been proposed that phantosmia may be an early sign of the neurodegenerative disease
Parkinson's disease. It may
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The complaints of phantosmia involving the perception of unpleasant odors most commonly include "burnt", "foul", "rotten", "sewage", "metallic" or "chemical". Sometimes the odor is described as exhaust fumes. These odors may be triggered by strong odorants, changes in nasal airflow, or even loud
528:
The patient was successfully treated with a surgical procedure involving permanent disruption of the olfactory epithelium. This was accomplished with the surgical excision of a "plug" of olfactory epithelium from the area of the cribriform plate. This excision was meant to sever all the fila
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and includes risks associated with a craniotomy. According to them, the use of transnasal endoscopic exhibition of olfactory epithelium is a safe and effective treatment for patients with unremitting phantosmia with the olfactory function being potentially spared. It is also cautioned that the
379:
Due to the rareness of the disorder there is no well-defined treatment. Sometimes the patients are just told to live with the disorder or the patients end up performing "stereotypical methods" that might help in reducing the severity of the odor. This might include forced crying, bending over
459:
This antidepressant medication is a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). In the case study of a 52-year-old female with phantosmia for 27 years, a dose of 75 mg a day relieved and eliminated her symptoms. The drug was prescribed initially in order to treat her depression.
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and
Alzheimer's disease. Both of these disorders have well documented cases of hallucinations, most commonly visual and auditory. Both also, however, have instances of phantosmia too, although not as frequently. In both cases, incidences of olfactory delusions are more common, especially in
422:
that can be used to alleviate symptoms is
Oxymetazoline HCl, which seems to provide relief for a longer time period. The relief achieved by the use of nasal sprays seems to be because it results in the blockage of the nostril that does not allow any air to enter the olfactory cleft.
48:, is smelling an odor that is not actually there. This is intrinsically suspicious as the formal evaluation and detection of relatively low levels of odour particles is itself a very tricky task in air epistemology. It can occur in one nostril or both. Unpleasant phantosmia,
408:
The most commonly used treatment method is the removal of the olfactory epithelium or the bulb by means of surgery to alleviate the patient from the symptoms. Other traditional methods include the use of topical anesthetics (Zilstorff-Pederson, 1995) and use of sedatives.
188:
In their findings, it was observed that a typical hallucination period was of 5–60 minutes, occurred either before or with the onset of head pain, and typically consisted of an unpleasant odor. It was also noted that phantosmia occurs most commonly among women having a
350:
The second step is difficult for both the examiner and the patient as the patient has some difficulty describing their perception of the phantom odor. Furthermore, the patient is in a position of stress and anxiety thus it is crucial that the examiner be patient.
236:. During a temporal lobe seizure the patient rarely faints, but usually blacks out and cannot remember anything that happened during the seizure. Several people who have had these seizures did, however, recollect having phantosmia just prior to blacking out.
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back with normal results. When her phantosmia symptoms began to dissipate, she began to complain of clumsiness, slowness, and problems with her left hand that would alternate between tremors and rigidity. A neurologic examination revealed symptoms of
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or chronic rhinitis. Although these may be events that have resulted in the phantom odor, studies conducted by
Zilstrof have found that the majority of phantosmia patients have no previous history of head trauma and upper respiratory infections.
171:
resulted from the severe symptoms of phantosmia as everything even food smelled spoilt, rotten and burnt for these patients. By the age of 80, 80% of individuals develop an olfactory disorder. As well 50% of these individuals also have
184:
In 2011 Coleman, Grosberg and
Robbins did a case study on patients with olfactory hallucinations and other primary headache disorders. In their 30-month long study, the prevalence rates for phantosmia turned out to be as low as 0.66%.
405:
mood disorders and phantosmia is unknown, and is a widely researched area. In many cases, the symptoms of phantosmia have been reduced by the use of anticonvulsants and antidepressants that act on the central and peripheral neurons.
417:
Many patients seeking a quick form of relief achieved it by rinsing the nose with a saline solution. This treatment option is easily available and can be repeated several times throughout the day to obtain relief. An example of a
1737:
384:
have been suggested but more research is needed for its confirmation. Also, due to being a poorly understood disorder, and having analogies to some psychiatric conditions, some patients are told that they have a mental illness.
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olfactoria entering the central nervous system from her left nostril. Five weeks after surgery, the woman reported a complete absence of her phantosmia symptoms, and her olfactory ability was maintained (Hornung et al. 1991).
486:
women had reported a higher level of sensitivity to smell, 17% had an olfactory distortion and 14% had phantosmia; these distortions were very minimal towards the last stages of pregnancy and in the majority were not present
481:
on pregnant women found that 76% of pregnant women experienced significant changes in gustation and olfaction perception. This was found to be caused and linked to their pregnancy. The study concluded that 67% of the
309:
The first step the examiner usually takes is to investigate if the problem is olfactory or gustatory related. As it may be that the patient releases certain bodily odors that are causing them to have this perception.
305:
The most challenging task for the examiner is to determine and obtain the correct symptoms and associate them with one of the olfactory disorders, as there are several of them and they are related to each other.
110:), or if it is caused by a neurological or psychiatric disorder. Phantosmia usually goes away on its own, though this can sometimes be gradual and occur over several years. When caused by an illness (e.g.,
1730:
313:
If the examiner is able to confirm that the problem is olfactory related, the next step is to determine which olfactory disorder the patient has. The following is a list of possible olfactory disorders:
220:
Several patients who have received surgical treatment have stated that they have a feeling or intuition that the phantom odor is about to occur, however it does not. This sensation has been supported by
52:, is more common and is often described as smelling something that is burned, foul, spoiled, or rotten. Experiencing occasional phantom smells is normal and usually goes away on its own in time. When
196:
This finding is consistent with the findings of
Schreiber and Calvert in 1986 which also mentioned the olfactory hallucinations before the occurrence of a migraine attack in four of their subjects.
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cancer which can start in the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for smell sensation. This cancer can become aggressive and progress into the ethmoid sinuses, brain cavity, surrounds the
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and desensitizing the nasal neurons. The topical solution is applied on the nostril. This topical solution can have several side effects as it has been found that some patients with
167:. It has also been found that many patients may begin to experience depression after the occurrence of phantosmia and have looked towards committing suicide. The occurrence of
380:
holding knees while holding breath, rinsing the nose with saline water and gagging. All these behaviours at the end fail to resolve the hallucination. Various treatments like
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gone awry. Those with lesions on the temporal lobe, often brought about by a stroke but also from trauma to the head, also experience these olfactory hallucinations.
1711:
JAMA Network, September 2018 - Factors
Associated With Phantom Odor Perception Among US Adults: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
1002:
Muffatti R, Scarone S, Gambini O (2008). "An olfactory reference syndrome successfully treated by aripiprazole augmentation of antidepressant therapy".
114:), it should go away when the illness resolves. If the problem persists or causes significant discomfort, a doctor might recommend nasal saline drops,
1045:
Prazeres AM, Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, de Mathis MA, Ferrao YA, de Brito NF, Diniz JB, Gonzalez CH, Quarantini LC, Marrocos RP, Miguel EC (2010).
685:. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. August 16, 2018
1197:
Leopold DA, Schwob JE, Youngentob SL, Hornung DE, Wright HN, Mozell MM (1991), "Successful treatment of phantosmia with preservation of olfaction",
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The cause of phantosmia can be either peripheral or central, or a combination of the two. The peripheral explanation of this disorder is that rogue
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approach. But a counter-argument by Leopold, Loehrl and Schwob (2002) has stated that this ablation process results in a bilateral permanent
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of patients with phantosmia in one nostril will usually develop it in the other nostril as well over a time period of a few months or years.
56:
of this type do not seem to go away or when they keep coming back, it can be very upsetting and can disrupt an individual's quality of life.
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started to show symptoms of phantosmia after its use. Other patients have lost complete function of the nostril where the drug was applied.
1108:
Coleman ER, Grosberg BM, Robbins MS (2011). "Olfactory hallucinations in primary headache disorders: Case series and literature review".
1236:
Leopold DA, Myerrose G (1994), "Diagnosis and treatment of distorted olfactory perception", in Kuriha K, Suzuki N, Ogawa H (eds.),
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often were very unpleasant, resembling a burnt and rotten fruity odor. When her family doctor prescribed her the antidepressant
17:
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91:. Environmental exposures are sometimes the cause as well, such as smoking, exposure to certain types of chemicals (e.g.,
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surgery is challenging one and is associated with major risks, and that it should be restricted to expertise centres.
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There are a few causes for phantosmia, but one of the most common and well-documented involves brain injury or
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medications, anesthesia to parts of the nose, or in very rare circumstances, surgical procedures to remove the
1347:
Leopold DA, Preti G, Mozell MM, Youngentob SL, Wright HN (1990), "Fish-odor syndrome presenting as dysosmia",
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complaint. In their study, prophylactic therapy for headaches helped cure phantosmia in most of the patients.
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63:, or dental problems. It can result from neurological conditions such as migraines, head injuries, strokes,
363:
222:
1521:"A Longitudinal Descriptive Study of Self-reported Abnormal Smell and Taste Perception in Pregnant Women;"
727:
Hong SC, Holbrook EH, Leopold DA, Hummel T (2012), "Distorted Olfactory Perception: A Systematic Review",
1935:
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1562:"Changes in olfactory perception and dietary habits in the course of pregnancy: a questionnaire study"
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Leopold DA, Loehrl TA, Schwob JE (2002b), "Long-term follow-up of surgically treated phantosmia",
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The third step for the examiner is to determine the health history of the patient to take note of
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639:
1944:
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64:
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Kaufman MD, Lassiter KR, Shenoy BV (1988). "Paroxysmal unilateral dysosmia: a cured patient".
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Olfactory hallucinations can be caused by common medical conditions such as nasal infections,
988:
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Nye E, Arendts G (2002). "Intracerebral haemorrhage presenting as olfactory hallucinations".
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Medscape, August 2018 - First Prevalence Data on 'Phantom Odors' Show Women Often Affected
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253:, however their appearance is less common than the muscle tremors the patients experience.
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8:
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Landis B, Croy I, Haehner A (2012). "Long lasting phantosmia treated with venlafaxine".
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Landis BN, Croy I, Haehner A (2012). "Long lasting phantosmia treated withvenlafaxine".
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Paskind HA (1935). "Parosmia in tumorous involvement of olfactory bulbs and nerves".
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Leopold DA (2002a), "Distortion of Olfactory Perception: Diagnosis and Treatment",
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Hirsch AR (April 2009). "Parkinsonism: The Hyposmia and Phantosmia Connection".
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Phantosmia has been found to co-exist in patients with other disorders such as
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1469:"Paroxysmal bilateral dysosmia treated by resection of the olfactory bulbs"
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and the possible treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor,
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Other leading causes of phantosmia include neurological disorders such as
2012:
1987:
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1063:
1046:
556:
539:
488:
432:
419:
381:
359:
92:
1151:
Schrieber AO, Calvert PC (1986). "Migrainous olfactory hallucinations".
2002:
1980:
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1813:
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1047:"Olfactory reference syndrome as a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder"
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2007:
1950:
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525:. This was accomplished by intranasal irrigation with zinc sulfate.
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Over time, the length of the hallucination(s) may begin to increase.
440:
265:
111:
102:
A physician can determine if the problem is with the sense of smell (
905:
Landis BN, Burkhard PR (2008). "Phantosmias and parkinson disease".
1970:
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which also provides relief for a short time period by acting as an
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would smell things that she could recognize in the absence of any
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Mayo Clinic - What causes olfactory hallucinations (phantosmia)?
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1196:
679:"That stinks! 1 in 15 Americans smell odors that aren't there"
451:
1992:
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Surgical treatment with the preservation of olfactory ability
213:. The time span of the symptoms usually lasts a few seconds.
1346:
1872:
580:
726:
1559:
549:
1287:"Side effects of radiation for olfactory neuroblastoma"
272:. The tumor can be tested for by performing a surgical
71:, or brain tumors. It can also be a symptom of certain
1466:
1107:
1001:
150:
1423:
388:
One of the surgical treatments proposed has included
209:
phantom odor usually follows after the occurrence of
1666:
1310:
431:
Another treatment option is the topical solution of
1652:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
99:), or radiation treatment for head or neck cancer.
1638:Keller, Andreas & Malaspina, Dolores (2013). "
1349:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
1313:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
1199:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
575:, the phantosmia symptoms disappeared completely.
1592:
1240:, Tokyo, Japan: Springer-Verlag, pp. 618–622
858:
2027:
1645:
1150:
833:"Phantosmia (Smelling Odours That Aren't There)"
1560:Cantoni P, Hudson R, Distel H, Laska M (1999).
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769:
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1731:
1676:. Canada: The Canadian Journal of Diagnosis.
1640:Hidden Consequences of Olfactory Dysfunction
1467:Markert JM, Hartshorn DO, Farhat SM (1993).
1301:
288:and possibly result in phantosmia, in turn.
1380:
1340:
1224:
1187:
1153:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain
787:
762:
1738:
1724:
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671:
1642:", in: BMC Ear Nose Throat Disorders 13:8
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1383:The Journal of Laryngology & Otology
989:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250160150012
900:
898:
854:
852:
450:
1683:"A Pungent Life: The Smells in My Head"
1667:Sobol S, Frenkiel S, Mouadeb D (2002).
508:A 26-year-old woman was diagnosed with
14:
2028:
1649:The Neuron: Cell and Molecular Biology
1518:
722:
720:
718:
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27:Smelling of an odor not actually there
1719:
1165:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2610513.x
895:
849:
826:
824:
822:
820:
550:Co-morbidity with Parkinson's disease
1361:10.1001/archotol.1990.01870030118022
1211:10.1001/archotol.1991.01870240094016
977:Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry
596:
426:
729:Acta Oto-Laryngologica Supplementum
713:
683:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
151:Co-occurrence with other conditions
24:
1632:
1004:Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology
817:
705:from websites or documents of the
138:Other olfactory disorders such as
25:
2057:
1694:
1646:Levitan EB, Kaczmarek LK (2002).
532:
1381:Zilstorff K (1966). "Parosmia".
954:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00385.x
701: This article incorporates
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284:, which can cause damage to the
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40:(phantom smell), also called an
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1417:
1374:
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1144:
1101:
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498:
1519:Nordin S, et al. (2004).
1051:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
995:
968:
933:
446:
412:
291:
13:
1:
707:National Institutes of Health
665:
463:
1607:10.1080/13554794.2011.568497
1488:10.1016/0090-3019(93)90129-o
1016:10.1097/wnn.0b013e318185e6bd
873:10.1080/13554794.2011.568497
741:10.3109/00016489.2012.659759
472:
374:
364:upper respiratory infections
300:
223:positron emission tomography
179:
87:from drugs and alcohol, or
7:
1936:Sensory processing disorder
591:
163:, alcoholic psychosis, and
133:
10:
2062:
1326:10.1001/archotol.128.6.642
1265:10.1001/archneurol.2009.38
919:10.1001/archneur.65.9.1237
650:Olfactory bulb mitral cell
546:used to treat depression.
29:
1926:
1903:
1848:
1765:
1395:10.1017/s0022215100066457
655:Olfactory receptor neuron
519:olfactory sensory neurons
199:
1122:10.1177/0333102411423315
633:
561:amantadine hydrochloride
544:transcranial stimulation
455:Structure of Venlafaxine
30:Not to be confused with
831:HealthUnlocked (2014),
803:10.1093/chemse/27.7.611
640:Odorant-binding protein
42:olfactory hallucination
18:Olfactory hallucination
2041:Neurological disorders
1945:Auditory hallucination
1579:10.1093/chemse/24.1.47
1238:Olfaction and Taste XI
703:public domain material
456:
1670:Olfactory dysfunction
1538:10.1093/chemse/bjh040
1438:10.1002/ana.410240315
1253:Archives of Neurology
907:Archives of Neurology
454:
1064:10.4088/jcp.09l05040
394:bifrontal craniotomy
264:is a rare form of a
1802:Anterograde amnesia
1681:Andrews JG (2009).
1426:Annals of Neurology
586:Parkinson's disease
392:ablation through a
89:psychotic disorders
65:Parkinson's disease
1807:Retrograde amnesia
1747:Signs and symptoms
1687:The New York Times
1476:Surgical Neurology
942:Emergency Medicine
660:Olfactory tubercle
495:during pregnancy.
479:longitudinal study
457:
83:, intoxication or
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2022:
1895:Suicidal ideation
1659:978-0-19-514523-6
1389:(11): 1102–1104.
1205:(12): 1402–1406,
1116:(14): 1477–1489.
597:Related disorders
427:Topical solutions
368:allergic rhinitis
278:radiation therapy
16:(Redirected from
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645:Odorant receptor
286:olfactory system
270:cribriform plate
124:olfactory nerves
108:gustatory system
104:olfactory system
81:bipolar disorder
73:mental disorders
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1890:Irritability
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1291:. Retrieved
1281:
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1087:"Phantosmia"
1081:
1057:(1): 87–89.
1054:
1050:
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499:Case studies
476:
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416:
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341:or troposmia
312:
308:
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295:
282:chemotherapy
260:
243:
227:
219:
215:
203:
195:
187:
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101:
93:insecticides
61:nasal polyps
58:
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46:phantom odor
45:
41:
37:
36:
2013:Hypergeusia
1988:Synesthesia
1689:. New York.
1110:Cephalalgia
837:NHS Choices
557:pramipexole
540:venlafaxine
489:post partum
447:Venlafaxine
433:cocaine HCl
420:nasal spray
413:Nasal spray
382:prophylaxis
360:head trauma
292:Development
2030:Categories
2003:Hypogeusia
1981:Hyperosmia
1976:Phantosmia
1928:Perception
1868:Depression
1829:Presyncope
1814:Convulsion
1751:perception
1089:. Prospect
666:References
613:Hyperosmia
573:entacapone
464:Occurrence
437:anesthetic
344:phantosmia
329:hyperosmia
169:depression
165:depression
85:withdrawal
77:depression
38:Phantosmia
2008:Dysgeusia
1913:Verbosity
1885:Hostility
1819:Dizziness
1785:Psychosis
1775:Confusion
1767:Cognition
1759:behaviour
1623:205774933
1595:Neurocase
1411:221921058
1032:206127878
889:205774933
861:Neurocase
757:207416134
689:23 August
627:troposmia
569:carbidopa
521:onto the
473:Pregnancy
441:troposmia
375:Treatment
301:Diagnosis
266:malignant
180:Migraines
112:sinusitis
1971:Parosmia
1966:Dysosmia
1961:Hyposmia
1905:Behavior
1878:Paranoia
1790:Delusion
1780:Delirium
1615:21942993
1547:15201206
1454:36535652
1335:12049557
1273:19364944
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1093:July 15,
1073:20129009
1024:19057178
962:12534490
927:18779429
881:21942993
842:6 August
812:12200340
749:22582778
623:Parosmia
618:Hyposmia
608:Dysosmia
592:See also
565:levodopa
484:pregnant
339:parosmia
334:dysosmia
324:hyposmia
251:parosmia
238:Epilepsy
230:seizures
211:seizures
191:migraine
161:epilepsy
140:hyposmia
134:Symptoms
97:solvents
75:such as
69:seizures
50:cacosmia
32:Parosmia
1998:Ageusia
1956:Anosmia
1863:Anxiety
1850:Emotion
1838:Vertigo
1797:Amnesia
1755:emotion
1506:8362355
1446:3228277
1403:5927746
1369:2306356
1293:July 3,
1219:1845270
1173:3818266
603:Anosmia
398:anosmia
319:anosmia
232:in the
206:neurons
174:anosmia
144:anosmia
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200:Causes
1993:Taste
1951:Smell
1858:Anger
1674:(PDF)
1619:S2CID
1472:(PDF)
1450:S2CID
1407:S2CID
1177:S2CID
1134:S2CID
1028:S2CID
885:S2CID
753:S2CID
634:Other
128:bulbs
44:or a
1873:Fear
1757:and
1654:ISBN
1611:PMID
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1399:PMID
1365:PMID
1331:PMID
1295:2012
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877:PMID
844:2016
808:PMID
745:PMID
691:2018
625:(or
581:odor
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