106:. This, in turn, leads to the signal triggering a different smell than the stimulating odor, and thus the patient cannot sync the input and output odors. Damage to ORNs describes a peripheral defect in the pathway, but there are also instances where damage to the processing center in the brain can lead to distorted odors.
117:
of the brain. Physical damage to this area would alter how the area processes information in a variety of ways, but there are also diseases that can alter how this area works. If the part of the brain that interprets these input signals is damaged, then a distorted output is possible. This would also
142:
certain smells, specifically coffees, cigarettes, onions, and perfumes, induced a "nauseating" odor for the patient, which was artificial and unrelated to a known smell. In another case study cited in the same paper, a woman had parosmia in one nostril but not the other. Medical examination
64:
characterized by the inability of the brain to correctly identify an odor's "natural" smell. Instead, the natural odor is usually transformed into an unpleasant aroma, typically a "burned", "rotting", "fecal", or "chemical" smell. There can also be rare instances of a pleasant odor called
138:(UPSIT). "Sniffin' Sticks" are another diagnostic method. These techniques can help deduce whether a specific case of parosmia can be attributed to just one stimulating odor or if there is a group of odors that will elicit the displaced smell. In one case studied by Frasnelli
101:
has also been linked to parosmia, specifically by damaging ORNs. Damage to these neurons could render them unable to correctly encode a signal representing a particular odor, which would send an erroneous signal to the odor processing center, the
155:
Symptoms of most patients afflicted with parosmia decrease over time. Although there are instances of parosmia affecting patients for years, this is certainly not the majority of cases. There have been experimental treatments of parosmia with
767:
118:
lead to parosmia. Temporal lobe epilepsy has led to cases of parosmia, but these were only temporary; the onset of parosmia was a seizure and it typically lasted a week or two after. Parosmia is sometimes associated with
696:
681:
760:
147:
did not reveal any abnormalities; however the parosmia in this case was degenerative, getting worse in time. The authors report that cases of parosmia can predict regeneration of olfactory senses.
753:
242:
Franselli, J; B.N. Landis; S. Heilmann; B. Hauswald; K.B. Huttenbrink; J.S. Lacroix; D.A. Leopold; T. Hummel (2004). "Clinical presentation of qualitative olfactory dysfunction".
135:
403:
735:
1075:
478:
Jacek, Sarah; R.J. Stevenson; L.A. Miller (November 2007). "Olfactory dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: A case of ictus-related parosmia".
97:
as a rare side effect. Common triggers in COVID-19 related parosmia include coffee, chocolate, meat, onion and toothpaste. Exposure to harmful
113:
could also lead to dysfunctions that relate to what the afflicted brain area controls. In humans, the olfactory bulb is located on the
114:
730:
69:. The condition was rare and little-researched until it became relatively more widespread since 2020 as a side effect of
122:. Although the specific pathway is undetermined, the lack of dopamine has resulted in documented cases of parosmia and
86:
745:
523:"Olfactory Hallucinations without Clinical Motor Activity: A Comparison of Unirhinal with Birhinal Phantosmia"
965:
853:
90:
711:
305:
94:
974:
119:
736:"Signs and symptoms, etiologies and clinical course of parosmia + in a series of 84 patients"
740:
261:
Landis, B.N.; J. Frasnelli J; T. Hummel (January 2006). "Euosmia: A rare form of parosmia".
81:
There are numerous diseases with which parosmia is associated. In a case study, Frasnelli
8:
1070:
831:
700:
339:"A local steroid injection method for olfactory loss due to upper respiratory infection"
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836:
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522:
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38:
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211:
89:(URTIs). It is hypothesized that URTIs can result in parosmia because of damage to
200:"Distorted odorant perception - Analysis of a series of 56 patients with parosmia"
862:
716:
635:
Neundorfer, B; T Valdivieso (1977). "Parosmia and anosmia under L-Dopa
Therapy".
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examined five patients that endured parosmia or phantosmia, most as a result of
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404:"Scientists identify 'trigger molecule' for Covid-related changes to smell"
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Henkin, Robert; Potolicchio, Samuel; Levy, Lucien (15 November 2013).
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Wolfensberger, M.; Schnieper, I.; Welge-Lüssen, A. (March 2000).
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161:
98:
685:
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477:
1022:
887:
260:
160:, but there are no other current treatments except inducing
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inability to properly identify an odor's "natural" smell
198:
Bonfils, P; P Avan; P Faulcon; D Malinvaud (Feb 2005).
634:
306:"Distorted, Bizarre Food Smells Haunt Covid Survivors"
520:
663:
136:
431:"Parosmia and hyposmia induced by solvent exposure"
380:"Covid-19 smell loss 'made meat taste like petrol'"
204:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
1057:
582:"Sniffin'Sticks: a new olfactory test battery"
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168:to the point that the odors are negligible.
134:One method used to diagnose parosmia is the
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235:
180:, perceiving smells not objectively present
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93:(ORNs). The condition has been linked to
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1076:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
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435:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
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87:upper respiratory tract infections
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16:Dysfunction with smell detection
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304:Schoch, Deborah (2021-06-15).
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1:
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60:"smell") is a dysfunctional
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966:Sensory processing disorder
492:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.05.016
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598:10.1080/000164800750001134
217:10.1001/archotol.131.2.107
91:olfactory receptor neurons
956:
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533:(4). MDPI AG: 1483–1553.
378:Moss, Alex (2020-08-28).
275:10.1080/00016480510043954
76:
37:
29:
24:
337:Fukazawa, K (Jan 2005).
244:Eur Arch Otohinolaryngol
95:coronavirus disease 2019
540:10.3390/brainsci3041483
480:Epilepsy & Behavior
975:Auditory hallucination
586:Acta Oto-Laryngologica
263:Acta Oto-Laryngologica
356:10.1093/chemse/bjh189
52:(from the Greek παρά
447:10.1136/oem.33.3.196
832:Anterograde amnesia
429:Emmett, EA (1976).
120:Parkinson's disease
109:Different types of
837:Retrograde amnesia
777:Signs and symptoms
310:The New York Times
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925:Suicidal ideation
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62:smell detection
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854:Disequilibrium
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592:(2): 303–306.
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527:Brain Sciences
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971:Hallucination
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486:(3): 466–70.
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410:. 25 May 2022
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920:Irritability
779:relating to
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441:(3): 196–8.
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412:. Retrieved
408:the Guardian
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1043:Hypergeusia
1018:Synesthesia
111:head trauma
30:Other names
1071:Perception
1060:Categories
1033:Hypogeusia
1011:Hyperosmia
1006:Phantosmia
958:Perception
898:Depression
859:Presyncope
844:Convulsion
781:perception
637:Nervenarzt
389:2020-08-28
349:: 1212–3.
323:2021-06-20
250:: 411–415.
185:References
178:Phantosmia
143:including
130:Diagnosing
124:phantosmia
1066:Olfaction
1038:Dysgeusia
943:Verbosity
915:Hostility
849:Dizziness
815:Psychosis
805:Confusion
797:Cognition
789:behaviour
606:0001-6489
549:2076-3425
318:0362-4331
151:Treatment
56:and ὀσμή
33:Troposmia
1001:Parosmia
996:Dysosmia
991:Hyposmia
935:Behavior
908:Paranoia
820:Delusion
810:Delirium
622:38532297
614:11603794
567:24961619
508:21513819
500:17761459
384:BBC News
365:15738120
291:24834566
283:16308262
226:15723940
172:See also
166:hyposmia
99:solvents
71:COVID-19
50:Parosmia
39:Symptoms
25:Parosmia
1028:Ageusia
986:Anosmia
893:Anxiety
880:Emotion
868:Vertigo
827:Amnesia
785:emotion
717:D000857
558:4061890
456:1008135
162:anosmia
67:euosmia
649:895952
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465:963006
463:
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414:28 May
363:
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224:
158:L-Dopa
140:et al.
83:et al.
77:Causes
1023:Taste
981:Smell
888:Anger
741:WebMD
706:781.1
691:R43.1
618:S2CID
504:S2CID
287:S2CID
903:Fear
787:and
712:MeSH
701:9-CM
645:PMID
610:PMID
602:ISSN
563:PMID
545:ISSN
496:PMID
461:PMID
416:2022
361:PMID
314:ISSN
279:PMID
222:PMID
58:osmḗ
54:pará
731:ECU
697:ICD
682:ICD
594:doi
590:120
553:PMC
535:doi
488:doi
451:PMC
443:doi
351:doi
271:doi
267:126
248:261
212:doi
208:131
164:or
145:MRI
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