1106:. The amount of oil & gas recoverable from a conventional reservoir is assessed by accurately characterising the static recoverable volumes and history matching that to dynamic flow. Reservoir performance is important because the recovery changes as the physical environment of the reservoir adjusts with every molecule extracted; the longer a reservoir has been flowing, the more accurate the prediction of remaining reserves. Dynamic simulations are commonly used by analysts to update reserves volumes, particularly in large complex reservoirs. Daily production can be matched against production forecasts to establish the accuracy of simulation models based on actual volumes of recovered oil or gas. Unlike analogs or volumetric methods above, the degree of confidence in the estimates (or the range of outcomes) increases as the amount and quality of geological, engineering and production performance data increase. These must then be compared with previous estimates, whether derived from analog, volumetric or static reservoir modelling before reserves can be adjusted and booked.
1206:), gas hydrates, natural bitumen (very high viscosity oil), and oil shale (kerogen) deposits. Ultra low permeability reservoirs exhibit a half slope on a log-plot of flow-rates against time believed to be caused by drainage from matrix surfaces into adjoining fractures. Such reservoirs are commonly believed to be regionally pervasive that may be interrupted by regulatory or ownership boundaries with the potential for large oil & gas volumes, which are very hard to verify. Non-unique flow characteristics in unconventional accumulations means that commercial viability depends on the technology applied to extraction. Extrapolations from a single control point, and thereby resource estimation, are dependent on nearby producing analogs with evidence of economic viability. Under these circumstances, pilot projects may be needed to define reserves. Any other resource estimates are likely to be analog-only derived YTF volumes, which are speculative.
343:), Probable and Possible. Reserves defined as Probable and Possible are incremental (or additional) discovered volumes based on geological and/or engineering criteria similar to those used in estimating Proven reserves. Though not classified as contingent, some technical, contractual, or regulatory uncertainties preclude such reserves being classified as Proven. The most accepted definitions of these are based on those originally approved by the SPE and the WPC in 1997, requiring that reserves are discovered, recoverable, commercial and remaining based on rules governing the classification into sub-categories and the declared development project plans applied. Probable and Possible reserves may be used internally by oil companies and government agencies for future planning purposes but are not routinely or uniformly compiled.
1014:), and involve identifying areas containing producing assets that are geologically similar to those being estimated and substituting data to match what is known about a segment. The opportunity segment can be scaled to any level depending on the specific interest of the analyst, whether at a global, country, basin, structural domain, play, license or reservoir level. YTF is conceptual and is commonly used as a method for scoping potential in frontier areas where there is no oil or gas production or where new play concepts are being introduced with perceived potential. However, analog content can also be substituted for any subsurface parameters where there are gaps in data in more mature reserves or resource settings (below).
401:
22:
454:
1218:
1140:
must be made for wells shut in and production restrictions. The curve can be expressed mathematically or plotted on a graph to estimate future production. It has the advantage of (implicitly) conflating all reservoir characteristics. It requires a sufficient production history to establish a statistically significant trend, ideally when production is not curtailed by regulatory or other artificial conditions.
200:) in the subsurface of the Earth's crust. All reserve and resource estimates involve uncertainty in volume estimates (expressed below as Low, Mid or High uncertainty), as well as a risk or chance to exist in reality, depending on the level of appraisal or resource maturity that governs the amount of reliable geologic and engineering data available and the interpretation of those data.
75:
1119:
reservoir pressure that depends on the remaining volume of oil & gas. The method requires extensive pressure-volume-temperature analysis and an accurate pressure history of the field. It requires some production to occur (typically 5% to 10% of ultimate recovery), unless reliable pressure history can be used from a field with similar rock and fluid characteristics.
1128:
2536:
reserves are frequently reported as a single Field or prospect or lead volume are defined by a single probability distribution the shape of which defines the most likely volume outcome and the volume uncertainty range (for example P50, P90, P10). Portfolio volumes similarly are estimated by combining
2441:
PRMS, in effect, bridges the gap between western capitalist standards for reserves reporting regulated by SEC and those that serve local national interests. It provides a framework to create an inventory of resources that have the potential of becoming profitable by the implementation of development
1153:
refers to the typical increases (but narrowing range) of estimated ultimate recovery that occur as oil & gas fields are developed and produced. Many oil-producing nations do not reveal their reservoir engineering field data and instead provide unaudited claims for their oil reserves. The numbers
2370:
The SEC reserves have a western / capitalistic emphasis on reporting the subset of in place oil and gas resources that are expected, with high confidence, to be extracted and converted into cash in a project that is going to yield a profit. The
Russian and Chinese reserve systems have an emphasis on
361:
of being recoverable under existing economic and political conditions, and with existing technology. Industry specialists refer to this category as "P90" (that is, having a 90% certainty of producing or exceeding the P90 volume on the probability distribution). Proven reserves are also known in the
121:
Reserve estimates are required by authorities and companies, and are primarily made to support operational or investment decision-making by companies or organisations involved in the business of developing and producing oil and gas. Reserve volumes are necessary to determine the financial status of
2460:
The probabilities associated with the 1P, 2P and 3P reserve categories represent the chance to deliver or exceed the volumes declared. Perhaps counterintuitively these probabilities or chances decrease as the stated volumes increase and as such correspond to a decreasing confidence that the higher
381:
Accounting for production is an important exercise for businesses. Produced oil or gas that has been brought to surface (production) and sold on international markets or refined in-country are no longer reserves and are removed from the booking and company balance sheets. Until
January 2010, "1P"
1139:
is an extrapolation of known production data to fit a decline curve and estimate future oil & gas production. The three most common forms of decline curves are exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic. It is assumed that the production will decline on a reasonably smooth curve, and so allowances
391:
do not disclose verifying data publicly. Since
January 2010 the SEC now allows companies to also provide additional optional information declaring 2P (both proven and probable) and 3P (proven plus probable plus possible) with discretionary verification by qualified third party consultants, though
303:
in general. However, the level of rigor required in applying these terms varies depending on the resource maturity which informs reporting requirements. Oil & gas reserves are resources that are, or are reasonably certain to be, commercial (i.e. profitable). Reserves are the main asset of an
1118:
for an oil or gas field uses an equation that relates the volume of oil, water and gas that has been produced from a reservoir and the change in reservoir pressure to calculate the remaining oil & gas. It assumes that, as fluids from the reservoir are produced, there will be a change in the
988:
have increased the accuracy of these estimation techniques, significant uncertainties still remain, which are expressed as a range of potential recoverable oil & gas quantities using probabilistic methods. In general, most early estimates of the reserves of an oil or gas field (rather than
425:
additional reserves are attributed to known accumulations that have a lower chance of being recovered than probable reserves. Reasons for assigning a lower probability to recovering
Possible reserves include varying interpretations of geology, uncertainty due to reserve infill (associated with
2422:
with range of uncertainty from L, M, H and further sub-classified below based on project maturity and/or economic status (e.g 1C, 2C, 3C). In addition, each reserve class carries a risk, or chance to exist in reality (POS or COS) which is based on the amount and quality of available evidence.
1068:
Once production has commenced, production rates and pressure data allow a degree of prediction on reservoir performance, which was previously characterized by substituting analog data. Analog data can still be substituted for expected reservoir performance where specific dynamic data may be
996:
Appropriate external reporting of resources and reserves is required from publicly traded companies, and is an accounting process governed by strict definitions and categorisation administered by authorities regulating the stock market and complying with governmental legal requirements. Other
316:. Contingent and prospective resource estimates are much more speculative and are not booked with the same degree of rigor, generally for internal company use only, reflecting a more limited data set and assessment maturity. If published externally, these volumes add to the perception of
612:
is determined by resource maturity. There are three main categories of technique, which are used through resource maturation to differing degrees: analog (substitution), volumetric (static) and performance-based (dynamic), which are combined to help fill gaps in knowledge or data. Both
324:. The PRMS provides a framework for a consistent approach to the estimation process to comply with reporting requirements of particularly, listed companies. Energy companies may employ specialist, independent, reserve valuation consultants to provide third party reports as part of
97:). These schemes provide management and investors with the means to make quantitative and relative comparisons between assets, before underwriting the significant cost of exploring for, developing and extracting those accumulations. Classification schemes are used to categorize the
338:
Reserves reporting of discovered accumulations is regulated by tight controls for informed investment decisions to quantify differing degrees of uncertainty in recoverable volumes. Reserves are defined in three sub-categories according to the system used in the PRMS: Proven
1185:
are much more tightly bound to rock matrices in excess of capillary forces and therefore require different approaches to both extraction and resource estimation. Unconventional reservoirs or accumulations also require different means of identification and include
1180:
The categories and estimation techniques framed by the PRMS above apply to conventional reservoirs, where oil & gas accumulations are controlled by hydrodynamic interactions between the buoyancy of oil & gas in water versus capillary forces. Oil or gas in
101:
in volume estimates of the recoverable oil and gas and the chance that they exist in reality (or risk that they do not) depending on the resource maturity. Potential subsurface oil and gas accumulations identified during exploration are classified and reported as
2682:
converts volumes at reservoir conditions (high pressure and high temperature) to storage and sale conditions, and is defined the volume of oil (and dissolved gas) at reservoir pressure and temperature required to produce one stock tank barrel of oil at the
621:
calculation methods are commonly used to calculate resource volumes, with deterministic methods predominantly applied to reserves estimation (low uncertainty) and probabilistic methods applied to general resource estimation (high uncertainty).
287:
Estimating and monitoring of reserves provides an insight into, for example, a company's future production and a country's oil & gas supply potential. As such, reserves are an important means of expressing value and longevity of resources.
50:) that can be profitably produced/recovered from an approved development. Oil and gas reserves tied to approved operational plans filed on the day of reserves reporting are also sensitive to fluctuating global market pricing. The remaining
1060:. Static models and dynamic flow models can be populated with analog reservoir performance data to increase the confidence in forecasting as the amount and quality of static geoscientific and dynamic reservoir performance data increase.
426:
variability in seepage towards a production well from adjacent areas) and projected reserves based on future recovery methods. The probabilistic, cumulative sum of proven, probable and possible reserves is referred to in the industry as "
1005:
Analogs are applied to prospective resources in areas where there are little, or sometimes no, existing data available to inform analysts about the likely potential of an opportunity or play segment. Analog-only techniques are called
2371:
creating an inventory of oil and gas in place that have a potential of future exploitation to meet their national needs. Profitable extraction is convenient and appreciated, but not always a requirement for their national interests.
2423:
Naturally the highest chance (lowest risk) is associated with proven reserves (fields with wells and production tests) and the lowest chance (highest risk) is associated with undrilled prospects and leads where data is more sparse
485:
on one or more conditions changing. The uncertainty in the estimates for recoverable oil & gas volumes is expressed in a probability distribution and is sub-classified based on project maturity and/or economic status
513:, being undiscovered, have the widest range in volume uncertainties and carry the highest risk or chance to be present in reality (POS or COS). At the exploration stage (before discovery) they are categorized by the wide
461:, probability, (P95 and often referred to in the industry as F95) of at least volume V1 of economically recoverable oil, and there is a 5% chance (P05 or F05) of at least volume V2 of economically recoverable oil.
1148:
Experience shows that initial estimates of the size of newly discovered oil & gas fields are usually too low. As years pass, successive estimates of the ultimate recovery of fields tend to increase. The term
967:
The combination of geological, geophysical and technical engineering constraints means that the quantification of volumes is usually undertaken by integrated technical, and commercial teams composed primarily of
1055:
are also characterized by volumetric methods with analog content and uncertainty distributions before significant production has occurred, where spatial distribution information may be preserved in a static
54:(after the reserves have been accounted) are likely sub-commercial and may still be under appraisal with the potential to be technically recoverable once commercially established. Natural gas is frequently
386:
were the only type the U.S. SEC allowed oil companies to report to investors. Companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges may be called upon to verify their claims confidentially, but many governments and
1966:
2488:
uncertainty is expressed as a probabilistic range, which includes the chance or risk that hydrocarbons are absent. The combined most likely risked volume outcome, or chance-weighted mean, is called
411:
additional reserves are attributed to known accumulations and the probabilistic, cumulative sum of proven and probable reserves (with a probability of P50), also referred to in the industry as "
374:(PUD). PD reserves are reserves that can be produced with existing wells and perforations, or from additional reservoirs where minimal additional investment (operating expense) is required (
2339:
resource holders are the legal owners of subsurface oil and gas resources and are commonly represented by the
Governments of the day who own the mineral rights for oil and/or gas extraction
1668:
206:
Classification summary featuring volumes uncertainty (low, mid or high) with increasing chance for an accumulation to exist and be commercial upwards reflecting greater resource maturity
446:, by definition, does not have to be technically or commercially recoverable and can be represented by a single, or an aggregate of multiple potential accumulations, e.g. an estimated
2361:
the definitions and guidelines contained in this article must not be construed as modifying the interpretation or application of any existing regulatory reporting requirements
533:
again reflecting the degrees of uncertainty. Companies are commonly not required to report publicly their views of prospective resources but may choose to do so voluntarily.
161:(SEC) reporting requirements which shares many elements with PRMS. Attempts have also been made to standardize more generalized methodologies for the reporting of national or
378:
opening a set of perforations already installed). PUD reserves require additional capital investment (e.g., drilling new wells) to bring the oil and/or gas to the surface.
1627:
1281:
618:
62:(BOE). Consequently, both oil and gas reserves, as well as resource estimates, follow the same reporting guidelines, and are referred to collectively hereinafter as
415:" (Proven plus Probable) The P50 designation means that there should be at least a 50% chance that the actual volumes recovered will be equal to or will exceed the
2152:
1959:
2537:
individual probability distributions taking into account interdependencies between portfolio elements (i.e not a simple addition of ‘most likely volume’)
133:), which summarizes a consistent approach to estimating oil and gas quantities within a comprehensive classification framework, jointly developed by the
114:, at the point when a sufficient accumulation of commercial oil and/or gas are proven by drilling, with authorized and funded development plans to begin
1023:
1531:
1353:
997:
national or industry bodies may voluntarily report resources and reserves but are not required to follow the same strict definitions and controls.
1516:
122:
the company, which may be obliged to report those estimates to shareholders and "resource holders" at the various stages of resource maturation.
93:, detailed classification schemes have been devised by industry specialists to quantify volumes of oil and gas accumulated underground (known as
1675:
1811:
Quirk, DG; Howe, MJ; Archer, SG (July 2017). "A Combined
Deterministic-Probabilistic Method of Estimating Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Resources".
404:
An example of a Volume
Uncertainty Distribution, with the P10, P50 and P90 volumes indicated (created using a probabilistic calculation method)
2243:
2089:
1154:
disclosed by some national governments are suspected of being manipulated for political reasons. In order to achieve international goals for
142:
25:
Flaring a flow test, the first outward indication of a new oil or gas discovery, which has the potential to qualify for reserves assessment
1162:
said in 2021 that countries should no longer expand exploration or invest in projects to expand reserves to meet climate goals set by the
457:
Schematic graph illustrating petroleum volumes and probabilities. Curves represent categories of oil in assessment. There is a 95% chance
1487:
993:. This may be due to the availability of more data and/or the improved matching between predicted and actual production performance.
477:. Contingent resources are those accumulations or fields that are not yet considered mature enough for commercial development, where
146:
1338:
1043:
volumes are calculations when uncertainty distributions are applied as input to all or some of the terms of the equation (see also
2569:
1175:
1031:
Recoverable volume = Gross Rock Volume * Net/Gross * Porosity * Oil or Gas
Saturation * Recovery Factor / Formation Volume Factor
158:
1638:
1343:
1039:
volumes are calculated when single values are used as input parameters to this equation, which could include analog content.
2287:
1712:
1583:
1397:
582:
2271:
CIPC/SPE Gas
Technology Symposium 2008 Joint Conference: Rate Transient Analysis in Naturally Fractured Shale Gas Reservoirs
1261:
2135:
1296:
325:
1457:
1414:
1792:
1752:
2442:
projects. Rather than focusing on in-place volumes, it is focused on the volumes that may ultimately be extracted.
2746:
1570:
442:
Resource estimates are undiscovered volumes, or volumes that have not yet been drilled and flowed to surface. A
447:
317:
150:
134:
430:" (proven plus probable plus possible) where there is a 10% chance of delivering or exceeding the P10 volume.(
2756:
1047:), which preserve dependencies between parameters. These geostatistical methods are most commonly applied to
609:
2419:
1251:
2451:
determined by the legislative requirements and legal framework of the host
Country outwith SEC regulations
2761:
2736:
2731:
2519:
1311:
1256:
1159:
1044:
90:
2479:
e.g. stock market price, financial investment, technical innovations, market innovation or fiscal easing
2006:"Fossil fuel reserves and resources reporting and unburnable carbon: Investigating conflicting accounts"
295:, the terms 'Resources' and 'Reserves' have distinct and specific meaning with respect to oil & gas
185:
2751:
2594:
1286:
2432:
e.g. internal reporting or external, public announcements and balance sheet disclosure to shareholders
111:
2701:
1613:
2726:
2695:
514:
296:
59:
1231:
590:
300:
138:
1744:
1572:
United Nations Resource Management System: An overview of concepts, objectives and requirements
1241:
981:
561:
1784:
2741:
2716:
2564:
conventional reservoirs are characterised by buoyancy of oil, gas and water, estimated using
1087:
985:
614:
1854:
1776:
1736:
589:), which is determined by a combination of subsurface geology and the technology applied to
2229:
1820:
1306:
1078:
388:
8:
1057:
973:
546:
125:
Currently, the most widely accepted classification and reporting methodology is the 2018
45:
1824:
2037:
1836:
1601:
1291:
1276:
478:
115:
2088:
Jones, A.D.; Denelle, F.R.; Lee, W.J.; MacDonald, D.G.; Seiller, B.J. (19 July 2016).
2721:
2509:
the technically recoverable volume at a given set of market conditions is called the
2283:
2131:
2056:
2041:
1840:
1788:
1777:
1748:
1737:
1708:
1579:
1510:
1393:
502:) and in addition are assigned a risk, or chance, to exist in reality (POS or COS).
2275:
2164:
2101:
2057:"An Estimate of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the World, 2012"
2027:
2017:
1890:
1828:
162:
154:
2004:
Bebbington, Jan; Schneider, Thomas; Stevenson, Lorna; Fox, Alison (January 2020).
1415:"Reserve Recognition Under Production-Sharing and Other Nontraditional Agreements"
157:
that register securities in the U.S. market must report proved reserves under the
2153:"Net Pay — What Is It? What Does It Do? How Do We Quantify It? How Do We Use It?"
1933:
1333:
1323:
1266:
1163:
1155:
581:
of any kind. The ratio between in place and recoverable volumes is known as the
383:
352:
400:
2629:
reservoir rock occupied by pores (typically 5-35% for a conventional reservoir)
2207:
1328:
1301:
1095:
1091:
2546:
the argument being “if it works in this part of the world, then why not here?”
2022:
2005:
21:
2710:
2593:
is defined as the volume of rock contained geometrically within conventional
2090:"The Use of Reservoir Simulation in Deterministic Proved-Reserves Estimation"
1739:
Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production
1223:
969:
628:
Estimation techniques applied with decreasing resource maturity to the right
473:
Once a discovery has been made, prospective resources can be reclassified as
392:
many companies choose to use 2P and 3P estimates only for internal purposes.
313:
55:
984:
must be used to estimate the size and recoverability of the resource. While
2565:
1236:
1103:
573:), and it is only this producible fraction that is considered to be either
555:
550:
321:
2130:(2 ed.). UK, USA & Australia: Blackwell Publishing. p. 153.
453:
1348:
1246:
305:
98:
94:
41:
2698:, including many charts and graphs on the world's energy supply and use
2653:) is defined as the percentage of pore space occupied by oil and/or gas
2194:
Guidelines for Application of the Petroleum Resources Management System
2032:
597:, in order to avoid confusion, it should be clarified whether they are
521:). In the PRMS the range of volumes is classified by the abbreviations
2279:
2168:
2105:
1832:
37:
2269:
16:
Industry concept of crude oil and natural gas reserves and resources
2418:
Estimates for recoverable oil & gas volumes are expressed as a
1271:
79:
2669:) is defined as the ratio between in-place and recoverable volumes
1217:
977:
2318:
a term commonly used to identify discoveries or producing fields
2613:
that has the lithological potential for being a productive zone
2330:
whether proven (low uncertainty) or unproven (high uncertainty)
2244:"End new oil, gas and coal funding to reach net zero, says IEA"
2003:
83:
74:
1888:
320:, which in turn can influence oil & gas company share or
2678:
Oil shrinks and gas expands when brought to the surface. The
2555:
the larger the segment, the greater the degree of speculation
1936:. SPEE. Society of Petroleum Evaluators Engineers. p. 46
1392:(1.01 ed.). Society of Petroleum Engineers. p. 52.
1099:
1779:
Standard Handbook Of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering
1359:
1131:
Example of a production decline curve for an individual well
1127:
2268:
Bello, Rasheed O.; Wattenbarger, Robert A. (16 June 2008).
2696:
Energy Supply page on the Global Education Project website
1282:
List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production
58:
with oil directly and gas reserves are commonly quoted in
1934:"Annual Survey of Parameters Used in Property Evaluation"
357:
Proven reserves are discovered volumes claimed to have a
2087:
1669:"Glossary of Terms Used in Petroleum Reserves/Resources"
1488:"Global Resource Classification Systems for Oil and Gas"
1390:
Petroleum Resource Management System (revised June 2018)
1578:. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2021.
2500:
SEC does not allow reporting of undiscovered resources
1702:
1674:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2005. Archived from
1637:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 1997. Archived from
1960:"The Intricate Puzzle of Oil and Gas Reserves Growth"
1495:
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
1458:"Petroleum Resources Classification and Definitions"
1213:
2470:NOTE: SEC discourages the aggregation of estimates
1957:
1424:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 111–130
1122:
1069:missing, representing a "best technical" outcome.
168:
2267:
989:resource estimates) are conservative and tend to
976:, surface engineers and economists. Because the
395:
330:filings for either reserves or resource booking.
2708:
1354:List of countries by natural gas proven reserves
1051:that still need to be tested by the drill bit.
2125:
1810:
1703:Wright, Charlotte J.; Rebecca A Gallun (2008).
1663:
1661:
1659:
1497:. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
1467:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 7–11
980:of the subsurface cannot be examined directly,
465:There are two non-reserve resource categories:
2196:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. p. 222.
2126:Gluyas, Jon G.; Swarbrick, Richard E. (2021).
2083:
2081:
1412:
545:) of oil and/or gas contained in a subsurface
312:is the process by which they are added to the
2128:Petroleum Geoscience, 2nd edition (paperback)
569:oil & gas can be brought to the surface (
2641:(inversely measured as the water saturation
1953:
1951:
1656:
1169:
1063:
143:American Association of Petroleum Geologists
2187:
2185:
2150:
2078:
1515:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1109:
1026:can be calculated using a volume equation:
565:respectively). However, only a fraction of
2397:uccess (POS) sometimes called the COS or
2094:SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering
1965:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
1707:(5 ed.). PenWell Books. p. 750.
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
2568:flow in subsurface, which contrasts with
2031:
2021:
1948:
1783:. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp.
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1698:
1696:
1413:McMichael, Claude L; Young, E.D. (2001).
1360:References, notes and working definitions
1102:(typically, oil, water, and gas) through
366:. Proven reserves may be referred to as
147:Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers
2609:discounts non-reservoir portions of the
2241:
2182:
1891:"MODERNIZATION OF OIL AND GAS REPORTING"
1705:Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Accounting
1532:"World Oil and Gas Resource Assessments"
1339:List of countries by proven oil reserves
1176:Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir
1126:
536:
505:
452:
399:
165:level oil and gas resource assessments.
73:
20:
1855:"Petroleum Resources Management System"
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1370:
1072:
468:
2709:
2578:
1857:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2007
1806:
1804:
1761:
1693:
1344:World energy resources and consumption
1000:
2702:Oil reserves (most recent) by country
2151:Worthington, Paul F. (October 2010).
1774:
1635:Petroleum Resources Management System
1194:(low permeability), low permeability
437:
127:petroleum resources management system
2625:is defined as the percentage of the
2381:
2379:
2377:
1931:
1889:Securities and Exchange Commission.
1847:
1734:
1721:
1455:
1017:
2191:
2010:Critical Perspectives on Accounting
1801:
1387:
1262:Global strategic petroleum reserves
13:
2054:
1972:from the original on 6 August 2010
1297:List of oilfield service companies
1143:
346:
159:Securities and Exchange Commission
118:within a recommended five years.
14:
2773:
2689:
2374:
2064:World Petroleum Resources Project
1743:. PennWell Corporation. pp.
625:
549:, is called oil or gas initially
203:
106:. Resources are re-classified as
69:
1628:"Petroleum Reserves Definitions"
1536:United States Geological Society
1529:
1216:
593:. When reporting oil & gas
2672:
2656:
2632:
2616:
2600:
2584:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2530:
2503:
2494:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2454:
2445:
2435:
2426:
2412:
2364:
2261:
2235:
2222:
2200:
2144:
2119:
2048:
1997:
1984:
1925:
1912:
1882:
1869:
1620:
1563:
1550:
1523:
1485:
1479:
1123:Production decline curve method
169:Reserves and resource reporting
2355:
2342:
2333:
2321:
2312:
2242:Chestney, Nina (18 May 2021).
1449:
1436:
1406:
608:The appropriate technique for
541:The total estimated quantity (
396:Probable and possible reserves
151:Society of Economic Geologists
135:Society of Petroleum Engineers
1:
2572:dominated by capillary forces
1364:
515:range of volume uncertainties
1813:Journal of Petroleum Geology
1556:McMichael and Young (2001),
1252:Probability density function
842:Dynamic reservoir simulation
278:
273:
268:
258:
253:
248:
238:
233:
228:
177:refers to known (discovered
7:
2520:Estimated ultimate recovery
1958:David F. Morehouse (1997).
1312:Estimated ultimate recovery
1257:Copula (probability theory)
1209:
1202:) and tight oil (including
1160:International Energy Agency
1045:Copula (probability theory)
1022:Oil & gas volumes in a
333:
91:mineral resource estimation
10:
2778:
1775:Lyons, William C. (2005).
1287:List of natural gas fields
1173:
1076:
930:
900:
871:
840:
806:
770:
734:
702:
671:
350:
2570:unconventional reservoirs
2461:volumes can be delivered.
2023:10.1016/j.cpa.2019.04.004
1183:unconventional reservoirs
1170:Unconventional reservoirs
1064:Performance-based methods
706:(With segment production)
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
220:
217:
214:
211:
60:barrels of oil equivalent
2651:1-hydrocarbon saturation
2420:probability distribution
2306:
2210:. moneyterms.co.uk. 2008
1735:Hyne, Norman J. (2001).
1116:materials balance method
1110:Materials balance method
1094:are used to predict the
928:Unconventional reservoir
1456:Ross, James G. (2001).
1232:Extraction of petroleum
808:Static reservoir models
675:(No segment production)
301:hydrocarbon exploration
139:World Petroleum Council
2747:Industries (economics)
2639:hydrocarbon saturation
2232:, 2011, Harper Collins
2157:SPE Res Eval & Eng
1588:. ECE Energy Series 68
1242:Decline curve analysis
1132:
1034:
1024:conventional reservoir
902:Decline curve analysis
462:
405:
389:national oil companies
86:
26:
2208:"Proven Oil Reserves"
1318:Energy and resources:
1130:
1088:reservoir engineering
1049:prospective resources
1028:
537:Estimation techniques
511:Prospective resources
506:Prospective resources
456:
403:
306:oil & gas company
266:Prospective Resources
104:prospective resources
77:
24:
2757:Petroleum production
2230:Leah McGrath Goodman
1307:Stranded gas reserve
1137:decline curve method
1084:Reservoir simulation
1079:Reservoir simulation
1073:Reservoir simulation
1053:Contingent resources
974:subsurface engineers
772:Probabilistic models
610:resource estimations
475:contingent resources
469:Contingent resources
444:non-reserve resource
359:reasonable certainty
246:Contingent Resources
30:Oil and gas reserves
2579:Working definitions
1825:2017JPetG..40..217Q
1001:Analog (YTF) method
982:indirect techniques
630:
208:
188:of oil and/or gas (
2762:Natural gas fields
2737:Petroleum industry
2732:Resource economics
1932:SPEE (June 2019).
1292:List of oil fields
1277:Petroleum Industry
1192:basin-centered gas
1133:
463:
438:Resource estimates
406:
372:proven undeveloped
87:
52:resource estimates
27:
2752:Petroleum geology
2511:ultimate recovery
2289:978-1-55563-179-6
2280:10.2118/114591-MS
2169:10.2118/123561-PA
2106:10.2118/170669-PA
1833:10.1111/jpg.12674
1714:978-1-59370-137-6
1585:978-92-1-117259-1
1399:978-1-61399-660-7
1018:Volumetric method
965:
964:
838:Performance-based
629:
285:
284:
207:
2769:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2614:
2604:
2598:
2588:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2410:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2274:. Calgary: SPE.
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1782:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1742:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1385:
1226:
1221:
1220:
986:new technologies
934:(rate transient)
873:Material balance
631:
627:
624:
448:geological basin
368:proven developed
209:
205:
202:
155:Public companies
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2727:Oil exploration
2707:
2706:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2673:
2663:Recovery Factor
2661:
2657:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2413:
2385:expressed as a
2384:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2350:proved reserves
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2086:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1773:
1762:
1755:
1733:
1722:
1715:
1701:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1528:
1524:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1334:Energy security
1324:Proven reserves
1267:Oil exploration
1222:
1215:
1212:
1188:coalbed methane
1178:
1172:
1164:Paris Agreement
1156:decarbonisation
1146:
1144:Reserves growth
1125:
1112:
1092:computer models
1081:
1075:
1066:
1058:reservoir model
1020:
1003:
583:recovery factor
539:
508:
471:
440:
398:
384:proven reserves
355:
353:Proven reserves
349:
347:Proven reserves
336:
212:RESOURCE CLASS
171:
149:(SPEE) and the
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2690:External links
2688:
2686:
2685:
2671:
2655:
2631:
2615:
2599:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:
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2354:
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2332:
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2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2288:
2260:
2234:
2221:
2199:
2181:
2163:(5): 812–822.
2143:
2137:978-1405199605
2136:
2118:
2100:(3): 358–366.
2077:
2047:
1996:
1983:
1947:
1924:
1911:
1881:
1868:
1846:
1819:(3): 217–248.
1800:
1793:
1760:
1753:
1720:
1713:
1692:
1681:on 27 May 2008
1655:
1644:on 27 May 2008
1619:
1610:|website=
1584:
1562:
1549:
1522:
1486:UNECE (2019).
1478:
1448:
1435:
1405:
1398:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:Resource curse
1326:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1302:Petroleum play
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1211:
1208:
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1151:reserve growth
1145:
1142:
1124:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1086:is an area of
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1019:
1016:
1002:
999:
991:grow with time
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
929:
925:
924:
922:
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792:
789:
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504:
470:
467:
439:
436:
397:
394:
351:Main article:
348:
345:
335:
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283:
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277:
272:
267:
263:
262:
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252:
247:
243:
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223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
173:An oil or gas
170:
167:
89:As with other
71:
70:Quantification
68:
36:quantities of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2774:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2457:
2448:
2438:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2358:
2351:
2348:usually only
2345:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1990:Ross (2001),
1987:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1794:9780750677851
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1754:9780878148233
1750:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:Energy portal
1219:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Probabilistic
1038:
1037:Deterministic
1033:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1009:
998:
994:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:geoscientists
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
927:
926:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
908:
905:
903:
898:
897:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
879:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
843:
837:
836:
833:
831:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
773:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
737:
736:Deterministic
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
705:
700:
699:
695:
692:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
674:
668:
667:
632:
623:
620:
619:deterministic
616:
615:probabilistic
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
466:
460:
455:
451:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
402:
393:
390:
385:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
354:
344:
342:
331:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
314:balance sheet
311:
307:
302:
298:
297:accumulations
294:
289:
281:
276:
271:
265:
264:
261:
256:
251:
245:
244:
241:
236:
231:
225:
224:
210:
201:
199:
195:
192:undiscovered
191:
187:
186:accumulations
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
85:
81:
76:
67:
65:
64:oil & gas
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
2742:Fossil fuels
2717:Oil reserves
2679:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2607:Net to Gross
2606:
2602:
2590:
2586:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2456:
2447:
2437:
2428:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2366:
2357:
2352:are reported
2349:
2344:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2293:. Retrieved
2270:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2228:The Asylum,
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2192:SPE (2011).
2172:. Retrieved
2160:
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