350:
The prevalent ideology of the original Oi! movement was a rough brand of working-class rebellion. Lyrical topics included unemployment, workers' rights, harassment by police and other authorities, and oppression by the government. Oi! songs also covered less-political topics such as street violence,
534:
have credited Oi! as a source of inspiration. In the mid-1990s, there was a revival of interest in Oi! music, leading to older Oi! bands receiving more recognition in the UK and bands such as The
Business being discovered by young, multiracial skinheads in the US. In the 2000s, many of the original
436:
on 4 July 1981 ended with five hours of rioting, 120 people being injured and the tavern being burnt down. Before the concert, some audience members had written NF slogans around the area and bullied Asian residents of the neighbourhood. In response, local Asian youths threw
Molotov cocktails and
513:
After the Oi! movement lost momentum in the United
Kingdom, Oi! scenes formed in continental Europe, North America, and Asia. Soon, especially in the United States, the Oi! phenomenon mirrored the hardcore punk scene of the late 1970s, with American Oi!-originating bands such as the Radicals,
424:
played an important symbolic role in the politicization of the skinhead subculture. By providing, for the first time, a musical focus for skinhead identity that was "white"—that is, that had nothing to do with the West Indian immigrant presence and little obvious connection with black musical
274:. Although Oi! has come to be considered mainly a skinhead-oriented genre, the first few Oi! bands were composed mostly of punk rockers and people who fit neither the skinhead nor punk label.
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movements, which had musical and aesthetic similarities to Oi! Although due to Cold War fears the genre had appeal to some punk rock bands distinct from original Oi! in that they opposed all
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other objects at the tavern, mistakenly believing that the concert—featuring the
Business, the 4-Skins and the Last Resort—was a neo-Nazi event. Although some of the concert-goers were
429:
Garry
Bushell, the journalist who promoted the Oi! genre, argued that the white power music scene was "totally distinct from us. We had no overlap other than a mutual dislike".
498:
two months after the release. Bushell, a socialist at the time, noted the irony of being branded a far-right activist by a newspaper that "had once supported
492:, and that he had been unaware of the Nazi connotations. He also denied knowing the identity of the skinhead on the album's cover until it was exposed by the
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The mainstream media increased its claims that Oi! was linked to far-right racist politics after an Oi! concert at the
Hambrough Tavern in
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youth. The movement was partly a response to the perception that many participants in the early punk rock scene were, in the words of
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roots—Oi! provided a musical focus for new visions of skinhead identity a point of entry for a new brand of right-wing rock music.
478:, a skinhead BM activist who was serving a four-year sentence for racist violence (Crane later disavowed his alignment with the
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319:. In addition to Cockney Rejects, other bands to be explicitly labeled Oi! in the early days of the genre included
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890:
Brown, Timothy S. (2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and
Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany".
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Encyclopedia of
British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the Twentieth Century
206:
Oi! became a recognised genre in the latter part of the 1970s, emerging after the perceived commercialisation of
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guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic... and losing touch."
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bands, and the audience of approximately 500 people included skinheads, black skinheads, punk rockers,
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after revealing he was gay). Bushell, who compiled the album, stated its title was a pun on
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that originated in the United
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was used retroactively to describe their style of music. In 1980, writing in
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compilation album, released in May 1981. Not only was its title a play on a
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Worley, Matthew (2013). "Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and
British Punk".
510:, and appeasement with Hitler right up to the outbreak of World War Two."
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In the aftermath of that riot, many Oi! bands condemned racism and
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This article is about the music genre. For the interjection, see
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Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike (26 July 2005).
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includes information about the original Oi! compilation albums
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267:
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900:(1) (Fall 2004 ed.). Oxford University Press: 157–178.
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sound. It fused the sounds of early punk bands such as the
374:(BM), leading some critics to dismiss the Oi! subgenre as
230:
with influences from 1960s British rock bands such as the
2164:
1235:
686:
Hoolies: True Stories of Britain's Biggest Street Battles
71:
1012:"Nicky Crane: The secret double life of a gay neo-Nazi"
860:
975:
When We Touched the Sky: The Anti-Nazi League, 1977–81
585:
Bushell, Garry (24 January 1981). "Oi! – The Debate".
526:, and Anti Heros. Later American punk bands such as
311:used to introduce the band's songs. The word is a
2347:
568:Dalton, Stephen (June 1993). "Revolution Rock".
535:UK Oi! bands reunited to perform and/or record.
1074:Weekly updated site with interviews and reviews
835:"Misunderstood or hateful? Oi!'s rise and fall"
362:'s Offensive Weapon―and fans were involved in
1828:
1118:
1093:includes interviews and news about Oi! bands
2401:Working-class culture in the United Kingdom
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445:supporters, none of the performers were
977:. New Clarion Press. pp. 136–155.
943:. 5 July 1981. p. A-8 – via
925:
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1080:- Music for social change, not profit.
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285:were around for years before the word
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408:(RAC) was a partial development from
920:
712:Marshall, George (1 December 1991).
629:
303:, taking the name from the garbled "
616:
277:First-generation Oi! bands such as
13:
2005:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
771:"Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell"
210:, and before the soon-to-dominate
182:had the goal of bringing together
14:
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1722:Animal rights and punk subculture
1065:
795:Twentieth Century British History
402:, and others were non-political.
684:Bushell, Garry (26 April 2010).
1707:List of punk compilation albums
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1003:
991:
963:
951:
883:
854:
785:
2130:National Socialist black metal
1010:Kelly, Jon (6 December 2013).
802:(4) (December 2013 ed.).
730:
714:Spirit of 69: A Skinhead Bible
677:
655:
595:
578:
561:
1:
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453:, and non-affiliated youths.
1842:
351:football, sex, and alcohol.
7:
2072:National Socialist Movement
1988:Red and Anarchist Skinheads
1712:List of punk rock festivals
688:. John Blake. p. 156.
538:
378:. Other Oi! bands, such as
10:
2419:
1948:Aryan Brotherhood of Texas
1666:Second wave punk musicians
931:"Race Riot Strikes London"
635:Punk Rock: An Oral History
474:", but the cover featured
366:organisations such as the
295:magazine, rock journalist
201:
18:
2376:20th-century music genres
2314:
2193:
2110:Caribbean music in the UK
2092:
1891:
1850:
1699:
1661:First wave punk musicians
1653:
1541:
1470:
1170:
1140:
893:Journal of Social History
307:!" that Stinky Turner of
113:
108:
101:
96:
80:
39:
34:
2386:Scottish styles of music
2194:Clothing and accessories
2057:Keystone State Skinheads
1972:List of peckerwood gangs
190:, and other disaffected
2381:English styles of music
936:The Kingman Daily Miner
867:Continuum International
804:Oxford University Press
602:Bushell, Garry (1981).
354:Some Oi! bands―such as
2155:Rock Against Communism
2082:White Aryan Resistance
2062:Vinlanders Social Club
1084:Punk and Oi! in the UK
427:
406:Rock Against Communism
299:labelled the movement
252:Eddie and the Hot Rods
23:. For other uses, see
2391:Welsh styles of music
1802:Timeline of punk rock
1732:Death of Brian Deneke
1342:Progressive metalcore
906:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079
508:invasion of Abyssinia
422:
394:were associated with
16:Subgenre of punk rock
2012:White power skinhead
1916:Friends Stand United
1901:Football hooliganism
1628:Scottish Gaelic punk
1041:(23 November 1997).
633:(27 February 2006).
489:Strength Through Joy
472:Strength Through Joy
118:Football hooliganism
1851:Vintage subcultures
1670:List of punk bands
812:10.1093/tcbh/hwt001
775:garry-bushell.co.uk
716:. S.T. Publishing.
315:expression meaning
2027:Blood & Honour
2000:Anti-Racist Action
1968:Public Enemy No. 1
1892:Modern subcultures
1796:List of punk films
1691:Women in punk rock
1214:Christian hardcore
1089:7 May 2011 at the
960:, p. 106, 110
673:on 28 August 2009.
667:punkmodpop.free.fr
396:left wing politics
333:Anti-Establishment
90:East End of London
88:(particularly the
2343:
2342:
1943:Aryan Brotherhood
1911:Hardcore skinhead
1810:
1809:
1727:Conservative Punk
1654:People and groups
1337:Melodic metalcore
1280:Beatdown hardcore
1039:Finnegan, William
1000:, p. 107–108
833:(18 March 2010).
663:"COCKNEY REJECTS"
591:. pp. 30–31.
463:Strength Thru Oi!
447:white power music
414:white supremacist
364:white nationalist
174:is a subgenre of
169:
168:
40:Stylistic origins
21:Oi (interjection)
2408:
2361:Punk rock genres
2336:Peckerwood gangs
2201:Alpha Industries
2032:British Movement
1958:European Kindred
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1700:Related articles
1478:Alternative rock
1300:Melodic hardcore
1290:Digital hardcore
1285:Crossover thrash
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1120:
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1104:
1103:
1097:Oi! the Web Site
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941:Kingman, Arizona
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831:Petridis, Alexis
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781:on 31 July 2008.
777:. Archived from
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669:. Archived from
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532:Dropkick Murphys
443:British Movement
380:Angelic Upstarts
372:British Movement
321:Angelic Upstarts
81:Cultural origins
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1995:Trojan skinhead
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1772:Punk literature
1767:Punk visual art
1762:Punk ideologies
1752:Punk subculture
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1686:Punk filmmakers
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1435:Punk pathetique
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1091:Wayback Machine
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869:. p. 175.
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744:. 22 April 2024
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309:Cockney Rejects
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138:punk ideologies
103:Punk pathetique
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1048:The New Yorker
1043:"THE UNWANTED"
1030:
1002:
990:
984:978-1873797488
983:
973:(4 May 2006).
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876:978-0826458148
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723:978-0951849705
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695:978-1844549078
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648:978-0091905118
647:
615:
610:Nu Image Films
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524:Agnostic Front
506:, Mussolini's
439:National Front
368:National Front
262:bands such as
246:bands such as
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57:drinking songs
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1275:Hardcore punk
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392:The Oppressed
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370:(NF) and the
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297:Garry Bushell
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212:hardcore punk
209:
199:
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193:
192:working-class
189:
185:
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177:
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162:
161:working class
159:
157:
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150:
146:
144:
141:
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136:
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128:hardcore punk
126:
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123:Garry Bushell
121:
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107:
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100:
95:
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33:
30:
26:
22:
2315:Other topics
2281:Sweater vest
2261:Levi Strauss
2175:Stax Records
2139:
1953:Aryan Circle
1925:
1906:Gay skinhead
1782:Puntala-rock
1757:Punk fashion
1528:Thrash metal
1385:
1325:Nintendocore
1180:Anarcho-punk
1052:. Retrieved
1046:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1015:
1005:
993:
974:
971:Renton, Dave
965:
953:
934:
897:
891:
885:
862:
856:
844:. Retrieved
840:The Guardian
838:
799:
793:
787:
779:the original
774:
746:. Retrieved
741:
732:
713:
685:
679:
671:the original
666:
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634:
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586:
580:
569:
563:
512:
493:
488:
461:
455:
451:rockabillies
431:
428:
423:
404:
384:The Business
360:Johnny Adair
353:
349:
329:the Business
316:
300:
290:
286:
283:Cock Sparrer
276:
248:Dr. Feelgood
205:
196:The Business
171:
170:
148:
109:Other topics
84:Late 1970s,
29:
2231:Dr. Martens
2206:Ben Sherman
2120:Mod revival
2047:Hammerskins
2022:Aryan Guard
1623:Celtic punk
1591:Netherlands
1523:Speed metal
1483:Gothic rock
1457:Street punk
1420:Psychobilly
1391:Street punk
1376:Latino punk
1371:Horror punk
1295:Krishnacore
1270:Garage punk
1258:Celtic punk
1148:Garage rock
1078:Europe Punk
1054:19 November
1023:19 November
846:19 November
806:: 606–636.
605:Dance Craze
545:Street punk
504:Blackshirts
476:Nicky Crane
410:white power
400:anti-racism
356:Sam McCrory
325:the 4-Skins
232:Small Faces
216:Sex Pistols
156:street punk
133:mod revival
2350:Categories
2256:Harrington
2246:Fred Perry
2180:Studio One
2160:Rocksteady
2077:Volksfront
2042:Creativity
1983:Red Action
1938:Peckerwood
1894:and groups
1873:Scooterboy
1792:Punk films
1645:Yugoslavia
1639:California
1542:By country
1533:Visual kei
1508:Noise rock
1498:Industrial
1425:Punk blues
1408:Skate punk
1364:Thrashcore
1354:Riot grrrl
1263:Gypsy punk
1226:Dance-punk
1202:Avant-punk
1185:Crust punk
1153:Proto-punk
1141:Precursors
631:Robb, John
556:References
520:Iron Cross
516:U.S. Chaos
495:Daily Mail
388:The Burial
256:The 101ers
180:subculture
67:folk music
2145:Punk rock
2105:Blue Beat
2037:Combat 18
1883:Suedehead
1777:Punk zine
1737:DIY ethic
1717:Afro-punk
1611:Trallpunk
1549:Australia
1513:Post-punk
1462:Surf punk
1430:Punk jazz
1381:Nazi punk
1359:Taqwacore
1349:Queercore
1320:Crunkcore
1310:Deathcore
1305:Metalcore
1253:Anti-folk
1248:Folk punk
1158:Glam punk
1134:Punk rock
484:the Skids
480:far right
345:Combat 84
341:the Blood
260:glam rock
224:the Clash
208:punk rock
188:skinheads
176:punk rock
97:Subgenres
47:Punk rock
2396:Skinhead
2286:Solovair
2271:Lonsdale
2251:Grinders
2236:Flat cap
1921:Hardline
1868:Sharpies
1863:Rude boy
1844:Skinhead
1606:Könsrock
1503:New wave
1452:Ska punk
1440:Punk rap
1398:Pop-punk
1332:Mathcore
1231:Egg punk
1197:Art punk
1087:Archived
1017:BBC News
914:42029805
748:22 April
550:Skinhead
539:See also
486:' album
470:slogan "
434:Southall
244:pub rock
151:magazine
143:skinhead
52:pub rock
2301:Tredair
2266:Loafers
2221:Crombie
2211:Brogues
1978:Redskin
1878:Soulboy
1742:Moshing
1581:Germany
1564:Estonia
1445:Emo rap
1241:Emo rap
1221:Cowpunk
458:fascism
313:British
279:Sham 69
236:the Who
228:the Jam
220:Ramones
202:History
2306:Trilby
2216:Brutus
2150:Reggae
2125:Motown
2100:2 Tone
1747:Poseur
1601:Sweden
1586:Greece
1576:France
1559:Canada
1554:Brazil
1493:Grunge
1403:2 Tone
1190:D-beat
981:
912:
873:
720:
692:
645:
588:Sounds
528:Rancid
376:racist
292:Sounds
258:, and
226:, and
218:, the
149:Sounds
2093:Music
1596:Spain
1518:Scene
1488:Grebo
910:S2CID
337:Blitz
272:Sweet
268:Slade
264:T.Rex
184:punks
2296:Suit
2276:MA-1
2170:Soul
1056:2022
1025:2022
979:ISBN
871:ISBN
848:2022
750:2024
718:ISBN
690:ISBN
643:ISBN
530:and
468:Nazi
398:and
390:and
358:and
343:and
281:and
270:and
254:and
234:and
2356:Oi!
2165:Ska
2140:Oi!
1926:Oi!
1858:Mod
1679:L–Z
1674:#–K
1386:Oi!
1236:Emo
902:doi
808:doi
571:Vox
502:'s
441:or
317:hey
301:Oi!
287:Oi!
172:Oi!
72:ska
35:Oi!
2352::
1045:.
1014:.
939:.
933:.
922:^
908:.
898:38
896:.
865:.
837:.
820:^
800:24
798:.
773:.
758:^
740:.
704:^
665:.
641:.
637:.
618:^
608:.
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386:,
382:,
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339:,
335:,
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305:Oi
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238:,
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1637:(
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1058:.
1027:.
987:.
947:.
916:.
904::
879:.
850:.
814:.
810::
752:.
726:.
698:.
651:.
612:.
574:.
412:/
92:)
27:.
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