Punk subculture - Knowledge

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to one, Mario Schulz, "The start was that I liked the music. I did not quite understand the English texts, but this ostentatious experience as an outsider, this capacity to shock, that pleased me. I was already- someone else would probably express it differently- an awkward sod." By the authorities, punk was seen as representing a way of life which was contrary in nature to existing social conventions and values. Punks were, however, not the only youth sub-culture to be considered 'negative decadent' and a threat to the stability of communist society: heavy metallers, skinheads, and goths were also targeted. Whilst it is hard to ascertain an exact figure, the punk scene in East Germany in the early 1980s was still relatively small. For example, 'In 1981, the

3987:, a Lima group that played the unique blend of garage and break dance music that would later be labeled punk as early as the 1960s. The early activity of Los Saicos has led many to claim that punk originated in Lima instead of the UK, as is typically assumed. Though their claim to be the first punk band in the world can be disputed, Los Saicos were undoubtedly the first in Latin America and released their first single in 1965. The group played to full houses and made frequent television appearances throughout the 1960s. Throughout the 1970s, the band was completely forgotten. Years later, a plaque that declares "here the global punk-rock movement was born" was placed at the corner of Miguel Iglesias and Julio C. Tello Streets in Lima. 3833:. As the methods of the Stasi were difficult to detect and even harder to prove, it allowed them to circumvent international condemnation in regard to the persecution of their own citizens. Aside from being designed to harm people, the methods were also designed to discredit and isolate individuals and break up the various bands and groupings. They relied heavily on the hiring of collaborators who were of a similar disposition to those who were being targeted. According to Stasi officers, this was a task which was harder to achieve with punks due to their 'feeling of belonging together.' Nonetheless, the Stasi did have notable success in the repression and decomposition of the punk scene. Former member of the band 2897:. The pogo is a dance in which the dancers jump up and down, while either remaining on the spot or moving around; the dance takes its name from its resemblance to the use of a pogo stick, especially in a common version of the dance, where an individual keeps their torso stiff, their arms rigid, and their legs close together. Pogo dancing is closely associated with punk rock and is a precursor to moshing. Moshing or slamdancing is a style of dance where participants push or slam into each other, typically during a live music show. It is usually associated with "aggressive" music genres, such as hardcore punk and 2185: 3022:), zines also played an important role in the hardcore scene. In the pre-Internet era, zines enabled readers to learn about bands, shows, clubs, and record labels. Zines typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters to the editor, and advertisements for records and labels. Zines were DIY products, "proudly amateur, usually handmade, and always independent", and during the "'90s, zines were the primary way to stay up on punk and hardcore." They were the "blogs, comment sections, and social networks of their day." 2336: 22: 3998:(literally, subterranean). In the 1980s and 1990s subtes made almost exclusive use of cassette recording as a means of circulating music without participating in formal intellectual property and musical production industries. The current scene relies on digital distribution and assumes similar anti-establishment practices. Like many punk subcultures, subtes explicitly oppose the Peruvian state and advocate instead an anarchic resistance that challenges the political and mainstream cultural establishment. 3394: 3369:

were vegetarian or vegan. While the commonly expressed aspects of the straight edge subculture have been abstinence from alcohol, nicotine, and illegal drugs, there have been considerable variations on how far to take the interpretations of "abstaining from intoxicants" or "living drug-free". Disagreements often arise as to the primary reasons for living straight edge. Straight edge politics are primarily left-wing and revolutionary but there have been conservative offshoots.

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played with. In some ways, punk helped to tear apart the normalised view of gender as a dichotomy. There was a notable amount of cross-dressing in the punk scene; it was not unusual to see men wearing ripped-up skirts, fishnet tights, and excessive makeup, or to see women with shaved heads wearing oversized plaid shirts and jean jackets and heavy combat boots. Punk created a new cultural space for androgyny and all kinds of gender expression.

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popular conceptions of beauty. Everything that was normally supposed to be hidden was brought to the front, both literally and figuratively. This could mean anything from wearing bras and underwear on top of clothing to wearing nothing but a bra and underwear. Although that act can seem sexualised, to punks it was just a way of self-expression. Punk seemed to allow people to sexualize themselves and still be taken seriously.

2944: 7842: 2761:" and "hardcore." As in the larger punk scene, DIY is an integral component of the queercore subculture. Many zines that came out of the riot grrrl movement explored issues of queer identity, contributing to the queercore subculture. The queercore and riot grrrl subcultures are often considered to be connected. These two punk scenes are intertwined, with many bands being both queercore and riot grrrl. 3515:) and people of colour (the Specials member) who contributed to the original punk sound and aesthetic. Because the original subculture meant to challenge to the mainstream, and punk movement became major it was brought to the mainstream. If punk is commercialized, it is far from street culture. This is the paradox of punk; as a subculture, it must always be evolving to stay out of the mainstream. 3805:(secret police) identified 1,000 punks and a broader group of 10,000 sympathisers.' Punks, whether considered as individuals or as groups, were persecuted by both the regular police and the Stasi. More overt methods of persecution by the regular police- such as enforced haircutting, arrest, and physical beatings- were combined unofficially with the more insidious and far-reaching 3469:"meaningless fad" because people had stopped caring about what they saw as the core values of punk ("Change and caring are what's real"). In particular, metal bands, which were seen as an offshoot, they saw as not only as a sell-out, but as morally repugnant to the core values of punk saying labels were making money by signing "the most racist queerbashing bands they can find." 3323:

numerous solvents and inhalants used by punks to achieve euphoria and intoxication. Glue was typically inhaled by placing a quantity in a plastic bag and "huffing" (inhaling) the vapour. Liquid solvents were typically inhaled by soaking a rag with the solvent and inhaling the vapour. While users inhale solvents for the intoxicating effects, the practice can be harmful or fatal.

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and patches. Yet another punk scholar describes the look that was common in the San Francisco hardcore scene as consisting of biker-style leather jackets, chains, studded wristbands, pierced noses and multiple piercings, painted or tattooed statements (e.g. an anarchy symbol), and hairstyles ranging from military-style haircuts dyed black or blonde to mohawks and shaved heads.

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socio-political implications, rather than the fashion. Music historian Caroline Coon contends that before punk, women in rock music were virtually invisible; in contrast, in punk, she argues "t would be possible to write the whole history of punk music without mentioning any male bands at all – and I think a lot of would find that very surprising."

3413:, Latinos, and Asians) have contributed to the development of the subculture. Substance abuse has sometimes been a part of the punk scene, with the notable exception of the straight edge movement. Violence has also sometimes appeared in the punk subculture, but has been opposed by some subsets of the subculture, such as the pacifist strain 2569:) to adopting a hardcore style (i.e. boots and a shaved head) as being based on a need for more functional clothing. A punk scholar states that "hardcore kids do not look like punks", since hardcore scene members wore basic clothing and short haircuts, in contrast to the "embellished leather jackets and pants" worn in the punk scene. 3763:) emerged in mostly the same time frame and geographical area as punk rock, and they shared a great deal musically in terms of playing short songs loud and fast while trying to emphasize catchy feelings. More melodic and pop-influenced punk music has also often been wrapped alongside power pop bands under the general " 4443:

PM Press. Oakland, CA 2015, 1984. pg. 22–23. "Ellen Willis stated ... that 'the word punk was not used generically until the early seventies when citics began applying it to unregenerate reock-and-rollers with an aggressively lower-class style' ... Greg Shaw wrote that: 'Punk rock in those days was a

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in the late 1970s. It shared many similarities with that of the West and was considered by the ruling authorities to be a spread of an international youth sub-culture which had its roots in the U.S. and Western Europe. Indeed, this was an assessment many East German punks shared themselves. According

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Punks often form a local scene, which can have as few as half a dozen members in a small town, or as many as thousands of in a major city. A local scene usually has a small group of dedicated punks surrounded by a more casual periphery. A typical punk scene is made up of punk and hardcore bands, fans

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Straight edge emerged amid the early-1980s hardcore punk scene. Since then, a wide variety of beliefs and ideas have been associated with the movement, including vegetarianism and animal rights. Ross Haenfler writes that as of the late 1990s, approximately three out of four straight edge participants

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label appeared in New York City between 1974 and 1976. Around the same time or soon afterward, a punk scene developed in London. Los Angeles subsequently became home to the third major punk scene. These three cities formed the backbone of the burgeoning movement, but there were also other punk scenes

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had made recordings (i.e. their hit version of Shakin' All Over," 1965) as a garage rock outfit in the mid 60s; pg. 8 makes a general statement about "punk rock" (garage) as a genre: "...then punk bands started cropping up who were writing their own songs but taking the Yardbirds' sound and reducing

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university students. It is estimated approximately 5,000 young people are active punks in Mexico City, hosting two or three underground shows a week. These young people often form chavos banda—youth gangs—that organized subculture activity by creating formal meeting spaces and rituals and practices.

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era, which started in the mid-1980s, the influence of music on the straight edge scene was at an all-time high. By the early 1990s, militant straight edge was a well-known part of the wider punk scene. In the early to mid-1990s, straight edge spread from the United States to Northern Europe, Eastern

2662:, who stated that "the A&R men, the bouncers, the sound mixers, no one took us seriously. So, no, we got no respect anywhere we went. People just didn't want us around." The anti-establishment stance of punk opened the space for women who were treated like outsiders in a male-dominated industry. 2682:

In trying to reject societal norms, punk embraced one societal norm by deciding that strength and anger was best expressed through masculinity, defining masculine as the "default", where gender did not exist or had no meaning. However, the main reasoning behind this argument equates femininity with

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In contrast to Morris' and Rollins' views, another punk scholar claims that the standard hardcore punk clothing and styles included torn jeans, leather jackets, spiked armbands and dog collars, mohawk hairstyles, and DIY ornamentation of clothes with studs, painted band names, political statements,

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Some groups and individuals that try to self-identify as being a part of the punk subculture hold pro-Nazi or Fascist views, however, these Nazi/Fascist groups are rejected by almost all of the punk subculture. The belief that such views are opposed to the original ethos of the punk subculture, and

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The punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually played by bands consisting of a vocalist, one or two electric guitarists, an electric bassist, and a drummer. In some bands, the musicians contribute backup vocals, which typically consist of shouted

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was routinely censored and even banned for songs like "International News", which challenged the South African government's refusal to acknowledge the racial and political conflict in the country. National Wake guitarist Ivan Kadey attributes the punk scene's ability to persevere despite the legal

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Political participation is foundational to punk subculture in South Africa. During the apartheid regime, punk was second only to Rock music in its importance to multi-racial interactions in South Africa. Because of this, any involvement in the punk scene was in itself a political statement. Police

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Performance and ideology practices often reflect the socioeconomic circumstances of Mexican punks. Live shows, called "Tocadas" are generally held in public spaces like basketball courts or community centers instead of places of business like venues, bars, and restaurants, as is more common in the

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Anchor Books, a division of Random House. 2003. pg. 8, 56, 57, 61, 64, 101: reprints of articles which appeared in 1971 and 1972, that refer to garage bands such as the Count Five and the Troggs as "punk"; pg. 101 associates "Iggy" and "Jonathan of Modern Lovers" with the Troggs and their ilk (as

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In Mexico, punk culture is primarily a phenomenon among the upper-middle class, many of whom were first exposed to punk music through travel to England, but rapidly shifted to the lower-class youth. Because of low fees at public universities in Mexico, a significant majority of Mexican punks are

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Oral nicknames are a distinguishing feature of Mexican punk, where the tradition of oral culture has influenced the development of nicknames for almost all Mexican punks. Patches are widely used as an inexpensive way to alter clothing and express identity. Though English-language bands like the

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Never one to shy away from criticizing the music industry and even punk culture, in Chickenshit Conformist Dead Kennedys opined that "Punk's not dead It just deserves to die When it becomes another stale cartoon...Ideas don't matter, it's who you know.", saying punk was in danger of becoming a

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was adopted by punks because public perceptions of sniffing fitted in with their self-image. Originally used experimentally and as a cheap high, adult disgust and hostility encouraged punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society." Model airplane glue and contact cement were among the

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For some punks, the body was a symbol of opposition, a political statement expressing disgust of all that was "normal" and socially accepted. The idea was to make others outside of the subculture question their own views, which made gender presentation and gender identity a popular factor to be

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The punk subculture advocates a do-it-yourself (DIY) ethic. During the subculture's infancy members were almost all from a lower economic class, and had become tired of the affluence that was associated with popular rock music at the time. Punks would publish their own music or sign with small

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are well known in Mexico, punks there prefer Spanish-language music or covers translated into Spanish. The slam dance style common in the California punk scene of the early 1980s is thoroughly adopted as part of the movement and continues to be the most popular dancing style among punks.

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Rock historian Helen Reddington states that the popular image of young punk women musicians as focused on the fashion aspects of the scene (fishnet stockings, spiky blond hair, etc.) was stereotypical. She states that many, if not most women punks were more interested in the ideology and

4014:. As Cuban radio stations rarely played rock music, Frikis often listened to music by picking up radio frequencies from stations in nearby Florida. While many Frikas in the early-1990s entered AIDS clinics by knowingly injecting HIV-positive blood into them, others began congregating at 2524:

scene, where members of the subculture often dressed in plain T-shirts and jeans, rather than the more elaborate outfits and spiked, dyed hair of their British counterparts. Many groups adopt a look based on street clothes and working-class outfits. Hardcore punk fans adopted a

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United States and Europe. They usually take place in the afternoon and end early to accommodate the two or three hours it takes many punks to return home by public transit. Mexican punk groups rarely release vinyl or CD recordings, usually cassettes are the preferred format.

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is a philosophy of hardcore punk culture, adherents of which refrain from using alcohol, tobacco, and other recreational drugs, in reaction to the excesses of punk subculture. For some, this extends to refraining from engaging in promiscuous sex, following a vegetarian or

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The nature of punk allowed many to create a non-gender-conforming style. Punks could be free to use femininity or masculinity to make what they were doing even more shocking to their audience. It became popular for some punks to accentuate societal norms. At one concert,

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shirt featured an upside-down crucified Jesus and a swastika, notably worn by members of the Sex Pistols. Most contemporary punks are staunchly anti-racist and are more likely to wear a crossed-out swastika symbol than a pro-Nazi symbol. Some punks cut their hair into

2413:". In the United States, punks had a different approach to nihilism which was less anarchistic than the British punks. Punk nihilism was expressed in the use of "harder, more self-destructive, consciousness-obliterating substances like heroin, or methamphetamine". 4430:

it to this kind of goony fuzztone clatter...oh, it was beautiful, it was pure folklore, Old America, and sometimes I think those were the best days ever."; pg. 225 is a reprint from article which appeared in late-70s, that refers back to garage bands as "punk"

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some Frikis were "rejected by family and often jailed or fined by the government", the 1980s Friki woman Yoandra Cardoso, however, has that argued that much of the response was verbal harassment from law enforcement. Dionisio Arce, lead vocalist of Cuban

3722:. Rimbaud also said that Crass were heavily involved with the hippie movement throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with Dial House being established in 1967. Many punks were often critical of Crass for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass, 2227:. Most punk rock songs are short, have simple and somewhat basic arrangements using relatively few chords, and typically have lyrics that express punk ideologies and values, although some punk lyrics are about lighter topics such as partying or 2622:

later said. " discrimination didn't exist in that scene." This participation played a role in the historical development of punk music, especially in the U.S. and U.K. at that time, and continues to influence and enable future generations.

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and economic disparity. The use of images of suffering to shock and create feelings of empathy in the viewer is common. Alternatively, punk artwork may contain images of selfishness, stupidity, or apathy to provoke contempt in the viewer.

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Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect: ripped clothing was held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape; ordinary clothing was customised by embellishing it with marker or adorning it with paint; a black

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Many punks wear tight "drainpipe" jeans, plaid/tartan trousers, kilts or skirts, T-shirts, leather jackets (often decorated with painted band logos, pins and buttons, and metal studs, chains or spikes), and footwear such as high-cut

5680: 2386:, when bassist and singer Ken Casey tackled an individual for giving a Nazi-style salute and later stated that Nazis are not welcome at a Dropkick Murphys show. Band member Tim Brennan later reaffirmed this sentiment. The song " 3775:. However, stylistically and lyrically, power pop bands have tended to have a very "not-punk" top 40 commercial pop music influence and a flashier, heavily teen-pop sense of fashion, especially modern power pop groups such as 3421:

who attend concerts, protests, and other events, zine publishers, reviewers, and other writers, visual artists illustrating zines, and creating posters and album covers, show promoters, and people who work at music venues or

2520:, arguing that punk should be defined by music or ideology. Punk clothing choices challenge the way in which individuals in a nation dress, and the ideals of a traditionalist nation. This is most common in the post-1980s US 4505:

LP. (Elektra, 1972): uses the term "punk rock" to describe whole genre of 60s garage bands: "..the name that has been unofficially coined for them – "punk rock" – seems particularly fitting in this case..." >Shaw, Greg.

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its history, has led to internal conflicts and an active push against such views being considered part of punk subculture at all. Two examples of this are an incident during the 2016 American Music Awards, where the band

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shop." Henry Rollins echoes Morris' point, stating that for him getting dressed up meant putting on a black shirt and some dark pants; Rollins viewed an interest in fashion as being a distraction. Jimmy Gestapo from

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featuring 100 portraits of Australian women in the punk subculture, and it was published in 2017 by Manuscript Daily. Discrimination against punk subculture is explored with her photographs in the book; these

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scenes of the 1970s, which were dominated by men, the anarchic, counter-cultural mindset of the punk scene in mid- and late 1970s encouraged women to participate. "That was the beauty of the punk thing,"

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LP: speaks of whole phenomenon of 60s garage bands as an actual genre called "punk rock": "Punk rock at its best is the closest we came in the 60's to the original rockabilly spirit of Rock 'n Roll..."

5508: 927: 917: 7549: 3975:. Rather than the sense of despondency and fatalism that characterised 1970s British punk subculture, the politically engaged South African scene is more positive about the future of South Africa. 7419: 3947:

movement has complicated the position of white South Africans in contemporary society. Punk provides young white men the opportunity to explore and express their minority identity. Cape Town band

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subculture of the United Kingdom in the late 1960s – which had almost disappeared in the early 1970s – was revived in the late 1970s, partly because of the influence of punk rock, especially the

7516: 3613:, has influenced several punk musicians. Punks and skinheads have had both antagonistic and friendly relationships, depending on the social circumstances, time period, and geographic location. 4622: 5688: 3472:

While this perceived inauthenticity is viewed with scorn and contempt by members of the subculture, the definition of the term and to whom it should be applied is subjective. An article in

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wrote that 'During the Pistols era, women were out there playing with the men, taking us on in equal terms ... It wasn't combative, but compatible.' Women were involved in bands such as

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In punk's heyday, punks faced harassment and attacks from the general public and from members of other subcultures. In the 1980s in the UK, punks were sometimes involved in brawls with

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The punk subculture has spread to many countries around the world. The fluidity of musical expression in particular makes it an ideal medium for this cross-cultural interpretation.

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ideals and metal-influenced guitar sounds. However, hardcore punk and grunge developed in part as reactions against the heavy metal music that was popular during the 1980s.

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Skinheads: A Guide to an American Subculture. By Tiffini A. Travis, Perry Hardy. ABC-CLIO, 2012. p. 123 (section entitled "From San Francisco Hardcore Punks to Skinheads")

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Europe, the Middle East, and South America. By the beginning of the 2000s, militant straight edge punks had largely left the broader straight edge culture and movement.

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Different punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, although not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture.

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Huq, Rupa (2006). "Euoprean youth cultures in a post-colonial world: British Asian underground and French hip-hop music scenes". In Pam Nilan and Carles Feixa (ed.).

5336: 4457:. May, 1971—from a review of live show by ? & the Mysterions – Marsh refers to their style as "a landmark exposition of punk rock."; >Christgau, Robert. 3939:

In post-apartheid South Africa, punk attracted a greater number of white middle-class males than the more diverse makeup of the subculture during the apartheid era.

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The New York City punk rock scene arose from a subcultural underground promoted by artists, reporters, musicians, and a wide variety of non-mainstream enthusiasts.

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of their commitment to the values or philosophies of the scene, which may range from political beliefs to lifestyle practices. In the punk subculture, the epithet

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Post-apartheid punk subculture continues to be active in South African politics, organising a 2000 festival called Punks Against Racism at Thrashers Statepark in

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band Zeus spent six years in prison due to his part in the Frikis. Some schools would forcibly shave the heads of young Frikis as a form of punishment.

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came out of garage-rock during the late 1960s. Usually, white working-class boys are credited for pioneering the genre, however, there were many women (

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subcultures have shared some similarities since punk's inception. The early 1970s protopunk scene had an influence on the development of heavy metal.

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plays a role in many punk communities, providing shelter and other forms of support. Squats in abandoned or condemned housing, and communal "

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prefer to "wreck", a form of slam dancing that involves people punching each other in the chest and arms as they move around the circle pit.

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and streets as the multi-racial composition of bands and fan bases challenged the legal and social conventions of the apartheid regime.

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Stratton, Jon (January 2005). "Jews, Punk and the Holocaust: From the Velvet Underground to the Ramones: The Jewish-American Story".

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in the late 1970s with its "anyone can do it" ethos led to women making significant contributions. In contrast to the rock music and

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is the true spirit of punk", because "after all the poseurs and fashionistas fucked off to the next trend of skinny pink ties with

3104:. Jim Carroll's autobiographical works are among the first known examples of punk literature. The punk subculture has inspired the 5297: 4273: 4215: 2757:

in the larger punk scene. Queercore is an offshoot of the hardcore punk scene and draws its name from a combination of the words "

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described early hardcore fashion as "the...punk scene was basically based on English fashion. But we had nothing to do with that.

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independent labels, in hopes to combat what they saw as a money-hungry music industry. The DIY ethic is still popular with punks.

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became a dress, shirt or skirt; safety pins and razor blades were used as jewellery. Also popular have been leather, rubber, and

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The style of the 1980s hardcore scene contrasted with the more provocative fashion styles of late 1970s punk rockers (elaborate

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The punk subculture emerged in the mid-1970s; in New York in 1974 and in the United Kingdom in 1976. Some suggest the name "

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Just as zines played an important role in spreading information in the punk era (e.g. British fanzines like Mark Perry's

1428: 1368: 6482: 6276: 6307:"Pull My Strings (lost footage from Dead Kennedys live performance; existence unconfirmed; 1980) - The Lost Media Wiki" 5280: 5142: 5024: 3190:" (1981) focuses on the early Los Angeles punk scene through interviews and early concert footage from bands including 964: 2103:" of almost every previous youth culture in the Western world since World War II, "stuck together with safety pins". 9115: 8471: 8410: 7827: 7704: 7631: 7200: 7176: 5718: 5472: 5240: 3372:

In 1999, William Tsitsos wrote that straight edge had gone through three eras since its founding in the early 1980s.

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movements owe much to punk aesthetics. Several famous punk bands have participated in movies, such as the Ramones in

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described the LA scene from 1981 to 1984, and included show reviews of and interviews with such bands as Vancouver's

4931: 4792: 4136: 3837:, Jana Schlosser, stated in 1984 when she came out of jail, that "The Stasi had pretty well managed to smash punk." 3251:(1980), which portrayed the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and went on to become highly influential in 9784: 9080: 8428: 8423: 4076: 2245:

originated as a garage rock revival in the northeastern United States. The first distinct music scene to claim the

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Marion Leonard. "Riot grrrl." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 20 July 2014.

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Tsitsos, William (October 1999). "Rules of rebellion: slamdancing, moshing, and the American alternative scene".

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O'Connor, Alan (2003). "Punk Subculture in Mexico and the Anti-globalization Movement: A Report from the Front".

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played roles in introducing both punk and hip hop to the United Kingdom. Hip hop later influenced some punk and

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Punks come from all culture and economic classes. Compared to some subcultures, punk ideology is much closer to

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Greene, Shane (December 2012). "The Problem of Peru's Punk Underground: An Approach to Under-Fuck the System".

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harassment was common and the government often censored explicitly political lyrics. Johannesburg-based band

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Though Mexican punk itself does not have an explicit political agenda, Mexican punks have been active in the

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that was one of the few venues in the city that allowed rock bands to play. Some Frikis also participate in

1981:, and film. Largely characterised by anti-establishment views, the promotion of individual freedom, and the 9799: 9769: 7544: 7291: 6379:"Dead Kennedys : Plastic Surgery Disasters/In God We Trust Inc/Frankenchrist/Bedtime For Democracy/Gi" 6108:

Traber, Daniel S. (2001). "L. A.'s "White Minority": Punk and the Contradictions of Self-Marginalization".

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Punk arrived slowly in South Africa during the 1970s when waves of British tradesmen welcomed by the then-

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as a key influence on his political activism and thinking, though he did write songs critical of hippies.

9794: 9551: 9317: 9156: 8577: 8461: 8318: 4645:"Dropkick Murphys Will Never Stop Fighting Evil: Tim Brennan on Opposing Fascism, Addiction & Haters" 3879: 3440: 2803:. Usually straightforward with clear messages, punk art is often concerned with political issues such as 2106:

In the late 1970s, the subculture began to diversify, which led to the proliferation of factions such as

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boots, hairstyles such as brightly coloured hair and spiked mohawks, cosmetics, tattoos, jewellery, and

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and appropriate the subversive implications of the English term "underground" through the Spanish term

3586:. Other rappers and hip-hop acts were influenced by the subcultures of crust punk and hardcore such as 2832: 2577: 1930: 1880: 1743: 1468: 1184: 1073: 999: 5859: 5657: 4246: 3484:

haircuts, singing wimpy lyrics", the punk scene consisted only of people "completely dedicated to the

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states, "I think women are natural anarchists, because you're always operating in a male framework."

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Feixa, Carles (2006). "Being a punk in Catalonia and Mexico". In Pam Nilan and Carles Feixa (ed.).

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or other dramatic shapes, style it to stand in spikes, and colour it with vibrant, unnatural hues.

2301:'s harsh and experimental yet often melodic sound in the mid to late-1960s, much of it relating to 1673: 1633: 1583: 1448: 1179: 1128: 1044: 969: 958: 835: 613: 357: 7474:"Los Frikis, ces punks cubains qui s'inoculaient le virus du sida pour vivre dans des sanatoriums" 648: 9338: 9333: 9037: 8986: 8847: 8842: 8435: 8394: 8388: 8211: 3916: 3409:, it is overwhelmingly white. However, members of other groups (such as African Americans, other 1795: 1433: 1403: 1348: 1343: 1221: 840: 152: 132: 4484:

wrote about "...what I have chosen to call 'punk rock' bands—white teenage hard rock of '64–66 (

3443:. The Internet has been playing an increasingly large role in punk, specifically in the form of 693: 9541: 9531: 9312: 8698: 8570: 8298: 8152: 4989: 3688: 3455:

In the punk and hardcore subcultures, members of the scene are often evaluated in terms of the

3089: 2852: 2562: 2533:. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore army trousers, band T-shirts, and hooded jumpers. 2477: 2298: 1718: 1653: 1588: 1513: 1493: 1488: 1333: 1323: 1098: 860: 855: 743: 457: 447: 437: 382: 208: 186: 164: 6649: 3003:. Several novels, biographies, autobiographies, and comic books have been written about punk. 2963:, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews. Some zines take the form of 9047: 8551: 8481: 8091: 7846: 7507:""Spotlight on Cuba" – "Death is a door": HIV/AIDS, Freedom, & the Cuban Punk Rock Scene" 6509: 5829: 5589: 5041: 4106: 3319: 2445: 2355: 2228: 1993: 1870: 1628: 1608: 1568: 1553: 1398: 1378: 1034: 1009: 952: 902: 733: 527: 472: 337: 327: 322: 71: 9824: 9287: 8996: 8377: 4759: 3684: 3504: 3358: 2648: 2453: 2115: 1787: 1723: 1713: 1698: 1688: 1638: 1593: 1573: 1523: 1503: 1498: 1478: 1473: 1458: 1453: 1438: 1423: 1408: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1338: 1328: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1174: 874: 633: 603: 593: 275: 81: 76: 6851: 6766:

Grossman, Perry (1996–1997). "Identity Crisis: The Dialectics of Rock, Punk, and Grunge".

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A band plays on the tiny stage at the Berkeley, California punk venue at 924 Gilman Street

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and reproduced by photocopying at work, school, or at copy shops. Punk art also uses the

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While most punk rock uses distorted guitars and noisy drumming sounds derived from 1960s

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literature genres, and has even contributed (through Iggy Pop) to classical scholarship.

2584:, that examined the techniques of hardware, distress, and re-purposing in punk fashion. 9697: 9536: 9526: 9469: 9433: 9363: 9110: 9052: 8976: 8888: 8878: 8801: 8715: 8693: 8607: 8545: 8440: 8345: 8308: 8267: 7963: 7867: 7750: 7683: 7272: 7149: 7035: