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as demand for them grew eventually sometime in the second half of 1959 (believed by most to be in the last quarter) producers such as
Coxsone Dodd and Duke Reid began to issue these recording on 45rpm 7-inch discs. At this point, the style was a direct copy of the American "shuffle blues" style, but within two or three years it had morphed into the more familiar ska style with the off-beat guitar chop that could be heard in some of the more uptempo late-1950s American rhythm and blues recordings such as Domino's "
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began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional
Jamaican drumming and marching styles. To create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. Prince Buster has explicitly cited American rhythm and blues as the origin of ska: specifically,
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999:. Small's rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaica's first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it remains one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. Many other Jamaican artists would have success recording instrumental ska versions of popular American and British music, such as
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The term New Tone to describe a fourth wave of ska has started to pick up traction. The term New Tone originates from new ska band Bad
Operation, to describe their two-tone sound and their city of New Orleans. The term has been popularized by the record label Bad Time Records due to their movie This
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recorded "Dynamite", "Ringo" and "Guns of
Navarone". One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the inaugural recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release. The guitar
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and more traditional R&B genres began to dry up in the late 1950s, Jamaican producers began recording their own version of the genres with local artists. These recordings were initially made to be played on "soft wax" (a lacquer on metal disc acetate later to become known as a "dub plate"), but
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whose early recordings all contain the seeds of the "behind-the-beat" feel of ska and reggae. The stationing of
American military forces during and after the war meant that Jamaicans could listen to military broadcasts of American music, and there was a constant influx of records from the United
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The 2 tone movement promoted racial unity at a time when racial tensions were high in
England. There were many Specials songs that raised awareness of the issues of racism, fighting and friendship. Riots in English cities were a feature during the summer that the Specials song
1277:. Third-wave ska originated in the punk scene in the late 1980s and became commercially successful in the 1990s. Although some third-wave ska has a traditional 1960s sound, most third-wave ska is characterized by dominating guitar riffs and large horn sections.
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By the late 1990s, mainstream interest in third wave ska bands waned as other music genres gained momentum. Moon Ska
Records folded in 2000, but Moon Ska Europe, a licensed affiliate based in Europe, continued operating in the 2000s and was later relaunched as
1479:—both formed in 1981 — were among the first active ska bands in North America. They are both credited with laying the groundwork for American ska and establishing scenes in their respective regions. In Los Angeles around the same time,
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1654:, becoming the first major ska punk hit of the 1990s and launching the genre into the public eye. Over the next few years, a string of notable ska and ska-influenced singles became hits on mainstream radio, including "
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and the bass drum was accented on the third beat of each four-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The upstroke sound can also be found in other
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instructed guitarist
Ranglin to "play like ska, ska, ska", although Ranglin has denied this, stating "Clue couldn't tell me what to play!" A further theory is that it derives from Johnson's word
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Latin
America's ska scene started developing in the mid-1980s. Latin American ska bands typically play traditional ska rhythms blended with strong influences from Latin music and
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claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the "skat! skat! skat!" scratching guitar strum. Another explanation is that at a recording session in 1959 produced by
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898:—known as an upstroke or 'skank'—with horns taking the lead and often following the off-beat skank and piano emphasizing the bass line and, again, playing the skank. Drums kept
1080:. As music changed in the United States, so did ska. In 1965 and 1966, when American soul music became slower and smoother, ska changed its sound accordingly and evolved into
1662:" by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, all of whom would reach platinum status with each of their respective albums. By 1996, third wave ska was one of the most popular forms of
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broke into the U.S. charts with their single "She's
Kerosene." By 2019, several publications started wondering aloud whether a "fourth wave" of ska was about to emerge.
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radio show) to describe the new wave of ska-influenced bands which were steadily gaining notoriety; and Brown wrote the first treatise on ska's third wave in 1994. The
1118:'s more aggressive guitar chords and lyrics. Compared to 1960s ska, 2 Tone music had faster tempos, fuller instrumentation, and a harder edge. The genre was named after
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The mid-1990s saw a considerable rise in ska music's underground popularity, marked by the formation of many ska-based record labels, booking organizations and indie
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The early 1980s saw a massive surge in ska's popularity in Germany, leading to the founding of many German ska bands like the Busters, record labels and festivals.
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to play American rhythm and blues and then began recording their own songs. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with
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Kauppila, Paul. "From Memphis to Kingston: An Investigation into the Origin of Jamaican Ska" Social and Economic Studies. SJSU Scholarsorks (2006): 75-91.
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972:. The ska sound coincided with the celebratory feelings surrounding Jamaica's independence from the UK in 1962; an event commemorated by songs such as
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ska revival of the late 1970s in Britain, which fused Jamaican ska rhythms and melodies with the faster tempos and harder edge of
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scene was a major breeding ground for ska punk and more contemporary pop-influenced ska music, personified by bands such as
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1579:. While Moon Ska was still the largest of the United States' ska labels, other notable labels included Jump Up Records of
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Stratton, Jon (2014) "When Music Migrates: Crossing British and European Racial Faultlines, 1945–2010" England: Ashgate.
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1550:. It was here that the term "third wave ska" was coined and popularized by Albino Brown and Tazy Phyllipz (hosts of the
1142:" was a hit, although this work was in a slower, reggae beat. Most of the 2 Tone bands had multiracial lineups, such as
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https://www.brooklynvegan.com/kill-lincoln-declare-no-normal-on-new-album-new-song-interview-2024-state-of-ska-address/
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Music historians typically divide the history of ska into three periods: the original Jamaican scene of the 1960s; the
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https://www.brooklynvegan.com/bad-time-records-documentaryconcert-film-this-is-new-tone-coming-kickstarter-launched/
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scene flourished in the mid-1980s, following the musical precedents set by 2 Tone, and spearheaded by bands such as
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By the late 1980s, ska had experienced a minor resurgence of popularity in the United Kingdom, due to bands such as
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was Canada's primary producer and distributor of ska music. Additionally, many punk and indie rock labels, such as
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also formed. While many of the early American ska bands continued in the musical traditions set by 2 Tone and the
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followed in the early 1990s and their influence is visible outside the Basque Country in punk-rock bands like
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In the early 21st century, ska was mostly absent from the radio, though there were exceptions. In 2017,
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995:'s version of the R&B/shuffle tune, "My Boy Lollypop", first recorded in New York in 1956 by 14-year-old
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Is New Tone. New Tone now has a vague definition and is used to describe the modern ska scene in general.
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was one of the most effective bands at bringing the 2 tone genre into the mainstream, with hits such as "
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1952:"Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a Chas Smash, of Madness - Ska/Reggae - 08/16/99"
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1355:. Some of the Australian ska revival bands found success on the national music charts, most notably
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and many others that have gained importance in the Spanish rock and punk rock scene and festivals.
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1084:. However, rocksteady's heyday was brief, peaking in 1967. By 1968, ska evolved again into reggae.
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2012:
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in 1983. The label quickly became the largest independent ska label in the United States. The
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By the early 1980s, 2 Tone-influenced ska bands began forming throughout the United States.
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3265:"Ska Lives: How the Genre's Fourth Wave Has Managed to Pick It Up Where the '90s Left Off"
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of the late 1950s. Domino's rhythm, accentuating the offbeat, was a particular influence.
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This "classic" ska style was of bars made up of four triplets but was characterized by a
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1918:"Subcultures, pop music and politics: skinheads and "Nazi rock" in England and Germany"
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Boot, Adrian & Salewicz, Chris (1995) "Bob Marley: Songs of Freedom", Bloomsbury
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protection. This created many cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was
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asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes "
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became popular and commercially successful in Russia and abroad in the late 1990s.
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Two hotspots for the United States' burgeoning ska scenes were New York City and
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has enjoyed success in recent years, touring internationally, including sets at
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Clarke, Sebastien "Jah Music: the Evolution of the Popular Jamaican Song"
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White, Timothy (1983) "Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley", Corgi Books
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2522:"Unicorn Records and the new ska classics – the blueprint of ska today?"
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Thompson, Dave (2002) "Reggae & Caribbean Music", Backbeat Books,
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A Russian (then-Soviet) ska scene was established in the mid-1980s in
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that typically downplayed ska's R&B influence in favor of faster
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3216:"Lily Allen, Britain's New Pop Star, Has Cheek, and Bite, to Spare."
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area of UK, was a fusion of Jamaican ska rhythms and melodies with
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Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
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2422:"Don Drummond Biography - Interview with Author Heather Augustyn"
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Japan established its own ska scene, colloquially referred to as
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States. To meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as
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1607:, broadened their scope to include both ska and ska punk bands.
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from Argentina, who scored an international hit single with "
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purchased radios in increasing numbers and were able to hear
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said: "Guitar and piano making a ska sound, like 'ska, ska".
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This article is about the musical genre. For other uses, see
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The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as
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Blue Monday: Fats Domino and the lost dawn of rock 'n' roll
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300:
50:
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There are multiple theories about the origins of the word
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Ricardo Henry, "Jamaican Ska Music - Made For Dancing",
1448:. The most prominent bands include the Grammy nominated
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theme songs and instrumentals (007, Guns of Navarone).
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3184:
The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History, Volume Six
2742:"Rastaman Vibration – What's up with Japanese Reggae?"
2624:"Ska'd for Life: Remembering the Sydney 80s ska scene"
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with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and
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were among the first bands of genre. Then bands like
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241:
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1674:. In 2003, Hingley launched a new ska record label,
1158:. Although only on the 2 tone label for one single,
1560:also contributed to ska's growing popularity, with
2608:. The Atlantic Times. January 2009. Archived from
2554:"Interview: Kevin Flowerdew of Do the Dog Records"
2242:
2178:
1311:In Spain, ska became relevant in the 1980s in the
2956:
1618:In 1993, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones signed with
1323:and Potato being the most representatives bands.
1265:Ska historian Albino Brown (of the radio program
870:As the supply of previously unheard tunes in the
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3145:
3143:
2723:, "SKA – alive and kicking but outside Jamaica""
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2375:
1177:
987:, the country did not honor international music
390:, with which he was known to greet his friends.
315:. It was developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when
3345:The Billboard Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music
2768:"Nippop Profiles: Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra"
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2388:. New York City, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
1359:, who had a number 10 hit with a ska cover of "
3238:"Ska Still Has Things to Say - A Fourth Wave?"
2519:
2295:: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p.
394:insisted that the musicians called the rhythm
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2716:
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1530:, California. In New York, Toasters frontman
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1110:genre, which began in the late 1970s in the
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2334:"Chris Blackwell interview: Island Records"
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2274:
2272:
2270:
1866:http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article–9118222
1222:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
277:in the late 1950s and was the precursor to
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883:", both of which were popular on Jamaican
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2027:
1846:
1242:Learn how and when to remove this message
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3116:"The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – AllMusic"
2424:. Reggae Steady Ska. 13 September 2013.
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2267:
1976:
1632:status and peaking at number 138 on the
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1097:
794:
767:
220:
2957:Bose, Lilledeshan (16 September 2010).
2659:Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop
2626:. powerhousemuseum.com. February 2010.
2510:
2240:
2109:
2107:
2070:
1572:becoming known on the touring circuit.
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2999:. 9 May 1998. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
2820:"Desorden Público Artist - GRAMMY.com"
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2036:
264:
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3657:Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji
3632:Caribbean music in the United Kingdom
3393:
3351:: Billboard Books. pp. 350–351.
3331:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
3181:
3096:from the original on 12 November 2011
3027:
2842:"Los Fabulosos Cadillacs – Biography"
2800:from the original on 3 September 2017
2630:from the original on 23 February 2011
2428:from the original on 13 December 2019
2331:
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1981:. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing.
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1877:
1875:
1587:scene, and Steady Beat Recordings of
2654:"Encyclopedia entry for 'Allniters'"
2586:from the original on 14 January 2012
2402:from the original on 3 December 2013
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2176:
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2049:from the original on 9 November 2011
1534:formed the independent record label
1220:adding citations to reliable sources
1187:
3454:
3151:"Allmusic – Third Wave Ska Revival"
3064:"Union Label Group – Stomp Records"
2185:. Temple University Press. p.
1378:
13:
3321:
3163:from the original on 30 April 2012
3128:from the original on 6 August 2011
3070:from the original on 24 April 2012
3044:from the original on 10 March 2021
2991:"The Ska Parade Is Coming To Town"
1954:. 19 February 2001. Archived from
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1752:
1452:from Venezuela and Grammy awarded
1068:performed ska with Prince Buster,
311:line accented with rhythms on the
14:
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2748:from the original on 29 June 2011
2698:from the original on 15 June 2013
2560:from the original on 22 June 2011
2534:from the original on 2 April 2012
2011:. 14 January 1998. Archived from
1647:", which reached number 8 on the
1280:
552:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
3289:"New Tone and the Future of Ska"
2887:from the original on 26 May 2008
2466:: Greenwood Press. p. 270.
2344:from the original on 22 May 2010
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3194:: Greenwood Press. p. 47.
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3040:(published December 1997): 39.
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2717:Balford Henry (26 April 2004).
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1979:Spirit of '69: A Skinhead Bible
1916:Brown, Timothy S. (Fall 2004).
1439:
1391:opposition to more traditional
1066:Byron Lee & the Dragonaires
1026:", and radically reinterpreted
414:
402:who introduced the term "ska".
3647:List of Caribbean music genres
3343:Du Noyer, Paul (2003). "Ska".
2860:"The Toasters | AllMusic"
2520:Shafer, Steven (Summer 1998).
2037:Selvin, Joel (23 March 2008).
1995:
1970:
1944:
1909:
1731:in their typical plaid outfits
1178:Third Wave Ska (3rd Wave Ska)
1146:(known as the English Beat in
1:
3329:Ska: The Rhythm of Liberation
2879:Joel Selvin (23 March 2008).
2844:. rockero.com. Archived from
2740:Cahoon, Keith (21 May 2005).
2385:Ska: The Rhythm of Liberation
2332:Perry, Andrew (20 May 2009).
1839:
1583:, which covered the thriving
937:-ka" and the latter goes "ka-
3850:Music of Trinidad and Tobago
2454:Moskowitz, David V. (2006).
2136:Jerry Snyder's Guitar School
1434:Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra
1342:
1122:, a record label founded by
595:Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
365:
307:. Ska is characterized by a
56:New Orleans rhythm and blues
7:
3011:"Can't Rain on This Parade"
2938:"This Are Moon Ska, Vol. 2"
2320:Skatalites Guns of Navarone
1780:
1729:The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
1697:, Venezuela formed in 1985.
1493:the Mighty Mighty Bosstones
983:Until Jamaica ratified the
10:
3937:
3327:Augustyn, Heather (2013).
2907:"Ska-Punk | AllMusic"
2580:"1986-1991 Ska Explosion!"
2556:. fungalpunknature.co.uk.
2382:Augustyn, Heather (2013).
2281:Nidel, Richard O. (2005).
2155:Johnston, Richard (2004).
2113:Augustyn, Heather (2010).
1864:. Hussey Dermot. pp.
1181:
1091:
1078:1964 New York World's Fair
409:
285:. It combined elements of
18:
3885:
3805:
3786:
3730:
3624:
3581:
3543:Jamaican record producers
3535:
3494:
3468:
3427:
3090:"About Asian Man Records"
3013:. 944.com. Archived from
2692:"Melbourne Ska Orchestra"
2249:. Da Capo Press. p.
2157:How to Play Rhythm Guitar
1977:Marshall, George (1991).
1922:Journal of Social History
1660:The Impression That I Get
1303:
1087:
799:Eighth note skank rhythm
710:St Vincent and Grenadines
176:
171:
147:
142:
103:
98:
72:
64:
33:
28:
3916:Jamaican styles of music
3066:. www.stomprecords.com.
2221:jamaica-land-we-love.com
2039:"A brief history of ska"
1761:reached number 4 on the
1658:" by Reel Big Fish and "
1432:, in the mid-1980s. The
1363:" in 1983. The 30 piece
1315:due to the influence of
921:forms of music, such as
3677:Sound system (Jamaican)
3419:
2456:Caribbean Popular Music
2284:World Music: The Basics
2231:. Retrieved 3 July 2019
2043:San Francisco Chronicle
1862:Encyclopædia Britannica
1532:Robert "Bucket" Hingley
1499:pioneered the American
1454:Los Fabulosos Cadillacs
1365:Melbourne Ska Orchestra
976:'s "Forward March" and
776:" guitar rhythm, named
260:
3244:3 January 2020 at the
3221:3 January 2020 at the
2241:Coleman, Rick (2006).
2134:Snyder, Jerry (1999).
1893:. 2007. Archived from
1666:in the United States.
1558:San Francisco Bay Area
1373:Montreux Jazz Festival
1262:
1261:playing in Los Angeles
1103:
1094:Two-tone (music genre)
1022:covered the Beatles' "
964:, and WIRL Records in
828:Southern United States
811:
792:
325:Clement "Coxsone" Dodd
229:
3652:List of ska musicians
2729:on 26 September 2007.
2606:"Play It Upside Down"
2492:Skinheadheaven.org.uk
2322:Retrieved 7 June 2022
1934:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079
1823:List of ska musicians
1639:. In 1995, punk band
1257:
1132:A Message to You Rudy
1101:
879:" and Barbie Gaye's "
798:
771:
567:Jamaica, Land We Love
224:
186:list of ska musicians
3855:Music of West Africa
3270:2 March 2020 at the
3030:"Three Waves Of Ska"
2848:on 10 November 2006.
2177:Chen, Wayne (1998).
2115:Ska: An Oral History
1714:Berkeley, California
1625:Question the Answers
1469:Berkeley, California
1295:traditional skinhead
1216:improve this section
1032:Like a Rolling Stone
944:Famous ska band the
211:traditional skinhead
3182:Gulla, Bob (2006).
3028:Gulla, Bob (1997).
2338:The Daily Telegraph
2227:3 July 2019 at the
1958:on 19 February 2001
1745:Dance Hall Crashers
1570:Dance Hall Crashers
1317:Basque Radical Rock
1168:Night Boat to Cairo
1070:Eric "Monty" Morris
1062:also recorded ska.
1046:, Roland Alphonso,
980:' "Freedom Sound".
834:by artists such as
720:Trinidad and Tobago
590:Antigua and Barbuda
273:that originated in
68:Late 1950s, Jamaica
3843:the United Kingdom
3637:Culture of Jamaica
3254:. 4 February 2019.
3009:Iavazzi, Jessica.
2971:on 19 October 2010
2881:"Uptones Get Down"
1652:Modern Rock Tracks
1421:Markscheider Kunst
1263:
1104:
1038:. The Skatalites,
830:in cities such as
812:
793:
700:St Kitts and Nevis
650:Dominican Republic
398:, and that it was
230:
228:performing in 2005
3898:
3897:
3823:Caribbean English
3690:
3689:
3573:Asian Man Records
3558:Blue Beat Records
3384:978-1-84513-480-8
3371:Original Rude Boy
3337:978-0-8108-8449-6
3291:. 4 October 2021.
3263:Lipsky, Jessica.
2680:on 3 August 2004.
2664:Allen & Unwin
2612:on 25 April 2012.
2395:978-0-8108-8449-6
2368:978-1-4724-2978-0
1769:." In 2018,
1716:, formed in 1981.
1712:, which are from
1693:, which are from
1664:alternative music
1609:Asian Man Records
1540:Orange County ska
1252:
1251:
1244:
966:Kingston, Jamaica
778:onomatopoetically
766:
765:
572:
571:
547:
382:, double bassist
219:
218:
34:Stylistic origins
3928:
3921:Music of Jamaica
3717:
3710:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3662:Music of Jamaica
3568:Moon Ska Records
3414:
3407:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3362:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3278:. 25 April 2019.
3261:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:. 5 August 2006.
3212:
3206:
3205:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3092:. Punknews.org.
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3017:on 16 July 2012.
3006:
3000:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2967:. Archived from
2959:"Ska's Not Dead"
2954:
2948:
2947:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2915:. Archived from
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2876:
2870:
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2827:
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2790:
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2783:
2781:
2779:
2770:. Archived from
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2725:. Archived from
2721:Jamaica Observer
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2676:. Archived from
2646:
2640:
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2595:
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2544:
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2541:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2494:. Archived from
2484:
2478:
2477:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
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2409:
2407:
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2020:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1940:on 28 June 2009.
1936:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1771:the Interrupters
1767:Liar Liar GE2017
1763:UK Singles Chart
1740:
1725:
1706:
1691:Desorden Publico
1687:
1676:Megalith Records
1566:Let's Go Bowling
1536:Moon Ska Records
1487:, bands such as
1481:the Untouchables
1450:Desorden Público
1385:Saint Petersburg
1379:Russia and Japan
1247:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1196:
1188:
1150:and Australia),
1036:Mongo Santamaría
913:
912:
911:
910:
824:rhythm and blues
810:
809:
808:
806:
791:
790:
789:
787:
758:
751:
744:
725:Turks and Caicos
558:
557:
546:
444:Related articles
432:Music of Jamaica
426:
425:
419:
418:
305:rhythm and blues
268:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
73:Derivative forms
65:Cultural origins
26:
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3881:
3833:Caribbean music
3801:
3787:Regional scenes
3782:
3726:
3721:
3691:
3686:
3620:
3609:Trojan skinhead
3577:
3531:
3490:
3469:Regional scenes
3464:
3423:
3418:
3359:
3324:
3322:Further reading
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3296:
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3286:
3282:
3272:Wayback Machine
3262:
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3223:Wayback Machine
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3034:Guitar Magazine
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2774:on 28 July 2012
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2498:on 7 April 2010
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2229:Wayback Machine
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2015:on 26 June 2002
2008:Montreal Mirror
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1753:Post-third wave
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1620:Mercury Records
1605:Fueled by Ramen
1601:Hellcat Records
1562:Skankin' Pickle
1446:rock en Español
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1164:One Step Beyond
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958:Federal Records
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881:My Boy Lollypop
826:music from the
804:
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782:
781:
780:for its sound.
762:
561:National anthem
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257:Jamaican Creole
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143:Regional scenes
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2883:. Sfgate.com.
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2744:. Nippop.com.
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2650:McFarlane, Ian
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1313:Basque Country
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1267:The Ska Parade
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1120:2 Tone Records
1092:Main article:
1089:
1086:
1056:Desmond Dekker
1024:And I Love Her
978:the Skatalites
974:Derrick Morgan
951:Willis Jackson
931:Ernest Ranglin
905:
772:Quarter note "
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384:Cluett Johnson
376:Ernest Ranglin
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339:and with many
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3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3486:Orange County
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Christian ska
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3358:0-8230-7869-8
3354:
3350:
3349:New York City
3346:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3276:Billboard.com
3273:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3251:The Economist
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3214:Sia, Michel.
3211:
3203:
3201:0-313-32981-8
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3157:
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3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2996:Rolling Stone
2992:
2989:Layne, Anni.
2986:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2919:on 2011-09-02
2918:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2821:
2815:
2799:
2796:. 2-tone.de.
2795:
2789:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2673:1-86448-768-2
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2585:
2582:. hpska.com.
2581:
2575:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2473:0-313-33158-8
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2427:
2423:
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2397:
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2359:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2306:0-415-96800-3
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2260:0-306-81491-9
2256:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2198:
2196:1-56639-629-8
2192:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:Reggae Routes
2173:
2166:
2165:0-87930-811-7
2162:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2144:0-7390-0260-0
2141:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2123:0-7864-6040-7
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2082:0-87930-655-6
2079:
2073:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:"Inspecter 7"
1998:
1990:
1988:1-898927-10-3
1984:
1980:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1897:on 2019-03-26
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Genre Listing
1884:
1883:"Ska Revival"
1878:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1834:
1833:Skank (dance)
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Christian ska
1816:
1815:
1810:
1799:
1796:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
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1700:
1696:
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1673:
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1636:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Stomp Records
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1544:Reel Big Fish
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:Orange County
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Operation Ivy
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:New York City
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:Strannye Igry
1394:
1390:
1387:as a kind of
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:the Hotknives
1288:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1235:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1201:This section
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:North America
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Jerry Dammers
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Jackie Mittoo
1049:
1045:
1044:Laurel Aitken
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
908:
897:
893:
888:
886:
885:sound systems
882:
878:
873:
868:
866:
865:sound systems
862:
858:
854:
853:Prince Buster
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
797:
788:
779:
775:
770:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
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731:
728:
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723:
721:
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716:
713:
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708:
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693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
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673:
671:
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658:
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623:
621:
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616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
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586:
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568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
556:
555:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
536:
534:
533:Sound systems
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Reggae fusion
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
430:
429:
421:
420:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Jackie Mittoo
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:sound systems
330:
326:
322:
321:Prince Buster
318:
317:Stranger Cole
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
262:
258:
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227:
223:
212:
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207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
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187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
175:
170:
163:
161:United States
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
146:
141:
135:
134:Christian ska
132:
130:
127:
124:
122:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:Fusion genres
97:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3890:Calypsonians
3864:
3625:Other topics
3420:
3369:
3344:
3328:
3308:
3297:
3283:
3275:
3259:
3249:
3233:
3225:
3210:
3183:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3154:
3130:. Retrieved
3119:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3037:
3033:
3023:
3015:the original
3004:
2994:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2969:the original
2962:
2952:
2941:
2932:
2921:. Retrieved
2917:the original
2910:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2874:
2863:
2854:
2846:the original
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2822:. GRAMMY.com
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2735:
2727:the original
2720:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2686:
2678:the original
2657:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2618:
2610:the original
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2491:
2482:
2455:
2430:. Retrieved
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2384:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2337:
2327:
2315:
2283:
2244:
2236:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2180:
2172:
2156:
2151:
2135:
2130:
2114:
2097:
2088:
2072:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2006:
1997:
1978:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1946:
1938:the original
1925:
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1886:
1861:
1809:Music portal
1775:
1756:
1668:
1649:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1613:Dill Records
1574:
1551:
1525:
1503:subgenre, a
1473:the Toasters
1462:
1443:
1440:The Americas
1427:
1425:
1393:Russian rock
1382:
1346:
1310:
1307:
1284:
1266:
1264:
1238:
1229:
1214:Please help
1202:
1156:the Selecter
1152:the Specials
1136:
1128:the Specials
1105:
1102:The Specials
1064:
1060:Don Drummond
1048:Tommy McCook
1040:Lord Creator
993:Millie Small
982:
970:Edward Seaga
955:
943:
938:
934:
906:
889:
869:
857:Coxsone Dodd
848:Louis Jordan
844:Rosco Gordon
816:World War II
813:
517:
513:Roots reggae
415:Jamaican ska
395:
387:
380:Coxsone Dodd
371:
369:
345:
337:British mods
309:walking bass
232:
231:
172:Other topics
3828:Limbo dance
3793:Costa Rican
3582:Subcultures
3376:Aurum Press
3192:Connecticut
3167:20 February
3132:20 February
2794:"Latin Ska"
2488:"Ska Party"
2464:Connecticut
2432:13 December
2406:28 November
1928:: 157–178.
1759:Captain SKA
1710:The Uptones
1630:gold record
1589:Los Angeles
1519:. In 1986,
1515:and guitar
1507:of ska and
1485:mod revival
1465:The Uptones
1460:" in 1994.
1369:Glastonbury
1361:Montego Bay
1353:the Porkers
1134:" in 1979.
1074:Jimmy Cliff
1020:The Wailers
997:Barbie Gaye
892:guitar chop
877:Be My Guest
840:Barbie Gaye
836:Fats Domino
832:New Orleans
695:Puerto Rico
493:Raggamuffin
478:Lovers rock
396:Staya Staya
271:music genre
16:Music genre
3905:Categories
3797:Venezuelan
3672:Ska stroke
3642:Dance hall
3599:Scooterboy
3548:Studio One
3527:Rocksteady
3495:Influences
3100:29 October
3074:29 October
2975:29 October
2923:2016-12-30
2891:28 October
2804:28 October
2778:28 October
2752:28 October
2702:2 February
2634:28 October
2590:28 October
2564:28 October
2538:28 October
2053:28 October
2019:28 October
1962:28 October
1901:2 February
1840:References
1628:achieving
1611:(formerly
1553:Ska Parade
1517:distortion
1458:El Matador
1389:anglophone
1298:subculture
1287:the Burial
1182:See also:
1140:Ghost Town
1082:rocksteady
962:Studio One
946:Skatalites
872:jump blues
685:Montserrat
680:Martinique
660:Guadeloupe
635:Costa Rica
508:Rocksteady
488:Niyabinghi
468:Dub poetry
279:rocksteady
80:Rocksteady
3818:Canboulay
3616:Suedehead
3476:Australia
3048:8 January
2964:OC Weekly
2502:31 August
2159:, p. 72.
2117:, p. 16.
1650:Billboard
1645:Time Bomb
1635:Billboard
1509:punk rock
1417:Leningrad
1413:Distemper
1357:Allniters
1343:Australia
1329:Betagarri
1325:Skalariak
1232:June 2022
1203:does not
1172:Our House
1116:punk rock
1028:Bob Dylan
989:copyright
919:Caribbean
861:Duke Reid
820:Jamaicans
675:Mauritius
458:Dancehall
400:Byron Lee
388:skavoovie
366:Etymology
352:punk rock
341:skinheads
329:Duke Reid
287:Caribbean
206:Suedehead
157:Australia
90:Dancehall
3877:Carnival
3682:Toasting
3604:Skinhead
3594:Rude boy
3460:Two-tone
3445:Ska punk
3440:Ska jazz
3368:(2009).
3268:Archived
3242:Archived
3219:Archived
3188:Westport
3161:Archived
3156:AllMusic
3126:Archived
3121:AllMusic
3094:Archived
3068:Archived
3042:Archived
2943:AllMusic
2912:AllMusic
2885:Archived
2865:AllMusic
2798:Archived
2746:Archived
2696:Archived
2652:(1999).
2628:Archived
2584:Archived
2558:Archived
2529:Archived
2460:Westport
2426:Archived
2400:Archived
2342:Archived
2293:New York
2289:New York
2225:Archived
2138:, p.28.
2047:Archived
1891:AllMusic
1828:Rude boy
1781:See also
1656:Sell Out
1597:Montreal
1568:and the
1521:No Doubt
1501:ska punk
1489:Fishbone
1409:Spitfire
1271:No Doubt
1259:Fishbone
1184:Ska punk
1170:", and "
1144:the Beat
1112:Coventry
1009:Atlantic
896:off beat
715:Suriname
705:St Lucia
645:Dominica
605:Barbados
585:Anguilla
538:Toasting
528:Ska punk
523:Ska jazz
356:ska-punk
354:forming
313:off beat
298:American
201:skinhead
191:rude boy
125:ska-core
121:ska punk
113:ska jazz
3753:Extempo
3748:Chutney
3522:R&B
3502:Calypso
2826:14 June
1860:"Ska".
1747:in 1998
1695:Caracas
1585:midwest
1581:Chicago
1548:Sublime
1395:music.
1321:Kortatu
1319:, with
1275:Sublime
1224:removed
1209:sources
1160:Madness
1076:at the
1003:songs,
1001:Beatles
927:calypso
894:on the
863:formed
655:Grenada
640:Curaçao
620:Bonaire
615:Bermuda
600:Bahamas
410:History
331:formed
294:calypso
275:Jamaica
269:) is a
226:Madness
117:ska pop
46:calypso
3870:Spouge
3860:Reggae
3838:Canada
3773:Shanto
3731:Genres
3517:Reggae
3450:Spouge
3428:Genres
3382:
3355:
3335:
3198:
2670:
2470:
2392:
2366:
2348:28 May
2340:. UK.
2303:
2257:
2193:
2163:
2142:
2121:
2080:
1985:
1765:with "
1641:Rancid
1513:tempos
1505:fusion
1405:N.O.M.
1337:Boikot
1304:Europe
1154:, and
1108:2 tone
1088:2 Tone
1072:, and
1058:, and
1014:hits,
1005:Motown
859:, and
814:After
690:Panama
665:Guyana
610:Belize
498:Reggae
473:Kumina
450:Genres
358:; and
348:2 Tone
327:, and
283:reggae
129:spouge
108:2 Tone
85:Reggae
3768:Mento
3763:Kaiso
3738:Benna
3512:Mento
3481:Japan
2532:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
1577:zines
1475:from
1467:from
1429:J-ska
1333:Ska-P
1016:movie
939:chink
935:chink
923:mento
774:skank
670:Haiti
483:Mento
296:with
290:mento
152:Japan
41:Mento
3778:Soca
3507:Jazz
3380:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3169:2020
3134:2020
3102:2011
3076:2011
3050:2017
2977:2011
2893:2011
2828:2022
2806:2011
2780:2011
2754:2011
2704:2016
2668:ISBN
2636:2011
2592:2011
2566:2011
2540:2011
2504:2010
2468:ISBN
2434:2019
2408:2013
2390:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2350:2010
2301:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2055:2011
2021:2011
1983:ISBN
1964:2011
1903:2007
1743:The
1603:and
1546:and
1495:and
1471:and
1419:and
1403:and
1401:AVIA
1371:and
1347:The
1327:and
1289:and
1273:and
1207:any
1205:cite
1166:", "
1106:The
1030:'s "
1012:soul
1007:and
925:and
914:time
846:and
805:Play
786:Play
630:Cuba
303:and
301:jazz
292:and
281:and
261:skia
51:jazz
3911:Ska
3865:Ska
3758:Jwé
3589:Mod
3421:Ska
3248:).
2297:282
2251:210
1930:doi
1637:200
1595:of
1218:by
1126:of
941:".
518:Ska
463:Dub
372:ska
233:Ska
196:mod
29:Ska
21:SKA
3907::
3378:.
3374:,
3347:.
3274:.
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