1422:
67:
35:
400:, it was the aim and purpose of this group to develop an indigenous arms industry and they soon started with the production of ammunition, grenades and armoured cars. Their most effective and infamous product was the Ogbunigwe of which there were different types in various sizes. The term Ogbunigwe later came to include
570:
Though the initial
Ogbunigwe was a rocket-propelled ground-to-air missile, later in the war, all Biafran-produced explosive devices became known as Ogbunigwe, or Ojukwu bucket in popular language. Some of the specific types of Ogbunigwe that can be identified in the literature include the following:
552:
Ogbunigwe bombs struck great terror in the hearts of many a
Nigerian soldier and were used to great effect by the Biafran Army throughout the conflict...when the history of this war comes to be written, the Ogbunigwe and the shore batteries will receive special mention as Biafras greatest saviours.
536:
Ogbunigwe was the most effective
Biafran weapon during the war and the Nigerian forces were not able to find an efficient defence against it. Well placed mines or rocket salvos coordinated by few determined soldiers were often enough to stop an entire Nigerian advance. The Ogbunigwe in its various
445:
road. As the ammunition of the
Biafran troops was exhausted their commander ordered them, as a last resort, to adapt the use of the Ogbunigwe surface to air missile they were equipped with, by launching them horizontally at the enemy instead of vertically as designed for anti aircraft action. The
428:
before disseminating the label to ground ordnance. Following the war, the name
Ogbunigwe now has various meanings from "landmine" to "instrument that kills in multitudes." The first type of Ogbunigwe to be produced and tested in combat was the rocket propelled surface to surface missile. It was
457:
According to
Biafran government claims at the time, the flying Ogbunigwe was the first rocket to be wholly designed, developed, mass-produced and launched in Africa. It was used in combat in 1967, over one year before the launching of the first indigenous South African rocket in December 1968.
391:
At the outbreak of hostilities, the
Biafran armed forces were poorly equipped as compared to the Nigerian army with arms and ammunition being in short supply. This imbalance in power was intensified in the course of the war. Biafran scientists, prominently from the University of Biafra (now
485:
It spread death and destruction over a large area, and as usual the first division (...) were advancing in solid phalanxes of packed soldiery. An
American who examined the scene afterwards estimated that, out of 6000 men who took part in the attack, 4000 failed to
423:
Originally, the name
Ogbunigwe had a singular spiritual meaning preceding the Biafra Civil War. The name meaning, "a killer in the heaven or the vast sky; heaven killer." This is believed to be why the Igbo scientists named their flagship invention the
968:
561:
left over from the war recovered and destroyed by
Nigerian clearing operations included 646 pieces of live Ogbunigwe bombs and 426 other improvised explosive devices in areas that were formerly Biafra.
437:. Before the missile could be used successfully at its actual purpose as an anti aircraft missile, Nigerian troops captured Enugu where the missiles were being produced in October 1967. Following the
477:
of enemy troops. The self-propelled rocket versions had a missile range of 8 kilometres. The weapons were annihilating for enemy infantry and armoured vehicles. British journalist
1491:
446:
effect was devastating and extensive. As a result of this incident, the missile was converted and utilised for the rest of the war as a surface-to-surface missile, and as a
579:): multi-purpose non-guided rocket-propelled missile, initially intended as ground-to-air missile, later converted for use as ground-to-ground, ground-to-ship missile, and
441:, a group of retreating Biafran soldiers were fighting rearguard action against a battalion of heavily armed Nigerian troops at the Ugwuoba bridge along the old Enugu-
1643:
976:
196:
583:. Although produced in different sizes and calibers, the missiles were generally about 2 meters long, 33 cm in diameter, electrically ignited, propelled by
865:
521:
effect, as well as throw shrapnel and debris in its path to clog up the engines. Though some close calls are reported by Russian pilots flying for the
745:
721:
The Republic of Biafra : Once Upon a Time in Nigeria : My Story of the Biafra-Nigerian Civil War - A Struggle for Survival (1967-1970)
1421:
1240:
513:
airport. The lack of a guidance system made the missiles notoriously inaccurate against fast flying jet aircraft. The design was based on an
189:
657:
1583:
396:), formed the Research and Production (RAP) Agency of Biafra which included a Weapons Research and Production Group. Headed by Colonel
473:
generally had a killing range of between 180 and 800 metres, an effective shrapnel radius of a 90° arc and could easily wipe out a
1340:
969:"The first rocket to be wholly developed and manufactured in South Africa is successfully launched from the new rocket launching"
182:
602:
Foot Cutter Ogbunigwe (Landmine): inter-spaced, knee-high lead pipes filled with explosives and shrapnel detonated electrically.
494:
which wiped out almost the entire Nigerian 2nd Division in 1968. They were also used effectively in knocking out Nigerian Army
1638:
1623:
1411:
1196:
1267:
1061:
1036:
1004:
952:
896:
820:
728:
703:
638:
434:
1218:
873:
1628:
481:
describes the use of the flying Ogbunigwe against an attack by the Nigerian army 1st division in 1969 as follows:
1575:
1117:
921:
845:
605:
Bucket Ogbunigwe (landmine): cone filled with explosives and shrapnel, triggered by wire or command detonated.
1648:
749:
526:
393:
1476:
1333:
413:
368:
451:
269:
97:
Seth Nwanagu, Sylvester Akalonu, Gordian Ezekwe, Benjamin Nwosu, Willy Achukwu, Nath Okpala and others
1406:
1132:
1083:
274:
243:
1384:
1312:
596:
525:, there are no indications that a Biafran missile shot down an enemy plane. The Biafran Air Force
318:
232:
1244:
1653:
1456:
545:
474:
447:
409:
1029:
Barrel of a gun misspent moments in combat : a war correspondent's view from the frontlines
1326:
397:
1364:
611:
Beer Ogbunigwe (grenade): a bottle filled with shrapnel and explosives, detonates on impact.
1486:
530:
420:, Benjamin Nwosu and others were instrumental in the design and production of the weapons.
253:
553:
We have been able to wipe out more Nigerians with Ogbunigwe than with any imported weapon.
8:
1633:
595:. Smaller calibers were mounted for launch in series on platforms similar to the Russian
558:
499:
339:
325:
297:
1114:"Nicknames, Slogans, Local and Operational Names Associated with the Nigerian Civil War"
591:
or stand. They carried a conventional high explosive warhead with a design based on the
1389:
1374:
1369:
1174:
809:
522:
503:
380:
372:
304:
206:
82:
72:
40:
1283:
866:"3 decades after, military engineer chronicles wonders of Biafran Ogbunigwe (missile)"
1263:
1057:
1032:
1000:
948:
892:
841:
816:
724:
699:
634:
580:
478:
227:
155:
461:
At the height of production, about 500 units were being produced per day in Biafra.
1166:
1658:
1600:
1394:
364:
292:
1570:
1532:
1481:
491:
417:
279:
248:
1308:
416:. The engineers Seth Nwanagu, Willy Achukwu, Sylvester Akalonu, Nath Okpala,
1617:
1562:
1522:
1517:
592:
541:
495:
438:
285:
237:
429:
designed as a surface to air missile to be used in defense against Nigerian
1542:
1537:
1379:
510:
358:
1527:
1512:
1507:
584:
1492:
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
608:
Coffin box Ogbunigwe (landmine): larger version of the bucket Ogbunigwe.
1178:
588:
518:
1113:
945:
The State of the American Mind: Stupor and Pathetic Docility Volume II
913:
533:
bombers were also fitted with self made Ogbunigwe rockets and bombs.
514:
405:
174:
1170:
777:
490:
Ogbunigwe`s were used to spectacular and devastating effect in the
401:
1318:
1448:
470:
376:
599:(Stalin's organ) and used by the Biafrans in place of artillery.
1349:
576:
506:
430:
502:. The surface-to-air models were used against mercenary flown
1440:
891:(Repr. ed.). Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publ. p. 203.
664:. West African Security and Risk Management. 30 January 2014
442:
997:
The Struggle for Modern Nigeria: The Biafran War 1967-1970
1190:
1188:
914:"Review:The Biafran War: The Struggle for Modern Nigeria"
537:
forms was able to influence the outcome of many battles.
1133:"The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War"
1081:
1185:
658:"The IED in Nigeria Part 1- The Strategic Perspective"
408:
but initially referred to non guided rocket propelled
371:, and rocket-propelled missiles, mass-produced by the
1161:
Oyewole, Fola (1975). "Scientists and Mercenaries".
113:
Research and Production Organization of Biafra (RAP)
1084:"Quick Kill In Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War"
778:"The Making of Arms in Civil War Biafra, 1967-1970"
808:
1082:STAFFORD, Major US Army, Michael (1 April 1984).
696:The Biafra Story: The Making of an African Legend
1615:
1276:
1644:Improvised explosive device bombings in Nigeria
1257:
1194:
1156:
1154:
723:. Bloomington, Ind.: Authorhouse. p. 273.
517:principle intended to destabilise the plane by
1130:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
1334:
652:
650:
190:
1151:
1107:
1105:
905:
880:
746:"Biafran weapons of war displayed in Owerri"
587:, and launched from a specially constructed
1045:
1013:
936:
889:The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War
859:
857:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
676:
1341:
1327:
800:
647:
197:
183:
1102:
1031:. Havertown, Pa.: Casemate. p. 147.
1090:. Marine Corps Command and Staff College
990:
988:
986:
854:
756:
743:
1262:. Trafford on Demand Pub. p. 166.
1238:
1219:"Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor"
1160:
1139:. US Marine Command & Staff College
1054:Biafra The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970
911:
886:
835:
718:
693:
1616:
1251:
1051:
1026:
806:
712:
204:
1322:
1260:Ndi-igbo of Nigeria Identity Showcase
1077:
1075:
1073:
994:
983:
942:
924:from the original on 24 December 2015
178:
1211:
1120:from the original on 7 January 2016.
947:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 715.
775:
748:. Vanguard Newspaper. Archived from
367:including command detonation mines,
1348:
1286:. Der Spiegel (German). 1 July 1968
1111:
1056:. Helion & Co Ltd. p. 50.
628:
13:
1412:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
1258:Nwafor-Ejelinma, Ndubuisi (2012).
1241:"Preserving memories of civil war"
1197:"Owerri in the Nigerian Civil War"
1195:Osakwe, C.; Udeagbala, L. (2014).
1070:
975:. 17 December 1968. Archived from
622:
14:
1670:
1584:Postage stamps and postal history
1315:rocket being launched (from 6:20)
1302:
1239:Igbeaku, Orji (30 January 2015).
1420:
863:
840:. Springfield. pp. 95–101.
744:Nkwopara, Chidi (5 April 2017).
131:Effective firing range
65:
33:
1243:. New Telegraph. Archived from
1232:
1124:
961:
509:jet fighters in the defence of
1131:Atofarati Major NA, Abubakar.
912:Uzoigwe, G.N. (18 July 2014).
887:Madiebo, Alexander A. (1980).
829:
782:The Calabar Historical Journal
737:
412:which were later converted to
1:
615:
379:between 1967 and 1970 in the
1639:Improvised explosive devices
633:. AuthorHouse. p. 215.
394:University of Nigeria Nsukka
369:improvised explosive devices
134:8,000 metres (8,700 yd)
7:
1624:Surface-to-surface missiles
1477:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
918:Michigan War Studies Review
776:Umoh, Ubong Essien (2011).
565:
414:surface-to-surface missiles
10:
1675:
1201:Historical Research Letter
452:Second Invasion of Onitsha
386:
1596:
1576:"Land of the Rising Sun"
1558:
1551:
1500:
1469:
1436:
1429:
1418:
1407:2016 Niger Delta conflict
1357:
464:
216:
161:
151:
146:
138:
130:
125:
117:
109:
101:
93:
88:
78:
60:
52:
47:
29:Place of origin
28:
21:
597:Katyusha rocket launcher
469:The Ogbunigwe mines and
1629:Surface-to-air missiles
995:Gould, Michael (2011).
836:Aghanya, Ejike (2006).
807:Achebe, Chinua (2012).
448:surface-to-ship missile
433:fighters marauding the
410:surface-to-air missiles
1137:www.globalsecurity.org
1088:www.globalsecurity.org
1052:Baxter, Peter (2014).
1027:Venter, Al J. (2010).
943:Okolo, Amechi (2010).
870:Saturday Sun Newspaper
555:
488:
398:Ejike Obumneme Aghanya
1365:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
973:South African History
550:
483:
43:(present-day Nigeria)
1649:Rockets and missiles
1247:on 24 December 2015.
979:on 24 December 2015.
876:on 24 December 2015.
694:Forsyth, F. (2015).
557:As recently as 2010
500:Ferret armoured cars
1284:"Lebendig begraben"
811:There was a Country
719:Nkwocha, O (2010).
629:Eze, Smart (2010).
559:unexploded ordnance
139:Warhead weight
1390:Blockade of Biafra
1375:Ahiara Declaration
1370:Nigeria-Biafra War
575:Flying Ogbunigwe (
546:Vincent Chukwemeka
523:Nigerian Air Force
504:Nigerian Air Force
381:Nigerian Civil War
373:Republic of Biafra
363:, was a series of
208:Nigerian Civil War
89:Production history
83:Nigerian Civil War
1609:
1608:
1592:
1591:
1578:(national anthem)
1465:
1464:
1385:Republic of Benin
838:Behind the screen
752:on 12 April 2017.
698:. Pen and Sword.
581:anti-tank missile
479:Frederick Forsyth
375:and used against
350:
349:
173:
172:
156:Rocket propellant
1666:
1579:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1452:
1451:(second capital)
1444:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1024:
1011:
1010:
992:
981:
980:
965:
959:
958:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
909:
903:
902:
884:
878:
877:
872:. Archived from
861:
852:
851:
833:
827:
826:
814:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
773:
754:
753:
741:
735:
734:
716:
710:
709:
691:
674:
673:
671:
669:
654:
645:
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626:
426:flying Ogbunigwe
233:Midwest Invasion
211:
209:
199:
192:
185:
176:
175:
71:
69:
68:
39:
37:
36:
24:
19:
18:
1674:
1673:
1669:
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1663:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1588:
1577:
1564:
1547:
1496:
1461:
1457:Eastern Nigeria
1450:
1443:(first capital)
1442:
1425:
1416:
1395:Biafran airlift
1353:
1347:
1309:Youtube footage
1305:
1300:
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1289:
1287:
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1212:
1193:
1186:
1171:10.2307/2935065
1159:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1112:Omoigui, Nowa.
1110:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1014:
1007:
993:
984:
967:
966:
962:
955:
941:
937:
927:
925:
910:
906:
899:
885:
881:
864:Kalu, Vincent.
862:
855:
848:
834:
830:
823:
805:
801:
791:
789:
774:
757:
742:
738:
731:
717:
713:
706:
692:
677:
667:
665:
656:
655:
648:
641:
627:
623:
618:
568:
467:
389:
365:weapons systems
351:
346:
284:
242:
212:
207:
205:
203:
166:
164:
147:
66:
64:
53:In service
48:Service history
34:
32:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:Rocket weapons
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1563:Biafran pound
1559:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
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1498:
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1482:Philip Effiong
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
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1463:
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1459:
1454:
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1367:
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1352: articles
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1303:External links
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999:. Bloomsbury.
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1313:Katyusha type
1310:
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1165:(48): 59–65.
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1038:9781612000329
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1006:9780857730954
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954:9781477179734
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1143:27 December
1094:26 December
928:23 December
815:. Penguin.
792:23 December
668:23 December
662:Vox Peccavi
585:rocket fuel
450:during the
270:2nd Onitsha
244:1st Onitsha
1634:Land mines
1618:Categories
1565:(currency)
1163:Transition
847:9788084621
616:References
589:launch pad
519:shock wave
255:Tiger Claw
152:Propellant
23:Ogbunigwe
1430:Geography
1400:Ogbunigwe
515:air burst
406:landmines
354:Ogbunigwe
341:Tail-Wind
299:Hiroshima
142:5kg-500kg
56:1967-1970
1601:Category
1487:Military
1470:Politics
1449:Umuahia
1118:Archived
922:Archived
566:Variants
471:warheads
402:grenades
305:Blockade
163:Guidance
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1358:History
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387:History
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1175:JSTOR
788:: 348
249:Asaba
238:Enugu
1571:Flag
1528:Ijaw
1513:Efik
1508:Igbo
1292:2015
1264:ISBN
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