732:(SYL) to remove their flag, as they had declared both the party and its emblem as unlawful. The SYL defied this directive, leading to the flag being machine-gunned by an armored vehicle. This event escalated following the killing of a police officer after a grenade was thrown of the roof of the SYL headquarters. The police responded by firing into a crowd of protesters killing 25. Following this incident, Ethiopian administration resumed in Jijiga for the first time in 13 years. Then, on 23 September 1948, following the withdrawal of British forces and the appointment of Ethiopian district commissioners, areas east of Jijiga were placed under Ethiopian governance for the first time in history. The SYL was banned and an attempt was made to ban all Somali political activity in the region. Tens of thousands of Somalis fled the Ethiopian military in the Ogaden during this period, and were recognized by Britain and Italy as political refugees.
548:. Ethiopian authorities have since then based their claims to the Ogaden upon the treaty and the exchange of letters which followed it. International law professor W. Michael Reisman, observed that, "as a matter of law and fact, the 1897 treaty was void because it presumed an authority which the Somalis had never accorded to Great Britain." The Somalis, he notes, had given no authority to the British to transfer Somali territory to another state. In fact, the British had committed to protecting Somali territory, the primary reason for the Protectorate, and in attempting to transfer the land to Ethiopia, they were acting without competence, exceeding their jurisdiction, and concluding an agreement without the participation of the central party. Furthermore, Reisman notes that even had treaty originally been valid, it would have been invalidated by Ethiopia's failure to commit to key legal obligations.
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1157:, receiving as much as 500â600 millimetres (20â24 in) of rainfall annually. More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 millimetres (14 in) and less. The landscape consists of dense shrubland, bush grassland and bare hills. In more recent years, the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts: in 1984â85; 1994; and most recently in 1999â2000, during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70â90 percent of their cattle. It also includes another region in the north known as
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not serious about self-rule and democracy, so the armed struggle should be resumed. The opposing side argued that the government should still be given a chance considering the upcoming regional elections slated for
December 1992. It was also noted that the organization only possessed a small military wing. Eventually the argument to refrain from joining the war and struggle through democratic means prevailed, and the government's war against AIAI ended in a ceasefire soon before the elections.
821:, and the Ethiopian government also introduced a new policy of encouraging Amhara farmers to resettle in the valuable pastureland's available in the Ogaden that were used by Somali nomadsâ herds as grazing areas. Under new laws, Somali nomads had no recognized claim to these territory and were harassed by the military as a result. Wells frequented by nomads were poisoned, and new ones were created for the incoming migration of Amhara farmers and imperial army troops concurrently launched
338:
392:, the Imam of Adal, launched a jihad against Abyssinia in response to escalating Abyssinian incursions into Muslim territories. Repeated military expeditions from the highlands into the southeast over several decades prior significantly unified the Somali and other Muslim communities in the region, who then joined Imam Ahmed's jihad. Abyssinian attacks were frequent and intense during the 15th and 16th centuries, but they halted in the mid-17th century, not resuming until
1008:
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before the United States House of
Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels, which the Ethiopian government labels "terrorists." The extent of this war can't be established due to a media blockade in the 'Ogaden' region. Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war," as a recent report by the
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commonplace before the raiding soldiers returned to their bases with stolen livestock. Repeatedly between 1890 and 1900, Ethiopian raiding parties into the Ogaden caused devastation. Imperial military expeditions dispatched into the Ogaden engaged in the torching of Somali settlements, and foreign travelers in the region widely reported countless stories of suffering at the hands of the
Abyssinian invaders.
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under its
Chairman Mohamed O. Osman, which is fighting against the Ethiopian government. Some Somalis who inhabit in the 'Ogaden' claimed that Ethiopian military kill civilians, destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region. However, testimony
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regime to break down Somali opposition to
Ethiopian rule in the Ogaden. In the early 1980s the Ethiopian government rendered the region a vast military zone, engaging in indiscriminate aerial bombardments and forced resettlement programs. During 1981 there were an estimated 70,000 Ethiopian troops in
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In the mid-1950s, Ethiopia for the first time controlled the Ogaden and began incorporating it into the empire. In the 25 years following the commencement of
Ethiopian rule in this era, hardly a single paved road, electrical line, school or hospital was built. The Ethiopian presence in the region was
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to the
European powers. This marked the start of a tentative yet violent invasion into the Ogaden region. In the first phase of Ethiopian penetration into the region, Menelik dispatched his troops from occupied Harar on frequent raids that terrorized the region. Indiscriminate killing and looting was
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in early 1978 did not result in the pacification of the Ogaden. At the end of 1978 the first major outflow of refugees numbering in the hundreds of thousands headed for
Somalia, and were bombed and strafed during the exodus by the Ethiopian military. During 1979, the Western Somali Liberation Front
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against the
Ethiopian military presence in the region. As fighting between AIAI and the Ethiopian military raged throughout 1992, a serious internal debate and two factions emerged within the ONLF over whether to join the war. One wing argued that it was clear that the new Ethiopian government was
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and large segments of the Ogaden population due to governments heavy handed interference in the political process. Some ONLF members who opposed the boycott participated in the elections, and performed poorly. Major discontent was provoked by the EPRDF led government after it had moved the state
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in 1935. It was only after 1934 when the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the border, did the
Somalis who had been transferred to the Ethiopian Empire during the 1897 treaty realize what had happened. This long period of ignorance about the transfer of their regions was
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The Somalis, although good and brave fighting men, cannot help themselves. They have no weapons except the hide shield and spear, while their oppressors are, as has already been recorded, armed with modern rifles, and they are by no means scrupulous concerning the use of them in asserting their
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imported a significant amount of arms from European powers. The large scale importation of European arms completely upset the balance of power between the Somalis and the Ethiopian Empire, as the colonial powers blocked Somalis from receiving firearms. However the Ethiopians were also defeated
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clan dominated ONLF. While many Somalis saw the ESDL as a merely an extension of the Ethiopian government, the strategy put the ONLF under greater pressure. Despite an agreement between the central government and the ONLF to cooperate on security and administration in the lead up to the 1992
794:. Though the newly formed Somali government and army was weak, it had felt pressured and obliged to respond to what Somali citizens widely perceived as oppression of its brethren by an Ethiopian military occupation. In a bid to control the population of the region during the
945:(AIAI), organized themselves into different constituencies across the Ogaden. Later that year the Ethiopian government forces attacked AIAI's headquarters in the region killing several high ranking figures. Following the attack, Al-Itihaad quickly regrouped and declared a
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In the 1920s and 1930s, there were no permanent Ethiopian settlements or administration in any Somali inhabited land, only military encampments. Due to native hostility, the region was barely occupied by Ethiopian authorities, who exerted little to no presence east of
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where Makonnen's troops had suffered a large defeat to Somali warriors. A British hunter Colonel Swayne, who visited Imi in February 1893, was shown "the remains of the bivouac of an enormous Abyssinian army which had been defeated some two or three years before."
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The Ethiopian hold on Ogaden at the start of the 20th century was tenuous, and administration in the region was "sketchy in the extreme". Sporadic tax raids into the region often failed and Ethiopian administrators and military personnel only resided in
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Foreign correspondents who visited the Ogaden during the early 1980s noted widespread evidence of a 'dual society', with the Somali inhabitants of the region strongly identified as 'Western Somalis'. Artificial droughts and famine were induced by the
897:(WSLF) became disillusioned with the organizations increasing reliance on Mogadishu and were frustrated by international portrayals of the struggle in the Ogaden as merely a border matter between Ethiopia and Somalia. They would go on to form the
724:, which had been in control of the Ogaden since WWII, commenced a withdrawal. This transition saw the replacement of British officials with Ethiopian counterparts between May and July of that year in a significant handover process. In the town of
616:. Control over the region was expressed through intermittent raids and expeditions that aimed to seize Somali livestock as tribute. Attempts at taxation in the region were called off following the massacre of 150 Ethiopian troops in January 1915.
957:), the ONLF won 80% of the seats of the local parliament. Though the war between Al-Itihaad and the government had ended before the election, AIAI did not participate. During the new region's founding conference, which was held in
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eventually persuaded the British to cede Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948. The last remaining British controlled parts of Haud were transferred to Ethiopia in 1955. The population of the Ogaden did not perceive themselves to be
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mapping out the continent of Africa for the British government in the mid to late 1800s made no reference of any Ethiopians in the Ogaden, and maps from before 1884 drew the Ethiopian Empire's domain as confined by the
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during 1977â78 over the region and its peoples. After the war, an estimated 800,000 people crossed the border into Somalia where they would be displaced as refugees for the next 15 years. The defeat of the WSLF and
369:. The region became one of the earliest footholds for the spread of Islam into Africa. At the time, rivalries between the established Muslims in the Ogaden were recurring with those of the littoral in Zeila.
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constitute the majority in the region, and were enlisted in the Ogaden National Liberation Movement, which is why the region is associated with the Ogaden clan. Other Somali clans in the region are
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357:, sometimes referred to as "The Ogaden" region of Ethiopia. The vast majority of the inhabitants today are Muslim and ethnically homogenous. In its early history, the Ogaden was inhabited by
969:, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as 'Ogadenia' following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.
810:
Somalis by denying them access to water. Thousands of residents were driven out from the Ogaden into Somalia as refugees. At the peak of the 1963 revolt, the Somali insurgents fighting for
283:, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as 'Ogadenia' following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.
989:
in 1994. Following the boycott, the government went so far as to form another organization called 'New ONLF'. The 'New ONLF' and ESDL won the 1995 elections and then merged into the
540:
authority...The Abyssinians themselves have no more claim (except that of might) to dominate the wells than a Fiji Islander would have to interfere with a London waterworks company.
519:
imposed an arms embargo on the Somali population. During the same period Ethiopian Emperor Menelik, who was legally armed with rifles by European powers through the port cities of
1149:, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in the northwest, falling to about 300 metres (980 ft) along the southern limits and the
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431:, as it was occupied by organized Somali communities. Independent historical accounts are unanimous that previous to the penetration into the region in the late 1880s,
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were in particular targeted. The escalating frequency and violence of the raids resulted in Somalis consolidating behind the Dervish Movement under the lead of Sayyid
58:
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continued his campaign of indiscriminate raiding and attacks against the Somalis of the Ogaden region between 1890 and 1899, Somali clans residing in the plains of
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on the Somali border. The Ogaden is known for its oil and gas reserves, although development efforts have been hindered by instability prevailing in the area.
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until 1900. At the start of the year, Abyssinian troops occupied the town with the construction of a fort in the outskirts. Subsequently, the anti-colonial
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of Ethiopia. The ONLF sought to name the region 'Ogadenia', whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by
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region and encompasses the plains between the border of Somalia and Ethiopia, extending towards the southeastern highlands, where larger cities like
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1887:
Cassanelli, Lee V. (1975). "Migrations, Islam, and politics in Somali Benaadir, 1500-1843". In Marcus, Harold G.; Schoonmaker, Kathleen M. (eds.).
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in the 20th century, Somalis had limited access to firearms. When European colonial powers began to exert influence in the Horn of Africa, the
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In 1897 in order to appease Menelik's expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the
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by influencing politics in the region. To this end the central government portrayed the ESDL as a pan-Somali organization in contrast to the
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torched Somali villages and carried out mass killings of livestock. Watering holes were machine gunned by aircraft in order to control the
721:
1002:
913:, an ONLF a central committee was formed in January 1992, laying the foundation for an organized and cohesive organization. By the time
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and were deeply tied to Somalis in neighboring states. Somalis widely considered Ethiopian rule in the Ogaden to be a case of African
384:, serving as the effective capital of Ogaden, became a key administrative center for Adal. In the first half of the 16th century, the
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facilitated by the lack of 'any semblance' of effective control by the Somalis to indicate that they were being annexed by Ethiopia.
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sought to name the region 'Ogadenia', whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by
2299:. New York : Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Row. pp. 284â286 – via Internet Archive.
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in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 different ethnic Somali clans live in the region. The
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indicates. Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed, killed, and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region, while the
2797:"Why We Don't Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden: When an American reporter started digging, he was forced out of Ethiopia"
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after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field. The main rebel group is the
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The Ajuuraan state is regarded as the successor to its more influential and resilient predecessors such as the Adal and Ifat
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To take part in the upcoming 1992 regional elections the two existing Somali political entities in the Ogaden, the ONLF and
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by the Somalis. In many towns, Somali people were barred from employment. During this period, the newly independent
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1070:, the second largest region in Ethiopia is around 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi), and borders
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Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions
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Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions
1500:
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845:
837:
761:
516:
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2381:"Somali Irredentism: An analysis of its causes and its impact on political stability in Somalia from 1960 -1991"
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Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973
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under Haile Selassie were on the verge of full-scale war over the Ogaden issue, particularly in 1961 and in the
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in nature, primarily consisting of soldiers and tax collectors. The Somalis were never treated as equals by the
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valley. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres (4,600 and 5,200 ft) are characterised as
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196:, which is fed by temporary seasonal streams. Towards the southwestern edge of the Ogaden is the source of the
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700:. Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and
224:, referring only to their land originally, and eventually expanding to encompass most parts of the modern
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568:. As the Ethiopian Empire began expanding into Somali territories at the start of the 1890s, the town of
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Menelik's expansion into Somali inhabited territory coincided with the European colonial advances in the
771:
633:
389:
2114:
Ahmed Yusuf, Abdulqawi (1980). "The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 and the Somali-Ethiopian Dispute".
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Hagmann, T.; Khalif, Mohamud H. (2008). "State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region since 1991".
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2310:
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577:
512:
483:
465:
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YlĂśnen, Aleksi (2022). "The Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) and the dilemma of liberation".
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Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies. Vol. II: Archaeology and History
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in 1960, the Ogaden was rocked by waves of popular revolts which were brutally repressed by Emperor
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596:
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2311:"Ethiopia offers Britain land in exchange for Zeila port of Somaliland â 1946 ⢠Ethiopian Review"
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had fallen, the ONLF had significantly consolidated its position in the region. Since 1992, the
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There are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the
3436:
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2683:"Mass Killings in the Ogaden: Daily Atrocities Against Civilians by the Ethiopian Armed Forces"
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848:(WSLF) waged a guerrilla war against the Ethiopian government. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the
528:
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385:
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in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue. Almost 30 Somali clans live in the
817:
For nearly a year after the 1964 war, most major Somali towns in the Ogaden were under direct
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A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination: Part I (1300-2007)
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871:
854:
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Eshete, Tibebe (1994). "Towards a History of the Incorporation of the Ogaden: 1887â1935".
8:
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along the upper Shabelle River in eastern Ogaden until its decline in the 17th century.
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2852:, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), p. 12 (accessed 19 January 2009)
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1946:
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Chekroun, Amelie (2011). Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier; Hirsch, Bertrand (eds.).
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under the banner of 'Nasrallah' controlled nearly 70 percent of the Ogaden region.
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makes no mention of an Ethiopian presence while describing his time in the Ogaden.
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260:, supposedly deriving from an ancient caravan route through the region connecting
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Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings
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Throughout the late 1970s, internal unrest in the Ogaden region continued as the
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on the nomadic way of life by devastating massive herds of invaluable livestock.
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This article is about a geographical area in Ethiopia. For the Somali clan, see
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2732:"Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians (Human Rights Watch, 4-7-2007)"
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Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives
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in 1935, the Ethiopian hold on the Ogaden remained tenuous. After the Italian
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Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921
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During the pre-colonial era the Ogaden was neither under Ethiopian rule, nor
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at the end of the 19th century. The regional successor of Ifat and Adal, the
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1262:. Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1981. pp. 6, 15.
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During the December 1992 elections for District Five (what later became the
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The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945â1951: Arab Nationalism, the ...
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Concessions and Conflicts: Mapping Oil Exploration in Somalia and Ethiopia
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Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: Federalism and its Alternatives
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Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia: Revival, Reform and Reaction
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term that means "He who takes care of another". An alternative (possibly
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232:. The Ogaden clan's name itself comes from their progenitor, Abdirahman
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173:. It represents the westernmost region inhabited by the Somalis in the
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The Ogaden is a vast plateau located to the south and southeast of the
1893:. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 101â115.
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The shorefolk: aspects of the early development of Swahili communities
1340:. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1977. p. 31.
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1324:(Report). Danish Institute for International Studies. pp. 21â25.
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has been an elusive question. It is usually attributed to the Somali
186:
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Tareke, Gebru (2000). "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited".
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elections, a mutual suspicion existed. Following the 1992 attack on
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writes the following concerning the Ethiopian raids into the Ogaden:
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Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays
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Civil wars of the world : major conflicts since World War II
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in 1945, but their persistent negotiations and pressure from the
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to free livestock that had been looted from the local population.
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Map of the Ogaden region with Somali-inhabited land shaded in red
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624:, until the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in 1934 and the
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persisted in its resistance, regaining control of rural areas.
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government - resulting in deep animosity developed towards the
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During the new region's founding conference, which was held in
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Rambles in Lion Land: Three Months' Leave Passed in Somaliland
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Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
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ONLF rebels accused of killing civilians in southern Ethiopia
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ecoregion. It has been a historic habitat for the endangered
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1993:"An Historical Introduction to Refugee Problems in the Horn"
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numerous times by poorly armed Somalis such as in 1890 near
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Nationalism & Self Determination in the Horn of Africa
2753:"Ethiopia Ogaden rebels blast report on killing civilians"
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The Harla: archeology and memory of the giants of Ethiopia
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Abramowitz, Sharon; Panter-Brick, Catherine (2015-09-17).
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938:, mistrust of the EPRDF within the ONLF greatly deepened.
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Menelik's invasions and Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty (1887-1897)
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Somali-inhabited region within Ethiopia shown as part of
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continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States' ongoing
158:. It also includes another region to the north known as
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The International Journal of African Historical Studies
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Bamberger, Jakob Grandjean; Skovsted, Kristian (2016).
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2708:. Foreignaffairs.house.gov. 2007-10-02. Archived from
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The Modern History of Somaliland: From Nation to State
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Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis
1138:; However, this canid is thought by some to have been
244:) etymology analyses the name as a combination of the
2465:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
2433:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 351â355.
2428:
1965:
1808:
126:) is one of the historical names used for the modern
2598:
2494:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
2261:
2007:
904:
2864:
Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region
2567:
326:, Massare, Gabooye, Degodia, Jidle, as well as the
2729:
1587:Medical Humanitarianism: Ethnographies of Practice
2670:Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese-Run Oil Field
1413:. Gobaad Communications & Press. p. 72.
1344:
1319:
3408:
2172:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
1783:
1781:
1645:New Trends in Ethiopian Studies: Social Sciences
728:, incoming Ethiopian authorities instructed the
486:and in 1891, announced a programme of ambitious
361:, a now extinct people. Harla are linked to the
3432:Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
2405:. Helmut Buske Verlag. 1984. pp. 291â307.
1944:
1829:
1128:Somali AcaciaâCommiphora bushlands and thickets
744:invaders and were scarcely integrated into the
586:attacked the Ethiopian forces occupying Jigjiga
3119:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2874:(Aug. 2006), p. 12 (accessed 12 December 2008)
1642:Marcus, Harold Golden; Hudson, Grover (1994).
696:, only to be ignored by both Ethiopia and the
3102:
2706:"US Committee on Foreign Affairs on Ethiopia"
2491:
2144:
1778:
1521:
1519:
925:government sought to curb Somali demands for
2681:Ogaden Human Rights Committee (2006-02-20).
1641:
976:were boycotted by the majority of the ONLF,
2174:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
2145:Laitin, David D.; Samatar, Said S. (1987).
2113:
1381:
751:
529:expanding into Somali inhabited territories
150:). The region forms the eastern portion of
135:
3109:
3095:
3028:
2966:
2099:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1990:
1951:. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. 105â106.
1927:
1915:
1903:
1886:
1516:
664:. The British sought to unite Ogaden with
511:Before the emergence of the anti-colonial
2644:(Thesis). Leiden University. p. 135.
2216:
1945:Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994).
1863:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 40.
1830:Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994).
886:troops who garrisoned the regions towns.
688:, Somali leaders in the Ogaden region of
291:The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic
85:327,068 km (126,282 sq mi)
3003:Routledge Handbook of the Horn of Africa
2936:
2424:
2422:
2366:
2296:The United States in world affairs, 1964
2242:
2219:"Socio-Economic Developments in Somalia"
2072:
1730:
1695:
1675:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 55.
1668:
1614:
1375:
1058:
1006:
832:
590:
411:
336:
27:Historic name of Somali Region, Ethiopia
3375:District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
3006:. Routledge Handbooks. pp. 21â31.
2794:
2634:
1702:. French Center for Ethiopian Studies.
1552:
1498:
1408:
1236:"Self-Determination for Ogaden Somalis"
1003:2007â2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden
192:The primary river in the region is the
14:
3409:
2999:
2893:(2nd ed.). UK: Safis Publishing.
2829:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
2809:
2607:
2468:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 70â71.
2292:
2169:
2084:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1857:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013-02-20).
1471:
1436:"An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary"
1433:
3090:
2915:
2519:"Ogaden: The Land But Not the People"
2513:
2511:
2487:
2485:
2419:
2330:
2267:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2194:
2149:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 54â57.
2132:
2025:
2013:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1856:
1836:. Dartmouth: Aldershot. p. 104.
1787:
1525:
1351:GĂŠrard Prunier; Ăloi Ficquet (2015).
1229:
1227:
1208:"Hawd Plateau | plateau, East Africa"
889:In the years following the 1977-1978
676:which was supported by many Somalis.
169:, and is overwhelmingly inhabited by
130:. It is also natively referred to as
2886:
2849:The Critical Issue of Land Ownership
2657:
2622:
2592:
2573:
2561:
2461:
2401:"The 1963 Rebellion in the Ogaden".
2378:
2147:Somalia: Nation In Search Of A State
1971:
1817:
1529:Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia
1385:Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia
1234:Abdi, Said Y. (JanuaryâMarch 1978).
1233:
1202:
1200:
680:Ogaden and Haud transfer (1945-1955)
2533:
2455:
2394:
2286:
2163:
2138:
1933:
1823:
1354:Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia
1274:"Relation: Somali Region (1707658)"
692:repeatedly put forward demands for
584:had its first major battle when it
439:control. It has been observed that
24:
2827:Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus
2755:. Sudantribune.com. Archived from
2508:
2482:
2203:
2107:
1977:
1880:
1764:. LIT Verlag MĂźnster. p. 18.
1224:
376:in the 13th century and later the
372:The Ogaden region was part of the
25:
3463:
3050:
2730:Peter Takirambudde (2007-07-04).
2313:. Ethiopianreview.com. 2012-02-10
1757:
1296:Energy Information Administration
1292:"Ethiopia Country Analysis Brief"
1197:
905:Fall of the Derg and rise of ONLF
531:. British colonial administrator
380:in the 15th century. The city of
236:nickname of Ogaadeen, which is a
3206:
2429:Karl R. DeRouen; Uk Heo (2007).
1672:Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers
1618:Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers
1592:University of Pennsylvania Press
1032:Ogaden National Liberation Front
991:Somali People's Democratic Party
899:Ogaden National Liberation Front
882:the Ogaden, supported by 10,000
868:Ogaden National Liberation Front
640:in 1936, Ogaden was attached to
484:his efforts to expand the empire
400:, governed its territories from
57:
3442:Territorial disputes of Somalia
2880:
2855:
2840:
2818:
2803:
2788:
2770:
2745:
2723:
2698:
2674:
2663:
2635:Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009).
2628:
2541:"Ethiopia: Conquest and Terror"
2372:
2324:
2303:
2273:
2248:
2188:
2085:Pearce, Francis Barrow (1898).
2078:
2046:
2019:
1850:
1751:
1724:
1689:
1662:
1635:
1608:
1577:
1546:
1499:Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009).
1492:
1465:
1427:
1409:Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006).
1402:
919:Tigray Peoples Liberation Front
895:Western Somali Liberation Front
846:Western Somali Liberation Front
838:Western Somali Liberation Front
762:Western Somali Liberation Front
722:British Military Administration
654:British conquest of this colony
632:In the years leading up to the
517:Brussels Conference Act of 1890
454:First Footsteps in East Africa,
286:
2887:Abdi, Mohamed Mohamud (2021).
2217:Geshekter, Charles L. (1979).
1328:
1313:
1284:
1266:
1250:
546:Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897
470:Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897
106:(pronounced and often spelled
13:
1:
2331:Louis, William Roger (1984).
2032:. Pen and Sword. p. 16.
840:(WSLF) fighters in the Ogaden
603:, legend from the early 1900s
452:famous 1856 exploration book
420:designating "Ugaden" east of
2795:Connors, Will (2007-09-05).
1991:Greenfield, Richard (1979).
1621:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1474:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1054:
1028:military crackdown in Ogaden
394:Emperor Menelik's expansions
211:
7:
3032:The Betrayal of the Somalis
2462:Waal, Alexander De (1991).
2199:. F.A. Praeger. p. 71.
2089:. London. pp. 176â177.
2054:"A Trip to Harar and ImĂŠ",
1561:Ohio State University Press
1164:
474:In 1887, Ethiopian Emperor
435:were free of Ethiopian and
69:Region (non-administrative)
10:
3468:
3029:Fitzgibbon, Louis (1982).
2967:FitzGibbon, Louis (1985).
2379:Omar, Mohamed Ali (2021).
1731:Wildings, Richard (1987).
1126:The Ogaden is part of the
1121:
1082:. Important towns include
1000:
865:
755:
634:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
463:
390:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
348:
295:, of almost 30 clans. The
29:
3383:
3367:
3326:
3215:
3204:
3125:
2945:Frederick A. Praeger Inc.
2916:Lewis, I.M., ed. (1983).
2834:December 9, 2010, at the
2353:– via Google Books.
2026:Irons, Roy (2013-11-04).
1388:. Springer. p. 324.
893:, many supporters of the
670:former Italian Somaliland
662:temporary British control
658:Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement
648:within the new colony of
123:
89:
81:
76:
68:
56:
44:
2824:C. Michael Hogan. 2009.
2063:(September 1893), p. 251
1191:
996:
861:
828:
752:Post-Somali Independence
597:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
572:came under intermittent
551:
450:Richard Francis Burton's
407:
343:Greater Somali territory
216:The origins of the term
3012:10.4324/9780429426957-4
2937:Drysdale, John (1964).
1788:Ahmed, Hussein (2001).
1669:Markakis, John (2011).
1615:Markakis, John (2011).
1553:Carment, David (2006).
1452:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310
1359:Oxford University Press
1212:Encyclopedia Britannica
911:fall of the Derg regime
819:military administration
800:Ethiopian Imperial Army
582:Mohamed Abdullah Hassan
566:Mohamed Abdullah Hassan
466:Menelik II's expansions
3238:Chittagong Hill Tracts
2870:July 26, 2011, at the
2293:Davids, Jules (1965).
2170:Martin, B. G. (2003).
1860:The History of Somalia
1708:10.4000/books.cfee.698
1063:
1019:
974:1995 general elections
943:Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya
841:
802:division based out of
772:Somalia's independence
604:
542:
478:conquered the city of
424:
345:
115:
3427:Geography of Ethiopia
1794:. BRILL. p. 62.
1526:Billi, Paolo (2015).
1434:Leslau, Wolf (1959).
1062:
1010:
836:
758:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
594:
537:
533:Francis Barrow Pearce
415:
340:
222:clan of the same name
3422:Geography of Somalia
2846:Ayele Gebre-Mariam,
2056:Geographical Journal
1382:Paolo Billi (2015).
1176:Insurgency in Ogaden
872:Insurgency in Ogaden
855:Somali National Army
660:placed Ogaden under
638:conquest of Ethiopia
416:1873 cartography by
204:to become the major
3283:Southern Azerbaijan
3069: /
2861:CHF International,
2195:Lewis, I.M (1965).
967:Abdul Majid Hussein
730:Somali Youth League
650:Italian East Africa
646:Somalia Governorate
574:military occupation
498:, during which the
281:Abdul Majid Hussein
167:Ethiopian Highlands
3452:Proposed countries
2940:The Somali Dispute
2782:2010-08-11 at the
2660:, p. 173-174.
2625:, p. 200-201.
2595:, p. 168-169.
2564:, p. 147-148.
2388:Dalarna University
2135:, p. 157â159.
1758:B, Ulrich (2002).
1563:. pp. 75â76.
1440:Annales d'Ăthiopie
1337:Ethiopianist Notes
1064:
1037:Human Rights Watch
1020:
927:self-determination
842:
812:self-determination
796:1963 Ogaden revolt
792:border war of 1964
694:self-determination
666:British Somaliland
642:Italian Somaliland
605:
425:
386:EthiopianâAdal War
346:
198:Ganale Doria River
189:are located near.
177:. It is largely a
82: ⢠Total
3404:
3403:
3293:Southern Mongolia
3258:Iranian Kurdistan
2929:978-0-903729-93-2
2900:978-1-906342-39-5
2529:(1): 42â45. 1981.
2475:978-1-56432-038-4
2440:978-1-85109-919-1
2337:Clarendon Press.
2181:978-0-521-53451-2
2156:978-0-86531-555-6
2052:H. G. C. Swayne,
2039:978-1-78346-380-0
1958:978-1-85521-486-6
1906:, pp. 33â34.
1870:978-0-313-37858-4
1843:978-1-85521-486-6
1820:, pp. 13â15.
1801:978-90-04-11909-3
1717:978-2-7018-0299-2
1682:978-1-84701-033-9
1648:. Red Sea Press.
1510:Leiden University
1395:978-94-017-8026-1
1368:978-1-84904-261-1
921:(TPLF) dominated
266:Arabian Peninsula
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
3459:
3318:West Balochistan
3248:Gilgit Baltistan
3210:
3188:Western Togoland
3178:Rehoboth Basters
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3046:
3025:
2996:
2963:
2933:
2922:. Ithaca Press.
2912:
2875:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2551:(1): 8â19. 1981.
2537:
2531:
2530:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2369:, p. 70-71.
2364:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1988:
1975:
1974:, p. 35â36.
1969:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1931:
1930:, p. 26-27.
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1298:. Archived from
1288:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1204:
1145:The Ogaden is a
1132:African wild dog
1011:Street scene in
823:economic warfare
788:Ethiopian Empire
776:Haile Selassie's
746:Ethiopian Empire
652:. Following the
626:Wal Wal incident
578:Dervish Movement
513:Dervish movement
500:Ethiopian Empire
418:John Bartholomew
398:Ajuran Sultanate
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
132:Soomaali Galbeed
125:
61:
42:
41:
21:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3379:
3363:
3322:
3211:
3202:
3121:
3117:Members of the
3115:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3035:. R. Collings.
3022:
2985:
2970:The Evaded Duty
2930:
2901:
2883:
2878:
2872:Wayback Machine
2860:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2836:Wayback Machine
2823:
2819:
2808:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2784:Wayback Machine
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2441:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2215:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2024:
2020:
2016:, pp. 2â4.
2012:
2008:
1989:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1943:
1934:
1928:FitzGibbon 1985
1926:
1922:
1916:FitzGibbon 1985
1914:
1910:
1904:FitzGibbon 1985
1902:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1524:
1517:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1167:
1124:
1057:
1005:
999:
907:
874:
866:Main articles:
864:
831:
784:Somali Republic
768:
756:Main articles:
754:
682:
674:Greater Somalia
644:, becoming the
554:
472:
464:Main articles:
462:
410:
351:
289:
214:
147:
145:Western Somalia
144:
141:
138:
64:
52:
50:
47:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Crimean Tatars
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:South Moluccas
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:East Turkestan
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3073:7.28°N 44.30°E
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55:
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37:
33:
32:Ogaden (clan)
19:
18:Ogaden region
3396:West Papuans
3162:
3054:
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2975:Rex Collings
2969:
2943:. New York:
2939:
2918:
2889:
2881:Bibliography
2863:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2790:
2772:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2747:
2736:. Retrieved
2725:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2700:
2689:. Retrieved
2676:
2665:
2637:
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2535:
2526:
2522:
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2348:. Retrieved
2333:
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2315:. Retrieved
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2009:
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1996:
1967:
1947:
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1911:
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1698:
1691:
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1610:
1586:
1579:
1555:
1548:
1532:. Springer.
1528:
1501:
1494:
1480:(2): 69â70.
1477:
1473:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1443:
1439:
1429:
1410:
1404:
1384:
1377:
1353:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1286:
1277:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1171:Ogaden Basin
1144:
1135:
1125:
1065:
1021:
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908:
888:
875:
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816:
769:
734:
719:
686:World War II
683:
631:
618:
606:
555:
543:
538:
510:
493:
473:
453:
433:Somali clans
426:
371:
352:
290:
287:Demographics
270:
256:, a city in
249:
217:
215:
191:
164:
154:and borders
131:
107:
103:
102:
36:
3233:Balochistan
3138:Barotseland
3078:7.28; 44.30
3076: /
2608:YlĂśnen 2022
2229:(2): 24â36.
2003:(4): 14â26.
1246:(1): 20â25.
1096:Kebri Dahar
1026:launched a
672:to realize
556:As Emperor
488:colonialism
446:River Awash
441:geographers
388:broke out.
367:Ogaden clan
365:and Somali
317:Geri Koombe
297:Ogaden clan
228:of eastern
206:Jubba River
3411:Categories
3268:Khuzestani
3263:Khmer Krom
3183:Somaliland
3133:Afrikaners
3042:0860361942
2984:0860362094
2973:. London:
2763:2012-09-10
2738:2012-09-10
2716:2012-09-10
2691:2012-09-27
2350:2012-09-10
2317:2012-09-10
2268:Lewis 1983
2133:Lewis 1983
2014:Lewis 1983
1508:(Thesis).
1306:2024-01-29
1217:2021-10-10
1186:Ogaden War
1140:extirpated
978:Al-Itihaad
936:Al-Itihaad
909:After the
891:Ogaden War
884:Cuban army
850:Ogaden War
770:Following
766:Ogaden War
711:Ethiopians
684:Following
595:Statue of
558:Menelik II
476:Menelik II
320:Gadabuursi
202:Dawa River
3344:Catalonia
2909:165059930
2734:. Hrw.org
2658:Abdi 2021
2623:Abdi 2021
2593:Abdi 2021
2574:Abdi 2021
2562:Abdi 2021
2095:cite book
1972:Abdi 2021
1818:Abdi 2021
1155:semi-arid
1055:Geography
959:Dire Dawa
330:clans of
305:Sheekhaal
273:Dire Dawa
212:Etymology
187:Dire Dawa
179:semi-arid
49:Ogaadeen
3339:Brittany
3334:Abkhazia
3198:Zambesia
2993:15018961
2952:64-13122
2868:Archived
2832:Archived
2799:. Slate.
2780:Archived
2502:54051295
2449:76864224
2122:(1): 39.
1486:41966038
1457:20 March
1165:See also
1088:Degahbur
1072:Djibouti
993:(SPDP).
915:Mengistu
901:(ONLF).
786:and the
738:colonial
715:colonial
690:Ethiopia
668:and the
601:Ethiopia
527:, began
521:Djibouti
234:Absame's
230:Ethiopia
194:Shebelle
152:Ethiopia
124:ááá´/ááá´á
116:Ogaadeen
51:ááá´/ááá´á
3384:Oceania
3354:Lezghin
3278:Nagalim
3273:Madhesh
3228:Assyria
3158:Kabylia
3153:Haratin
3064:44°18â˛E
2283:p. 180.
2281:History
2258:, p. 61
2254:Lewis,
1446:: 292.
1147:plateau
1122:Ecology
1104:Shilabo
1080:Somalia
1047:in the
987:Jigjiga
808:nomadic
780:Amharas
736:always
702:Eritrea
570:Jigjiga
562:Jigjiga
525:Massawa
482:during
349:History
328:Karanle
309:Marehan
299:of the
293:Somalis
264:to the
156:Somalia
139:
120:Amharic
3417:Ogaden
3327:Europe
3308:Taiwan
3193:Yoruba
3163:Ogaden
3148:Biafra
3126:Africa
3061:7°17â˛N
3039:
3018:
2991:
2981:
2960:467147
2958:
2950:
2926:
2907:
2897:
2814:: 636.
2500:
2472:
2447:
2437:
2409:
2341:
2178:
2153:
2036:
1955:
1867:
1840:
1798:
1768:
1741:
1714:
1679:
1652:
1625:
1598:
1567:
1536:
1484:
1417:
1392:
1365:
1112:Werder
1108:Kelafo
1084:Jijiga
1013:Jijiga
931:Ogaden
764:, and
742:Amhara
726:Jijiga
656:, the
622:Jijiga
614:Jijiga
448:. Sir
437:Shewan
402:Qalafo
363:Harari
332:Hawiye
246:Harari
238:Somali
218:Ogaden
112:Somali
108:OgadÄn
104:Ogaden
72:Ogaden
46:Ogaden
3359:Savoy
3313:Tibet
3298:Sindh
3253:Hmong
3173:Oromo
3168:Ogoni
2686:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
2498:S2CID
2384:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1482:JSTOR
1192:Notes
1116:Danan
1076:Kenya
997:2000s
947:jihad
923:EPRDF
862:1980s
829:1970s
804:Harar
798:, an
610:Harar
552:1900s
480:Harar
422:Harar
408:1800s
382:Harar
359:Harla
313:Isaaq
301:Darod
262:Harar
258:Yemen
248:word
183:Harar
96:ET-SO
39:Place
3391:Guam
3303:Sulu
3223:Aceh
3216:Asia
3037:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2989:OCLC
2979:ISBN
2956:OCLC
2948:LCCN
2924:ISBN
2905:OCLC
2895:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2445:OCLC
2435:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2101:link
2034:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1459:2019
1415:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1159:Haud
1114:and
1092:Gode
1078:and
1066:The
983:Gode
972:The
879:Derg
870:and
612:and
523:and
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