1983:
494:
determined by the Trade
Representative to be priority foreign countries". The Act defines "priority foreign countries" as "those foreign countries that have the most onerous or egregious acts, policies, or practices that deny adequate and effective intellectual property rights, or deny fair and equitable market access to United States persons that rely upon intellectual property protection, whose acts, policies, or practices described in" this "paragraph have the greatest adverse impact (actual or potential) on the relevant United States products, and that are not entering into good faith negotiations, or making significant progress in bilateral or multilateral negotiations to provide adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights.
1310:
41:
979:
591:
935:
2356:
449:
1068:
843:
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1217:
1187:
29:
1094:
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1042:
321:
in charge of treaties) became less efficient and in 1962 Congress passed a bill calling for the president to appoint a
Special Representative for Trade Negotiations who would make suggestions to the president on the matters of trade. In the 1970s, Congress expanded this position, making it more accountable to Congress (the position has been called "a creature of congress"), and made it cabinet-level. Finally, in 1980 the position was renamed the United States Trade Representative.
633:
718:
1157:
1280:
902:
751:
784:
810:
1336:
1243:
692:
659:
503:
to achieve adequate and effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights". It also states that compliance with the
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights does not include a country from being identified as denying "adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights".
502:
furthermore states that countries may be identified under
Special 301 "taking into account the history of intellectual property laws and practices of the foreign country, including any previous identifications" and "the history of efforts of the United States, and the response of the foreign country,
320:
Trade negotiations became more complicated in the twentieth century with the rise of multilateral organizations and technological advances allowing for more commerce. As a result, the organization of the U.S. government (with
Congress in charge of regulating foreign commerce and the executive branch
207:
of 1962, leads trade negotiations at bilateral and multilateral levels, and coordinates trade policy with other government agencies through the Trade Policy
Committee (TPC), Trade Policy Committee Review Group (TPCRG), and Trade Policy Staff Committee (TPSC). Its areas of expertise include foreign
493:
identify those foreign countries that deny adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights, or deny fair and equitable markets access to United States persons that rely upon intellectual property protection, and those foreign countries identified under" this "paragraph that are
328:
elevated the position's role to "coordinate trade policy, serve as the
President's principal trade advisor and trade 'spokesperson', and lead U.S. international trade negotiations". It also "required the USTR to report to both the President and Congress".
425:
has provided, where feasible, quantitative estimates of the impact of these foreign practices on the value of U.S. exports. Information is also included on actions taken to eliminate barriers. It is based on information provided by USTR, the
1716:
305:
2045:
1828:
1832:
2375:
1971:
2395:
1808:
1800:
238:
169:
128:
237:-level position, though not technically within the Cabinet, as is the case with office heads not of US departments but rather of offices contained within the
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2008:
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1915:
1929:
2179:
1967:
1865:
2127:
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1636:
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1824:
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1952:
325:
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1937:
1900:
1406:
518:
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2175:
2171:
2148:
2113:
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2018:
1840:
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1956:
1948:
1906:
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161:
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386:
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2041:
2022:
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184:'s primary advisor, negotiator, and spokesperson on trade matters. USTR has more than two hundred employees, with offices in
1518:
304:. This is partially managed by the USTR Office of WTO and Multilateral Affairs (WAMA). Relevant WTO agreements include the
2410:
2160:
2014:
525:
takes place in the
Special 301 Report. Since 2010, the notorious markets report has been published as a separate report.
1749:
421:) is an annual series prepared by the USTR, which reports significant foreign barriers to U.S. exports. Since 1986, the
2118:
1401:
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direct investment, commodity agreements, trade-related intellectual property protection, and trade disputes before the
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2201:
2189:
1877:
1869:
382:
309:
165:
272:
serving as deputy US trade representatives. Ambassador Punke also concurrently served as the U.S. ambassador to the
2420:
2405:
1851:
1411:
249:. The United States trade representative and deputy United States trade representatives (DUSTR) carry the title of
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1921:
1885:
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245:
nominates someone for the position, and the appointment is then approved or rejected by a simple majority of the
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2133:
2049:
1816:
431:
242:
1999:
1856:
2072:
1846:
177:
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2107:
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2033:
2004:
1881:
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1911:
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U.S. Trade Policy
Functions: Who Does What? (2020). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from
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The
Special 301 Report is prepared annually by the USTR under Section 182 as amended of the
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257:
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8:
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1918:, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of the Chief Administrative Officer)
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842:
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USTR was established as the Office of the Special Trade Representative (STR) by the
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85:
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The USTR participates in the World Trade Organization, which is currently in the
81:
2335:
1285:
1222:
1099:
1017:
1000:
489:. The act states that the USTR must on an annual basis, by April of each year:
261:
181:
1717:"USTR Releases 2021 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy"
632:
28:
2369:
2345:
2305:
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1378:
1192:
1130:
1041:
907:
831:
680:
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265:
213:
114:
1634:
1536:"Trading Spaces: The Changing Role of the Executive in U.S. Trade Lawmaking"
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2285:
1594:
1268:
1119:
1093:
1073:
1011:
923:
789:
772:
543:
2320:
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1047:
739:
189:
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815:
250:
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717:
289:
1279:
1156:
315:
2330:
1799:
1136:
193:
1692:
International trademarks and copyright: enforcement and management
1665:
International trademarks and copyright: enforcement and management
306:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
292:
and confirmed by the Senate on March 17, 2021, by a vote of 98–0.
197:
901:
750:
1607:
185:
783:
528:
264:
served as the US trade representative from 2013 to 2017, with
809:
1519:
Obama taps Penny Pritzker, Mike Froman for top economic jobs
1335:
1242:
691:
658:
390:
1432:"Mission of the USTR | United States Trade Representative"
288:, the current U.S. trade representative, was nominated by
1833:
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
295:
1744:
1630:
1628:
521:, the USTR published a list of places where large-scale
411:
National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers
2243:
1478:"15 CFR § 2002.1 - Trade Policy Committee Review Group"
139:
391:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
129:
Executive Office of the President of the United States
1625:
2054:
Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation
2046:
Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
1829:
Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
216:is the current United States Trade Representative.
45:
Flag of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
33:
Seal of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
1635:Office of the United States Trade Representative.
1608:"Issue Areas | United States Trade Representative"
1930:Office of E-Government and Information Technology
1866:Committee for the Preservation of the White House
1521:. CBS News (2013-05-02). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
316:History of the United States Trade Representative
2376:Office of the United States Trade Representative
2367:
2106:(White House Operations, White House Personnel,
1750:Office of the United States Trade Representative
1499:"15 CFR § 2002.2 - Trade Policy Staff Committee"
154:Office of the United States Trade Representative
22:Office of the United States Trade Representative
2396:Foreign relations agencies of the United States
1801:Executive Office of the United States President
2017:(Office of Media Affairs, Office of Research,
1825:Corporation for National and Community Service
2229:
1785:
326:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
1938:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
1695:. American Bar Association. pp. 18–19.
1407:United States International Trade Commission
519:International Intellectual Property Alliance
2401:Members of the Cabinet of the United States
529:List of United States trade representatives
2236:
2222:
1792:
1778:
1457:"15 CFR § 2002.0 - Trade Policy Committee"
1371:
402:
229:The head of the office holds the title of
70:Office of the Special Trade Representative
39:
1688:
1661:
437:
164:responsible for developing and promoting
1595:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IF11016.pdf
1533:
480: Out-of-Cycle Review/Status Pending
447:
2079:Office of the National Security Advisor
1957:National Science and Technology Council
1949:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1926:Office of the Chief Performance Officer
1916:Office of Mail and Messenger Operations
1837:President's Intelligence Advisory Board
1540:Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies
2368:
1953:Office of the Chief Technology Officer
1944:Office of National Drug Control Policy
1934:Office of Federal Financial Management
387:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
296:Office of WTO and Multilateral Affairs
2217:
1841:President's Management Advisory Board
1773:
555:Nominee for U.S. Trade Representative
1589:
1587:
1585:
1529:
1527:
506:
2416:United States Trade Representatives
2245:United States Trade Representatives
1878:Office of the Chief Floral Designer
13:
2381:Foreign trade of the United States
1963:Office of the Trade Representative
1721:United States Trade Representative
1402:International Trade Administration
434:, and other agencies and sources.
231:United States Trade Representative
14:
2432:
1738:
1600:
1582:
1524:
383:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
310:Generalized System of Preferences
239:Executive Office of the President
170:Executive Office of the President
2354:
1981:
1852:Council on Environmental Quality
1412:United States Commercial Service
1334:
1308:
1278:
1241:
1215:
1185:
1155:
1129:
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1040:
1010:
977:
933:
900:
867:
841:
808:
782:
749:
716:
690:
657:
631:
589:
162:United States federal government
27:
2182:, Office of Records Management)
2139:Presidential Innovation Fellows
1922:Office of Management and Budget
1886:Graphics and Calligraphy Office
1821:Council for Community Solutions
1709:
1682:
1655:
1568:10.2979/indjglolegstu.24.2.0345
1552:10.2979/indjglolegstu.24.2.0345
219:
2073:Office of the Social Secretary
2050:Office of National AIDS Policy
1512:
1491:
1470:
1449:
1424:
456: Priority Foreign Country
332:
274:World Trade Organization (WTO)
1:
2104:Management and Administration
2019:Office of the Press Secretary
1759:USTR Reports and Publications
1417:
224:
212:. Based in Washington, D.C.,
2391:Cabinet of the United States
2005:Office of the Chief of Staff
1972:Office of the Chief of Staff
1968:Office of the Vice President
1882:Office of the Executive Chef
1847:Council of Economic Advisers
1668:. American Bar Association.
1389:3 years, 188 days
1326:3 years, 250 days
1233:3 years, 213 days
1147:3 years, 362 days
1084:2 years, 196 days
969:4 years, 283 days
885:3 years, 349 days
859:3 years, 203 days
767:2 years, 140 days
474: Section 306 Monitoring
428:U.S. departments of commerce
7:
2180:Presidential Correspondence
2134:Office of Political Affairs
1689:Masterson, John T. (2004).
1662:Masterson, John T. (2004).
1534:Claussen, Kathleen (2017).
1395:
995:4 years, 15 days
918:3 years, 81 days
826:4 years, 96 days
734:1 year, 300 days
708:3 years, 42 days
675:2 years, 46 days
649:1 year, 302 days
607:4 years, 20 days
500:Uruguay Round Agreement Act
10:
2437:
2411:United States trade policy
2153:Council on Women and Girls
2038:Office of Digital Strategy
2034:Counselor to the President
1637:"Reports and Publications"
1058:1 year, 12 days
800:1 year, 91 days
510:
441:
397:
353:Industry and manufacturing
2352:
2251:
2198:Presidential Food Service
2114:National Economic Council
2094:Intergovernmental Affairs
2083:Homeland Security Advisor
2009:Office of Senior Advisors
2000:Office of Cabinet Affairs
1990:
1979:
1907:Homeland Security Council
1897:National Security Council
1874:Office of the Chief Usher
1807:
1360:
1358:
1267:
1265:
1118:
1116:
999:
997:
939:
932:
922:
920:
887:
830:
828:
771:
769:
736:
679:
677:
620:
618:
609:
606:
603:
600:
595:
588:
585:
580:
546:U.S. Trade Representative
462: Priority Watch List
377:Trade organizations (The
174:U.S. Trade Representative
134:
124:
107:
99:
91:
77:
63:
55:
50:
38:
26:
2386:Anti-dumping authorities
2015:Office of Communications
1912:Office of Administration
517:In 2006, along with the
379:World Trade Organization
241:. To fill the post, the
210:World Trade Organization
16:United States trade body
2421:United States diplomacy
2406:United States trade law
2089:Gun Violence Prevention
2042:Domestic Policy Council
2023:Office of Speechwriting
415:National Trade Estimate
404:National Trade Estimate
365:Services and Investment
2167:Scheduling and Advance
2144:Presidential Personnel
2124:Oval Office Operations
2119:National Trade Council
1892:National Space Council
523:copyright infringement
496:
482:
438:The Special 301 Report
350:Government procurement
302:Doha Development Round
178:Cabinet-level position
172:, it is headed by the
160:) is an agency of the
117:, Trade Representative
103:$ 73 million (FY 2021)
2202:Transportation Agency
2190:Communications Agency
1870:Office of the Curator
491:
451:
374:Trade and development
356:Intellectual property
166:American trade policy
1643:on November 11, 2013
371:Textiles and apparel
258:Obama administration
2099:Legislative Affairs
1862:Executive Residence
941:Charlene Barshefsky
672:September 21, 1971
362:Preference Programs
233:(USTR), which is a
205:Trade Expansion Act
180:that serves as the
23:
2128:Personal Secretary
1992:White House Office
1901:Deputies Committee
1163:Demetrios Marantis
1026:February 23, 2005
992:February 22, 2005
797:December 31, 1980
705:December 24, 1974
702:November 12, 1971
604:December 30, 1966
601:December 10, 1962
483:
444:Special 301 Report
280:served during the
21:
2363:
2362:
2211:
2210:
2149:Public Engagement
1702:978-1-59031-359-6
1675:978-1-59031-359-6
1393:
1392:
1350:January 20, 2021
1323:January 20, 2021
1316:Robert Lighthizer
1257:January 20, 2017
1230:January 20, 2017
1108:January 21, 2009
1081:January 20, 2009
989:February 7, 2001
966:January 20, 2001
945:Acting: 1996–1997
912:January 22, 1993
891:George H. W. Bush
882:January 20, 1993
879:February 6, 1989
856:January 20, 1989
820:January 23, 1981
731:January 20, 1977
646:January 20, 1969
558:
541: Denotes an
534:
513:Notorious markets
507:Notorious markets
487:Trade Act of 1974
389:(ASEAN), and the
341:Economy and trade
278:Robert Lighthizer
150:
149:
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2238:
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1985:
1984:
1809:Executive Office
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1754:Federal Register
1732:
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1727:
1713:
1707:
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1652:
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1639:. Archived from
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937:
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871:
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812:
794:October 1, 1979
786:
764:August 17, 1979
753:
720:
694:
661:
635:
597:Christian Herter
593:
560:
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536:
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479:
473:
468: Watch List
467:
461:
455:
308:(TRIPS) and the
282:Trump Presidency
270:Robert Holleyman
146:
143:
141:
108:Agency executive
86:Washington, D.C.
84:600 17th St. NW
64:Preceding agency
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2207:
2186:Military Office
2176:Executive Clerk
2172:Staff Secretary
2108:Visitors Office
1986:
1982:
1977:
1857:Digital Service
1817:Advisory Boards
1803:
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1171:March 15, 2013
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1144:March 15, 2013
1141:March 18, 2009
1111:March 17, 2009
1103:
1102:
1021:
1020:
985:Robert Zoellick
963:April 12, 1996
952:March 18, 1997
949:April 12, 1996
944:
943:
915:April 12, 1996
849:Clayton Yeutter
823:April 29, 1985
761:March 30, 1977
728:March 26, 1975
669:August 6, 1969
643:March 24, 1967
613:John F. Kennedy
578:Days in office
557:
550:
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538:
531:
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509:
481:
477:
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82:Winder Building
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51:Agency overview
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2157:Jewish Liaison
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2101:
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2031:
2026:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
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1965:
1960:
1946:
1941:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1894:
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1739:External links
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1624:
1599:
1597:on 2021-01-14.
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1286:Stephen Vaughn
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1260:March 1, 2017
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1227:June 21, 2013
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1223:Michael Froman
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1177:100 days
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2194:Medical Unit
1962:
1765:Google Books
1745:USTR website
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1691:
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1657:
1647:November 25,
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1617:November 14,
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
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1502:. Retrieved
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
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1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1426:
1269:Donald Trump
1120:Barack Obama
1074:Susan Schwab
924:Bill Clinton
790:Reubin Askew
773:Jimmy Carter
665:Carl Gilbert
639:William Roth
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220:Organization
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78:Headquarters
18:
1504:January 19,
1483:January 19,
1462:January 19,
1342:Maria Pagan
1249:Maria Pagan
1048:Rob Portman
875:Carla Hills
740:Gerald Ford
572:Term start
432:agriculture
347:Environment
344:Enforcement
338:Agriculture
333:Issue areas
190:Switzerland
2370:Categories
2341:Lighthizer
2311:Barshefsky
2069:First Lady
1726:August 27,
1418:References
1386:Incumbent
816:Bill Brock
251:Ambassador
225:Leadership
1576:158184598
1560:1080-0727
1441:March 12,
1362:Joe Biden
575:Term end
566:Portrait
290:Joe Biden
243:president
92:Employees
2316:Zoellick
1612:ustr.gov
1436:ustr.gov
1396:See also
1137:Ron Kirk
385:(APEC),
194:Brussels
2321:Portman
2296:Yeutter
2281:Strauss
2266:Gilbert
2064:Fellows
2029:Counsel
1752:in the
398:Reports
393:(OECD).
381:(WTO),
256:In the
235:Cabinet
198:Belgium
135:Website
2336:Froman
2326:Schwab
2306:Kantor
2271:Eberle
2256:Herter
1699:
1672:
1574:
1566:
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1346:Acting
1290:Acting
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1197:Acting
1167:Acting
1104:Acting
1022:Acting
551:
544:Acting
539:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
247:Senate
192:, and
186:Geneva
56:Formed
2301:Hills
2291:Brock
2286:Askew
1572:S2CID
1564:JSTOR
359:Labor
142:.ustr
2331:Kirk
2276:Dent
2261:Roth
1728:2022
1697:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1649:2013
1619:2018
1556:ISSN
1506:2022
1485:2022
1464:2022
1443:2021
498:The
430:and
409:The
324:The
268:and
176:, a
158:USTR
152:The
144:.gov
59:1962
2346:Tai
1548:doi
1368:19
1305:18
1212:17
1126:16
1063:15
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423:NTE
419:NTE
417:or
140:www
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