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this, the basic layout of the corporate office had remained largely unchanged, with employees sitting behind rows of traditional desks in a large open room, devoid of privacy. Propst's studies suggested that an open environment actually reduced communication between employees, and impeded personal initiative. On this, Propst commented "One of the regrettable conditions of present day offices is the tendency to provide a formula kind of sameness for everyone." In addition, the employees' bodies were suffering from long hours of sitting in one position. Propst concluded that office workers require both privacy and interaction, depending on which of their many duties they were performing.
331:
Propst free to indulge in his concept of an office capable of constant change to suit the changing needs of the employee, without having to purchase new furnishings, and allowing the employee a degree of privacy, and the ability to personalize the work environment without impacting the environment of the workers nearby. Propst recognized that people are more productive within a territorial enclave that they can personalize, but also that they require vistas outside their space. Propst's concept was the "back-up", a two- or three-sided vertical division that defined territory and afforded privacy without hindering the ability to view or participate in surrounding activities.
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269:, but not the furniture itself. The corporation's first major project was an evaluation of the "office" as it had evolved during the 20th Century, and in particular, how it functioned in the 1960s. Propst's studies included learning about the ways people work in an office, how information travels, and how the office layout affects their performance. Propst consulted with
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I (AO-1), and introduced it in the Herman Miller lineup. AO-1 featured desks and workspaces of varying height which allowed the worker a freedom of movement, and to assume the work position best suited for the task. AO-1 was ideally suited to small professional offices in which managers and employees
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II". Although cubicles are often seen as being symbolic of work in a modern office setting due to their uniformity and blandness, they afford the employee a greater degree of privacy and personalization than in previous work environments, which often consisted of desks lined up in rows within an open
330:
Following the poor sales of the AO-1, Propst and Nelson went back to the drawing board. For several years, Propst and Nelson fought over a disagreement on the work environment best suited to the employee of a corporate office, and Nelson was eventually taken off the project. Nelson's departure left
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so that they may concentrate with fewer distractions. Cubicles are composed of modular elements such as walls, work surfaces, overhead bins, drawers, and shelving, which can be configured depending on the user's needs. Installation is generally performed by trained personnel, although some cubicles
284:
Propst concluded from his studies that during the 20th century the office environment had changed substantially, particularly in relation to the amount of information being processed. The amount of information an employee had to analyze, organize, and maintain had increased dramatically. Despite
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Propst based AO-2 around the mobile wall-unit that defined space. The unit also supported multiple workstation furnishings, which benefited from the vertically oriented work-space. The components were interchangeable, standardized, and simple to assemble and install. More importantly, they were
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One does not have to be an especially perceptive critic to realize that AO II is definitely not a system which produces an environment gratifying for people in general. But it is admirable for planners looking for ways of cramming in a maximum number of bodies, for "employees" (as against
313:, which contracted with George Nelson and Herman Miller in 1963 to design an innovative office space that could maximize efficiency in a small area. The result was based on Nelson's CPS (Comprehensive Panel System), and featured "pods" of four cubicles arranged in a
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line. In 1970, he sent a letter to Robert Blaich, who had become Herman Miller's Vice-President for
Corporate Design and Communication, in which he described the system's "dehumanizing effect as a working environment." He summed up his feeling by saying:
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pattern, each with an L-shaped desk and overhead storage. Surviving photos of the
Federal Reserve Bank offices reveal a design that would not appear much different from a cubicle of today. In 1964 this design was re-used for the Women's Medical Clinic of
162:, for bed chamber. It was used in English as early as the 15th century. It eventually came to be used for small chambers of all sorts, and for small rooms or study spaces with partitions which do not reach to the ceiling. Like the older
393:. An office space filled with these instead of traditional squarish cubicles would look like a hangar filled with small flight simulators. It was selected for the permanent design collection of the Design Museum in the United Kingdom.
389:, a "capsule" desk that resembled the streamlined front fuselage of a fighter plane. Meant as a computer workstation, it had louvers and an integrated ventilation system, as well as a host of built-in features typical of the
238:
Prior to the widespread adoption of cubicles beginning in the 1960s, office workers often worked at desks arranged in rows in an open room, where they were exposed to the sounds and activity of those working around them.
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It is unlikely that any other office furnishings has had as much of a social impact as the introduction of the office cubicle in the 1960s, though the outcome of the cubicle's arrival is still open to debate.
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to create "Dilbert's
Ultimate Cubicle". It included both whimsical aspects, a modular approach and attention to usually-neglected ergonomic details like the change in light orientation as the day advances.
61:
workspace that is separated from neighboring workspaces by partitions that are usually 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) tall. Its purpose is to isolate office workers and managers from the sights and noises of an
520:, as opposed to open floor plans which he claims favors the socially privileged and creates an uncomfortable environment for others. Therefore, he claims open floor spaces systemically encourage
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often interacted using the same furnishings, but wasn't suitable for large corporation offices. In addition, it was expensive and difficult to assemble. Despite its shortcomings, Nelson won the
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room. They do so at a lower cost than individual, private offices. In some office cubicle workspaces, employees can decorate the walls of their cubicle with posters, pictures and other items.
70:
Cubicles in the 2010s and 2020s are usually equipped with a computer, monitor, keyboard and mouse on the work surface. Cubicles typically have a desk phone. Since many offices use overhead
419:. Bluespace offered movable multiple screens inside and outside, a projection system, advanced individual lighting, heating and ventilation controls, and guest-detecting privacy systems.
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highly flexible, allowing employers to modify the work environment as needs changed. The AO-2 lineup met with unprecedented success, and other manufacturers quickly copied it. In 1978,
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to illuminate the office, cubicles may or may not have lamps or other additional lighting. Other furniture often found in cubicles includes
567:, to satirize cubicle culture. He depicted an IT company employee who works in a cubicle. In 2001, he teamed up with the design company
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In 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, open-plan offices such as those in True
Manufacturing Co. began to put up
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187:- "The dormitories separate cubicles." The joke appears to ridicule the overly studious word, asking, "But stay, what
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In 1964, Propst and the
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Despite becoming Herman Miller's most successful project, Nelson disowned himself from any connection with the
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During the 2000s and 2010s, open plan offices arose again as a modern response to cubicles, inspired by
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individuals), for "personnel," corporate zombies, the walking dead, the silent majority. A large market.
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Technology, Copyright © Massachusetts
Institute of; reserved, 1977-2023 All rights (2020-11-25).
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a cubicle? Did we ever sleep in a cubicle? No; we should as soon have thought of slumber in a
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195:." The article goes on to explain the Latin origin of the word "cubicle" and its definition.
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allow configuration changes to be performed by users without specific training.
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to the user while taking up minimal space in a large or medium-sized room.
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Cultural commentary about cubicles was done in the 1990s and early 2000s.
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Author Thomas Hine speculated that the cubicle contributed to breaking the
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In 1994 designer
Douglas Ball planned and built several iterations of the
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is also a proponent of cubicles. James argues that cubicles encourage
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created the Herman Miller
Research Corporation under the direction of
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547:. However, cubicles lead to more overall comfort and therefore more
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Schlosser, Julie. "Cubicles: The great mistake." CNNMoney.com, 2006
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132:. Although humorous, the phrase usually has negative connotations.
322:. Nelson also used the design in his own New York design offices.
715:(Third ed.). New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
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magazine uses "cubicle" in the context of an advertisement for a
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What Do You call a
Sociopath in a Cubicle?: (Answer, a Coworker)
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Ergonomic Living: How to Create a User-Friendly Home and Office
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in 1939, 21st-century open plans are sometimes described as a "
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808:"The real reason your company switched to an open plan office"
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Before cubicles: open office with desks arranged in rows, 1937
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for women in the 1960s. Because women could be excluded from
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for the design, neglecting to mention Propst's contribution.
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1098:"The impact of the 'open' workspace on human collaboration"
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265:. Its mission was to solve problems related to the use of
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930:. London: Cleaver-Hume Press. October 1879. p. 184.
583:-fattening pen", a deprecation of cubicles in his novel
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449:." Open plans have negative consequences on employees'
343:, and by 2005 had attained sales totaling $ 5 billion.
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Cube farms are found in multiple industries including
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In 1879, the word "cubicle" appeared in reference to
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A floor plan showing repetitive, regimented cubicles
1256:"How Open-Plan Offices Kill Diversity and Equality"
1155:"How Open-Plan Offices Kill Diversity and Equality"
1096:Bernstein, Ethan S.; Turban, Stephen (2018-08-19).
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1311:Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2002.
943:"The Origin of Cubicles and the Open-Plan Office"
407:partnered with the office furniture manufacturer
34:Office furniture meant to allow for concentration
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592:In 1999, cubicles were depicted in sci-fi movie
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586:Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture
1325:. London: The Architectural Press Ltd., 1976.
785:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing.
1073:"This Is Why Open Offices Replaced Cubicles"
1049:"This Is Why Open Offices Replaced Cubicles"
1374:Article on the utopian ideal of the cubicle
1233:. New York, New York: Sara Crichton Books.
979:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
974:
886:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
120:filled with cubicles is sometimes called a
85:The office cubicle was created by designer
977:George Nelson: The Design of Modern Design
1360:CNN/Fortune - Cubicles: The great mistake
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1347:Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace
1204:"Open VS Closed Space Work Environments"
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221:A cubicle in an urban high rise setting
128:(such as 4-pod or 8-pod of cubes) or a
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396:Many cube farms were built during the
202:, referring to what is today known as
166:, a cubicle seeks to give a degree of
1339:. New York: Facts on File Inc., 1982.
1332:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
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606:spends his days in a drab cubicle.
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27:For cubicles in toilet stalls, see
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1206:. The Perspective. 27 October 2017
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557:In 1989, controversial cartoonist
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1180:"The End of Open-Plan Everything"
834:Kirsner, Scott (1 August 2004).
650:- desks with small wall dividers
311:Federal Reserve Bank of New York
155:The term cubicle comes from the
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1153:James, Geoffrey (2018-10-10).
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806:Diaz, Jesus (17 August 2018).
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429:Open plan § office spaces
180:Punch, or the London Charivari
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975:Abercrombie, Stanley (1995).
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1280:"Dilbert's Ultimate Cubicle"
633:List of desk forms and types
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1178:Mull, Amanda (2020-07-27).
868:MIT Sloan Management Review
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101:A cubicle is also called a
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711:Habegger, Jerryll (2005).
518:diversity in the workplace
475:open plans into cubicles.
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1318:. Berkeley: Apress, 2004.
602:who is moonlighting as a
549:equality in the workplace
510:Writer Geoffrey James of
261:, and the supervision of
369:A cubicle in IT company
275:behavioral psychologists
57:is a partially enclosed
836:"Time (Zone) Travelers"
638:Architectural acoustics
579:has coined the phrase "
403:Between 2000 and 2002,
177:in the 1870 edition of
1282:. IDEO. Archived from
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1102:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
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200:electrical engineering
89:in Scottsdale, AZ for
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1323:Planning Office Space
1225:Hine, Thomas (2007).
927:Switchgear Principles
864:"Enter the Cube Farm"
783:Classic Herman Miller
781:Pina, Leslie (1998).
536:by focusing on young
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1005:www.hermanmiller.com
413:office of the future
49:3D model of cubicles
947:Scientific American
914:. 1870. p. 84.
339:was renamed simply
309:design were in the
110:cubicle workstation
1370:2008-06-25 at the
1349:, Doubleday, 2014.
1335:Klein, Judy Graf.
1108:(1753): 20170239.
912:Bradbury and Evans
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443:Frank Lloyd Wright
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348:"Action Office II"
337:"Action Office II"
320:Lafayette, Indiana
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145:government offices
72:fluorescent lights
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1328:Inkeles, Gordon.
1240:978-0-374-14839-3
1029:www.buildings.com
986:978-0-262-01142-6
792:978-0-7643-0471-2
722:978-0-393-73170-5
479:Impact on society
423:Open-plan offices
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301:First appearances
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648:Carrel desk
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398:dotcom boom
295:Alcoa Award
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164:carrel desk
1382:Categories
1290:2011-03-26
1265:2022-04-20
1210:31 October
1189:2022-04-20
1164:2022-04-20
1082:2022-04-20
1058:2022-04-20
1034:2023-08-15
1010:2023-08-15
952:2023-08-15
873:2023-08-15
817:Retrieved
655:References
615:depicts a
600:programmer
595:The Matrix
469:partitions
466:plexiglass
137:technology
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