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provide privacy, and small rooms are more efficient to heat and cool (especially when kitchen appliances are in use). A follow-on trend among relatively wealthy homeowners is to build a second "mess kitchen" where the actual activity of food preparation takes place, while entertaining happens in a clean kitchen that is part of the open concept space.
329:
and mobile phones, also decrease effectiveness in the open-plan setting. One study found employees were less likely to share their views on phone calls in open offices, because they worry that their co-workers will overhear them and judge them negatively. Employees worry that speaking out loud will
193:
In the late 2010s, the open plan design became less common. Complaints about open plan designs include that they make it more difficult for different people to engage in different activities and make it difficult to hide clutter or a dirty kitchen. Walls are useful to contain noise and smells and to
266:
during the late 20th-century led to an evolution in open-plan offices. Some companies experimented with designs that provided a mix of cubicles, open workstations, private offices, and group workstations. In some cases, these are not assigned to one particular individual, but are available to any
189:
that combines the kitchen, dining room, and living room into one shared space. Such floor plans usually work well in homes with a smaller area, while larger homes have more leeway to work with when integrating great rooms into a floor plan. The removal of interior walls increases views and allows
181:
could be "more hostess 'officio', operating in gracious relation to her home, instead of being a kitchen mechanic behind closed doors." Not having a dividing wall between the kitchen and a combined living-dining room became more popular especially in the United States in the 1970s.
371:
Open-plan offices elevate the risk of employees needing to take time off for sickness. The more people working in a single room, the more sick time is needed. People who work in open-office plans containing more than six people take over 160%
148:, for example in England, that were large enough so they could develop into multi-room houses. Multi-room houses however didn't become popular until later when the country industrialized, as a result of which more people could afford them.
324:
The noise level in open-plan offices greatly reduces productivity. Productivity in an open-office plan has been estimated to be one-third what the same workers would achieve in quiet rooms. Noisy new technologies, like
348:, open-plan offices result in a dramatic reduction in face-to-face interactions, as employees turn to digital communication, such as sending e-mail messages. Open-plan offices have frequently been found to reduce the
395:
Some negative aspects of open plan offices can be addressed with interior design, such as establishing separate places for face-to-face discussions or using materials that absorb noise.
646:
710:
1212:
708:
Davis, M. C., Leach, D. J., & Clegg, C. W. (2011). "The
Physical Environment of the Office: Contemporary and Emerging Issues." In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.),
116:(the term used mainly in Canada) describes the elimination of barriers such as walls and doors that traditionally separated distinct functional areas, such as combining the
85:
Open-plan office designs (e.g., tables with no visual barriers) reduce short-term building costs, compared to cubicles or private offices, but result in persistently lower
163:
remained enclosed private spaces. Larger rooms were made possible by advances in centralized heating that allowed larger spaces to be kept at comfortable temperatures.
692:
Gillen, N. M. (2006). "The Future
Workplace, Opportunities, Realities and Myths: A Practical Approach to Creating Meaningful Environments." In J. Worthington (Ed.),
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The majority of papers found in this Scopus search point to several shortcomings of open-plan offices, sometimes suggesting solutions to address dissatisfaction.
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A home with this type of layout has one or more large, open rooms that function as multiple rooms within a single living space. The most common design is a
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A systematic survey of research upon the effects of open-plan offices found frequent negative effects in some traditional workplaces: high levels of
869:
voice-activated technology and mobile phones are increasing office noise levels and decreasing the effectiveness of existing open-plan arrangements.
1116:
Bodin
Danielsson, Christina; Chungkham, Holendro Singh; Wulff, Cornelia; Westerlund, Hugo (2014). "Office design's impact on sick leave rates".
885:
151:
In the 1880s, small public rooms of the home with specific functions began to be replaced by larger rooms that fulfilled multiple uses, but
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that consisted of a single room, but this was usually small. Already in the Middle Ages, however, there were some single-room hearth-heated
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of housing estates, business parks, etc., in which there are no defined property boundaries, such as hedges, fences, or walls.
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sick days as those who work in private offices. Different plans have slightly different risks; for example, men working in a
333:
Some design goals of open plan offices include letting everyone see what everyone else is doing at any given moment, reducing
267:
employee of the company on either a reservable or "drop-in" (first come, first served) basis. Terms for this strategy include
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255:. Many terms (mostly derisive) have been used over time for offices using the old-style, large arrays of open cubicles.
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style – where employees can see and hear each other freely, but desks are grouped into teams – at his media company
1161:"Sickness absence associated with shared and open-plan offices – a national cross sectional questionnaire survey"
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on large, open floors. Office landscape was quickly supplanted by office-furniture companies which developed
224:
243:, which used conventional furniture, curved screens, large potted plants, and organic geometry to create
177:. Wright's designs were based on a centralized kitchen open to other public spaces of the home where the
412:
Bodin
Danielsson, Christina; Chungkham, Holendro Singh; Wulff, Cornelia; Westerlund, Hugo (2014-02-01).
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Although promoted as a way to encourage collaboration, speed decision-making, and increase the group's
174:
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Prior to the 1950s open-plan offices mostly consisted of large regular rows of desks or benches where
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that makes use of large, open spaces and minimizes the use of small, enclosed rooms such as private
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1056:"Association of open-plan offices and sick leave - a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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was one of the early advocates for open plan design in houses, expanding on the ideas of
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Pejtersen, Jan H; Feveile, Helene; Christensen, Karl B; Burr, Hermann (September 2011).
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89:, dramatically fewer face-to-face interactions among staff, and a higher number of
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980:"Workspace satisfaction: The privacy-communication trade-off in open-plan offices"
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1213:"Goodbye open plan, hello cubicles: What will offices look like after Covid-19?"
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647:"People in open-concept homes are realizing the walls were there for a reason"
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Mauss, Daniel; Jarczok, Marc N.; Genser, Bernd; Herr, Raphael (2022-06-09).
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sunlight from windows in the exterior walls to spread throughout the house.
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Be
Excellent at Anything: The Four Keys To Transforming the Way We Work and
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have a significantly increased risk for short-term illnesses (e.g., the
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may have permanently assigned spaces at a table, or it may be used as a
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1239:"The Rise of Office Design in High-Performance, Open-Plan Environments"
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You are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms.
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633:"The Pros and Cons of Open Floor Plans | Case Design/Remodeling"
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performed repetitive tasks. Such designs were rooted in the work of
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International Review of
Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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An information technology department in a French company in 2019
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Candido C.; Chakraborty P.; Tjondronegoro D. (March 28, 2019).
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Schwartz, Tony; Gomes, Jean; McCarthy, Catherine (2011-02-01).
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by letting everyone overhear what everyone else is saying, and
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904:"Open Office Plans: Advantages, Disadvantages, & Research"
886:"Open-Plan Work Spaces Lower Productivity And Employee Morale"
302:
208:
923:"The impact of the 'open' workspace on human collaboration"
202:
23:
The team-oriented "bullpen", an example of open plan in use
1013:
480:
A History of
Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home
141:
844:
683:
Duffy, F. (1997). The new office. London Conran
Octopus
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Scandinavian
Journal of Work, Environment & Health
1053:
1022:"Chapter 4: The Physical Environment in Organizations"
368:, whilst increasing auditory and visual distractions.
514:
921:Bernstein, Ethan S.; Turban, Stephen (2018-08-19).
392:may militate against working in open-plan offices.
696:(2nd ed., pp. 61–78). Oxford: Architectural Press.
788:"Why your office could be making you sick: study"
1281:
845:Langston, Craig; Lauge-Kristensen, Rima (2013).
508:
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714:(Vol. 26, pp. 193–235). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
388:). Easily spread respiratory diseases such as
16:Floor plan that makes use of large open spaces
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686:
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746:"Bloomberg Vows to Work at Center of Things"
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414:"Office design's impact on sick leave rates"
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765:"Why your office could be making you sick"
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792:Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management
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769:Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management
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356:which employees engage in, and to reduce
848:Strategic Management of Built Facilities
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203:Development of open-plan workspace types
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978:Kim, Jungsoo; de Dear, Richard (2013).
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1020:Elsbach, K. D.; Pratt, M. G. (2007).
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521:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 224–.
339:flattening organizational hierarchies
47:floor plan, another type of open plan
816:Treasure, Julian (16 October 2009).
476:
987:Journal of Environmental Psychology
235:. In the 1950s a German team named
13:
1106:
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914:
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667:"The new home trend: two kitchens"
582:Schoenauer, Norbert (2003-06-24).
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549:Elliott, Lynn (May–June 2002).
140:Many pre-industrial homes were
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588:. W.W. Norton. pp. 384–.
452:
405:
271:, "alternative officing" and "
1:
818:"The 4 ways sound affects us"
763:Vinesh Oommen (13 Jan 2009),
398:
296:
78:. The term can also refer to
1130:10.1080/00140139.2013.871064
430:10.1080/00140139.2013.871064
62:is the generic term used in
7:
1073:10.2486/indhealth.2022-0053
999:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.06.007
330:distract their co-workers.
10:
1311:
851:. Routledge. p. 137.
477:Ward, Peter (2011-01-01).
459:Definition of open-concept
175:shingle style architecture
1295:Human resource management
720:10.1002/9781119992592.ch6
694:Reinventing the Workplace
1256:10.3390/buildings9040100
293:(in office: 2002–2013).
289:and for his staff while
229:Frederick Winslow Taylor
171:Charles and Henry Greene
135:
346:collective intelligence
251:based on panel-hung or
108:In residential design,
35:, one type of open plan
939:10.1098/rstb.2017.0239
927:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
585:6,000 Years of Housing
291:Mayor of New York City
56:
48:
36:
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561:Active Interest Media
551:"Breaking Down Walls"
281:used a team-oriented
262:and the emergence of
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42:
30:
22:
908:Adventure Associates
775:on February 18, 2009
221:industrial engineers
315:high blood pressure
1178:10.5271/sjweh.3167
933:(1753): 20170239.
673:. August 14, 2014.
621:The Case for Rooms
225:efficiency experts
167:Frank Lloyd Wright
57:
49:
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1060:Industrial Health
1038:10.1080/078559809
744:Nagourney, Adam.
556:Old-House Journal
335:information silos
279:Michael Bloomberg
264:mobile technology
253:systems furniture
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327:voice-activation
241:office landscape
95:open office plan
45:office landscape
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260:knowledge work
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366:performance
352:or private
317:and a high
273:hot desking
245:work groups
237:Quickborner
217:technicians
146:hall houses
126:dining room
122:living room
103:hot desking
80:landscaping
1284:Categories
1249:(9): 100.
1118:Ergonomics
864:2015-06-16
828:2015-06-16
802:2015-11-11
418:Ergonomics
399:References
378:flex space
297:Evaluation
233:Henry Ford
187:great room
130:great room
99:flex space
72:floor plan
1243:Buildings
1187:0355-3140
1082:1880-8026
993:: 18–26.
947:0962-8436
485:UBC Press
438:0014-0139
386:influenza
179:housewife
161:bathrooms
110:open plan
105:program.
91:sick days
60:Open plan
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1100:35675991
1091:10269830
1007:18616604
965:29967303
446:24460745
390:COVID-19
311:conflict
269:hoteling
249:cubicles
227:such as
157:bedrooms
153:kitchens
70:for any
956:6030579
822:TED.com
374:as many
283:bullpen
213:typists
118:kitchen
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307:stress
209:clerks
159:, and
124:, and
93:. An
1142:S2CID
1003:S2CID
983:(PDF)
303:noise
215:, or
136:Homes
1224:2020
1191:PMID
1183:ISSN
1134:PMID
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853:ISBN
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442:PMID
434:ISSN
364:and
231:and
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