Housewife - Knowledge

1317:, reliable food sources were a scarce commodity. To achieve optimal nutrition during this time, it was imperative that both men and women focus their energies on hunting and gathering as many edible foods as possible to sustain themselves on a daily basis. Lacking the technologies necessary to store and preserve food, it was critical for men and women to seek out and obtain fresh food sources almost continuously. These nomadic tribes used gender differences to their advantage, allowing men and women to use their complementary adaptations and survival strategies to find the most diverse and nutritionally complete foods available. For example, in the context of daily foraging, childcare itself was not a hindrance to women's productivity; rather, performing this task with her children both increased the overall efficiency of the activity (more people participating equals a greater yield of edible roots, berries, nuts, and plants), and functioned as an important hands-on lesson in survival skills for each child. By sharing the burden of daily sustenance – and developing specialized gender niches – humans not only ensured their continued survival, but also paved the way for later technologies to evolve and grow through experience. 1284: 1196: 1321: 1367:, 1939–45) were fought by the men of many countries. (There were also special roles in the armed forces carried out by women, e.g. nursing, transport, etc. and in some countries women soldiers also.) While the men were at war, many of their womenfolk went to work outside the home to keep the countries running. Women, who were also homemakers, worked in factories, businesses and farms. At the end of both wars, many men had died, and others returned injured. Some men were able to return to their previous positions, but some women stayed in the workforce as well. In addition to this surge in women entering the workforce, 1258: 1296:(before school begins at age five). There is considerable variability within the stay-at-home mother population with regard to their intent to return to the paid workforce. Some plan to work from their homes, some will do part-time work, some intend to return to part- or full-time work when their children have reached school age, some may increase their skill sets by returning to higher education, and others may find it financially feasible to refrain from entering (or re-entering) the paid workforce. Research has linked feelings of "maternal guilt and separation anxiety" to returning to the workforce. 911:, 'professional woman'. Between 1930 and 1960, the number of housewives in Sweden increased from 930,000 to 1,148,000. This development was linked to the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society. From the 1930s onwards, the number of people employed in agriculture declined, and more and more people moved from rural areas to the cities. At the same time, the number of married couples increased. More and more people, mainly men, were earning a living outside the household, primarily through wage employment in industry. Women became housewives, with special responsibility for children. 795:. The husband or wife may engage in countless other activities which may be social, religious, political or economic in nature for the ultimate welfare of the family and society. However, their unified status as joint householders is the nucleus from within which they operate in society. The traditional status of a woman as a homemaker anchors them in society and provides meaning to their activities within the social, religious, political and economic framework of their world. However, as India undergoes modernisation, many women are in employment, particularly in the larger cities such as 462: 1375: 1033:'The Right to Family Life', Humble argued that the housewife's desire for paid employment was based on naive demands for the satisfaction of desire. She argued that differences in gender roles were caused by genetic differences, through which men were more predisposed to struggle and self-assertion. Humble paid particular attention to the plight of children as more women entered the workforce, and argued against the expansion of public childcare, believing that staying in daycare would cause an increase in 999:) on pre-school education in 1972 was the starting point for the expansion of public childcare in the early years. By the end of the 1970s, 350,000 children had been enrolled in daycare centers. The fact that women were gainfully employed was described by leading commentators as a win-win situation for children too. The idea was that children had more difficulty developing independence if they spent their days in an overprotected home environment than if they were in a daycare center with qualified staff. 1247: 277: 3410: 1451: 658: 162: 114: 73: 964:, described the fact that many women did not work as economically indefensible. In a book of debates, Boëthius posed the question "Can we afford wives?" Women, Boëthius argued, represented an underutilized reserve of labor that, if tapped, could significantly increase the purchasing power and standard of living of households. Boëthius built on the ideas of the economist Per Holmberg, as expressed in the book 34: 1149:

working mother could not afford to pay for child care, this often resulted in her appointing her older children to act as the younger children's caretakers. While this was financially efficient, it was looked down upon by society and other housewives. In this time period, many believed that younger children were at risk for injuries or other physical harm if cared for by older siblings.

1113:'s financial success. Throughout this time period, the role of the housewife was not only accepted in society, but a sought-after desire. Eventually, women, due to the difficulty and consuming nature of these tasks, began to focus solely on one profession. By focusing on a particular niche, women spent more time outside of the home, where they could flourish independently. 924: 1438:, and men may have difficulties accessing parenting benefits, communities, and services targeted at mothers, it became more socially acceptable by the 2000s. The male homemaker was more regularly portrayed in the media by the 2000s, especially in the US. However, in some regions of the world, the male homemaker remains a culturally unacceptable role. 1023:. Nordström rejected the idea that gender roles are learned behaviours and argued that women's role as housewives was natural. While the woman was the emotional leader of the family, the one who instilled harmony and stability, the man's job was to provide and defend and to establish the family's position in society. Psychologist 1347:

Being a housewife was only realistic among middle-class and upper-class families. In working-class families, it was typical for women to work. In the 19th century, a third to half of married women in England were recorded in the census as working for outside pay, and some historians believe this to

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In recent years, accompanied by the respect of housewives, the UK is paying more attention to the value created by housewife. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), childcare accounts for 61.5% of unpaid work's value at home, the rest includes 16.1% in transport, 9,7% in providing and

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homemakers in modern times usually share income produced by members of the household who are employed; wage-earners working full-time benefit from the unpaid work provided by the homemaker; otherwise, the performance of such work (childcare, cooking, housecleaning, teaching, transporting, etc.) could

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Unless a woman earned wages on somebody else's farm or in another woman's home, her employment would be listed by the census taker as "none." It didn't matter how much her labor propped up the family farm or that it sustained a family. Women were listed as dependents of men, and men were identified

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In the late 20th century, in many countries, it became harder for a family to live on a single wage. Subsequently, many women were required to return to work following the birth of their children. However, the number of male homemakers began gradually increasing in the late 20th century, especially

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Housewives in America were typical in the middle of the 20th century among middle-class and upper-class white families. Black families, recent immigrants, and other minority groups tended not to benefit from the union wages, government policies, and other factors that led to white wives being able

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From the late 1960s onwards, the number of housewives steadily declined. Many took paid work in schools, health, and social care as the public sector expanded. More than 500,000 housewives entered the workforce between the late 1960s and early 1980s. Between 1968 and 1970 alone, the number of newly

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In modern China, housewives are no longer as common, especially in the largest cities and other urban areas. Many modern women work simply because one person's income is insufficient to support the family, a decision made easier by the fact that it is common for Chinese grandparents to watch after

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figures. A housewife typically works many unpaid hours a week and often depends on income from her husband's work for financial support. The importance of housewives' work is sometimes disregarded in standard economic figures such as GDP or employment data because of how these metrics are measured.

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in the US, discussed, among other things, the lives of housewives from around the US who were unhappy despite living in material comfort and being married with children. At this time, many women were becoming more educated. As a result of this increased education, some women were able to earn more

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were set up, first in England, then in other European countries and the United States. Many thousands of young women went to work in factories; most factories employed women in roles different from those occupied by men. There were also women who worked at home for low wages while caring for their

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Similarly, there is considerable variation in the stay-at-home mother's attitude towards domestic work not related to caring for children. Some may embrace a traditional role of housewife by cooking and cleaning in addition to caring for children. Others see their primary role as that of childcare

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concerns led to several policy reforms that made it easier for women to work and for families to care for their children together. In the 1930s and 1940s, nine out of ten Swedish children had a mother who worked at home while they were growing up; by the 1980s, fewer than one in ten children had a

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A common attitude was to accept the gender roles of the time as self-evident, but to advocate different kinds of improvements for women working at home. More radical people argued that the housewife was trapped in her economic dependence on her husband, that it was unfair that she was not paid for

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Some economists state that housewives frequently work long hours doing a variety of tasks such as cooking, cleaning, childcare, eldercare, and managing family finances. These chores are critical for maintaining families and supporting other family members' productive activities, such as paid jobs.

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A 2005 study estimated that 31% of working mothers leave the workplace for an average of 2.2 years, most often precipitated by the birth of the second child. This gives her time to concentrate full-time on child-rearing and to avoid the high cost of childcare, particularly through the early years

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doubled a women's average workload. Not only was she expected to financially provide, but she was fully responsible for caring and raising her children. If the mother chose to work, child care costs began to add up, therefore, decreasing the incentives for the woman to hold a demanding job. If a

1109:, describes the role of a 19th-century housewife as "a demeaning one, consisting of monotonous, fragmented work which brought no financial remuneration, let alone any recognition." As a middle class housewife, typical duties consisted of organizing and maintaining a home that emphasized the male 985:

Developments from 1960 onwards were very much a result of government action. Women's entry into the labour market was encouraged by the abolition of joint taxation and the expansion of childcare facilities. Joint taxation of spouses was abolished in 1971. The report of the so-called "childcare

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shows that women are better suited to endurance activities, which might have been conducive to pursuing prey over long distances. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not

833:. One sociologist, Sushma Tulzhapurkar, called this a shift in Indian society, saying that a decade ago, "it was an unheard concept and not to mention socially unacceptable for men to give up their jobs and remain at home." However, only 22.7 percent of Indian women are part of the 1143:

In most cases, women chose to work in the home. Work outside of the home was deemed unattractive, difficult, and daunting. Since the female was heavily involved with her children and domestic duties, certain risks were associated with a woman's absence. For example, a life in the

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Hewlett, S. A., Luce, C. B., Shiller, P. & Southwell, S. (March 2005). The hidden brain drain: Off-ramps and on-ramps in women's careers. Center for WorkLife. Policy/Harvard Business Review Research. Report, Product no. 9491. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing

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in the latter 20th century to allow some women to choose whether to be housewives or to have a career. (However financial barriers such as expensive childcare or disability can impede either). Changing economics also increased the prevalence of two-income households.

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Moberg pushed for political reforms to improve women's conditions in order to liberate women. By working professionally, women's identity would change. She would become economically independent, which would also liberate men from the traditional male role.

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her work and that she was deprived of opportunities to stimulate and develop her abilities. They argued that the housewife, the woman, was seen as a person without her own understanding and capacity and was prevented from participating in society at large.

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A research based on 7733 respondents who were aged 18–65 and legally married women in 20 European countries showed men and women share less housework in countries that publicly support gender equality. On the contrary, women did more housework than men.

1079:. While men had a sole duty, women were responsible for various, timely tasks, such as milking cows, clothing production, cooking, baking, housekeeping, childcare, and so on. Women faced the responsibility not only of domestic duties and childcare, but 1406:

In the 1960s in western countries, it was becoming more accepted for a woman to work until she got married, when it was a widely held belief that she should stop work and become a housewife. Many women believed that this was not treating men and women

690:) with their mothers and female relatives. In most cases, the husband was alive and able to work, so the wife was almost always forbidden to take a job and mainly spent her days at home or doing other domestic tasks. As Confucianism spread across 1621:, mid 19th century); "Nine Hours a Day" (1871 English song, anonymous); "A Woman's Work is Never Done", or "A Woman Never Knows When her Day's Work is Done"; "The Labouring Woman"; "How Five and Twenty Shillings were Expended in a Week" (English 1083:. Due to their long list of responsibilities, females faced long work days with little to no sleep at busy times of year. Their work is described as, "the housewife's tasks 'have never an end', combining a daily cycle with seasonal work". 1002:

The reformers were opposed by more conservative groups, who believed that women's role was to look after the home, bring up children and support the working man. One organization that sought to raise public opinion against the reforms was

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or family system and together they nurture the family and help its members (both young and old) through the travails of life. The woman who increments the family tree (bears children) and protects those children is described as the

883:, the old system began to fall apart. In some cases women began by selling homemade food or household items they could do without. Today at least three-quarters of North Korean market vendors are women. A joke making the rounds in 1312:

for families in recent history, the division of labor between men and women in traditional societies required both genders to take an active role in obtaining resources outside the domestic sphere. Prior to agriculture and

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mother who was a housewife until they turned 16. However, women with children up to pre-school age generally continued to work at home until subsidized daycare was introduced on a larger scale from around the mid-1970s.

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In the early 1960s, there were lively discussions about the role of women in society, their right to education and work, and their importance in raising children and the family. In an influential 1961 article entitled

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collected 63,000 signatures to which it attached its letter of protest against the family policy reform proposals. The organization published books of debate in polemics with reform advocates during the early 1970s.

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in 1911, these norms were gradually loosened and many women were able to enter the workforce. Shortly thereafter, a growing number of females began to be permitted to attend schools. Starting with the rule of the

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countries in the early and middle 20th century, such as the Soviet Union, Cuba and China, encouraged married women to keep working after giving birth. There were very few housewives in communist countries until

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than their husbands. In very rare cases, the husband would remain at home to raise their young children while the wife worked. In 1964, a US stamp was issued honoring homemakers for the 50th anniversary of the

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maintaining a home, others in giving care to adults, the preparation of meals as well as clothing and laundry. The total unpaid work at home was valued at £38,162 per UK household in 2014, according to ONS.

1188:. Compared to earlier centuries, women found a voice in politics and began understanding the concept of feminism. Instead of focusing purely on household and childcare duties, women slowly merged into the 920:('luxury or pampered wife') was a housewife, that didn't do any work at home, but rather let hired people cook, clean, take care of the children, and so on. Common in the upper class, rarely seen today. 1352:, gardening, cooking, and children without working outside the home. Women were often very proud to be a good homemaker and have their house and children respectably taken care of. Other women, like 1335:

In the 19th century, more and more women in industrialising countries stopped being homemakers and farm wives and began to undertake paid work in various industries outside the home and away from the

1272:, a decrease in average income made two incomes more necessary, and the percentage of married U.S. women who kept working after giving birth increased to 69% by 2009. As of 2014, according to the 1884: 2473:

Qvarsebo, Jonas (2002). "En ny människa för en ny familj: med 1970-talets nya syn på familjen blev hemmafrun den samlande symbolen för en omodern, reaktionär och patriarkalisk människosyn".

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and domestic technology were also rising in popularity, both of which saved women time that they may have spent performing domestic tasks and enabled them to instead pursue other interests.

1009:, 'Save the Family'. It began its work in January 1970, protesting what it saw as an attempt to dismantle the structure of the family through Marxist reforms. In the 1970 petition campaign, 1075:, the lives of housewives of the 17th century consisted of separate, distinct roles for males and females within the home. Typically, men's work consisted of one specific task, such as 1283: 1356:, pursued non-factory professions even though they were wealthy enough not to need the income. Some professions open to women were also restricted to unmarried women (e.g. teaching). 443: 738:

their grandchildren until they are old enough to go to school. Nonetheless, the number of Chinese housewives has been steadily rising in recent years as China's economy expands.

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About 50% of married U.S. women in 1978 continued working after giving birth; in 1997, the number grew to 61%. The number of housewives increased in the 2000s. During the

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in developed Western nations. In 2010, the number of male homemakers in the US had reached its highest point: 2.2 million. Though the male role is subject to many

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providers, supporting their children's physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual development while sharing or outsourcing other aspects of caring for the home.

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An example of a person described as a "house wife" (spelt as "huswyfe") can be seen in a record of 1452, where Elizabeth Banham of Dunstable, Beds, is thus described.

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and manuals provided exact measurements and instructions for baking and cooking, written in an eloquent manner. Complicated recipes required a knowledge of math –

3276:. London: Grafton (reissued by Harper Collins, London, 1995) (pastiches of famous artists showing housewives' tasks, e.g. Mrs Kandinsky Puts Away the Kids' Toys) 2330: 827:

areas. According to one sociologist's study in 2006, twelve percent of unmarried Indian men would consider being a homemaker according to a survey conducted by

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and Nordic countries like Sweden, and about the same as in the United States). In the early 1990s, after an estimated 900,000-3,500,000 people perished in the

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Whether the productive contributions of women were considered "work" varied by time and culture. Throughout much of the 20th century, the women working on a

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Skall familjen krossas?: vad blir följden om förslagen i Familjelagssakkunniga, Familjepolitiska kommitténs och Barnstugeutredningens betänkande blir lag?

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of the 1950s, many women quit their jobs to be housewives after giving birth. Only 11% of married women in the US kept working after giving birth.

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Treas, Judith; Tai, Tsuio (May 2016). "Gender Inequality in Housework Across 20 European Nations: Lessons from Gender Stratification Theories".

2576: 1724: 1120:, females were encouraged to be precise and systematic when following duties. In 1869, R. K. Phillip published a household manual, titled, 3172: 1908:"Female foragers sometimes hunt, yet gendered divisions of labor are real: a comment on Anderson et al. (2023) The Myth of Man the Hunter" 3111: 1195: 1050: 136: 2662:

Whittle, Jane (December 2005). "HOUSEWIVES AND SERVANTS IN RURAL ENGLAND, 1440–1650: EVIDENCE OF WOMEN's WORK FROM PROBATE DOCUMENTS".

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In today's Sweden, where most women are educated and gainfully employed, there is seldom talk about being a housewife without being on

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and a pet dog have in common?' Answer: 'Neither works nor earns money, but both are cute, stay at home and can scare away burglars.'

1140:. Cookbooks and household manuals were written for women, therefore, eliminating the idea of men participating in domestic duties. 946:, one of the most influential commentators, described the idea of the stay-at-home wife as an outmoded remnant of peasant society. 507:), ethnographic studies of recent and current hunter-gatherer societies show women actively participating in hunting, as among the 2290: 1169: 2760:

Lieffers, C. (1 June 2012). ""The Present Time is Eminently Scientific": The Science of Cookery in Nineteenth-Century Britain".

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Ramey, Valerie A. (2009), "Time Spent in Home Production in the Twentieth-Century United States: New Estimates from Old Data,"

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and cultural norms. Generally, girls did not attend school and, therefore, spent the day doing household chores (for example,

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around the house, generally helping men with heavy work when a job needed to be done quickly, usually because of the season.

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McCarthy, Helen. (2020) "The Rise of the Working Wife." History Today (May 2020) 70#5 pp 18–20, covers 1950 to 1960; online

1044:(or maternity leave, and for men, paternity leave). During this period, parents receive financial compensation through the 837:, compared to 51.6 percent of men; thus, women are more likely to be caregivers because most do not work outside the home. 3434:

Roles: The Changing Roles of Farm Women by Jane Adams for Historical Research and Narrative at Illinois Periodicals Online

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Kynne eller kön? Om könsrollerna i det moderna samhället. En debattskrift under medverkan av bl. a. Per Holmberg, etc

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Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas, held at the National Archives;, year: 1452, reign of King Henry VI; image:

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Hilton, Matthew (March 2002). "The Female Consumer and the Politics of Consumption in Twentieth-Century Britain".

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Rubin, Stacey E., and H. Ray Wooten. "Highly educated stay-at-home mothers: A study of commitment and conflict."

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The manual taught women how to perform certain duties, as well as the necessity behind their household chores.

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In the kitchen debate in 1959: Nixon said American housewives are happier than the Soviet Union working women

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The method, necessity, and extent of educating housewives has been debated since at least the 20th century.

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Examples of the heavy work involving farming that a traditional housewife in a rural society would do are:

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Within this time period, women became involved with consumer politics, through organizations such as the

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perhaps come closest to describing the entire gamut of activities and roles undertaken by the homemaker.

3464: 3425:; An e-book collection of over 1,000 classic books on home economics spanning 1850 to 1950, created by 626: 536:

contradict the wide body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies".

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is a women's society composed mainly of housewives. Sadhna Sinha is current president of the samiti.

3459: 2927: 1716: 1215:(London: Hultons, 1939–68). "On a Tired Housewife" is an anonymous poem about the housewife's lot: 1161: 132: 1779: 3449: 2508: 1671: 1080: 993: 774:

is the Sanskrit root for house or home; Grihasta and Grihast are derivatives of this root, as is

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is occasionally used as a term for "a woman who does the majority of the chores within a farm's

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and that women should do whatever jobs they were able to do, whether they were married or not.

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evidence also indicate that women have a long history of hunting. In addition, evidence from

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Hemmafrun som försvann: Övergången till lönearbete bland gifta kvinnor i Sverige 1968-1981

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be an undercount. Among married couples that could afford it, the wife often managed the

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is followed, most marital households in the US operate as a joint financial team and file

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Housewives' work is excluded from GDP statistics since it is not exchanged in the market.

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societies men typically hunted animals for meat while women gathered other foods such as

381:(1901) defines a housewife as "the mistress of a household; a female domestic manager ". 128: 43: 1923: 1667:, a 1727 English cookery book, how-to manual, and the first published cookbook in the US 1399:

in the 1990s, which led to a resurgence in the number of housewives. Conversely, in the

3426: 2859: 2785: 2739: 2697: 2298: 2046: 1989: 1931: 1818: 1746: 1683:, a 2003 film inspired by post-War Scandinavian studies of the housewife in the kitchen 1646: 1153: 727: 622: 601:, whereas the men doing the same or (even less) work were counted as being employed as 219: 3335:

Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750

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advertisement depicting a housewife as a selector and consumer of products, circa 1950

1156:. Organizations allowed women to get involved, as well as develop an understanding of 3358: 3324: 3252: 2863: 2851: 2816: 2789: 2777: 2731: 2701: 2689: 2609: 2580: 2551: 2541: 2512: 2484: 2450: 2406: 2344: 2334: 1993: 1981: 1824: 1798: 1110: 389: 342: 48: 3414: 2843: 2808: 2769: 2723: 2679: 2671: 2038: 1973: 1927: 1656: 1618: 1599: 1593: 1552: 1368: 1314: 1177: 856: 819:, where most women will work. The role of the male homemaker is not traditional in 346: 334: 292: 3073: 3305: 2923: 2029:

Dement, Alice L. (1960). "Higher Education of the Housewife: Wanted or Wasted?".

1679: 1575: 1569: 1508: 1427: 1408: 1269: 978: 512: 482: 418: 417:) note that the value of housewives' work is ignored in standard formulations of 349:

that the family needs for everyday life; partially or solely managing the family

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Har vi råd med fruar?: en ofullständig handbok i misshushållningens alla grenar

1488: 1396: 1117: 1041: 876: 734:, some women even worked in fields that were traditionally reserved for males. 597:, no matter how much work they did, would be counted in the US census as being 503: 288: 284: 92: 2945: 2847: 2675: 2613: 2555: 2267: 2189: 1977: 1246: 1164:, one of the organization's key female leaders, spoke out on topics regarding 3443: 3433: 3168: 2878: 2855: 2820: 2812: 2781: 2735: 2727: 2693: 2584: 2516: 2488: 2454: 2410: 2241: 1985: 1622: 1617:. Examples include: "The Housewife's Lament" (from the diary of Sarah Price, 1581: 1418: 1400: 1189: 1173: 1072: 617: 520: 388:, stereotypical gender roles, particularly for women, were challenged by the 385: 3129: 2942:"a Chinese-English translation web (译言网: Will Chinese women rule the world?" 2348: 2264:"a Chinese-English translation web (译言网）:Will Chinese women rule the world?" 1566:(b. 1939), a former Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly 1027:

was another leading figure in the movement. In a chapter of the debate book

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Bourke, Joanna (1994). "Housewifery in Working-Class England 1860–1914".

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Bourke, Joanna (1994). "Housewifery in Working-Class England 1860-1914".

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More Than a Labour of Love: Three Generations of Women's Work in the Home

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Female labor force participation rate, ages 15-64 (World Bank/ILO, 2019)

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http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT3/H6/CP40no764/bCP40no764dorses/IMG_1577.htm

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in 1949, all women were freed from compulsory family roles. During the

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The Great American Housewife: From Helpmate to Wage Earner, 1776-1986

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Housewife or Harlot: The Place of Women in French Society, 1870-1940

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Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85

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Although men have generally been thought of as the primary or sole

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government required every able-bodied male to be employed by some

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Andrei Lankov (a professor in South Korea National University).

1374: 791:(the glory of the house). The elders of the family are known as 3348:

Victorian London's Middle-Class Housewife: What She Did All Day

2186:"Asia's women in agriculture, environment and rural production" 1775:

Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language

1076: 868: 796: 602: 524: 470: 350: 330: 1664:

The Compleat Housewife or Accomplish'd Gentlewoman's Companion

3423:

Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH)

3149:

Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project

1596:(1928 – 1989), the first executive director of American Mensa 1276:, more than one in four mothers are stay-at-home in the U.S. 1137: 864: 820: 800: 747: 699: 695: 638: 540: 490: 486: 474: 466: 314: 1544:(1918–2004), a Dutch athlete known as "The Flying Housewife" 16:

Married woman whose occupation is managing the family's home

3288:

Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era

1795:

Through the Kitchen Window: The Politics of Home and Family

1160:. In 1833, the Women's Co-operative Union was established. 923: 318: 1590:(b. 1949), American equestrian, author, and philanthropist 1207:

Two British magazines for housewives have been published:

1180:

helped establish a consumer's league, which attempted to

974:

employed women in Sweden increased by 100,000 each year.

575: 422: 1533:(b. 1950), engineering teacher, writer and social worker 1421:

which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of

3355:

A 1950s Housewife: Marriage and Homemaking in the 1950s

2424:

Eva, Moberg (2003). "Kvinnans villkorliga frigivning".

1223:

Her last words on earth were: "Dear friends, I am going

1055:. Traditional housewives are now quite rare in Sweden. 2913:, ed. J. M. Cohen. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1952; p. 31 1629:

song by Sue Pay, 1934). "The Housewife's Alphabet" by

1229:

For where they don't eat there's no washing of dishes.

678:), women were bound to homemaking by the doctrines of 3048:

How Highly Processed Foods Liberated 1950s Housewives

2972:"Seeking a Roadmap for the New American Middle Class" 2899: 1500:(1880–1978), wrote under the pen-name of Fay Inchfawn 3021:"So wives didn't work in the 'good old days'? Wrong" 2112:"Highly educated housewives: what an economic waste" 477:, pours water into a meal as her children play, 1957 2037:(1 (January)). Ohio State University Press: 28–32. 1613:The housewife's work has often been the subject of 1225:

To where there's no cooking, or washing, or sewing,

353:—and who is not employed outside the home (e.g., a 186:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1608: 1231:I'll be where loud anthems will always be ringing, 123:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic 3321:Retro Housewife: a salute to the urban superwoman 1235:Don't mourn for me now, don't mourn for me never, 1199:Part of the housework of a London housewife, 1941 497:(as asserted, for example, in Richard B. Lee and 3441: 3251:. London, England: Penguin Books. p. 1642. 2924:"Employment Characteristics of Families Summary" 1771: 1233:But having no voice I'll be quit of the singing. 511:of the Philippines, where women hunt even while 333:, buying and/or mending clothes for the family; 3386:Illustrated History of the Housewife, 1650-1950 1792: 1097:In 1911, 90% of wives were not employed in the 714:, many women lost the ability to work outside. 317:whose role is running or managing her family's 2130: 1947:"A Lifetime Of Labor: Maybelle Carter At Work" 1873:Ocobock, Cara; Lacy, Sarah (1 November 2023). 1675:, an 1824 cookery book and housekeeping manual 1107:Woman's Work: The Housewife, Past, and Present 629:of marital property and income, and, unless a 127:Please help improve this article, possibly by 2652:, 4th entry, as a defendant in a plea of debt 1511:(1911–1995), a lawyer who re-established the 1378:A woman cooks, supervised by a teacher, in a 1287:A Minnesotan housewife in the kitchen of her 1237:I am going to do nothing for ever and ever." 1221:She lived in a house where help wasn't hired: 1211:(London: Offices of "The Million", 1886) and 1028: 1010: 1004: 965: 937: 915: 906: 900: 2664:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1905: 1359:In the early 20th century, both world wars ( 1219:Here lies a poor woman who was always tired, 590:," as opposed to field and livestock work.. 3145:"Growing Number of Dads Home with the Kids" 3088: 2911:The Penguin Book of Comic and Curious Verse 1872: 1555:(1896–1984), a Norwegian housewives' leader 1227:For everything there is exact to my wishes, 543:societies where the main source of work is 101:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3142: 2597: 2405:(in Swedish). No. 3. pp. 34–39. 396: 3175:Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. 3018: 2683: 2568: 2322: 2238:"MAHILA SHAKTI SAMAJEEK SAMMITTEE (REGD)" 1944: 927:A housewife by a Wascator laundry machine 264:Learn how and when to remove this message 246:Learn how and when to remove this message 2759: 2529: 2472: 2438: 2396: 2295:cuyoo.com (Chinese-English Translate Web 2091:"Crafting an Educated Housewife in Iran" 1963: 1906:Venkataraman, et al. (7 May 2024). 1793:Luxton, Meg; Rosenberg, Harriet (1986), 1778:. London: W. & R. Chambers. p. 1481:Examples of notable housewives include: 1373: 1319: 1282: 1256: 1245: 1194: 1058: 922: 754:(Lord of the House) and his wife is the 694:, this social norm was also observed in 656: 562:Picking fruit when it is ripe for market 460: 441: 437: 275: 3377:Myrdal, Alva & Klein, Viola (1956) 2969: 2876: 2661: 2629: 1241: 1019:One of the group's leading figures was 778:. The couple lives in the state called 621:be a household expense. US states with 379:Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 3442: 3044: 2833: 2802: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2028: 1816: 1810: 1786: 1280:to stay at home during these decades. 1086: 1063: 750:family, the head of the family is the 3246: 3217:Kathy Henderson et al., comp. (1979) 2965: 2963: 2898:Held by various libraries in the UK; 2755: 2753: 2625: 2623: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2318: 2316: 1945:Wilkerson, Jessica (14 August 2019). 1887:from the original on 6 September 2024 1184:organizations that did not pay women 1122:The Reason Why: The Domestic Science. 329:; cleaning and maintaining the home; 3219:My Song is My Own: 100 women's songs 3143:Livingston, Gretchen (5 June 2014). 2879:"The value of unpaid chores at home" 2158: 2152: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1727:from the original on 14 January 2011 1445: 481:Contrary to a common belief that in 184:adding citations to reliable sources 155: 131:the article and/or by introducing a 107: 66: 27: 3323:. Portland, Ore.: Collectors Press 3221:. London: Pluto; pp. 126-28, 142-43 3019:Wilkinson, Amanda (13 April 2014). 2708: 2423: 2178: 2161:"Now papas do what mamas did best!" 1037:and mental illness among children. 977:A combination of labour demand and 13: 3381:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 3266: 3012: 2960: 2796: 2750: 2620: 2461: 2381: 2313: 2291:"Pyongyang's Women Wear the Pants" 1932:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.04.014 14: 3476: 3402: 3051:, National Women's History Museum 2363:"hemmafru - Uppslagsverk - NE.se" 2065:"Mummy, I want to be a housewife" 1861: 1572:(b. 1949), a politician from Utah 846: 823:, but it is socially accepted in 608: 413:, the methodological approach of 82:This article has multiple issues. 3408: 3379:Women's Two Roles: Home and Work 3333:Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (1982). 3308:in the United States, 1920-1945. 3112:"Leaving Their Stamp on History" 2970:Gershon, Livia (21 March 2018). 2138:"Life & Times of Indian Men" 1625:); and "A Woman's Work" (London 1491:(1896–1974), the founder of the 1449: 1441: 547:, women have also taken care of 160: 112: 71: 32: 3224: 3211: 3198: 3193:Penelope isn't Waiting any More 3178: 3162: 3136: 3122: 3104: 3074:"The Feminine Mystique Summary" 3066: 3055: 3038: 2999: 2989: 2934: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2877:Peachey, Kevin (7 April 2016). 2870: 2827: 2655: 2642: 2591: 2562: 2523: 2495: 2432: 2417: 2355: 2282: 2256: 2230: 2204: 2104: 2083: 2057: 2031:The Journal of Higher Education 2022: 2000: 1957: 1609:Songs about the housewife's lot 939:Kvinnans villkorliga frigivning 171:needs additional citations for 135:, or discuss this issue on the 90:or discuss these issues on the 3432:Northern Illinois University: 3346:Draznin, Yaffa Claire (2001). 3249:The Penguin English Dictionary 2598:Wieselgren, Jon Peter (1972). 2140:. Business Today. 29 July 2009 1938: 1899: 1836: 1772:Davidson, Thomas, ed. (1903). 1765: 1739: 1709: 1637:single in 1977 with "My Son". 1602:(b. 1953), American politician 1578:(b. 1950), American politician 1325:Child Praying at Mother's Knee 787:(the wealth of the house) and 373:woman who is in charge of her 367:The Merriam-Webster Dictionary 359:). The male equivalent is the 1: 3413:The dictionary definition of 2428:(in Swedish). pp. 11–26. 2426:Prima materia: texter i urval 1702: 1513:German Housewives Association 652: 571:Harvesting and stacking grain 3398:(on 1480 to 1609 in England) 3357:. Stroud: the History Press 3314:Journal of Economic History, 2530:Axelsson, Christina (1992). 1952:by their type of employment. 1912:Evolution and Human Behavior 1584:(b. 1944), American activist 942:('The Probation of Women'), 894: 841:Mahila Shakti Samajik Samiti 644: 409:(particularly proponents of 345:food for the family; buying 283:, oil painting on canvas by 7: 3247:Allen, Robert, ed. (2003). 2630:Lindbom, Tage, ed. (1975). 2326:Kvinnohistorisk uppslagsbok 2323:Clayhills, Harriet (1991). 2159:Dias, Raul (26 June 2006). 1640: 1397:free market economic reform 1344:children at the same time. 741: 665: 582:In rural studies, the word 311:stay-at-home mother/mom/mum 58:Proposed since August 2024. 41:It has been suggested that 10: 3481: 3370:McMillan, James F. (1981) 3319:Tillotson, Kristin (2004) 3296:Ogden, Annegret S. (1987) 3045:Maurer, Elizabeth (2017), 1493:British Housewives' League 1380:domestic economy institute 1303: 1093:British Housewives' League 1090: 1046:parental insurance program 871:; more than in the former 724:People's Republic of China 717:After the founding of the 674:(excluding periods of the 287:, currently housed at the 21:Housewife (disambiguation) 18: 3384:Robertson, Una A. (1997) 3130:"Arago: Homemakers Issue" 2848:10.1017/S0018246X01002266 2762:Journal of Social History 2676:10.1017/S0080440105000332 2569:Nordström, Brita (1973). 2536:(in Swedish). Stockholm: 2507:(in Swedish). Stockholm: 2439:Boëthius, Monica (1967). 2329:(in Swedish). Stockholm: 1978:10.1007/s11199-015-0575-9 1747:"Definition of HOUSEWIFE" 1253:(American magazine), 1908 758:(Lady of the House). The 369:defines a housewife as a 3302:Palmer, Phyllis (1990). 3286:Campbell, D'Ann (1984). 2928:U.S. Department of Labor 2397:Qvarsebo, Jonas (2006). 1844:"Gross domestic product" 1162:Margaret Llewelyn Davies 710:became common after the 3274:Great Housewives of Art 2634:(in Swedish). Uppsala: 2604:(in Swedish). Uppsala: 2575:(in Swedish). Uppsala: 2399:"Hemmafruns sista suck" 1751:www.merriam-webster.com 1672:The Virginia House-Wife 1081:agricultural production 851:Until around 1990, the 397:Sociology and economics 327:caring for her children 3316:69 (March 2009), 1–47. 2836:The Historical Journal 2813:10.1093/past/143.1.167 2728:10.1093/past/143.1.167 2538:Stockholms Universitet 2069:Times Higher Education 2008:"What's a Wife Worth?" 1498:Elizabeth Rebecca Ward 1387: 1332: 1292: 1265: 1254: 1200: 1116:As a housewife in the 1029: 1011: 1005: 966: 938: 928: 916: 907: 901: 662: 478: 458: 415:Marxist historiography 411:historical materialism 296: 3353:Hardy, Sheila (2012) 3009:15.4 (2007): 336-345. 1414:The Feminine Mystique 1377: 1323: 1286: 1260: 1249: 1198: 1059:In the United Kingdom 926: 660: 635:postnuptial agreement 464: 445: 438:Traditional societies 279: 3272:Swain, Sally (1988) 3233:; vol. 13, Oct. 1977 3188:, Argo ZDA 82 & 3118:on 6 September 2015. 2632:Rätt till familjeliv 2218:on 25 September 2020 1817:Luxton, Meg (1980), 1721:Macmillan Dictionary 1423:second-wave feminism 1354:Florence Nightingale 1329:Pierre-Édouard Frère 1242:In the United States 1035:juvenile delinquency 1030:Rätt till familjeliv 989:barnstugeutredningen 325:, which may include 180:improve this article 51:into this article. ( 19:For other uses, see 3290:, on World War II; 3195:Blackthorne BR 1050 3099:The New York Times, 2509:Rabén & Sjögren 2331:Raben & Sjögren 1924:2024EHumB..4506586V 1880:Scientific American 1696:Housewives of Japan 1688:The Two-Income Trap 1659:(i.e. househusband) 1635:Blackthorne Records 1564:Martha B. Alexander 1542:Fanny Blankers-Koen 1390:The governments of 1274:Pew Research Center 1087:19th-20th centuries 1064:15th-17th centuries 881:North Korean famine 732:Cultural Revolution 565:Planting rice in a 133:disambiguation page 44:Stay-at-home mother 3427:Cornell University 3388:218pp (on Britain) 3363:978-0-7524-69-89-8 3007:The Family Journal 2774:10.1093/jsh/shr106 2720:Past & Present 2244:on 30 October 2014 2212:"Official Website" 2098:isites.harvard.edu 1972:(11–12): 495–511. 1797:, Garamond Press, 1753:. 14 February 2024 1647:Feminist economics 1461:. You can help by 1388: 1333: 1293: 1266: 1255: 1201: 1170:maternity benefits 1154:Co-operative Union 929: 728:Great Leap Forward 663: 623:community property 479: 459: 297: 3465:Sociology of work 3306:Domestic Servants 3258:978-0-14-051533-6 3231:New City Songster 3186:The Female Frolic 1850:, 6 February 2024 1830:978-0-88961-062-0 1823:, Women's Press, 1804:978-0-920059-30-2 1479: 1478: 1417:, a 1963 book by 1251:Good Housekeeping 953:Another debater, 887:goes: 'What do a 746:In a traditional 719:Republic of China 405:and non-feminist 390:feminist movement 303:(also known as a 274: 273: 266: 256: 255: 248: 230: 154: 153: 105: 65: 64: 60: 3472: 3429:'s Mann Library. 3412: 3396:Tudor Housewife, 3262: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3206:Staverton Bridge 3202: 3196: 3182: 3176: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3114:. 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(1950) 1369:convenience food 1315:animal husbandry 1178:Clementina Black 1054: 1032: 1014: 1008: 997: 969: 967:Kynne eller kön? 963: 941: 919: 910: 904: 857:state enterprise 533:exercise science 447:Southern Paiutes 295:, Russia (1840s) 269: 262: 251: 244: 240: 237: 231: 229: 188: 164: 156: 149: 146: 140: 116: 115: 108: 97: 75: 74: 67: 56: 36: 35: 28: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3460:Terms for women 3440: 3439: 3405: 3304:Housewives and 3269: 3267:Further reading 3259: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2968: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2832: 2828: 2801: 2797: 2758: 2751: 2716: 2709: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2628: 2621: 2596: 2592: 2567: 2563: 2548: 2528: 2524: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2471: 2462: 2447:Proprius förlag 2437: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2395: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2341: 2333:. p. 177. 2321: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2192:on 30 June 2014 2184: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2071:. 26 April 1996 2063: 2062: 2058: 2043:10.2307/1977571 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2010:. 17 March 1988 2006: 2005: 2001: 1962: 1958: 1943: 1939: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1791: 1787: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1680:Kitchen Stories 1643: 1611: 1576:Geanie Morrison 1570:Margaret Dayton 1515: 1509:Johanne Walhorn 1475: 1469: 1466: 1459:needs expansion 1444: 1428:Smith-Lever Act 1363:, 1914–18; and 1327:, a drawing by 1306: 1270:Great Recession 1244: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1095: 1089: 1066: 1061: 1048: 1025:Kristina Humble 1021:Brita Nordström 991: 979:gender equality 957: 955:Monica Boëthius 897: 849: 744: 668: 655: 647: 627:joint ownership 611: 483:hunter-gatherer 465:A housewife in 440: 419:economic output 399: 281:Young Housewife 270: 259: 258: 257: 252: 241: 235: 232: 189: 187: 177: 165: 150: 144: 141: 126: 117: 113: 76: 72: 61: 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3478: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3450:Home economics 3438: 3437: 3430: 3420: 3404: 3403:External links 3401: 3400: 3399: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3351: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3317: 3310: 3300: 3294: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3223: 3210: 3208:SADISC SDL 266 3197: 3177: 3173:Do Men Mother? 3161: 3135: 3121: 3103: 3087: 3065: 3054: 3037: 3011: 2998: 2988: 2959: 2948:on 4 July 2014 2933: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2869: 2842:(1): 103–128. 2826: 2795: 2768:(4): 936–959. 2749: 2707: 2654: 2641: 2619: 2601:Rädda familjen 2590: 2561: 2546: 2522: 2494: 2479:(in Swedish). 2460: 2445:(in Swedish). 2431: 2416: 2380: 2354: 2339: 2312: 2281: 2270:on 4 July 2014 2255: 2229: 2203: 2177: 2165:Times of India 2151: 2129: 2118:. 25 July 2012 2103: 2082: 2056: 2021: 1999: 1956: 1937: 1898: 1860: 1835: 1829: 1809: 1803: 1785: 1764: 1738: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1684: 1676: 1668: 1660: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1560:United States 1558: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1489:Irene Lovelock 1477: 1476: 1456: 1454: 1443: 1440: 1305: 1302: 1243: 1240: 1217: 1118:United Kingdom 1088: 1085: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1042:parental leave 1012:Rädda familjen 1006:Rädda familjen 896: 893: 877:Mainland China 848: 847:In North Korea 845: 830:Business Today 743: 740: 672:imperial China 667: 664: 654: 651: 646: 643: 610: 609:Modern society 607: 580: 579: 572: 569: 563: 529:archaeological 504:Man the Hunter 439: 436: 398: 395: 377:. 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