25:
13438:
13374:
6296:, is very skewed. For example, if we are studying the relationship between high alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer in the general population, the incidence of pancreatic cancer would be very low, so it would require a very large population sample to get a modest number of pancreatic cancer cases. However we could use data from hospitals to contact most or all of their pancreatic cancer patients, and then randomly sample an equal number of subjects without pancreatic cancer (this is called a "case-control study").
6337:
13360:
4235:
3891:
13398:
6475:
members of a national disease foundation were actually 3.5 times more likely than nonmembers to have heard of a common treatment for that disease â but the odds ratio was 24 and the paper stated that members were âmore than 20-fold more likely to have heard ofâ the treatment. A study of papers published in two journals reported that 26% of the articles that used an odds ratio interpreted it as a risk ratio.
1836:. An odds ratio of 1 indicates that the condition or event under study is equally likely to occur in both groups. An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that the condition or event is more likely to occur in the first group. And an odds ratio less than 1 indicates that the condition or event is less likely to occur in the first group. The odds ratio must be nonnegative if it is defined. It is undefined if
13386:
13426:
9278:
phone use in a control interval at the same time of day one week earlier. We would expect that a person's cell phone use at the time of the crash would be correlated with his/her use one week earlier. Comparing usage during the crash and control intervals adjusts for driver's characteristics and the time of day and day of the week. The data can be summarized in the following table.
6212:
2881:
2317:
5721:
465:
1428:
2603:
3163:
843:
4996:
5937:
6508:
not rare, thereby exaggerating differences when the OR rare-disease assumption is not met. On the other hand, when the disease is rare, using a RR for survival (e.g. the RR=0.9796 from above example) can clinically hide and conceal an important doubling of adverse risk associated with a drug or exposure.
4731:
9318:
There were 5 drivers who used their phones in both intervals, 27 who used them in the crash but not the control interval, 6 who used them in the control but not the crash interval, and 288 who did not use them in either interval. The odds ratio for crashing while using their phone relative to driving
7981:
Now concordant pairs in which either both the case and the control are exposed, or neither are exposed tell us nothing about the odds of exposure in cases relative to the odds of exposure among controls. The probability that the case is exposed and the control is not given that the pair is discordant
6507:
This is again what is called the 'invariance of the odds ratio', and why a RR for survival is not the same as a RR for risk, while the OR has this symmetrical property when analyzing either survival or adverse risk. The danger to clinical interpretation for the OR comes when the adverse event rate is
6503:
Suppose in a clinical trial, one has an adverse event risk of 4/100 in drug group, and 2/100 in placebo... yielding a RR=2 and OR=2.04166 for drug-vs-placebo adverse risk. However, if analysis was inverted and adverse events were instead analyzed as event-free survival, then the drug group would have
7310:
involves selecting representative samples of cases and controls who do, and do not, have some disease, respectively. These samples are usually independent of each other. The prior prevalence of exposure to some risk factor is observed in subjects from both samples. This permits the estimation of the
6356:
holds, the odds ratio is a good approximation to relative risk and that it has some advantages over relative risk. When the rare disease assumption does not hold, the unadjusted odds ratio will be greater than the relative risk, but novel methods can easily use the same data to estimate the relative
4238:
A graph showing the minimum value of the sample log odds ratio statistic that must be observed to be deemed significant at the 0.05 level, for a given sample size. The three lines correspond to different settings of the marginal probabilities in the 2Ă2 contingency table (the row and column marginal
6474:
Odds ratios have often been confused with relative risk in medical literature. For non-statisticians, the odds ratio is a difficult concept to comprehend, and it gives a more impressive figure for the effect. However, most authors consider that the relative risk is readily understood. In one study,
3441:
6499:
The odds ratio has another unique property of being directly mathematically invertible whether analyzing the OR as either disease survival or disease onset incidence â where the OR for survival is direct reciprocal of 1/OR for risk. This is known as the 'invariance of the odds ratio'. In contrast,
9277:
McEvoy et al. studied the use of cell phones by drivers as a risk factor for automobile crashes in a case-crossover study. All study subjects were involved in an automobile crash requiring hospital attendance. Each driver's cell phone use at the time of her/his crash was compared to her/his cell
1543:
It is standard in the medical literature to calculate the odds ratio and then use the rare-disease assumption (which is usually reasonable) to claim that the relative risk is approximately equal to it. This not only allows for the use of case-control studies, but makes controlling for confounding
6490:
While relative risks are potentially easier to interpret for a general audience, there are mathematical and conceptual advantages when using an odds-ratio instead of a relative risk, particularly in regression models. For that reason, there is not a consensus within the fields of epidemiology or
164:
If we flip an unbiased coin, the probability of getting heads and the probability of getting tails are equal â both are 50%. Imagine we get a biased coin that makes it two times more likely to get heads. But what does "twice as likely" mean in terms of a probability? It cannot literally mean to
2650:
2086:
6504:
a rate of 96/100, and placebo group would have a rate of 98/100âyielding a drug-vs-placebo a RR=0.9796 for survival, but an OR=0.48979. As one can see, a RR of 0.9796 is clearly not the reciprocal of a RR of 2. In contrast, an OR of 0.48979 is indeed the direct reciprocal of an OR of 2.04166.
6458:
Consider the death rate of men and women passengers when a ship sank. Of 462 women, 154 died and 308 survived. Of 851 men, 709 died and 142 survived. Clearly a man on the ship was more likely to die than a woman, but how much more likely? Since over half the passengers died, the rare disease
6567:
A number of alternative estimators of the odds ratio have been proposed to address limitations of the sample odds ratio. One alternative estimator is the conditional maximum likelihood estimator, which conditions on the row and column margins when forming the likelihood to maximize (as in
109:
if and only if the OR equals 1, i.e., the odds of one event are the same in either the presence or absence of the other event. If the OR is greater than 1, then A and B are associated (correlated) in the sense that, compared to the absence of B, the presence of B raises the odds of A, and
132:(ARR). Often, the parameter of greatest interest is actually the RR, which is the ratio of the probabilities analogous to the odds used in the OR. However, available data frequently do not allow for the computation of the RR or the ARR, but do allow for the computation of the OR, as in
1815:
4440:
7579:. We consider each pair as belonging to a stratum with identical values of the confounding variables. Conditioned on belonging to the same stratum, the exposure status of cases and controls are independent of each other. For any case-control pair within the same stratum let
4103:
Alternatively, the odds of a man drinking wine are 90 to 10, or 9:1, while the odds of a woman drinking wine are only 20 to 60, or 1:3 = 0.33. The odds ratio is thus 9/0.33, or 27, showing that men are much more likely to drink wine than women. The detailed calculation is:
1131:
4209:
This example also shows how odds ratios are sometimes sensitive in stating relative positions: in this sample men are (90/100)/(20/80) = 3.6 times as likely to have drunk wine than women, but have 27 times the odds. The logarithm of the odds ratio, the difference of the
5395:
4569:
2008:
5216:
6478:
This may reflect the simple process of uncomprehending authors choosing the most impressive-looking and publishable figure. But its use may in some cases be deliberately deceptive. It has been suggested that the odds ratio should only be presented as a measure of
394:
9260:
1357:
6438:
4028:
4204:
2328:
2892:
610:
6252:. This shows that the odds ratio (and consequently the log odds ratio) is invariant to non-random sampling based on one of the variables being studied. Note however that the standard error of the log odds ratio does depend on the value of
3836:
6207:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&Y=1&Y=0\\\hline X=1&{\frac {fp_{11}}{p_{11}+p_{10}}}&{\frac {fp_{10}}{p_{11}+p_{10}}}\\X=0&{\frac {(1-f)p_{01}}{p_{01}+p_{00}}}&{\frac {(1-f)p_{00}}{p_{01}+p_{00}}}\end{array}}}
4809:
4580:
8342:
3238:
9640:
6550:
is easy to calculate, and for moderate and large samples performs well as an estimator of the population odds ratio. When one or more of the cells in the contingency table can have a small value, the sample odds ratio can be
2876:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&Y=1&Y=0\\\hline X=1&{\frac {p_{11}}{p_{11}+p_{01}}}&{\frac {p_{10}}{p_{10}+p_{00}}}\\X=0&{\frac {p_{01}}{p_{11}+p_{01}}}&{\frac {p_{00}}{p_{10}+p_{00}}}\end{array}}}
2312:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&Y=1&Y=0\\\hline X=1&{\frac {p_{11}}{p_{11}+p_{10}}}&{\frac {p_{10}}{p_{11}+p_{10}}}\\X=0&{\frac {p_{01}}{p_{01}+p_{00}}}&{\frac {p_{00}}{p_{01}+p_{00}}}\end{array}}}
6500:
the relative risk does not possess this mathematical invertible property when studying disease survival vs. onset incidence. This phenomenon of OR invertibility vs. RR non-invertibility is best illustrated with an example:
1564:
of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group. The term is also used to refer to sample-based estimates of this ratio. These groups might be men and women, an experimental group and a
3637:
8111:
7954:
5085:
1347:. One could take a random sample of fifty villagers, but quite possibly such a random sample would not include anybody with the disease, since only 2.6% of the population are diseased. Instead, one might use a
6462:
To compute the odds ratio, note that for women the odds of dying were 1 to 2 (154/308). For men, the odds were 5 to 1 (709/142). The odds ratio is 9.99 (4.99/.5). Men had ten times the odds of dying as women.
4098:
110:
symmetrically the presence of A raises the odds of B. Conversely, if the OR is less than 1, then A and B are negatively correlated, and the presence of one event reduces the odds of the other event occurring.
3934:
Suppose that in a sample of 100 men, 90 drank wine in the previous week (so 10 did not), while in a sample of 80 women only 20 drank wine in the same period (so 60 did not). This forms the contingency table:
1593:
8804:
by showing that it is a special case of the Mantel-Haenszel estimate of the intra-strata odds ratio for stratified 2x2 tables. They also reference
Breslow & Day as providing the derivation given here.
4256:
8539:
997:
5716:{\displaystyle e^{\beta _{x}}=\exp(\beta _{x})={\frac {P(Y=1\mid X=1,Z_{1},\ldots ,Z_{p})/P(Y=0\mid X=1,Z_{1},\ldots ,Z_{p})}{P(Y=1\mid X=0,Z_{1},\ldots ,Z_{p})/P(Y=0\mid X=0,Z_{1},\ldots ,Z_{p})}},}
1351:
in which all 26 diseased villagers are interviewed as well as a random sample of 26 who do not have the disease. The results might turn out as follows ("might", because this is a random sample):
6466:
For women, the probability of death was 33% (154/462). For men the probability was 83% (709/851). The relative risk of death is 2.5 (.83/.33). A man had 2.5 times a woman's probability of dying.
4454:
1893:
1540:
to figure those out. Because the study selected for people with the disease, half the people in the sample have the disease and it is known that that is more than the population-wide prevalence.
1486:, quite close to the odds ratio calculated for the entire village. The relative risk, however, cannot be calculated, because it is the ratio of the risks of getting the disease and we would need
3446:
In this case, the odds ratio equals one, and conversely the odds ratio can only equal one if the joint probabilities can be factored in this way. Thus the odds ratio equals one if and only if
460:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{|r|cc|}\hline &{\text{ Diseased }}&{\text{ Healthy }}\\\hline {\text{ Exposed }}&20&380\\{\text{ Not exposed }}&6&594\\\hline \end{array}}}
8414:
5100:
985:
1484:
1423:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{|r|cc|}\hline &{\text{ Diseased }}&{\text{ Healthy }}\\\hline {\text{ Exposed }}&20&10\\{\text{ Not exposed }}&6&16\\\hline \end{array}}}
915:
9127:
8598:
6366:
5820:
5772:
8870:
10309:
Commentary on controversy and debate 4 paper series: Questionable utility of the relative risk in clinical research. (2022/02//). Journal of
Clinical Epidemiology, 142, 268-270. doi:
9368:
2632:. However in some applications the labeling of categories as zero and one is arbitrary, so there is nothing special about concordant versus discordant values in these applications.
534:
5892:
596:
8453:
8196:
3941:
2598:{\displaystyle OR={\dfrac {p_{11}/(p_{11}+p_{10})}{p_{10}/(p_{11}+p_{10})}}{\bigg /}{\dfrac {p_{01}/(p_{01}+p_{00})}{p_{00}/(p_{01}+p_{00})}}={\frac {p_{11}p_{00}}{p_{10}p_{01}}}}
9100:
6300:
In both these settings, the odds ratio can be calculated from the selected sample, without biasing the results relative to what would have been obtained for a population sample.
5383:
3158:{\displaystyle {\dfrac {p_{11}/(p_{11}+p_{01})}{p_{01}/(p_{11}+p_{01})}}{\bigg /}{\dfrac {p_{10}/(p_{10}+p_{00})}{p_{00}/(p_{10}+p_{00})}}={\dfrac {p_{11}p_{00}}{p_{10}p_{01}}}.}
9034:
8995:
4110:
3466:
The odds ratio is a function of the cell probabilities, and conversely, the cell probabilities can be recovered given knowledge of the odds ratio and the marginal probabilities
1222:
1182:
9441:
10183:
Nijsten T, Rolstad T, Feldman SR, Stern RS (January 2005). "Members of the national psoriasis foundation: more extensive disease and better informed about treatment options".
9406:
9477:
1277:
8802:
8769:
8736:
1248:
8707:
8630:
7731:
7683:
6352:
is usually better than the odds ratio for understanding the relation between risk and some variable such as radiation or a new drug. That section also explains that if the
838:{\displaystyle {\text{Relative risk}}={\frac {D_{E}/(D_{E}+H_{E})}{D_{N}/(D_{N}+H_{N})}}={\frac {D_{E}/V_{E}}{D_{N}/V_{N}}}={\frac {20/400}{6/600}}={\frac {.05}{.01}}=5\,.}
7808:
7771:
316:
214:
382:
280:
9762:
8925:
4991:{\displaystyle {L=\log \left({\dfrac {{\hat {p}}_{11}{\hat {p}}_{00}}{{\hat {p}}_{10}{\hat {p}}_{01}}}\right)=\log \left({\dfrac {n_{11}n_{00}}{n_{10}n_{01}}}\right)}}
3692:
247:
9507:
8899:
7568:
pairs were neither subject was exposed. The exposure of matched case and control pairs is correlated due to the similar values of their shared confounding variables.
349:
8140:
7566:
7539:
7512:
7485:
7453:
7425:
7392:
7364:
1433:
The odds in this sample of getting the disease given that someone is exposed is 20/10 and the odds given that someone is not exposed is 6/16. The odds ratio is thus
9558:
9120:
8674:
7976:
7635:
7606:
7315:
variables. In this case, the prior exposure of interest is determined for each case and her/his matched control. The data can be summarized in the following table.
1538:
1511:
1345:
1318:
9538:
9054:
8956:
8654:
8220:
4726:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&Y=1&Y=0\\\hline X=1&{\hat {p}}_{11}&{\hat {p}}_{10}\\X=0&{\hat {p}}_{01}&{\hat {p}}_{00}\end{array}}}
6455:
If the rare disease assumption does not apply, the odds ratio may be very different from the relative risk and should not be interpreted as a relative risk.
3436:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&Y=1&Y=0\\\hline X=1&p_{x}p_{y}&p_{x}(1-p_{y})\\X=0&(1-p_{x})p_{y}&(1-p_{x})(1-p_{y})\end{array}}}
9974:
Robbins AS, Chao SY, Fonseca VP (October 2002). "What's the relative risk? A method to directly estimate risk ratios in cohort studies of common outcomes".
8227:
180:
Suppose a radiation leak in a village of 1,000 people increased the incidence of a rare disease. The total number of people exposed to the radiation was
6487:
cannot be estimated directly, but with newly available methods it is always possible to estimate the risk ratio, which should generally be used instead.
9565:
13473:
10579:
7273:
7267:
105:, odds ratio reciprocally calculates the ratio of the odds of B occurring in the presence of A, and the odds of B in the absence of A. Two events are
7311:
odds ratio for disease in exposed vs. unexposed people as noted above. Sometimes, however, it makes sense to match cases to controls on one or more
1362:
399:
5249:
to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio. If we wish to test the hypothesis that the population odds ratio equals one, the two-sided
6491:
biostatistics that relative risks or odds-ratios should be preferred when both can be validly used, such as in clinical trials and cohort studies
9269:. This technique has the advantage of allowing users to regress case-control status against multiple risk factors from matched case-control data.
1285:
is easier to understand than the odds ratio, but one reason to use odds ratio is that usually, data on the entire population is not available and
3524:
1544:
variables such as weight or age using regression analysis easier and has the desirable properties discussed in other sections of this article of
12495:
7987:
7815:
5902:
values. In many settings it is impractical to obtain a population sample, so a selected sample is used. For example, we may choose to sample
1289:
must be used. In the example above, if it were very costly to interview villagers and find out if they were exposed to the radiation, then the
13000:
7290:; these two are normalized so they are 0 for independent events, 1 for perfectly correlated, −1 for perfectly negatively correlated.
1810:{\displaystyle OR={\frac {p_{1}/(1-p_{1})}{p_{2}/(1-p_{2})}}={\frac {p_{1}/q_{1}}{p_{2}/q_{2}}}={\frac {\;p_{1}q_{2}\;}{\;p_{2}q_{1}\;}},}
13150:
5012:
9931:
Zhang J, Yu KF (November 1998). "What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes".
5942:
5286:
An alternative approach to inference for odds ratios looks at the distribution of the data conditionally on the marginal frequencies of
4585:
4459:
4039:
3946:
3243:
2655:
2091:
1898:
12774:
11415:
6573:
4435:{\displaystyle {\log \left({\frac {p_{11}p_{00}}{p_{01}p_{10}}}\right)=\log(p_{11})+\log(p_{00}{\big )}-\log(p_{10})-\log(p_{01})}.\,}
9768:
136:, as explained below. On the other hand, if one of the properties (A or B) is sufficiently rare (in epidemiology this is called the
12548:
10871:
10867:
7198:
6328:. It is often abbreviated "OR" in reports. When data from multiple surveys is combined, it will often be expressed as "pooled OR".
1126:{\displaystyle {\text{Odds ratio}}={\frac {D_{E}/H_{E}}{D_{N}/H_{N}}}={\frac {20/380}{6/594}}\approx {\frac {.0526}{.0101}}=5.2\,.}
12987:
10917:
10875:
10863:
9513:
8935:
8460:
10572:
9483:
value of 0.0003. This allows us to reject the hypothesis that cell phone use has no effect on the risk of automobile crashes (
10331:
7294:
studied these and argued that these measures of association must be functions of the odds ratio, which he referred to as the
4564:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&Y=1&Y=0\\\hline X=1&n_{11}&n_{10}\\X=0&n_{01}&n_{00}\end{array}}}
2608:
The simple expression on the right, above, is easy to remember as the product of the probabilities of the "concordant cells"
2003:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&Y=1&Y=0\\\hline X=1&p_{11}&p_{10}\\X=0&p_{01}&p_{00}\end{array}}}
9772:
11410:
11110:
11038:
10954:
6312:, the odds ratio is widely used in many fields of medical and social science research. The odds ratio is commonly used in
118:
10117:
5211:{\displaystyle {{\rm {SE}}={\sqrt {{\dfrac {1}{n_{11}}}+{\dfrac {1}{n_{10}}}+{\dfrac {1}{n_{01}}}+{\dfrac {1}{n_{00}}}}}}}
12014:
11162:
10819:
5222:
This is an asymptotic approximation, and will not give a meaningful result if any of the cell counts are very small. If
10789:
9255:{\displaystyle ({\frac {{\hat {\pi }}_{LB}}{1-{\hat {\pi }}_{LB}}},{\frac {{\hat {\pi }}_{UB}}{1-{\hat {\pi }}_{UB}}})}
8349:
924:
1436:
855:
12797:
12689:
10565:
106:
68:
46:
6584:
The following four contingency tables contain observed cell counts, along with the corresponding sample odds ratio (
6433:{\displaystyle {\text{Relative risk}}\approx {\frac {\text{Odds ratio}}{1-R_{C}+(R_{C}\times {\text{Odds ratio}})}}}
39:
13402:
12975:
12849:
11076:
10547:
8772:
4246:
One approach to inference uses large sample approximations to the sampling distribution of the log odds ratio (the
8546:
169:
that are doubling: from 1:1 odds, to 2:1 odds. The new probabilities would be 66â
% for heads and 33â
% for tails.
13033:
12694:
12439:
11810:
11400:
10542:
9645:
9266:
5305:
is one way to generalize the odds ratio beyond two binary variables. Suppose we have a binary response variable
5280:
10883:
13084:
12296:
12103:
11992:
11950:
10921:
10643:
6758:
5777:
5729:
5294:. An advantage of this approach is that the sampling distribution of the odds ratio can be expressed exactly.
12024:
8811:
4250:
of the odds ratio). If we use the joint probability notation defined above, the population log odds ratio is
13327:
12286:
11189:
11069:
10754:
9324:
8739:
8199:
4023:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|cc}&M=1&M=0\\\hline D=1&90&20\\D=0&10&60\end{array}}}
477:
13468:
12878:
12827:
12812:
12802:
12671:
12543:
12510:
12336:
12291:
12121:
11048:
5855:
4199:{\displaystyle {0.9/0.1 \over 0.2/0.6}={\frac {\;0.9\times 0.6\;}{\;0.1\times 0.2\;}}={0.54 \over 0.02}=27}
539:
9443:
given 27 out of 33 discordant pairs in which the driver was using her/his phone at the time of his crash.
8419:
8149:
13463:
13390:
13222:
13023:
12947:
12248:
12002:
11671:
11135:
11012:
10984:
10913:
10667:
10449:"Role of mobile phones in motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance: a case-crossover study"
9059:
6263:
Suppose it is inconvenient or impractical to obtain a population sample, but it is practical to obtain a
5352:
5091:
9648:
and obtained almost identical results to those given here. See the last row of Table 3 in their paper.)
9000:
8961:
1187:
1147:
13416:
13107:
13079:
13074:
12822:
12581:
12487:
12467:
12375:
12086:
11904:
11387:
11259:
11062:
10738:
10056:
9411:
6360:
If the absolute risk in the unexposed group is available, conversion between the two is calculated by:
9376:
12839:
12607:
12328:
12253:
12182:
12111:
12031:
12019:
11889:
11877:
11870:
11578:
11299:
10857:
9846:"Calculating confidence intervals for relative risks (odds ratios) and standardised ratios and rates"
9449:
6289:
values are representative of the population (i.e. they follow the correct conditional probabilities).
3192:
are independent, their joint probabilities can be expressed in terms of their marginal probabilities
2054:
1253:
9893:
Viera AJ (July 2008). "Odds ratios and risk ratios: what's the difference and why does it matter?".
8778:
8745:
8712:
5894:
are interpreted as the frequencies of each of the four groups in the population as defined by their
1227:
13322:
13089:
12952:
12637:
12602:
12566:
12351:
11793:
11702:
11661:
11573:
11264:
11103:
10795:
10743:
10623:
8683:
8606:
7690:
7642:
3461:
3455:
1872:
94:
33:
13231:
12844:
12784:
12721:
12359:
12343:
12081:
11943:
11933:
11783:
11697:
10841:
10711:
10689:
10658:
10633:
10616:
10552:
7576:
7167:
7098:
7042:
6353:
3831:{\displaystyle S={\sqrt {(1+(p_{1\cdot }+p_{\cdot 1})(R-1))^{2}+4R(1-R)p_{1\cdot }p_{\cdot 1}}}.}
1137:
174:
165:
double the original probability value, because doubling 50% would yield 100%. Rather, it is the
137:
129:
7776:
7739:
285:
183:
13269:
13199:
12992:
12929:
12684:
12571:
11568:
11465:
11372:
11251:
11150:
10992:
10829:
10750:
7120:
6761:
contain the population cell probabilities, along with the corresponding population odds ratio (
6569:
5917:, regardless of their frequency in the population (which would necessitate sampling units with
2996:
2441:
354:
252:
50:
8904:
3894:
A graph showing how the log odds ratio relates to the underlying probabilities of the outcome
3882:, the other three cell probabilities can easily be recovered from the marginal probabilities.
219:
13458:
13294:
13236:
13179:
13005:
12898:
12807:
12533:
12417:
12276:
12268:
12158:
12150:
11965:
11861:
11839:
11798:
11763:
11730:
11676:
11651:
11606:
11545:
11505:
11307:
11130:
10833:
10720:
10628:
10592:
10447:
McEvoy SP, Stevenson MR, McCartt AT, Woodward M, Haworth C, Palamara P, Cercarelli R (2005).
9667:
9486:
8878:
8633:
8143:
321:
10557:
10553:
OpenEpi, a web-based program that calculates the odds ratio, both unmatched and pair-matched
10009:
Nurminen M (August 1995). "To use or not to use the odds ratio in epidemiologic analyses?".
8118:
7544:
7517:
7490:
7463:
7431:
7403:
7370:
7342:
101:
of event A taking place in the presence of B, and the odds of A in the absence of B. Due to
13217:
12792:
12741:
12717:
12679:
12597:
12576:
12528:
12407:
12385:
12354:
12263:
12140:
12091:
12009:
11982:
11938:
11894:
11656:
11432:
11312:
10799:
9543:
9105:
8659:
7961:
7613:
7584:
6325:
1516:
1489:
1323:
1296:
9523:
9039:
8941:
8639:
8205:
8:
13364:
13289:
13212:
12893:
12657:
12650:
12612:
12520:
12500:
12472:
12205:
12071:
12066:
12056:
12048:
11866:
11827:
11717:
11707:
11616:
11395:
11351:
11269:
11194:
11096:
10706:
10638:
9517:
6309:
6264:
5302:
5227:
5003:
148:
6345:
13442:
13378:
13189:
13043:
12939:
12888:
12764:
12661:
12645:
12622:
12399:
12133:
12116:
12076:
11987:
11882:
11844:
11815:
11775:
11735:
11681:
11598:
11284:
11279:
10959:
10909:
10724:
10653:
10611:
10523:
10475:
10448:
10422:
10287:
10262:
10243:
10160:
10135:
10095:
10034:
9956:
9870:
9845:
9826:
9813:
9796:
9738:
9713:
8677:
7307:
7058:
6951:
4223:
1348:
133:
10231:
9987:
8337:{\displaystyle {\hat {\pi }}=n_{10}/(n_{10}+n_{01})={\hat {\psi }}/({\hat {\psi }}+1)}
3906:. The log odds ratio shown here is based on the odds for the event occurring in group
172:
13437:
13373:
13284:
13254:
13246:
13066:
13057:
12982:
12913:
12769:
12754:
12729:
12617:
12558:
12424:
12412:
12038:
11955:
11899:
11822:
11666:
11588:
11367:
11241:
11033:
10997:
10964:
10889:
10811:
10588:
10480:
10426:
10374:
Statistical
Methods in Cancer Research: Vol. 1 - The Analysis of Case-Control Studies
10327:
10292:
10235:
10200:
10165:
10087:
10079:
10026:
9991:
9948:
9910:
9875:
9818:
9743:
9725:
9444:
8928:
6552:
5903:
4446:
4247:
385:
10247:
10099:
10038:
9960:
13309:
13264:
13028:
13015:
12908:
12883:
12817:
12749:
12627:
12235:
12128:
12061:
11974:
11921:
11740:
11611:
11405:
11289:
11204:
11171:
10807:
10728:
10682:
10677:
10515:
10503:
10470:
10460:
10418:
10282:
10274:
10227:
10192:
10155:
10147:
10071:
10018:
9983:
9940:
9902:
9865:
9857:
9830:
9808:
9733:
9682:
9635:{\displaystyle ({\frac {0.6561}{1-0.6561}},{\frac {0.9139}{1-0.9139}})=(1.9,10.6)}
5327:
that may or may not be binary. If we use multiple logistic regression to regress
1224:. Thus, the denominators in the relative risk and odds ratio are almost the same (
13430:
13226:
12970:
12832:
12759:
12434:
12308:
12281:
12258:
12227:
11854:
11849:
11803:
11533:
11184:
11002:
10825:
10780:
10310:
10057:"Estimating risk and rate levels, ratios and differences in case-control studies"
9906:
7460:
This table gives the exposure status of the matched pairs of subjects. There are
6313:
4243:
Several approaches to statistical inference for odds ratios have been developed.
4226:, an odds ratio of 27/1 maps to 3.296, and an odds ratio of 1/27 maps to â3.296.
2640:
If we had calculated the odds ratio based on the conditional probabilities given
1876:
1286:
1144:
and the odds ratio are almost the same. By definition, rare disease implies that
12716:
10465:
10407:"Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies"
5931:). In this situation, our data would follow the following joint probabilities:
3462:
Recovering the cell probabilities from the odds ratio and marginal probabilities
121:): an OR greater than 1 does not establish that B causes A, or that A causes B.
13175:
13170:
11633:
11563:
11209:
11028:
10949:
10901:
10694:
10606:
7572:
6321:
5389:
is related to a conditional odds ratio. Specifically, at the population level
10218:
Holcomb W (2001). "An odd measure of risk: Use and misuse of the odds ratio".
10196:
9861:
7810:. The within-stratum odds ratio for exposure in cases relative to controls is
7541:
pairs where the control subject was exposed but the case patient was not, and
13452:
13332:
13299:
13162:
13123:
12934:
12903:
12367:
12321:
11926:
11628:
11455:
11219:
11214:
11007:
10974:
10969:
10278:
10083:
9944:
9729:
7144:
6349:
3930:, the odds ratio is greater than 1, and the log odds ratio is greater than 0.
3173:
1866:
1573:
classification. If the probabilities of the event in each of the groups are
1566:
1282:
1141:
600:
125:
124:
Two similar statistics that are often used to quantify associations are the
13274:
13207:
13184:
13099:
12429:
11725:
11623:
11558:
11500:
11485:
11422:
11377:
10849:
10733:
10484:
10239:
10204:
10169:
10091:
9995:
9914:
9822:
9747:
9677:
9657:
7085:
6336:
6317:
3632:{\displaystyle p_{11}={\frac {1+(p_{1\cdot }+p_{\cdot 1})(R-1)-S}{2(R-1)}}}
598:. One obvious way to compare the risks is to use the ratio of the two, the
97:
between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the
10296:
10151:
10030:
9952:
9879:
7514:
pairs where the case patient was exposed but the control subject was not,
1293:
of radiation exposure would not be known, and neither would the values of
13317:
13279:
12962:
12863:
12725:
12538:
12505:
11997:
11914:
11909:
11553:
11510:
11490:
11470:
11460:
11229:
11043:
10897:
10770:
10760:
10430:
10406:
9672:
9662:
8106:{\displaystyle \pi =(p_{1}q_{0})/(p_{1}q_{0}+q_{1}p_{0})=\psi /(\psi +1)}
7949:{\displaystyle \psi =(p_{1}/q_{1})/(p_{0}/q_{0})=p_{1}q_{0}/(q_{1}p_{0})}
7312:
7295:
7284:
7277:
6480:
4215:
3169:
12163:
11643:
11343:
11274:
11224:
11199:
11119:
10837:
10803:
10765:
10672:
10527:
10394:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 287,288.
10022:
9687:
6484:
1290:
2620:
divided by the product of the probabilities of the "discordant cells"
12316:
12168:
11788:
11583:
11495:
11480:
11475:
11440:
10905:
10893:
10075:
7773:, and the probability that a control is exposed and a case in not is
5774:
is an estimate of this conditional odds ratio. The interpretation of
4803:
being the sum of all four cell counts. The sample log odds ratio is
4574:
then the probabilities in the joint distribution can be estimated as
2041:
are non-negative "cell probabilities" that sum to one. The odds for
1570:
90:
10519:
7736:
Then the probability that a case is exposed and a control is not is
7487:
pairs where both the case and her/his matched control were exposed,
5852:
If the data form a "population sample", then the cell probabilities
4234:
11832:
11450:
11327:
11322:
11317:
10939:
6556:
5080:{\displaystyle L\ \sim \ {\mathcal {N}}(\log(OR),\,\sigma ^{2}).\,}
4219:
4033:
The odds ratio (OR) can be directly calculated from this table as:
9718:
Journal of the
Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
4093:{\displaystyle {OR}={\frac {\;90\times 60\;}{\;10\times 20\;}}=27}
13337:
13038:
10944:
10136:"Against all odds? Improving the understanding of risk reporting"
6357:
risk, risk differences, base probabilities, or other quantities.
5250:
3890:
113:
Note that the odds ratio is symmetric in the two events, and no
13259:
12240:
12214:
12194:
11445:
11236:
10405:
Breslow NE, Day NE, Halvorsen KT, Prentice RL, Sabai C (1978).
6771:
6594:
140:), then the OR is approximately equal to the corresponding RR.
114:
10446:
10376:. Lyon, France: IARC Scientific Publications. p. 162-189.
9036:
denote the lower and upper bound of a confidence interval for
7301:
11088:
10587:
4211:
282:
stayed healthy. The total number of people not exposed was
11179:
10404:
9540:
is (0.6561, 0.9139). Hence, a 95% confidence interval for
8534:{\displaystyle n_{10}={\hat {\psi }}(n_{10}+n_{01}-n_{10})}
7685:
be the probability that a case patient is not exposed, and
4222:
with respect to the ordering of groups. For example, using
1561:
98:
10182:
10133:
7733:
be the probability that a control patient is not exposed.
1867:
Definition in terms of joint and conditional probabilities
1549:
159:
1871:
The odds ratio can also be defined in terms of the joint
1555:
9479:. This statistic has one degree of freedom and yields a
5847:
5002:
The distribution of the log odds ratio is approximately
16:
Statistic quantifying the association between two events
10506:(1963). "The Measure of Association in a 2 Ă 2 Table".
6292:
Suppose the marginal distribution of one variable, say
3179:
10118:"On the use, misuse and interpretation of odds ratios"
7637:
be the probability that a control patient is exposed,
6248:
for this distribution does not depend on the value of
3910:
relative to the odds for the event occurring in group
13414:
9568:
9546:
9526:
9489:
9452:
9414:
9379:
9327:
9130:
9108:
9062:
9042:
9003:
8964:
8944:
8907:
8881:
8814:
8781:
8748:
8715:
8686:
8662:
8642:
8609:
8549:
8463:
8422:
8352:
8230:
8208:
8152:
8121:
7990:
7964:
7818:
7779:
7742:
7693:
7645:
7616:
7587:
7547:
7520:
7493:
7466:
7434:
7406:
7373:
7345:
7276:
that measure association between two events, such as
6369:
5940:
5858:
5780:
5732:
5398:
5355:
5187:
5165:
5143:
5121:
5103:
5015:
4934:
4831:
4812:
4583:
4457:
4259:
4113:
4042:
3944:
3695:
3527:
3241:
3103:
3002:
2897:
2895:
2653:
2447:
2342:
2331:
2089:
1896:
1879:. The joint distribution of binary random variables
1596:
1519:
1492:
1439:
1360:
1326:
1299:
1256:
1230:
1190:
1150:
1000:
927:
858:
613:
542:
480:
397:
357:
324:
288:
255:
222:
186:
13001:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
10389:
10349:
10321:
9797:"Understanding the Odds Ratio and the Relative Risk"
6259:
This fact is exploited in two important situations:
5313:, and in addition we have other predictor variables
536:
and of developing the disease given non-exposure is
7608:be the probability that a case patient is exposed,
12463:
10548:Odds Ratio Calculator with various tests â website
9973:
9634:
9552:
9532:
9501:
9471:
9435:
9400:
9362:
9254:
9114:
9094:
9048:
9028:
8989:
8950:
8919:
8893:
8864:
8796:
8763:
8730:
8701:
8668:
8648:
8624:
8592:
8533:
8447:
8408:
8336:
8214:
8190:
8134:
8105:
7970:
7948:
7802:
7765:
7725:
7677:
7629:
7600:
7560:
7533:
7506:
7479:
7447:
7419:
7386:
7358:
7268:Category:Summary statistics for contingency tables
6432:
6206:
5886:
5814:
5766:
5715:
5377:
5210:
5079:
4990:
4725:
4563:
4434:
4218:, tempers this effect, and also makes the measure
4198:
4092:
4022:
3830:
3631:
3435:
3157:
2875:
2597:
2311:
2002:
1809:
1532:
1505:
1478:
1422:
1339:
1312:
1271:
1242:
1216:
1176:
1125:
979:
909:
837:
590:
528:
459:
376:
343:
310:
274:
241:
208:
154:
9509:) with a high level of statistical significance.
8409:{\displaystyle (n_{10}+n_{01})({\hat {\psi }}+1)}
5226:is the sample log odds ratio, an approximate 95%
1545:
980:{\displaystyle D_{N}/H_{N}=6/594\approx .0101\,.}
13450:
9408:is the same as testing the null hypothesis that
1479:{\displaystyle {\frac {20/10}{6/16}}\approx 5.3}
910:{\displaystyle D_{E}/H_{E}=20/380\approx .0526,}
144:
12549:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
10134:A'Court C, Stevens R, Heneghan C (March 2012).
10115:
9850:British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.)
9790:
9788:
6511:
6494:
6303:
10371:
10354:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 149-177.
10311:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.09.016
9265:Matched 2x2 tables may also be analyzed using
5297:
11104:
10573:
9926:
9924:
9843:
6469:
6452:is the absolute risk of the unexposed group.
4372:
10263:"Social perception of the mentally retarded"
10116:Taeger D, Sun Y, Straif K (10 August 1998).
9785:
9754:
9102:, the corresponding confidence interval for
8875:Hence, we can test the null hypothesis that
8593:{\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}=n_{10}/n_{01}}
6331:
5822:is as an estimate of the odds ratio between
474:of developing the disease given exposure is
173:A motivating example, in the context of the
10367:
10365:
10363:
10361:
9967:
9886:
8346:Multiplying both sides of this equation by
7302:Odds Ratio for a Matched Case-Control Study
11149:
11111:
11097:
10580:
10566:
10398:
10385:
10383:
10111:
10109:
9921:
9837:
8934:There are a number of ways to calculate a
4173:
4163:
4160:
4150:
4080:
4070:
4067:
4057:
1800:
1779:
1776:
1755:
384:stayed healthy. We can organize this in a
13474:Summary statistics for contingency tables
11762:
10474:
10464:
10442:
10440:
10390:Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL (2008).
10345:
10343:
10322:Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL (2008).
10286:
10159:
10129:
10127:
9869:
9812:
9769:Boston University School of Public Health
9737:
9644:(McEvoy et al. analyzed their data using
7274:summary statistics for contingency tables
6572:). Another alternative estimator is the
6562:
5867:
5815:{\displaystyle \exp({\hat {\beta }}_{x})}
5767:{\displaystyle \exp({\hat {\beta }}_{x})}
5076:
5059:
4431:
2045:within the two subpopulations defined by
1119:
973:
831:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
10872:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
10868:Attributable fraction for the population
10508:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
10358:
10350:Celentano DD, Szklo M, Gordis L (2019).
10054:
10008:
9711:
8865:{\displaystyle \psi =1,\pi =1/(1+1)=0.5}
8775:et al. give an alternate derivation of
8142:given the number of discordant pairs is
7199:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
6335:
5094:for the log odds ratio is approximately
4233:
4229:
3889:
1587:(second group), then the odds ratio is:
32:This article includes a list of general
10876:Preventable fraction for the population
10864:Attributable fraction among the exposed
10502:
10380:
10217:
10140:The British Journal of General Practice
10106:
9930:
9760:
9363:{\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}=27/6=4.5}
7291:
4239:probabilities are equal in this graph).
2886:we would have obtained the same result
160:Intuition from an example for laypeople
13451:
13075:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
10437:
10340:
10260:
10124:
10050:
10048:
8771:given the number of discordant pairs.
1556:Definition in terms of group-wise odds
529:{\displaystyle D_{E}/V_{E}=20/400=.05}
13148:
12715:
12462:
11761:
11531:
11148:
11092:
10561:
10326:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
9892:
9794:
7261:
6579:
6320:, and to express the results of some
5887:{\displaystyle {\widehat {p\,}}_{ij}}
5848:Insensitivity to the type of sampling
5230:for the population log odds ratio is
1550:insensitivity to the type of sampling
1136:As illustrated by this example, in a
852:of getting the disease if exposed is
591:{\displaystyle D_{N}/V_{N}=6/600=.01}
13385:
13085:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
11039:Correlation does not imply causation
10955:Animal testing on non-human primates
8901:by testing the null hypothesis that
8448:{\displaystyle n_{10}{\hat {\psi }}}
8191:{\displaystyle (n_{10}+n_{01},\pi )}
7318:
6934:
6516:
4445:If we observe data in the form of a
3180:Relation to statistical independence
3176:do not have this symmetry property.
93:that quantifies the strength of the
18:
13397:
12680:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
11532:
10045:
9290:Phone not used in control interval
9095:{\displaystyle \psi =\pi /(1-\pi )}
7571:The following derivation is due to
5378:{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}_{x}}
3922:is greater than the probability of
1560:The odds ratio is the ratio of the
13:
12775:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
11401:Pearson product-moment correlation
10423:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112623
10392:Modern Epidemiology, Third Edition
10352:Gordis Epidemiology, Sixth Edition
9844:Morris JA, Gardner MJ (May 1988).
9814:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02212.x
9029:{\displaystyle {\hat {\pi }}_{UB}}
8990:{\displaystyle {\hat {\pi }}_{LB}}
5110:
5107:
5030:
3168:Other measures of effect size for
1217:{\displaystyle V_{N}\approx H_{N}}
1177:{\displaystyle V_{E}\approx H_{E}}
848:The odds ratio is different. The
117:direction is implied (correlation
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
13485:
10536:
9436:{\displaystyle {\hat {\pi }}=0.5}
9373:Testing the null hypothesis that
6765:) and population log odds ratio (
6459:assumption is strongly violated.
5349:, then the estimated coefficient
3898:occurring in two groups, denoted
13436:
13424:
13396:
13384:
13372:
13359:
13358:
13149:
10011:European Journal of Epidemiology
9401:{\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}=1}
9306:Phone not used in crash interval
7072:
5309:and a binary predictor variable
3914:. Thus, when the probability of
2053:= 0 are defined in terms of the
23:
13034:Least-squares spectral analysis
10543:Odds Ratio Calculator â website
10315:
10303:
10254:
10211:
10176:
9646:conditional logistic regression
9472:{\displaystyle \chi ^{2}=13.36}
9319:when not using their phone was
9267:conditional logistic regression
8808:Under the null hypothesis that
6759:joint probability distributions
5281:standard normal random variable
5243: â 1.96SE), exp(
1272:{\displaystyle 600\approx 594)}
155:Definition and basic properties
12015:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
11118:
10922:Pre- and post-test probability
10644:Patient and public involvement
10267:Journal of Clinical Psychology
10002:
9705:
9629:
9617:
9611:
9569:
9421:
9386:
9334:
9287:Phone used in control interval
9249:
9231:
9202:
9172:
9143:
9131:
9089:
9077:
9011:
8972:
8853:
8841:
8797:{\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}}
8788:
8764:{\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}}
8755:
8731:{\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}}
8722:
8693:
8616:
8556:
8528:
8489:
8483:
8439:
8403:
8391:
8382:
8379:
8353:
8331:
8319:
8310:
8299:
8287:
8261:
8237:
8185:
8153:
8100:
8088:
8074:
8028:
8020:
7997:
7943:
7920:
7889:
7861:
7853:
7825:
6424:
6403:
6159:
6147:
6101:
6089:
5809:
5797:
5787:
5761:
5749:
5739:
5704:
5648:
5637:
5581:
5573:
5517:
5506:
5450:
5438:
5425:
5363:
5070:
5053:
5044:
5035:
4900:
4881:
4860:
4841:
4707:
4686:
4652:
4631:
4424:
4411:
4399:
4386:
4357:
4345:
4332:
3794:
3782:
3764:
3760:
3748:
3745:
3713:
3704:
3623:
3611:
3597:
3585:
3582:
3550:
3426:
3407:
3404:
3385:
3370:
3351:
3333:
3314:
3092:
3066:
3046:
3020:
2987:
2961:
2941:
2915:
2537:
2511:
2491:
2465:
2432:
2406:
2386:
2360:
1682:
1663:
1643:
1624:
1266:
1243:{\displaystyle 400\approx 380}
712:
686:
666:
640:
1:
13328:Geographic information system
12544:Simultaneous equations models
10372:Breslow, NE, Day, NE (1980).
10232:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01488-0
10055:King G, Zeng L (2002-05-30).
9988:10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00278-2
9693:
9295:Phoned used in crash interval
8702:{\displaystyle {\hat {\pi }}}
8625:{\displaystyle {\hat {\pi }}}
7726:{\displaystyle q_{0}=1-p_{0}}
7678:{\displaystyle q_{1}=1-p_{1}}
6588:) and sample log odds ratio (
6308:Due to the widespread use of
6271:values, such that within the
102:
12511:Coefficient of determination
12122:Uniformly most powerful test
11049:Sex as a biological variable
9907:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31817a7ee4
9795:Simon S (JulyâAugust 2001).
9698:
9272:
7978:is constant across strata.
6512:Estimators of the odds ratio
6495:Invertibility and invariance
6346:"Motivating Example" section
6304:Use in quantitative research
3499: = 1) =
3475: = 1) =
7:
13080:Proportional hazards models
13024:Spectral density estimation
13006:Vector autoregression (VAR)
12440:Maximum posterior estimator
11672:Randomized controlled trial
11013:Intention-to-treat analysis
10985:Analysis of clinical trials
10914:Specificity and sensitivity
10668:Randomized controlled trial
10466:10.1136/bmj.38537.397512.55
10220:Obstetrics & Gynecology
9761:LaMorte WW (May 13, 2013),
9651:
8740:maximum likelihood estimate
8634:maximum likelihood estimate
5298:Role in logistic regression
5275:denotes a probability, and
3848:, we have independence, so
2635:
1827: = 1 â
10:
13490:
12840:Multivariate distributions
11260:Average absolute deviation
10495:
10261:Taylor HG (January 1975).
9712:Szumilas M (August 2010).
7803:{\displaystyle p_{0}q_{1}}
7766:{\displaystyle p_{1}q_{0}}
7265:
6940:Example of risk reduction
6470:Confusion and exaggeration
3885:
351:developed the disease and
311:{\displaystyle V_{N}=600,}
249:developed the disease and
209:{\displaystyle V_{E}=400,}
13354:
13308:
13245:
13198:
13161:
13157:
13144:
13116:
13098:
13065:
13056:
13014:
12961:
12922:
12871:
12862:
12828:Structural equation model
12783:
12740:
12736:
12711:
12670:
12636:
12590:
12557:
12519:
12486:
12482:
12458:
12398:
12307:
12226:
12190:
12181:
12164:Score/Lagrange multiplier
12149:
12102:
12047:
11973:
11964:
11774:
11770:
11757:
11716:
11690:
11642:
11597:
11579:Sample size determination
11544:
11540:
11527:
11431:
11386:
11360:
11342:
11298:
11250:
11170:
11161:
11157:
11144:
11126:
11057:
11022:Interpretation of results
11021:
10983:
10932:
10882:
10856:
10818:
10788:
10779:
10755:Nested caseâcontrol study
10705:
10652:
10599:
10197:10.1001/archderm.141.1.19
9862:10.1136/bmj.296.6632.1313
6806:
6796:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6629:
6619:
6609:
6599:
6597:
6574:MantelâHaenszel estimator
6332:Relation to relative risk
5913:with a given probability
5237:. This can be mapped to
2055:conditional probabilities
991:is the ratio of the two,
377:{\displaystyle H_{N}=594}
275:{\displaystyle H_{E}=380}
13323:Environmental statistics
12845:Elliptical distributions
12638:Generalized linear model
12567:Simple linear regression
12337:HodgesâLehmann estimator
11794:Probability distribution
11703:Stochastic approximation
11265:Coefficient of variation
10624:Academic clinical trials
10279:10.1136/bmj.316.7136.989
9945:10.1001/jama.280.19.1690
9895:Southern Medical Journal
9714:"Explaining Odds Ratios"
8920:{\displaystyle \pi =0.5}
7272:There are various other
7099:Absolute risk reduction
6948:Experimental group (E)
6340:Risk ratio vs odds ratio
6267:of units with different
1873:probability distribution
242:{\displaystyle D_{E}=20}
119:does not imply causation
12983:Cross-correlation (XCF)
12591:Non-standard predictors
12025:LehmannâScheffĂŠ theorem
11698:Adaptive clinical trial
10842:Relative risk reduction
10690:Adaptive clinical trial
10634:Evidence-based medicine
10617:Adaptive clinical trial
10185:Archives of Dermatology
9502:{\displaystyle \psi =1}
8894:{\displaystyle \psi =1}
7168:Relative risk reduction
6354:rare disease assumption
5263: < â|
2322:Thus the odds ratio is
1403: Not exposed
440: Not exposed
344:{\displaystyle D_{N}=6}
175:rare disease assumption
145:plays an important role
138:rare disease assumption
130:absolute risk reduction
53:more precise citations.
13379:Mathematics portal
13200:Engineering statistics
13108:NelsonâAalen estimator
12685:Analysis of covariance
12572:Ordinary least squares
12496:Pearson product-moment
11900:Statistical functional
11811:Empirical distribution
11644:Controlled experiments
11373:Frequency distribution
11151:Descriptive statistics
10830:Number needed to treat
10064:Statistics in Medicine
9976:Annals of Epidemiology
9636:
9554:
9534:
9503:
9473:
9437:
9402:
9364:
9256:
9116:
9096:
9056:, respectively. Since
9050:
9030:
8991:
8952:
8921:
8895:
8866:
8798:
8765:
8732:
8703:
8670:
8650:
8626:
8594:
8535:
8449:
8410:
8338:
8216:
8192:
8136:
8135:{\displaystyle n_{10}}
8107:
7972:
7950:
7804:
7767:
7727:
7679:
7631:
7602:
7562:
7561:{\displaystyle n_{00}}
7535:
7534:{\displaystyle n_{01}}
7508:
7507:{\displaystyle n_{10}}
7481:
7480:{\displaystyle n_{11}}
7449:
7448:{\displaystyle n_{00}}
7421:
7420:{\displaystyle n_{01}}
7388:
7387:{\displaystyle n_{10}}
7360:
7359:{\displaystyle n_{11}}
7121:Number needed to treat
6563:Alternative estimators
6434:
6341:
6208:
5888:
5816:
5768:
5717:
5379:
5212:
5081:
4992:
4727:
4565:
4436:
4240:
4200:
4094:
4024:
3931:
3832:
3633:
3437:
3159:
2877:
2599:
2313:
2004:
1849:equals zero, i.e., if
1811:
1534:
1507:
1480:
1424:
1341:
1314:
1273:
1244:
1218:
1178:
1127:
981:
911:
839:
592:
530:
461:
378:
345:
312:
276:
243:
210:
13295:Population statistics
13237:System identification
12971:Autocorrelation (ACF)
12899:Exponential smoothing
12813:Discriminant analysis
12808:Canonical correlation
12672:Partition of variance
12534:Regression validation
12378:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
12277:Likelihood-ratio test
11966:Frequentist inference
11878:Locationâscale family
11799:Sampling distribution
11764:Statistical inference
11731:Cross-sectional study
11718:Observational studies
11677:Randomized experiment
11506:Stem-and-leaf display
11308:Central limit theorem
10834:Number needed to harm
10721:Cross-sectional study
10673:Scientific experiment
10629:Clinical study design
10152:10.3399/bjgp12X630223
9668:Diagnostic odds ratio
9637:
9555:
9553:{\displaystyle \psi }
9535:
9504:
9474:
9438:
9403:
9365:
9257:
9117:
9115:{\displaystyle \psi }
9097:
9051:
9031:
8992:
8953:
8927:. This is done using
8922:
8896:
8867:
8799:
8766:
8733:
8704:
8671:
8669:{\displaystyle \psi }
8651:
8627:
8595:
8536:
8450:
8411:
8339:
8217:
8193:
8137:
8108:
7973:
7971:{\displaystyle \psi }
7951:
7805:
7768:
7728:
7680:
7632:
7630:{\displaystyle p_{0}}
7603:
7601:{\displaystyle p_{1}}
7563:
7536:
7509:
7482:
7450:
7422:
7389:
7361:
6435:
6339:
6209:
5889:
5817:
5769:
5718:
5380:
5213:
5082:
4993:
4728:
4566:
4437:
4237:
4230:Statistical inference
4201:
4095:
4025:
3893:
3833:
3634:
3518:differs from 1, then
3514:. If the odds ratio
3438:
3160:
2878:
2600:
2314:
2005:
1812:
1535:
1533:{\displaystyle V_{N}}
1508:
1506:{\displaystyle V_{E}}
1481:
1425:
1342:
1340:{\displaystyle V_{N}}
1315:
1313:{\displaystyle V_{E}}
1274:
1245:
1219:
1179:
1128:
982:
912:
840:
593:
531:
462:
379:
346:
313:
277:
244:
211:
13218:Probabilistic design
12803:Principal components
12646:Exponential families
12598:Nonlinear regression
12577:General linear model
12539:Mixed effects models
12529:Errors and residuals
12506:Confounding variable
12408:Bayesian probability
12386:Van der Waerden test
12376:Ordered alternative
12141:Multiple comparisons
12020:RaoâBlackwellization
11983:Estimating equations
11939:Statistical distance
11657:Factorial experiment
11190:Arithmetic-Geometric
10800:Cumulative incidence
9801:Journal of Andrology
9764:Case-Control Studies
9566:
9544:
9533:{\displaystyle \pi }
9524:
9487:
9450:
9412:
9377:
9325:
9128:
9106:
9060:
9049:{\displaystyle \pi }
9040:
9001:
8962:
8951:{\displaystyle \pi }
8942:
8905:
8879:
8812:
8779:
8746:
8713:
8684:
8660:
8649:{\displaystyle \pi }
8640:
8607:
8547:
8461:
8420:
8350:
8228:
8215:{\displaystyle \pi }
8206:
8150:
8119:
8115:The distribution of
7988:
7962:
7816:
7777:
7740:
7691:
7643:
7614:
7585:
7545:
7518:
7491:
7464:
7432:
7404:
7371:
7343:
6367:
6344:As explained in the
6326:case-control studies
5938:
5856:
5778:
5730:
5396:
5353:
5247: + 1.96SE)
5101:
5013:
4810:
4581:
4455:
4257:
4111:
4040:
3942:
3693:
3525:
3239:
2893:
2651:
2329:
2087:
1894:
1594:
1517:
1490:
1437:
1368: Diseased
1358:
1324:
1297:
1254:
1228:
1188:
1148:
998:
925:
856:
611:
540:
478:
405: Diseased
395:
355:
322:
286:
253:
220:
184:
134:case-control studies
13469:Bayesian statistics
13290:Official statistics
13213:Methods engineering
12894:Seasonal adjustment
12662:Poisson regressions
12582:Bayesian regression
12521:Regression analysis
12501:Partial correlation
12473:Regression analysis
12072:Prediction interval
12067:Likelihood interval
12057:Confidence interval
12049:Interval estimation
12010:Unbiased estimators
11828:Model specification
11708:Up-and-down designs
11396:Partial correlation
11352:Index of dispersion
11270:Interquartile range
10707:Observational study
10639:Real world evidence
10593:experimental design
10324:Modern Epidemiology
9518:confidence interval
8936:confidence interval
8738:is the conditional
7002:Total subjects (S)
6941:
6814: = â0.41
6810: = 0.67,
6637: = â1.39
6633: = 0.25,
6570:Fisher's exact test
6310:logistic regression
5830:when the values of
5303:Logistic regression
5235: Âą 1.96SE
5228:confidence interval
3926:occurring in group
3918:occurring in group
1384: Exposed
1375: Healthy
421: Exposed
412: Healthy
13464:Medical statistics
13310:Spatial statistics
13190:Medical statistics
13090:First hitting time
13044:Whittle likelihood
12695:Degrees of freedom
12690:Multivariate ANOVA
12623:Heteroscedasticity
12435:Bayesian estimator
12400:Bayesian inference
12249:KolmogorovâSmirnov
12134:Randomization test
12104:Testing hypotheses
12077:Tolerance interval
11988:Maximum likelihood
11883:Exponential family
11816:Density estimation
11776:Statistical theory
11736:Natural experiment
11682:Scientific control
11599:Survey methodology
11285:Standard deviation
10993:Riskâbenefit ratio
10960:First-in-man study
10910:Case fatality rate
10751:Caseâcontrol study
10725:Longitudinal study
10023:10.1007/BF01721219
9632:
9550:
9530:
9499:
9469:
9433:
9398:
9360:
9284:Case-control pairs
9252:
9112:
9092:
9046:
9026:
8987:
8948:
8917:
8891:
8862:
8794:
8761:
8728:
8709:. It follows that
8699:
8678:monotonic function
8666:
8646:
8622:
8590:
8531:
8445:
8406:
8334:
8212:
8200:maximum likelihood
8188:
8132:
8103:
7968:
7946:
7800:
7763:
7723:
7675:
7627:
7598:
7558:
7531:
7504:
7477:
7445:
7417:
7384:
7356:
7332:Control unexposed
7326:Case-control pairs
7308:case-control study
7262:Related statistics
6939:
6804: = 2.77
6627: = 1.39
6580:Numerical examples
6430:
6342:
6265:convenience sample
6204:
6202:
5884:
5812:
5764:
5713:
5375:
5208:
5203:
5181:
5159:
5137:
5077:
4988:
4981:
4914:
4723:
4721:
4561:
4559:
4432:
4241:
4224:natural logarithms
4196:
4090:
4020:
4018:
3932:
3841:In the case where
3828:
3629:
3433:
3431:
3155:
3150:
3097:
2992:
2873:
2871:
2595:
2542:
2437:
2309:
2307:
2000:
1998:
1807:
1580:(first group) and
1530:
1503:
1476:
1420:
1418:
1349:case-control study
1337:
1310:
1269:
1240:
1214:
1174:
1123:
977:
907:
835:
588:
526:
457:
455:
374:
341:
308:
272:
239:
206:
13412:
13411:
13350:
13349:
13346:
13345:
13285:National accounts
13255:Actuarial science
13247:Social statistics
13140:
13139:
13136:
13135:
13132:
13131:
13067:Survival function
13052:
13051:
12914:Granger causality
12755:Contingency table
12730:Survival analysis
12707:
12706:
12703:
12702:
12559:Linear regression
12454:
12453:
12450:
12449:
12425:Credible interval
12394:
12393:
12177:
12176:
11993:Method of moments
11862:Parametric family
11823:Statistical model
11753:
11752:
11749:
11748:
11667:Random assignment
11589:Statistical power
11523:
11522:
11519:
11518:
11368:Contingency table
11338:
11337:
11205:Generalized/power
11086:
11085:
11034:Survivorship bias
10998:Systematic review
10965:Multicenter trial
10928:
10927:
10918:Likelihood-ratios
10890:Clinical endpoint
10858:Population impact
10812:Period prevalence
10589:Clinical research
10333:978-0-7817-5564-1
10070:(10): 1409â1427.
9609:
9588:
9424:
9389:
9337:
9316:
9315:
9247:
9234:
9205:
9188:
9175:
9146:
9014:
8975:
8791:
8758:
8725:
8696:
8619:
8559:
8486:
8442:
8394:
8322:
8302:
8240:
7458:
7457:
7319:Matched 2x2 Table
7259:
7258:
7206:
7077:
7076:
6935:Numerical example
6932:
6931:
6800: = 16,
6755:
6754:
6555:and exhibit high
6523:sample odds ratio
6517:Sample odds ratio
6428:
6422:
6382:
6373:
6198:
6140:
6069:
6023:
5924:with probability
5872:
5800:
5752:
5708:
5366:
5205:
5202:
5180:
5158:
5136:
5027:
5021:
4980:
4913:
4903:
4884:
4863:
4844:
4710:
4689:
4655:
4634:
4447:contingency table
4317:
4248:natural logarithm
4188:
4175:
4142:
4082:
3823:
3627:
3149:
3096:
2991:
2867:
2826:
2772:
2731:
2593:
2541:
2436:
2303:
2262:
2208:
2167:
1802:
1747:
1686:
1468:
1404:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1138:rare-disease case
1111:
1098:
1065:
1004:
823:
810:
777:
716:
617:
441:
422:
413:
406:
386:contingency table
79:
78:
71:
13481:
13441:
13440:
13429:
13428:
13427:
13420:
13400:
13399:
13388:
13387:
13377:
13376:
13362:
13361:
13265:Crime statistics
13159:
13158:
13146:
13145:
13063:
13062:
13029:Fourier analysis
13016:Frequency domain
12996:
12943:
12909:Structural break
12869:
12868:
12818:Cluster analysis
12765:Log-linear model
12738:
12737:
12713:
12712:
12654:
12628:Homoscedasticity
12484:
12483:
12460:
12459:
12379:
12371:
12363:
12362:(KruskalâWallis)
12347:
12332:
12287:Cross validation
12272:
12254:AndersonâDarling
12201:
12188:
12187:
12159:Likelihood-ratio
12151:Parametric tests
12129:Permutation test
12112:1- & 2-tails
12003:Minimum distance
11975:Point estimation
11971:
11970:
11922:Optimal decision
11873:
11772:
11771:
11759:
11758:
11741:Quasi-experiment
11691:Adaptive designs
11542:
11541:
11529:
11528:
11406:Rank correlation
11168:
11167:
11159:
11158:
11146:
11145:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11090:
11089:
10933:Trial/test types
10808:Point prevalence
10786:
10785:
10729:Ecological study
10712:EBM II-2 to II-3
10683:Open-label trial
10678:Blind experiment
10654:Controlled study
10582:
10575:
10568:
10559:
10558:
10531:
10489:
10488:
10478:
10468:
10444:
10435:
10434:
10402:
10396:
10395:
10387:
10378:
10377:
10369:
10356:
10355:
10347:
10338:
10337:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10301:
10300:
10290:
10258:
10252:
10251:
10215:
10209:
10208:
10180:
10174:
10173:
10163:
10131:
10122:
10121:
10113:
10104:
10103:
10076:10.1002/sim.1032
10061:
10052:
10043:
10042:
10006:
10000:
9999:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9928:
9919:
9918:
9890:
9884:
9883:
9873:
9856:(6632): 1313â6.
9841:
9835:
9834:
9816:
9792:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9771:, archived from
9758:
9752:
9751:
9741:
9709:
9683:Likelihood ratio
9641:
9639:
9638:
9633:
9610:
9608:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9573:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9531:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9478:
9476:
9475:
9470:
9462:
9461:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9426:
9425:
9417:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9391:
9390:
9382:
9369:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9350:
9339:
9338:
9330:
9281:
9280:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9236:
9235:
9227:
9216:
9215:
9207:
9206:
9198:
9194:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9177:
9176:
9168:
9157:
9156:
9148:
9147:
9139:
9135:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9113:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9076:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9016:
9015:
9007:
8996:
8994:
8993:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8977:
8976:
8968:
8957:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8900:
8898:
8897:
8892:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8840:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8784:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8751:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8718:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8689:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8655:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8612:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8579:
8574:
8573:
8561:
8560:
8552:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8514:
8513:
8501:
8500:
8488:
8487:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8416:and subtracting
8415:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8396:
8395:
8387:
8378:
8377:
8365:
8364:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8324:
8323:
8315:
8309:
8304:
8303:
8295:
8286:
8285:
8273:
8272:
8260:
8255:
8254:
8242:
8241:
8233:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8178:
8177:
8165:
8164:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8087:
8073:
8072:
8063:
8062:
8050:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8027:
8019:
8018:
8009:
8008:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7932:
7931:
7919:
7914:
7913:
7904:
7903:
7888:
7887:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7860:
7852:
7851:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7789:
7788:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7752:
7751:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7703:
7702:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7655:
7654:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7323:
7322:
7204:
7079:
7078:
7038:Event rate (ER)
6942:
6938:
6790: = 1,
6780: = 1,
6772:
6623: = 4,
6613: = 1,
6603: = 1,
6595:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6399:
6398:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6371:
6284:
6277:
6247:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6125:
6124:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6087:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6054:
6053:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6008:
6007:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5982:
5944:
5930:
5923:
5912:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5844:are held fixed.
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5801:
5793:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5745:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5684:
5683:
5644:
5636:
5635:
5617:
5616:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5553:
5552:
5513:
5505:
5504:
5486:
5485:
5445:
5437:
5436:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5359:
5270:
5268:
5248:
5236:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5069:
5068:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5019:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4832:
4802:
4768:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4627:
4587:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4544:
4543:
4519:
4518:
4507:
4506:
4461:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4398:
4397:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4344:
4343:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4050:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4019:
3948:
3881:
3869:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3772:
3771:
3744:
3743:
3728:
3727:
3703:
3685:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3606:
3581:
3580:
3565:
3564:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3513:
3489:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3403:
3402:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3368:
3332:
3331:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3245:
3231:
3211:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2790:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2695:
2657:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2093:
2079:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1877:random variables
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1405:
1402:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1002:
986:
984:
983:
978:
963:
952:
951:
942:
937:
936:
917:and the odds if
916:
914:
913:
908:
894:
883:
882:
873:
868:
867:
844:
842:
841:
836:
824:
816:
811:
809:
805:
796:
792:
783:
778:
776:
775:
774:
765:
760:
759:
749:
748:
747:
738:
733:
732:
722:
717:
715:
711:
710:
698:
697:
685:
680:
679:
669:
665:
664:
652:
651:
639:
634:
633:
623:
618:
615:
597:
595:
594:
589:
578:
567:
566:
557:
552:
551:
535:
533:
532:
527:
516:
505:
504:
495:
490:
489:
466:
464:
463:
458:
456:
442:
439:
423:
420:
414:
411:
407:
404:
401:
383:
381:
380:
375:
367:
366:
350:
348:
347:
342:
334:
333:
317:
315:
314:
309:
298:
297:
281:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
248:
246:
245:
240:
232:
231:
215:
213:
212:
207:
196:
195:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
13489:
13488:
13484:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13479:
13478:
13449:
13448:
13447:
13435:
13425:
13423:
13415:
13413:
13408:
13371:
13342:
13304:
13241:
13227:quality control
13194:
13176:Clinical trials
13153:
13128:
13112:
13100:Hazard function
13094:
13048:
13010:
12994:
12957:
12953:BreuschâGodfrey
12941:
12918:
12858:
12833:Factor analysis
12779:
12760:Graphical model
12732:
12699:
12666:
12652:
12632:
12586:
12553:
12515:
12478:
12477:
12446:
12390:
12377:
12369:
12361:
12345:
12330:
12309:Rank statistics
12303:
12282:Model selection
12270:
12228:Goodness of fit
12222:
12199:
12173:
12145:
12098:
12043:
12032:Median unbiased
11960:
11871:
11804:Order statistic
11766:
11745:
11712:
11686:
11638:
11593:
11536:
11534:Data collection
11515:
11427:
11382:
11356:
11334:
11294:
11246:
11163:Continuous data
11153:
11140:
11122:
11117:
11087:
11082:
11053:
11017:
10979:
10924:
10878:
10852:
10826:Risk difference
10814:
10775:
10709:
10701:
10656:
10648:
10612:Trial protocols
10595:
10586:
10539:
10534:
10520:10.2307/2982448
10510:. A (General).
10498:
10493:
10492:
10445:
10438:
10403:
10399:
10388:
10381:
10370:
10359:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10320:
10316:
10308:
10304:
10259:
10255:
10216:
10212:
10181:
10177:
10146:(596): e220-3.
10132:
10125:
10114:
10107:
10059:
10053:
10046:
10007:
10003:
9972:
9968:
9929:
9922:
9891:
9887:
9842:
9838:
9793:
9786:
9778:
9776:
9759:
9755:
9710:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9654:
9598:
9593:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9457:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9346:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9275:
9237:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9217:
9208:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9178:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9158:
9149:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9072:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9017:
9006:
9005:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8978:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8836:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8584:
8580:
8575:
8569:
8565:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8522:
8518:
8509:
8505:
8496:
8492:
8478:
8477:
8468:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8434:
8433:
8427:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8386:
8385:
8373:
8369:
8360:
8356:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8314:
8313:
8305:
8294:
8293:
8281:
8277:
8268:
8264:
8256:
8250:
8246:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8173:
8169:
8160:
8156:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8146: ~ B
8126:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8083:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8054:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8031:
8023:
8014:
8010:
8004:
8000:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7958:We assume that
7937:
7933:
7927:
7923:
7915:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7895:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7868:
7864:
7856:
7847:
7843:
7838:
7832:
7828:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7717:
7713:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7669:
7665:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7592:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7552:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7525:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7471:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7411:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7378:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7329:Control exposed
7321:
7304:
7270:
7264:
7187:, or 1 −
6982:Non-events (N)
6937:
6904: = 0
6872: = 1
6864: = 0
6858: = 1
6852: = 0
6846: = 1
6840: = 0
6834: = 1
6828: = 0
6822: = 1
6794: = 0
6784: = 0
6727: = 0
6695: = 1
6687: = 0
6681: = 1
6675: = 0
6669: = 1
6663: = 0
6657: = 1
6651: = 0
6645: = 1
6617: = 0
6607: = 0
6582:
6565:
6549:
6543:
6536:
6530:
6519:
6514:
6497:
6472:
6451:
6419:
6410:
6406:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6378:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6334:
6322:clinical trials
6314:survey research
6306:
6285:subsamples the
6279:
6272:
6246:
6240:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6201:
6200:
6191:
6187:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6162:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6133:
6129:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6104:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6072:
6071:
6062:
6058:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6016:
6012:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5967:
5966:
5955:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5918:
5907:
5875:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5842:
5836:
5803:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5755:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5698:
5694:
5679:
5675:
5640:
5631:
5627:
5612:
5608:
5577:
5567:
5563:
5548:
5544:
5509:
5500:
5496:
5481:
5477:
5446:
5444:
5432:
5428:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5369:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5340:
5325:
5319:
5300:
5264:
5254:
5238:
5231:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5064:
5060:
5029:
5028:
5014:
5011:
5010:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4906:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4770:
4763:
4754:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4610:
4609:
4598:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4521:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4484:
4483:
4472:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4418:
4414:
4393:
4389:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4339:
4335:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4232:
4180:
4162:
4149:
4147:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4069:
4056:
4054:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3971:
3970:
3959:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3842:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3797:
3767:
3763:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3702:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3607:
3573:
3569:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3505:
3491:
3488:
3481:
3467:
3464:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3398:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3230: = 1)
3221:
3213:
3210: = 1)
3201:
3193:
3182:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2211:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:can be written
1884:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1856:equals zero or
1855:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1569:, or any other
1558:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1287:random sampling
1255:
1252:
1251:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:like this, the
1103:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
959:
947:
943:
938:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
890:
878:
874:
869:
863:
859:
857:
854:
853:
815:
801:
797:
788:
784:
782:
770:
766:
761:
755:
751:
750:
743:
739:
734:
728:
724:
723:
721:
706:
702:
693:
689:
681:
675:
671:
670:
660:
656:
647:
643:
635:
629:
625:
624:
622:
614:
612:
609:
608:
574:
562:
558:
553:
547:
543:
541:
538:
537:
512:
500:
496:
491:
485:
481:
479:
476:
475:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
416:
415:
410:
408:
403:
398:
396:
393:
392:
362:
358:
356:
353:
352:
329:
325:
323:
320:
319:
293:
289:
287:
284:
283:
260:
256:
254:
251:
250:
227:
223:
221:
218:
217:
191:
187:
185:
182:
181:
178:
162:
157:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13487:
13477:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13446:
13445:
13433:
13410:
13409:
13407:
13406:
13394:
13382:
13368:
13355:
13352:
13351:
13348:
13347:
13344:
13343:
13341:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13314:
13312:
13306:
13305:
13303:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13251:
13249:
13243:
13242:
13240:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13204:
13202:
13196:
13195:
13193:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13173:
13171:Bioinformatics
13167:
13165:
13155:
13154:
13142:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13134:
13133:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13126:
13120:
13118:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13104:
13102:
13096:
13095:
13093:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13071:
13069:
13060:
13054:
13053:
13050:
13049:
13047:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13020:
13018:
13012:
13011:
13009:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12976:partial (PACF)
12967:
12965:
12959:
12958:
12956:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12937:
12932:
12926:
12924:
12923:Specific tests
12920:
12919:
12917:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12875:
12873:
12866:
12860:
12859:
12857:
12856:
12855:
12854:
12853:
12852:
12837:
12836:
12835:
12825:
12823:Classification
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12789:
12787:
12781:
12780:
12778:
12777:
12772:
12770:McNemar's test
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12746:
12744:
12734:
12733:
12709:
12708:
12705:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12698:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12676:
12674:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12664:
12648:
12642:
12640:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12608:Semiparametric
12605:
12600:
12594:
12592:
12588:
12587:
12585:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12563:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12525:
12523:
12517:
12516:
12514:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12492:
12490:
12480:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12470:
12464:
12456:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12445:
12444:
12443:
12442:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12421:
12420:
12415:
12404:
12402:
12396:
12395:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12383:
12382:
12381:
12373:
12365:
12349:
12346:(MannâWhitney)
12341:
12340:
12339:
12326:
12325:
12324:
12313:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12301:
12300:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12279:
12274:
12271:(ShapiroâWilk)
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12238:
12232:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12220:
12212:
12203:
12191:
12185:
12183:Specific tests
12179:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12172:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12155:
12153:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12143:
12138:
12137:
12136:
12126:
12125:
12124:
12114:
12108:
12106:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12096:
12095:
12094:
12089:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12053:
12051:
12045:
12044:
12042:
12041:
12036:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12022:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11979:
11977:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11936:
11931:
11930:
11929:
11919:
11918:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11886:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11837:
11836:
11835:
11830:
11820:
11819:
11818:
11808:
11807:
11806:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11780:
11778:
11768:
11767:
11755:
11754:
11751:
11750:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11722:
11720:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11694:
11692:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11648:
11646:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11636:
11634:Standard error
11631:
11626:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11614:
11603:
11601:
11595:
11594:
11592:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11564:Optimal design
11561:
11556:
11550:
11548:
11538:
11537:
11525:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11437:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11426:
11425:
11420:
11419:
11418:
11413:
11403:
11398:
11392:
11390:
11384:
11383:
11381:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11364:
11362:
11361:Summary tables
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11348:
11346:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11332:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11310:
11304:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11256:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11233:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11195:Contraharmonic
11192:
11187:
11176:
11174:
11165:
11155:
11154:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11133:
11127:
11124:
11123:
11116:
11115:
11108:
11101:
11093:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11077:List of topics
11073:
11066:
11058:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11029:Selection bias
11025:
11023:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10989:
10987:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10950:Animal testing
10947:
10942:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10902:Mortality rate
10888:
10886:
10880:
10879:
10862:
10860:
10854:
10853:
10824:
10822:
10816:
10815:
10794:
10792:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10731:
10717:
10715:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10695:Platform trial
10687:
10686:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10664:
10662:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10614:
10607:Clinical trial
10603:
10601:
10597:
10596:
10585:
10584:
10577:
10570:
10562:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10538:
10537:External links
10535:
10533:
10532:
10514:(1): 109â114.
10499:
10497:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10436:
10417:(4): 299â307.
10411:Am J Epidemiol
10397:
10379:
10357:
10339:
10332:
10314:
10302:
10253:
10226:(4): 685â688.
10210:
10175:
10123:
10105:
10044:
10001:
9966:
9939:(19): 1690â1.
9920:
9885:
9836:
9807:(4): 533â536.
9784:
9753:
9724:(3): 227â229.
9703:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9653:
9650:
9631:
9628:
9625:
9622:
9619:
9616:
9613:
9607:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9592:
9586:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9571:
9549:
9529:
9516:method, a 95%
9498:
9495:
9492:
9468:
9465:
9460:
9456:
9432:
9429:
9423:
9420:
9397:
9394:
9388:
9385:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9342:
9336:
9333:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9274:
9271:
9251:
9243:
9240:
9233:
9230:
9223:
9220:
9214:
9211:
9204:
9201:
9192:
9184:
9181:
9174:
9171:
9164:
9161:
9155:
9152:
9145:
9142:
9133:
9111:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9068:
9065:
9045:
9023:
9020:
9013:
9010:
8984:
8981:
8974:
8971:
8947:
8929:McNemar's test
8916:
8913:
8910:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8826:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8790:
8787:
8757:
8754:
8724:
8721:
8695:
8692:
8665:
8645:
8618:
8615:
8587:
8583:
8578:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8558:
8555:
8530:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8476:
8471:
8467:
8441:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8384:
8381:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8333:
8330:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8312:
8308:
8301:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8239:
8236:
8211:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8129:
8125:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8048:
8044:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7967:
7945:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7797:
7793:
7787:
7783:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7701:
7697:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7624:
7620:
7595:
7591:
7555:
7551:
7528:
7524:
7501:
7497:
7474:
7470:
7456:
7455:
7442:
7438:
7427:
7414:
7410:
7399:
7398:Case unexposed
7395:
7394:
7381:
7377:
7366:
7353:
7349:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7320:
7317:
7303:
7300:
7292:Edwards (1963)
7263:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7234:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7173:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7151:
7148:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7126:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7104:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7083:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7070:= 0.4, or 40%
7055:
7054:= 0.1, or 10%
7039:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7017:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6866:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6816:
6815:
6805:
6795:
6785:
6775:
6757:The following
6753:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6689:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6639:
6638:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6598:
6581:
6578:
6564:
6561:
6547:
6541:
6534:
6528:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6496:
6493:
6471:
6468:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6426:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6377:
6333:
6330:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6283: = 1
6276: = 0
6244:
6238:
6231:
6225:
6215:
6214:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6143:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5926:1 â
5922: = 0
5911: = 1
5881:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5849:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5811:
5806:
5799:
5796:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5748:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5724:
5723:
5712:
5706:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5372:
5365:
5362:
5345:
5338:
5323:
5317:
5299:
5296:
5220:
5219:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5092:standard error
5088:
5087:
5075:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5024:
5018:
5000:
4999:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4759:
4750:
4734:
4733:
4716:
4709:
4706:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4572:
4571:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4443:
4442:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4231:
4228:
4207:
4206:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4101:
4100:
4089:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4031:
4030:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3866:
3860:
3853:
3846: = 1
3839:
3838:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3639:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3510:
3503:
3486:
3479:
3463:
3460:
3444:
3443:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3222: =
3217:
3202: =
3197:
3181:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2884:
2883:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2637:
2634:
2606:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1875:of two binary
1868:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1584:
1577:
1557:
1554:
1527:
1523:
1500:
1496:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1431:
1430:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1334:
1330:
1307:
1303:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1008:
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
950:
946:
941:
935:
931:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
889:
886:
881:
877:
872:
866:
862:
846:
845:
834:
830:
827:
822:
819:
814:
808:
804:
800:
795:
791:
787:
781:
773:
769:
764:
758:
754:
746:
742:
737:
731:
727:
720:
714:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
678:
674:
668:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
632:
628:
621:
587:
584:
581:
577:
573:
570:
565:
561:
556:
550:
546:
525:
522:
519:
515:
511:
508:
503:
499:
494:
488:
484:
468:
467:
452:
449:
447:
444:
437:
436:
433:
430:
428:
425:
418:
417:
409:
402:
400:
373:
370:
365:
361:
340:
337:
332:
328:
307:
304:
301:
296:
292:
271:
268:
263:
259:
238:
235:
230:
226:
205:
202:
199:
194:
190:
177:
171:
161:
158:
156:
153:
149:logistic model
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13486:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13456:
13454:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13432:
13422:
13421:
13418:
13405:
13404:
13395:
13393:
13392:
13383:
13381:
13380:
13375:
13369:
13367:
13366:
13357:
13356:
13353:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13333:Geostatistics
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13307:
13301:
13300:Psychometrics
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13252:
13250:
13248:
13244:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13201:
13197:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13168:
13166:
13164:
13163:Biostatistics
13160:
13156:
13152:
13147:
13143:
13125:
13124:Log-rank test
13122:
13121:
13119:
13115:
13109:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13097:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13068:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13055:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13019:
13017:
13013:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12995:(BoxâJenkins)
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12977:
12974:
12973:
12972:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12964:
12960:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12948:DurbinâWatson
12946:
12944:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12930:DickeyâFuller
12928:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12904:Cointegration
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12879:Decomposition
12877:
12876:
12874:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12861:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12841:
12838:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12782:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12750:Cohen's kappa
12748:
12747:
12745:
12743:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12714:
12710:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12677:
12675:
12673:
12669:
12663:
12659:
12655:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12639:
12635:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12603:Nonparametric
12601:
12599:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12589:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12564:
12562:
12560:
12556:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12524:
12522:
12518:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12493:
12491:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12409:
12406:
12405:
12403:
12401:
12397:
12387:
12384:
12380:
12374:
12372:
12366:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12356:
12353:
12352:Nonparametric
12350:
12348:
12342:
12338:
12335:
12334:
12333:
12327:
12323:
12322:Sample median
12320:
12319:
12318:
12315:
12314:
12312:
12310:
12306:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12284:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12225:
12219:
12217:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12204:
12202:
12197:
12193:
12192:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12180:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12152:
12148:
12142:
12139:
12135:
12132:
12131:
12130:
12127:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12109:
12107:
12105:
12101:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12084:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12046:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12017:
12016:
12013:
12012:
12011:
12008:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11985:
11984:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11976:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11963:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11945:
11942:
11941:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11928:
11927:loss function
11925:
11924:
11923:
11920:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11863:
11860:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11842:
11841:
11838:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11825:
11824:
11821:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11802:
11801:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11765:
11760:
11756:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11723:
11721:
11719:
11715:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11641:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11629:Questionnaire
11627:
11625:
11622:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11596:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11551:
11549:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11530:
11526:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11456:Control chart
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11430:
11424:
11421:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11389:
11385:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11359:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11345:
11341:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11315:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11297:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11249:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11181:
11178:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11147:
11143:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11114:
11109:
11107:
11102:
11100:
11095:
11094:
11091:
11079:
11078:
11074:
11072:
11071:
11067:
11065:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11008:Meta-analysis
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10986:
10982:
10976:
10975:Vaccine trial
10973:
10971:
10970:Seeding trial
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10931:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10797:
10793:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10778:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10756:
10752:
10749:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10739:Retrospective
10737:
10736:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10659:EBM I to II-1
10655:
10651:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10583:
10578:
10576:
10571:
10569:
10564:
10563:
10560:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10500:
10486:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10459:(7514): 428.
10458:
10454:
10450:
10443:
10441:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10401:
10393:
10386:
10384:
10375:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10362:
10353:
10346:
10344:
10335:
10329:
10325:
10318:
10312:
10306:
10298:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10264:
10257:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10214:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10179:
10171:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10130:
10128:
10119:
10112:
10110:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10058:
10051:
10049:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10017:(4): 365â71.
10016:
10012:
10005:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9970:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9927:
9925:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9889:
9881:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9791:
9789:
9775:on 2013-10-08
9774:
9770:
9766:
9765:
9757:
9749:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9708:
9704:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9655:
9649:
9647:
9642:
9626:
9623:
9620:
9614:
9605:
9602:
9599:
9595:
9590:
9584:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9561:
9547:
9527:
9519:
9515:
9510:
9496:
9493:
9490:
9482:
9466:
9463:
9458:
9454:
9446:
9430:
9427:
9418:
9395:
9392:
9383:
9371:
9357:
9354:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9340:
9331:
9320:
9311:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9289:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9270:
9268:
9263:
9241:
9238:
9228:
9221:
9218:
9212:
9209:
9199:
9190:
9182:
9179:
9169:
9162:
9159:
9153:
9150:
9140:
9123:
9109:
9086:
9083:
9080:
9073:
9069:
9066:
9063:
9043:
9021:
9018:
9008:
8982:
8979:
8969:
8945:
8937:
8932:
8930:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8888:
8885:
8882:
8873:
8859:
8856:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8815:
8806:
8785:
8774:
8752:
8741:
8719:
8690:
8679:
8663:
8643:
8635:
8613:
8601:
8585:
8581:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8553:
8542:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8480:
8474:
8469:
8465:
8456:
8436:
8428:
8424:
8400:
8397:
8388:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8344:
8328:
8325:
8316:
8306:
8296:
8290:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8269:
8265:
8257:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8234:
8223:
8209:
8201:
8182:
8179:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8145:
8127:
8123:
8113:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8084:
8080:
8077:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8032:
8024:
8015:
8011:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7991:
7983:
7979:
7965:
7956:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7924:
7916:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7869:
7865:
7857:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7829:
7822:
7819:
7811:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7781:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7744:
7734:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7686:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7651:
7647:
7638:
7622:
7618:
7609:
7593:
7589:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7553:
7549:
7526:
7522:
7499:
7495:
7472:
7468:
7440:
7436:
7428:
7412:
7408:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7379:
7375:
7367:
7351:
7347:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7193:0.75, or 75%
7192:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7147:(risk ratio)
7146:
7145:Relative risk
7143:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6952:Control group
6950:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6546:
6540:
6537: /
6533:
6527:
6524:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6492:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6375:
6372:Relative risk
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6350:relative risk
6347:
6338:
6329:
6327:
6324:, such as in
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6282:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6237:
6234: /
6230:
6224:
6220:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5879:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5845:
5843:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5804:
5794:
5784:
5781:
5756:
5746:
5736:
5733:
5710:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5645:
5641:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5370:
5360:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5022:
5016:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5005:
4983:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4907:
4897:
4888:
4878:
4867:
4857:
4848:
4838:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4795: +
4791:
4788: +
4784:
4781: +
4777:
4774: =
4773:
4767:
4764: /
4762:
4758:
4755: =
4753:
4746:
4714:
4704:
4693:
4683:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4659:
4649:
4638:
4628:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4428:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4236:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:probabilities
4213:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4087:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3873:Once we have
3871:
3865:
3859:
3856: =
3852:
3845:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3678: +
3674:
3671: =
3667:
3660:
3657: +
3653:
3650: =
3646:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3506: +
3502:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3482: +
3478:
3474:
3470:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:, as follows
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3174:relative risk
3171:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3006:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2633:
2626: â
2614: =
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2056:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1863:equals zero.
1859:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:control group
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1525:
1521:
1498:
1494:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1413:
1408:
1394:
1389:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1332:
1328:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Relative risk
1280:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1142:relative risk
1139:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1006:
994:
993:
992:
990:
974:
970:
967:
964:
960:
956:
953:
948:
944:
939:
933:
929:
920:
904:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
884:
879:
875:
870:
864:
860:
851:
832:
828:
825:
820:
817:
812:
806:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
779:
771:
767:
762:
756:
752:
744:
740:
735:
729:
725:
718:
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
682:
676:
672:
661:
657:
653:
648:
644:
636:
630:
626:
619:
616:Relative risk
607:
606:
605:
603:
602:
601:relative risk
585:
582:
579:
575:
571:
568:
563:
559:
554:
548:
544:
523:
520:
517:
513:
509:
506:
501:
497:
492:
486:
482:
473:
450:
445:
431:
426:
391:
390:
389:
387:
371:
368:
363:
359:
338:
335:
330:
326:
318:out of which
305:
302:
299:
294:
290:
269:
266:
261:
257:
236:
233:
228:
224:
216:out of which
203:
200:
197:
192:
188:
176:
170:
168:
152:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
128:(RR) and the
127:
126:relative risk
122:
120:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
13459:Epidemiology
13401:
13389:
13370:
13363:
13275:Econometrics
13225: /
13208:Chemometrics
13185:Epidemiology
13178: /
13151:Applications
12993:ARIMA model
12940:Q-statistic
12889:Stationarity
12785:Multivariate
12728: /
12724: /
12722:Multivariate
12720: /
12660: /
12656: /
12430:Bayes factor
12329:Signed rank
12241:
12215:
12207:
12195:
11890:Completeness
11726:Cohort study
11624:Opinion poll
11559:Missing data
11546:Study design
11501:Scatter plot
11423:Scatter plot
11416:Spearman's Ď
11378:Grouped data
11075:
11068:
11061:
10850:Hazard ratio
10845:
10734:Cohort study
10511:
10507:
10456:
10452:
10414:
10410:
10400:
10391:
10373:
10351:
10323:
10317:
10305:
10273:(1): 100â2.
10270:
10266:
10256:
10223:
10219:
10213:
10191:(1): 19â26.
10188:
10184:
10178:
10143:
10139:
10067:
10063:
10014:
10010:
10004:
9982:(7): 452â4.
9979:
9975:
9969:
9936:
9932:
9901:(7): 730â4.
9898:
9894:
9888:
9853:
9849:
9839:
9804:
9800:
9777:, retrieved
9773:the original
9763:
9756:
9721:
9717:
9707:
9678:Hazard ratio
9643:
9562:
9511:
9480:
9372:
9321:
9317:
9276:
9264:
9124:
8933:
8874:
8807:
8602:
8543:
8457:
8345:
8224:
8202:estimate of
8114:
7984:
7980:
7957:
7812:
7735:
7687:
7639:
7610:
7581:
7570:
7459:
7337:Case exposed
7305:
7286:
7279:
7271:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7228:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7157:
7153:
7133:
7129:
7115:0.3, or 30%
7110:
7106:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6991:
6985:
6971:
6965:
6901:
6869:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6724:
6692:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6566:
6544:
6538:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6489:
6477:
6473:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6448:
6444:
6442:
6359:
6343:
6318:epidemiology
6307:
6299:
6293:
6286:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6235:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6216:
5927:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5899:
5895:
5851:
5838:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5725:
5386:
5343:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5089:
5001:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4735:
4573:
4444:
4245:
4242:
4208:
4102:
4032:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3875:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3172:such as the
3167:
2885:
2641:
2639:
2607:
2321:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2012:
1870:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1581:
1574:
1559:
1542:
1432:
1281:
1135:
988:
921:exposed is
918:
849:
847:
599:
471:
469:
179:
166:
163:
142:
123:
112:
86:
82:
80:
65:
56:
37:
13443:Mathematics
13403:WikiProject
13318:Cartography
13280:Jurimetrics
13232:Reliability
12963:Time domain
12942:(LjungâBox)
12864:Time-series
12742:Categorical
12726:Time-series
12718:Categorical
12653:(Bernoulli)
12488:Correlation
12468:Correlation
12264:JarqueâBera
12236:Chi-squared
11998:M-estimator
11951:Asymptotics
11895:Sufficiency
11662:Interaction
11574:Replication
11554:Effect size
11511:Violin plot
11491:Radar chart
11471:Forest plot
11461:Correlogram
11411:Kendall's Ď
11044:Null result
11003:Replication
10898:Infectivity
10820:Association
10771:Case report
10761:Case series
10744:Prospective
9673:Forest plot
9663:Cross-ratio
7313:confounding
7296:cross-ratio
6962:Events (E)
6481:effect size
3456:independent
3170:binary data
1571:dichotomous
107:independent
95:association
51:introducing
13453:Categories
13270:Demography
12988:ARMA model
12793:Regression
12370:(Friedman)
12331:(Wilcoxon)
12269:Normality
12259:Lilliefors
12206:Student's
12082:Resampling
11956:Robustness
11944:divergence
11934:Efficiency
11872:(monotone)
11867:Likelihood
11784:Population
11617:Stratified
11569:Population
11388:Dependence
11344:Count data
11275:Percentile
11252:Dispersion
11185:Arithmetic
11120:Statistics
10846:Odds ratio
10838:Risk ratio
10804:Prevalence
10790:Occurrence
10766:Case study
10504:Edwards AW
9779:2013-09-02
9694:References
9688:Rate ratio
8541:and hence
7266:See also:
7229:Odds ratio
6485:risk ratio
6421:Odds ratio
6381:Odds ratio
6219:odds ratio
5279:denotes a
5269:|/SE)
1546:invariance
1291:prevalence
1003:Odds ratio
989:odds ratio
83:odds ratio
34:references
12651:Logistic
12418:posterior
12344:Rank sum
12092:Jackknife
12087:Bootstrap
11905:Bootstrap
11840:Parameter
11789:Statistic
11584:Statistic
11496:Run chart
11481:Pie chart
11476:Histogram
11466:Fan chart
11441:Bar chart
11323:L-moments
11210:Geometric
10906:Morbidity
10894:Virulence
10796:Incidence
10084:0277-6715
9730:1719-8429
9699:Citations
9658:Cohen's h
9603:−
9582:−
9548:ψ
9528:π
9491:ψ
9455:χ
9445:McNemar's
9422:^
9419:π
9387:^
9384:ψ
9335:^
9332:ψ
9232:^
9229:π
9222:−
9203:^
9200:π
9173:^
9170:π
9163:−
9144:^
9141:π
9110:ψ
9087:π
9084:−
9070:π
9064:ψ
9044:π
9012:^
9009:π
8973:^
8970:π
8946:π
8909:π
8883:ψ
8828:π
8816:ψ
8789:^
8786:ψ
8756:^
8753:ψ
8723:^
8720:ψ
8694:^
8691:π
8664:ψ
8644:π
8617:^
8614:π
8557:^
8554:ψ
8516:−
8484:^
8481:ψ
8440:^
8437:ψ
8392:^
8389:ψ
8320:^
8317:ψ
8300:^
8297:ψ
8238:^
8235:π
8210:π
8183:π
8092:ψ
8081:ψ
7992:π
7966:ψ
7820:ψ
7711:−
7663:−
7082:Variable
6945:Quantity
6483:when the
6417:×
6388:−
6376:≈
6154:−
6096:−
5870:^
5798:^
5795:β
5785:
5750:^
5747:β
5737:
5689:…
5661:∣
5622:…
5594:∣
5558:…
5530:∣
5491:…
5463:∣
5430:β
5423:
5406:β
5364:^
5361:β
5062:σ
5042:
5023:∼
4927:
4901:^
4882:^
4861:^
4842:^
4824:
4708:^
4687:^
4653:^
4632:^
4409:
4403:−
4384:
4378:−
4355:
4330:
4265:
4220:symmetric
4168:×
4155:×
4075:×
4062:×
3816:⋅
3806:⋅
3789:−
3755:−
3738:⋅
3725:⋅
3618:−
3601:−
3592:−
3575:⋅
3562:⋅
3414:−
3392:−
3358:−
3321:−
1670:−
1631:−
1471:≈
1261:≈
1235:≈
1202:≈
1162:≈
1101:≈
968:≈
899:≈
91:statistic
59:July 2024
13431:Medicine
13365:Category
13058:Survival
12935:Johansen
12658:Binomial
12613:Isotonic
12200:(normal)
11845:location
11652:Blocking
11607:Sampling
11486:QâQ plot
11451:Box plot
11433:Graphics
11328:Skewness
11318:Kurtosis
11290:Variance
11220:Heronian
11215:Harmonic
11070:Glossary
11063:Category
10940:In vitro
10781:Measures
10600:Overview
10485:16012176
10248:44782438
10240:11576589
10205:15655138
10170:22429441
10100:11387977
10092:12185893
10039:11609059
9996:12377421
9961:30509187
9915:18580722
9823:11451349
9748:20842279
9652:See also
9514:Wilson's
8198:and the
8144:binomial
7213:−
7179:−
7132:−
7109:−
7090:Formula
6557:variance
5271:, where
3664:,
2636:Symmetry
2049:= 1 and
103:symmetry
13417:Portals
13391:Commons
13338:Kriging
13223:Process
13180:studies
13039:Wavelet
12872:General
12039:Plug-in
11833:L space
11612:Cluster
11313:Moments
11131:Outline
10945:In vivo
10528:2982448
10496:Sources
10476:1188107
10297:9550961
10288:1112884
10161:3289830
10031:8549701
9953:9832001
9880:3133061
9871:2545775
9831:6150799
9739:2938757
9273:Example
8773:Rothman
8632:is the
7573:Breslow
7285:Yule's
7278:Yule's
5837:, ...,
5342:, ...,
5320:, ...,
5251:p-value
4769:, with
4214:of the
3886:Example
2074: |
147:in the
143:The OR
89:) is a
47:improve
13260:Census
12850:Normal
12798:Manova
12618:Robust
12368:2-way
12360:1-way
12198:-test
11869:
11446:Biplot
11237:Median
11230:Lehmer
11172:Center
10526:
10483:
10473:
10431:727199
10429:
10330:
10295:
10285:
10246:
10238:
10203:
10168:
10158:
10098:
10090:
10082:
10037:
10029:
9994:
9959:
9951:
9913:
9878:
9868:
9829:
9821:
9746:
9736:
9728:
9606:0.9139
9596:0.9139
9585:0.6561
9575:0.6561
9512:Using
8958:. Let
8656:, and
8455:gives
7575:&
7255:0.167
7093:Value
7030:= 250
7016:= 150
6994:= 150
6988:= 135
6974:= 100
6957:Total
6553:biased
6443:where
6348:, the
5026:
5020:
5006:with:
5004:normal
4736:where
4212:logits
3686:, and
3642:where
2057:given
2013:where
1820:where
115:causal
36:, but
12884:Trend
12413:prior
12355:anova
12244:-test
12218:-test
12210:-test
12117:Power
12062:Pivot
11855:shape
11850:scale
11300:Shape
11280:Range
11225:Heinz
11200:Cubic
11136:Index
10884:Other
10524:JSTOR
10244:S2CID
10096:S2CID
10060:(PDF)
10035:S2CID
9957:S2CID
9827:S2CID
9467:13.36
8676:is a
7244:) / (
7223:0.75
7162:0.25
7139:3.33
7128:1 / (
7086:Abbr.
6968:= 15
6316:, in
5906:with
5904:units
1109:.0101
1106:.0526
971:.0101
902:.0526
13117:Test
12317:Sign
12169:Wald
11242:Mode
11180:Mean
10723:vs.
10591:and
10481:PMID
10427:PMID
10328:ISBN
10293:PMID
10236:PMID
10201:PMID
10166:PMID
10088:PMID
10080:ISSN
10027:PMID
9992:PMID
9949:PMID
9933:JAMA
9911:PMID
9876:PMID
9819:PMID
9744:PMID
9726:ISSN
9627:10.6
9520:for
9312:288
8997:and
8938:for
8603:Now
8222:is
7982:is
7217:) /
7183:) /
7172:RRR
7125:NNT
7103:ARR
7033:400
6997:285
6977:115
6954:(C)
6928:0.4
6925:0.2
6922:0.4
6919:0.1
6916:0.1
6913:0.1
6910:0.3
6907:0.3
6896:0.3
6893:0.1
6890:0.1
6887:0.4
6884:0.4
6881:0.4
6878:0.2
6875:0.2
6707:100
6704:100
6521:The
6278:and
6217:The
5898:and
5826:and
5385:for
5290:and
5239:exp(
5090:The
4186:0.02
4183:0.54
3902:and
3490:and
3454:are
3450:and
3212:and
3188:and
2063:i.e.
2034:and
1883:and
1562:odds
1548:and
1513:and
1250:and
1184:and
987:The
850:odds
472:risk
470:The
167:odds
99:odds
12297:BIC
12292:AIC
10516:doi
10512:126
10471:PMC
10461:doi
10457:331
10453:BMJ
10419:doi
10415:108
10283:PMC
10275:doi
10228:doi
10193:doi
10189:141
10156:PMC
10148:doi
10072:doi
10019:doi
9984:doi
9941:doi
9937:280
9903:doi
9899:101
9866:PMC
9858:doi
9854:296
9809:doi
9734:PMC
9621:1.9
9560:is
9431:0.5
9358:4.5
9301:27
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8915:0.5
8860:0.5
8742:of
8680:of
8636:of
7577:Day
7233:OR
7219:CER
7215:EER
7211:CER
7185:CER
7181:EER
7177:CER
7158:CER
7154:EER
7150:RR
7134:EER
7130:CER
7111:EER
7107:CER
7059:CER
7043:EER
6812:LOR
6802:LOR
6792:LOR
6782:LOR
6769:):
6767:LOR
6751:10
6748:20
6745:20
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6736:50
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6625:LOR
6615:LOR
6605:LOR
6592:):
6590:LOR
5782:exp
5734:exp
5726:so
5420:exp
5331:on
5253:is
5039:log
4924:log
4821:log
4406:log
4381:log
4352:log
4327:log
4262:log
4171:0.2
4165:0.1
4158:0.6
4152:0.9
4139:0.6
4131:0.2
4126:0.1
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3184:If
1474:5.3
1320:or
1264:594
1258:600
1238:380
1232:400
1117:5.2
1095:594
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965:594
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896:380
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818:.05
807:600
794:400
586:.01
580:600
524:.05
518:400
451:594
432:380
372:594
303:600
270:380
201:400
81:An
13455::
10920:,
10916:,
10912:,
10908:,
10904:,
10900:,
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10870:,
10866:,
10848:,
10844:,
10840:,
10836:,
10832:,
10828:,
10810:,
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10727:,
10522:.
10479:.
10469:.
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10451:.
10439:^
10425:.
10413:.
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10382:^
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10291:.
10281:.
10271:31
10269:.
10265:.
10242:.
10234:.
10224:98
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2018:11
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8326:+
8311:(
8307:/
8291:=
8288:)
8279:n
8275:+
8266:n
8262:(
8258:/
8248:n
8244:=
8186:)
8180:,
8171:n
8167:+
8158:n
8154:(
8124:n
8101:)
8098:1
8095:+
8089:(
8085:/
8078:=
8075:)
8070:0
8066:p
8060:1
8056:q
8052:+
8047:0
8043:q
8037:1
8033:p
8029:(
8025:/
8021:)
8016:0
8012:q
8006:1
8002:p
7998:(
7995:=
7944:)
7939:0
7935:p
7929:1
7925:q
7921:(
7917:/
7911:0
7907:q
7901:1
7897:p
7893:=
7890:)
7885:0
7881:q
7876:/
7870:0
7866:p
7862:(
7858:/
7854:)
7849:1
7845:q
7840:/
7834:1
7830:p
7826:(
7823:=
7796:1
7792:q
7786:0
7782:p
7759:0
7755:q
7749:1
7745:p
7719:0
7715:p
7708:1
7705:=
7700:0
7696:q
7671:1
7667:p
7660:1
7657:=
7652:1
7648:q
7623:0
7619:p
7594:1
7590:p
7550:n
7523:n
7496:n
7469:n
7437:n
7409:n
7376:n
7348:n
7287:Q
7280:Y
7236:(
7209:(
7205:u
7175:(
6902:X
6870:X
6862:Y
6856:Y
6850:Y
6844:Y
6838:Y
6832:Y
6826:Y
6820:Y
6725:X
6693:X
6685:Y
6679:Y
6673:Y
6667:Y
6661:Y
6655:Y
6649:Y
6643:Y
6545:n
6539:n
6532:n
6526:n
6449:C
6445:R
6425:)
6412:C
6408:R
6404:(
6401:+
6396:C
6392:R
6385:1
6294:X
6287:Y
6281:X
6274:X
6269:X
6254:f
6250:f
6242:p
6236:p
6229:p
6223:p
6189:p
6185:+
6176:p
6164:p
6160:)
6157:f
6151:1
6148:(
6131:p
6127:+
6118:p
6106:p
6102:)
6099:f
6093:1
6090:(
6082:0
6079:=
6076:X
6060:p
6056:+
6047:p
6035:p
6031:f
6014:p
6010:+
6001:p
5989:p
5985:f
5977:1
5974:=
5971:X
5964:0
5961:=
5958:Y
5953:1
5950:=
5947:Y
5928:f
5920:X
5915:f
5909:X
5900:Y
5896:X
5880:j
5877:i
5865:p
5841:p
5839:Z
5835:1
5832:Z
5828:X
5824:Y
5810:)
5805:x
5788:(
5762:)
5757:x
5740:(
5711:,
5705:)
5700:p
5696:Z
5692:,
5686:,
5681:1
5677:Z
5673:,
5670:0
5667:=
5664:X
5658:0
5655:=
5652:Y
5649:(
5646:P
5642:/
5638:)
5633:p
5629:Z
5625:,
5619:,
5614:1
5610:Z
5606:,
5603:0
5600:=
5597:X
5591:1
5588:=
5585:Y
5582:(
5579:P
5574:)
5569:p
5565:Z
5561:,
5555:,
5550:1
5546:Z
5542:,
5539:1
5536:=
5533:X
5527:0
5524:=
5521:Y
5518:(
5515:P
5511:/
5507:)
5502:p
5498:Z
5494:,
5488:,
5483:1
5479:Z
5475:,
5472:1
5469:=
5466:X
5460:1
5457:=
5454:Y
5451:(
5448:P
5442:=
5439:)
5434:x
5426:(
5417:=
5410:x
5401:e
5387:X
5371:x
5346:p
5344:Z
5339:1
5337:Z
5333:X
5329:Y
5324:p
5322:Z
5318:1
5315:Z
5311:X
5307:Y
5292:Y
5288:X
5277:Z
5273:P
5266:L
5261:Z
5259:(
5257:P
5255:2
5245:L
5241:L
5233:L
5224:L
5218:.
5194:n
5190:1
5184:+
5172:n
5168:1
5162:+
5150:n
5146:1
5140:+
5128:n
5124:1
5116:=
5111:E
5108:S
5074:.
5071:)
5066:2
5057:,
5054:)
5051:R
5048:O
5045:(
5036:(
5031:N
5017:L
4998:.
4984:)
4971:n
4961:n
4949:n
4939:n
4931:(
4921:=
4917:)
4898:p
4879:p
4858:p
4839:p
4828:(
4818:=
4815:L
4797:n
4790:n
4783:n
4776:n
4772:n
4766:n
4757:n
4745:p
4741:︿
4705:p
4684:p
4675:0
4672:=
4669:X
4650:p
4629:p
4620:1
4617:=
4614:X
4607:0
4604:=
4601:Y
4596:1
4593:=
4590:Y
4549:n
4537:n
4531:0
4528:=
4525:X
4512:n
4500:n
4494:1
4491:=
4488:X
4481:0
4478:=
4475:Y
4470:1
4467:=
4464:Y
4429:.
4425:)
4416:p
4412:(
4400:)
4391:p
4387:(
4373:)
4362:p
4358:(
4349:+
4346:)
4337:p
4333:(
4324:=
4320:)
4308:p
4298:p
4286:p
4276:p
4269:(
4191:=
4178:=
4145:=
4135:/
4122:/
4085:=
4052:=
4048:R
4045:O
4004:0
4001:=
3998:D
3981:1
3978:=
3975:D
3968:0
3965:=
3962:M
3957:1
3954:=
3951:M
3928:A
3924:X
3920:B
3916:X
3912:A
3908:B
3904:B
3900:A
3896:X
3876:p
3864:p
3858:p
3851:p
3844:R
3826:.
3819:1
3812:p
3803:1
3799:p
3795:)
3792:R
3786:1
3783:(
3780:R
3777:4
3774:+
3769:2
3765:)
3761:)
3758:1
3752:R
3749:(
3746:)
3741:1
3734:p
3730:+
3722:1
3718:p
3714:(
3711:+
3708:1
3705:(
3700:=
3697:S
3680:p
3673:p
3666:p
3659:p
3652:p
3645:p
3624:)
3621:1
3615:R
3612:(
3609:2
3604:S
3598:)
3595:1
3589:R
3586:(
3583:)
3578:1
3571:p
3567:+
3559:1
3555:p
3551:(
3548:+
3545:1
3539:=
3530:p
3516:R
3508:p
3501:p
3497:Y
3495:(
3493:P
3484:p
3477:p
3473:X
3471:(
3469:P
3452:Y
3448:X
3427:)
3422:y
3418:p
3411:1
3408:(
3405:)
3400:x
3396:p
3389:1
3386:(
3379:y
3375:p
3371:)
3366:x
3362:p
3355:1
3352:(
3347:0
3344:=
3341:X
3334:)
3329:y
3325:p
3318:1
3315:(
3310:x
3306:p
3298:y
3294:p
3288:x
3284:p
3278:1
3275:=
3272:X
3265:0
3262:=
3259:Y
3254:1
3251:=
3248:Y
3228:Y
3226:(
3224:P
3219:y
3215:p
3208:X
3206:(
3204:P
3199:x
3195:p
3190:Y
3186:X
3153:.
3140:p
3130:p
3118:p
3108:p
3100:=
3093:)
3084:p
3080:+
3071:p
3067:(
3063:/
3053:p
3047:)
3038:p
3034:+
3025:p
3021:(
3017:/
3007:p
2997:/
2988:)
2979:p
2975:+
2966:p
2962:(
2958:/
2948:p
2942:)
2933:p
2929:+
2920:p
2916:(
2912:/
2902:p
2858:p
2854:+
2845:p
2834:p
2817:p
2813:+
2804:p
2793:p
2785:0
2782:=
2779:X
2763:p
2759:+
2750:p
2739:p
2722:p
2718:+
2709:p
2698:p
2690:1
2687:=
2684:X
2677:0
2674:=
2671:Y
2666:1
2663:=
2660:Y
2642:Y
2630:)
2628:Y
2624:X
2622:(
2618:)
2616:Y
2612:X
2610:(
2584:p
2574:p
2562:p
2552:p
2545:=
2538:)
2529:p
2525:+
2516:p
2512:(
2508:/
2498:p
2492:)
2483:p
2479:+
2470:p
2466:(
2462:/
2452:p
2442:/
2433:)
2424:p
2420:+
2411:p
2407:(
2403:/
2393:p
2387:)
2378:p
2374:+
2365:p
2361:(
2357:/
2347:p
2339:=
2336:R
2333:O
2294:p
2290:+
2281:p
2270:p
2253:p
2249:+
2240:p
2229:p
2221:0
2218:=
2215:X
2199:p
2195:+
2186:p
2175:p
2158:p
2154:+
2145:p
2134:p
2126:1
2123:=
2120:X
2113:0
2110:=
2107:Y
2102:1
2099:=
2096:Y
2078:)
2076:X
2072:Y
2070:(
2068:P
2059:X
2051:X
2047:X
2043:Y
2036:p
2029:p
2022:p
2015:p
1988:p
1976:p
1970:0
1967:=
1964:X
1951:p
1939:p
1933:1
1930:=
1927:X
1920:0
1917:=
1914:Y
1909:1
1906:=
1903:Y
1885:Y
1881:X
1861:1
1858:q
1854:2
1851:p
1847:1
1844:q
1841:2
1838:p
1833:x
1829:p
1825:x
1822:q
1805:,
1796:1
1792:q
1786:2
1782:p
1772:2
1768:q
1762:1
1758:p
1750:=
1742:2
1738:q
1733:/
1727:2
1723:p
1715:1
1711:q
1706:/
1700:1
1696:p
1689:=
1683:)
1678:2
1674:p
1667:1
1664:(
1660:/
1654:2
1650:p
1644:)
1639:1
1635:p
1628:1
1625:(
1621:/
1615:1
1611:p
1604:=
1601:R
1598:O
1585:2
1582:p
1578:1
1575:p
1526:N
1522:V
1499:E
1495:V
1461:/
1457:6
1448:/
1409:6
1333:N
1329:V
1306:E
1302:V
1267:)
1210:N
1206:H
1197:N
1193:V
1170:E
1166:H
1157:E
1153:V
1121:.
1114:=
1091:/
1087:6
1078:/
1068:=
1060:N
1056:H
1051:/
1045:N
1041:D
1033:E
1029:H
1024:/
1018:E
1014:D
1007:=
975:.
961:/
957:6
954:=
949:N
945:H
940:/
934:N
930:D
905:,
892:/
885:=
880:E
876:H
871:/
865:E
861:D
833:.
829:5
826:=
813:=
803:/
799:6
790:/
780:=
772:N
768:V
763:/
757:N
753:D
745:E
741:V
736:/
730:E
726:D
719:=
713:)
708:N
704:H
700:+
695:N
691:D
687:(
683:/
677:N
673:D
667:)
662:E
658:H
654:+
649:E
645:D
641:(
637:/
631:E
627:D
620:=
583:=
576:/
572:6
569:=
564:N
560:V
555:/
549:N
545:D
521:=
514:/
507:=
502:E
498:V
493:/
487:E
483:D
446:6
369:=
364:N
360:H
339:6
336:=
331:N
327:D
306:,
300:=
295:N
291:V
267:=
262:E
258:H
234:=
229:E
225:D
204:,
198:=
193:E
189:V
85:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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