Augustus - Knowledge

4005:, writing about a century after Augustus's death, described his appearance as: "... unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life, though he cared nothing for personal adornment. He was so far from being particular about the dressing of his hair, that he would have several barbers working in a hurry at the same time, and as for his beard he now had it clipped and now shaved, while at the very same time he would either be reading or writing something ... He had clear, bright eyes ... His teeth were wide apart, small, and ill-kept; his hair was slightly curly and inclined to golden; his eyebrows met. His ears were of moderate size, and his nose projected a little at the top and then bent ever so slightly inward. His complexion was between dark and fair. He was short of stature, although Julius Marathus, his freedman and keeper of his records, says that he was five feet and nine inches (just under 5 ft. 7 in., or 1.70 meters, in modern height measurements), but this was concealed by the fine proportion and symmetry of his figure, and was noticeable only by comparison with some taller person standing beside him...", adding that "his 3008: 2560: 3181:

salacious fabrication made by those who had favoured Postumus as heir, or other political enemies of Tiberius. Livia had long been the target of similar rumors of poisoning on the behalf of her son, most or all of which are unlikely to have been true. Alternatively, it is possible that Livia did supply a poisoned fig (she did cultivate a variety of fig named for her that Augustus is said to have enjoyed), but did so as a means of assisted suicide rather than murder. Augustus's health had been in decline in the months immediately before his death, and he had made significant preparations for a smooth transition in power, having at last reluctantly settled on Tiberius as his choice of heir. It is likely that Augustus was not expected to return alive from Nola, but it seems that his health improved once there; it has therefore been speculated that Augustus and Livia conspired to end his life at the anticipated time, having committed all political process to accepting Tiberius, in order to not endanger that transition.

1993: 2338: 2716: 3991: 1918: 3239: 2250:, two strategic regions with several legions. However, the Senate had control of only five or six legions distributed among three senatorial proconsuls, compared to the twenty legions under the control of Octavian, and their control of these regions did not amount to any political or military challenge to Octavian. The Senate's control over some of the Roman provinces helped maintain a republican facade for the autocratic principate. Also, Octavian's control of entire provinces followed republican-era precedents for the objective of securing peace and creating stability, in which such prominent Romans as Pompey had been granted similar military powers in times of crisis and instability. 3185: 3157: 2495: 2398: 2195: 1376:

alleged that Antony refused to hand over the money due Octavian as Caesar's adopted heir, possibly on grounds that it would take time to disentangle it from state funds. During the summer, Octavian won the support of Caesarian veterans and also made common cause with those senators—many of whom were themselves former Caesarians—who perceived Antony as a threat to the state. After an abortive attempt by the veterans to reconcile Octavian and Antony, Antony's bellicose edicts against Brutus and Cassius alienated him from the moderate Caesarians in the Senate, who feared a renewed civil war. In September,

3642: 73: 3892: 2736:, the Ides of March, the proscriptions, Philippi, and Actium, barely twenty-five years distant, were still vivid in the minds of many citizens. Proconsular imperium was conferred upon Agrippa for five years, similar to Augustus's power, in order to accomplish this constitutional stability. The exact nature of the grant is uncertain but it probably covered Augustus's imperial provinces, east and west, perhaps lacking authority over the provinces of the Senate. That came later, as did the jealously guarded tribunicia potestas. Augustus's accumulation of powers was now complete. 1221: 3598: 4013: 2491:—as Macedonia was a senatorial province under the Senate's jurisdiction, not an imperial province under the authority of Augustus. Such an action would have ripped away the veneer of republican restoration as promoted by Augustus, and exposed his fraud of merely being the first citizen, a first among equals. Even worse, the involvement of Marcellus provided some measure of proof that Augustus's policy was to have the youth take his place as princeps, instituting a form of monarchy—accusations that had already played out. 1668:

if not appeased, and they also required land. There was no more government-controlled land to allot as settlements for their soldiers, so Octavian had to choose one of two options: alienating many Roman citizens by confiscating their land, or alienating many Roman soldiers who could mount a considerable opposition against him in the Roman heartland. Octavian chose the former. There were as many as eighteen Roman towns affected by the new settlements, with entire populations driven out or at least given partial evictions.

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Fannius Caepio. Murena, the outspoken consul who defended Primus in the Marcus Primus affair, was named among the conspirators. The conspirators were tried in absentia with Tiberius acting as prosecutor; the jury found them guilty, but it was not a unanimous verdict. All the accused were sentenced to death for treason and executed as soon as they were captured—without ever giving testimony in their defence. Augustus ensured that the façade of Republican government continued with an effective cover-up of the events.

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so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy was the peace and prosperity the Empire enjoyed for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor. Every emperor of Rome adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, which gradually lost its character as a name and eventually became a title. The

2438: 1932: 2214:, however, Octavian's power was based on the exercise of "a predominant military power and ... the ultimate sanction of his authority was force, however much the fact was disguised." The Senate proposed to Octavian, the victor of Rome's civil wars, that he once again assume command of the provinces. The Senate's proposal was a ratification of Octavian's extra-constitutional power. Through the Senate, Octavian was able to continue the appearance of a still-functional 2847: 14022: 13074: 3466: 1692:. He returned Claudia to her mother, claiming that their marriage had never been consummated. Fulvia decided to take action. Together with Lucius Antonius, she raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian. Lucius and Fulvia took a political and martial gamble in opposing Octavian however, since the Roman army still depended on the triumvirs for their salaries. Lucius and his allies ended up in a defensive siege at 2524:, or proconsular imperium applicable throughout the empire that was more (maius) or greater than that held by the other proconsuls. This in effect gave Augustus constitutional power superior to all other proconsuls in the empire. Augustus stayed in Rome during the renewal process and provided veterans with lavish donations to gain their support, thereby ensuring that his status of proconsular imperium maius was renewed in 13 BC. 1704: 2369:(civic crown) above his door and to have laurels drape his doorposts. However, he renounced flaunting insignia of power such as holding a scepter, wearing a diadem, or wearing the golden crown and purple toga of his predecessor Julius Caesar. If he refused to symbolize his power by donning and bearing these items on his person, the Senate nonetheless awarded him with a golden shield displayed in the meeting hall of the 3266: 3141:. No specific reason is known for his departure, though it could have been a combination of reasons, including a failing marriage with Julia as well as a sense of envy and exclusion over Augustus's apparent favouring of the younger Gaius and Lucius. (Gaius and Lucius joined the college of priests at an early age, were presented to spectators in a more favorable light, and were introduced to the army in Gaul.) 3220:

suggests that Augustus's deification obliged Tiberius to suppress any open resentment that he might have harbored, coupled with Tiberius's "extremely conservative" attitude towards religion. Also, historian R. Shaw-Smith points to letters of Augustus to Tiberius which display affection towards Tiberius and high regard for his military merits. Shotter states that Tiberius focused his anger and criticism on

2979:, a symbolic victory and great boost of morale for Rome. Werner Eck claims that this was a great disappointment for Romans seeking to avenge Crassus's defeat by military means. However, Maria Brosius explains that Augustus used the return of the standards as propaganda symbolizing the submission of Parthia to Rome. The event was celebrated in art such as the breastplate design on the statue 2552:, a status that Augustus had acquired some years earlier when adopted by Julius Caesar. This power allowed him to convene the Senate and people at will and lay business before them, to veto the actions of either the Assembly or the Senate, to preside over elections, and to speak first at any meeting. Also included in Augustus's tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the 2604:—the sacred boundary of Rome—and entered the city. In these situations, Augustus would have power as part of his tribunician authority, but his constitutional imperium within the Pomerium would be less than that of a serving consul, which meant that when he was in the city he might not be the constitutional magistrate with the most authority. Thanks to his prestige or 2430:

Agrippa. However, Augustus handed over to his co-consul Piso all of his official documents, an account of public finances, and authority over listed troops in the provinces while Augustus's supposedly favored nephew Marcellus came away empty-handed. This was a surprise to many who believed Augustus would have named an heir to his position as an unofficial emperor.

2689:, like the proconsular powers that he received in 23 BC. Like his tribune authority, the consular powers were another instance of gaining power from offices that he did not actually hold. In addition, Augustus was allowed to wear the consul's insignia in public and before the Senate, as well as to sit in the symbolic chair between the two consuls and hold the 3126:

Augustus also showed favor to his stepsons, Livia's children from her first marriage, Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (henceforth referred to as Drusus) and Tiberius Claudius (henceforth Tiberius), granting them military commands and public office, though seeming to favor Drusus. After Agrippa died in 12 BC, Tiberius was ordered to divorce his own wife,

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excess. In the year 29 BC, Augustus gave 400 sesterces (equal to 1/10 of a Roman pound of gold) each to 250,000 citizens, 1,000 sesterces each to 120,000 veterans in the colonies, and spent 700 million sesterces in purchasing land for his soldiers to settle upon. He also restored 82 different temples to display his care for the

1766:. This new conflict proved untenable for both Octavian and Antony, however. Their centurions, who had become important figures politically, refused to fight because of their Caesarian cause, while the legions under their command followed suit. Meanwhile, in Sicyon, Antony's wife Fulvia died of a sudden illness while Antony was 1488: 3392:". Augustus was intelligent, decisive, and a shrewd politician, but he was not perhaps as charismatic as Julius Caesar and was influenced on occasion by Livia (sometimes for the worse). Nevertheless, his legacy proved more enduring. The city of Rome was utterly transformed under Augustus, with Rome's first institutionalized 3202:)—referring to the play-acting and regal authority that he had put on as emperor. An enormous funerary procession of mourners traveled with Augustus's body from Nola to Rome, and all public and private businesses closed on the day of his burial. Tiberius and his son Drusus delivered the eulogy while standing atop two 2664:

election as consul in 22 BC, and fears arose once again that he was being forced from power by the aristocratic Senate. In 22, 21, and 19 BC, the people rioted in response and only allowed a single consul to be elected for each of those years, ostensibly to leave the other position open for Augustus.

2513:. He rudely demanded to know why Augustus had turned up to a trial to which he had not been called; Augustus replied that he came in the public interest. Although Primus was found guilty, some jurors voted to acquit, meaning that not everybody believed Augustus's testimony, an insult to the 'August One'. 4052:

at the age of 19, and from about 29 BC "the explosion in the number of Augustan portraits attests a concerted propaganda campaign aimed at dominating all aspects of civil, religious, economic and military life with Augustus's person." The early images did indeed depict a young man, but although there

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While Octavian acted as consul in Rome, he dispatched senators to the provinces under his command as his representatives to manage provincial affairs and ensure that his orders were carried out. The provinces not under Octavian's control were overseen by governors chosen by the Roman Senate. Octavian

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On 13 January 27 BC, Octavian made a show of returning full power to the Roman Senate and relinquishing his control of the Roman provinces and their armies. Under his consulship, however, the Senate had little power in initiating legislation by introducing bills for senatorial debate. Octavian was no

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in Macedonia in October 42, the Caesarian army was victorious and Brutus and Cassius committed suicide. Mark Antony later used the examples of these battles as a means to belittle Octavian, as both battles were decisively won with the use of Antony's forces. In addition to claiming responsibility for

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stored at Brundisium, the staging ground in Italy for military operations in the east. A later senatorial investigation into the disappearance of the public funds took no action against Octavian since he subsequently used that money to raise troops against the Senate's archenemy Mark Antony. Octavian

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wrote: "There are many indications that the Octavian family was in days of old a distinguished one at Velitrae; for not only was a street in the most frequented part of town long ago called Octavius, but an altar was shown there besides, consecrated by an Octavius. This man was leader in a war with a

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reforms had a great impact on the subsequent success of the Empire. Augustus brought a far greater portion of the Empire's expanded land base under consistent, direct taxation from Rome, instead of exacting varying, intermittent, and somewhat arbitrary tributes from each local province as Augustus's

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monarchy in these years. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his political acumen also played their parts. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle

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The longevity of Augustus's reign and its legacy to the Roman world should not be overlooked as a key factor in its success. As Tacitus wrote, the younger generations alive in AD 14 had never known any form of government other than the principate. Had Augustus died earlier, matters might have turned

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Years of civil war had left Rome in a state of near lawlessness, but the republic was not prepared to accept the control of Octavian as a despot. At the same time, Octavian could not give up his authority without risking further civil wars among the Roman generals, and even if he desired no position

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Octavian was left to decide where in Italy to settle the tens of thousands of veterans of the Macedonian campaign, whom the triumvirs had promised to discharge. The tens of thousands who had fought on the republican side with Brutus and Cassius could easily ally with a political opponent of Octavian

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Contemporary Roman historians provide conflicting reports as to which triumvir was most responsible for the proscriptions and killing. However, the sources agree that enacting the proscriptions was a means by all three factions to eliminate political enemies. Marcus Velleius Paterculus asserted that

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The measures of taxation in the reign of Augustus were determined by population census, with fixed quotas for each province. Citizens of Rome and Italy paid indirect taxes, while direct taxes were exacted from the provinces. Indirect taxes included a 4% tax on the price of slaves, a 1% tax on goods

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Historian D. C. A. Shotter states that Augustus's policy of favoring the Julian family line over the Claudian might have afforded Tiberius sufficient cause to show open disdain for Augustus after the latter's death; instead, Tiberius was always quick to rebuke those who criticized Augustus. Shotter

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There were some who were concerned by the expansion of powers granted to Augustus by the second settlement, and this came to a head with the apparent conspiracy of Fannius Caepio. Some time prior to 1 September 22 BC, a certain Castricius provided Augustus with information about a conspiracy led by

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A second problem later arose showing the need for the second settlement in what became known as the "Marcus Primus affair". In late 24 or early 23 BC, charges were brought against Marcus Primus, the former proconsul (governor) of Macedonia, for waging a war without prior approval of the Senate

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The primary reasons for the second settlement were as follows. First, after Augustus relinquished the annual consulship, he was no longer in an official position to rule the state, yet his dominant position remained unchanged over his Roman, 'imperial' provinces where he was still a proconsul. When

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The breach between Antony and Octavian prompted a large portion of the senators, as well as both of that year's consuls, to leave Rome and defect to Antony. However, Octavian received two key deserters from Antony in the autumn of 32 BC: Munatius Plancus and Marcus Titius. These defectors gave

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by one of Antony's generals the following year. As Lepidus and Octavian accepted the surrender of Pompeius's troops, Lepidus attempted to claim Sicily for himself, ordering Octavian to leave. Lepidus's troops deserted him, however, and defected to Octavian since they were weary of fighting and were

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The illness of Augustus in 23 BC brought the problem of succession to the forefront of political issues and the public. To ensure stability, he needed to designate an heir to his unique position in Roman society and government. This was to be achieved in small, undramatic and incremental ways

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Many of the political subtleties of the second settlement seem to have evaded the comprehension of the plebeian class, who were Augustus's greatest supporters and clientele. This caused them to insist upon Augustus's participation in imperial affairs from time to time. Augustus failed to stand for

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defended Octavian as trying to spare as many as possible, whereas Antony and Lepidus, being older and involved in politics longer, had many more enemies to deal with. This claim was rejected by Appian, who maintained that Octavian shared an equal interest with Lepidus and Antony in eradicating his

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Mark Antony was amassing political support, but Octavian still had the opportunity to rival him as the leading member of the faction supporting Caesar. Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he initially opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status. It is

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Arriving in Rome on 6 May 44 BC, Octavian found consul Mark Antony, Caesar's former colleague, in an uneasy truce with the dictator's assassins. They had been granted a general amnesty on 17 March, yet Antony had succeeded in driving most of them out of Rome with an inflammatory eulogy at Caesar's

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After the death of Agrippa in 12 BC, a solution had to be found in maintaining Rome's water supply system. This came about because it was overseen by Agrippa when he served as aedile, and was even funded by him afterwards when he was a private citizen paying at his own expense. In that year,

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where his father had died. Both Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that Livia was rumored to have brought about Augustus's death by poisoning fresh figs. This element features in many modern works of historical fiction pertaining to Augustus's life, but some historians view it as likely to have been a

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while entering the Forum. There was no precedent within the Roman system for combining the powers of the tribune and the censor into a single position, nor was Augustus ever elected to the office of censor. Julius Caesar had been granted similar powers, wherein he was charged with supervising the

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Augustus bestowed only properties and possessions to his designated heirs, as an obvious system of institutionalized imperial inheritance would have provoked resistance and hostility among the republican-minded Romans fearful of monarchy. With regards to the principate, it was obvious to Augustus

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To a large extent, the public was aware of the vast financial resources that Octavian commanded. He failed to encourage enough senators to finance the building and maintenance of networks of roads in Italy in 20 BC, but he undertook direct responsibility for them. This was publicized on the Roman

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Meanwhile, Antony's campaign turned disastrous against Parthia, tarnishing his image as a leader, and the mere 2,000 legionaries sent by Octavian to Antony were hardly enough to replenish his forces. On the other hand, Cleopatra could restore his army to full strength; he already was engaged in a

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in Italy. The Roman dominions were divided between Octavian in the West and Antony in the East. Octavian ensured Rome's citizens of their rights to property in order to maintain peace and stability in his portion of the empire. This time, he settled his discharged soldiers outside of Italy, while

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of architectural style originating from ancient Greece was the dominant architectural style in the age of Augustus and the imperial phase of Rome. Suetonius once commented that Rome was unworthy of its status as an imperial capital, yet Augustus and Agrippa set out to dismantle this sentiment by

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Although the most powerful individual in the Roman Empire, Augustus wished to embody the spirit of Republican virtue and norms. He also wanted to relate to and connect with the concerns of the plebs and lay people. He achieved this through various means of generosity and a cutting back of lavish

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Likewise, there was a food shortage in Rome in 22 BC which sparked panic, while many urban plebs called for Augustus to take on dictatorial powers to personally oversee the crisis. After a theatrical display of refusal before the Senate, Augustus finally accepted authority over Rome's grain

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Soon after his bout of illness subsided, Augustus gave up his consulship. The only other times Augustus would serve as consul would be in the years 5 and 2 BC, both times to introduce his grandsons into public life. This was a clever ploy by Augustus; ceasing to serve as one of two annually

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and rejected the resolutions passed by the Senate to stop the fighting. The Senate had no army to enforce their resolutions. This provided an opportunity for Octavian, who already was known to have armed forces. Cicero also defended Octavian against Antony's taunts about Octavian's lack of noble

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Some Augustan historians argue that indications pointed toward his sister's son Marcellus, who had been quickly married to Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder. Other historians dispute this since Augustus's will was read aloud to the Senate while he was seriously ill in 23 BC, indicating a

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A final reason for the second settlement was to give the principate constitutional stability and staying power in case something happened to Princeps Augustus. His illness of early 23 BC and the Caepio conspiracy showed that the regime's existence hung by the thin thread of the life of one man,

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Normally during republican times, the powers Augustus held even after the second settlement would have been split between several people, who would each exercise them with the assistance of a colleague and for a specific period of time. Augustus held them all at once by himself and with no time

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In the late spring Augustus had a severe illness and on his supposed deathbed made arrangements that would ensure the continuation of the principate in some form, while allaying senators' suspicions of his anti-republicanism. Augustus prepared to hand down his signet ring to his favored general

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The sum of his power derived first of all from various powers of office delegated to him by the Senate and people, secondly from his immense private fortune, and thirdly from numerous patron-client relationships he established with individuals and groups throughout the Empire. All of them taken

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sent by Octavian entered Rome and demanded the consulship left vacant by Hirtius and Pansa and also that the decree should be rescinded which declared Antony a public enemy. When this was refused, he marched on the city with eight legions. He encountered no military opposition in Rome and on 19

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Augustus's intent became apparent to make his grandsons Gaius and Lucius his heirs when he adopted them as his own children. He took the consulship in 5 and 2 BC so that he could personally usher them into their political careers, and they were nominated for the consulships of AD 1 and 4.

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The territorial agreement between the triumvirate and Sextus Pompeius began to crumble once Octavian divorced Scribonia and married Livia on 17 January 38 BC. One of Pompeius's naval commanders betrayed him and handed over Corsica and Sardinia to Octavian. Octavian lacked the resources to

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Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy by denying shipments of grain through the Mediterranean Sea to the peninsula. Pompeius's own son was put in charge as naval commander in the effort to cause widespread famine in Italy. Pompeius's control over the sea prompted him to take on the name

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The use of Egypt's immense land rents to finance the Empire's operations resulted from Augustus's conquest of Egypt and the shift to a Roman form of government. As it was effectively considered Augustus's private property rather than a province of the Empire, it became part of each succeeding

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who told the trial that his client had received specific instructions from Augustus ordering him to attack the client state. Later, Primus testified that the orders came from the recently deceased Marcellus. Such orders, had they been given, would have been considered a breach of the Senate's

3149:. This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs. In that year, Tiberius was also granted the powers of a tribune and proconsul, emissaries from foreign kings had to pay their respects to him and by AD 13 was awarded with his second triumph and equal level of 1314:

Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy. After a warm welcome by Caesar's soldiers at Brundisium, Octavian demanded a portion of the funds that were allotted by Caesar for the intended war against the

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predecessors had done. This reform greatly increased Rome's net revenue from its territorial acquisitions, stabilized its flow, and regularized the financial relationship between Rome and the provinces, rather than provoking fresh resentments with each new arbitrary exaction of tribute.

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in 27 BC, originally a personal bodyguard unit on the battlefield that evolved into an imperial guard as well as an important political force in Rome. They had the power to intimidate the Senate, install new emperors, and depose ones they disliked; the last emperor they served was

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and areas that could raise their own troops for defense. To ensure security of the empire's eastern flank, Augustus stationed a Roman army in Syria, while his skilled stepson Tiberius negotiated with the Parthians as Rome's diplomat to the East. Tiberius was responsible for restoring

2693:, an emblem of consular authority. This seems to have assuaged the populace; regardless of whether or not Augustus was a consul, the importance was that he both appeared as one before the people and could exercise consular power if necessary. On 6 March 12 BC, after the death of 3669:, which was replaced by salaried civil service tax collectors. Private contractors who collected taxes for the State were the norm in the Republican era. Some of them were powerful enough to influence the number of votes for men running for offices in Rome. These tax farmers called 2136:—but he had to achieve this through incremental power gains. He did so by courting the Senate and the people while upholding the republican traditions of Rome, appearing that he was not aspiring to dictatorship or monarchy. Marching into Rome, Octavian and Agrippa were elected as 1571:

were branded as outlaws and deprived of their property and, for those who failed to escape, their lives. This decree issued by the triumvirate was motivated in part by a need to raise money to pay the salaries of their troops for the upcoming conflict against Caesar's assassins,

6891:) "56 years and 6 months", which appears to give February/March 43 BC. This incorrect calculation is followed by most later historians. The error derives from an extra year given to Julius Caesar's "reign", which in turn lead to the subtraction of one year from Augustus, see 1973:" to Cleopatra, acts that Octavian used to convince the Roman Senate that Antony had ambitions to diminish the preeminence of Rome. Octavian became consul once again on 1 January 33 BC, and he opened the following session in the Senate with a vehement attack on Antony's 1761:

While in Egypt, Antony had been engaged in an affair with Cleopatra and had fathered three children with her. Aware of his deteriorating relationship with Octavian, Antony left Cleopatra; he sailed to Italy in 40 BC with a large force to oppose Octavian, laying siege to

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that Marcellus was not ready to take on his position; nonetheless, by giving his signet ring to Agrippa, Augustus intended to signal to the legions that Agrippa was to be his successor and that they should continue to obey Agrippa, constitutional procedure notwithstanding.

1199:, Caesar's late enemy, but Octavian fell ill and was unable to travel. When he had recovered, he sailed to the front but was shipwrecked. After coming ashore with a handful of companions, he crossed hostile territory to Caesar's camp, which impressed Caesar considerably. 3515:, Tacitus wrote that Augustus had cunningly subverted Republican Rome into a position of slavery. He continued to say that, with Augustus's death and swearing of loyalty to Tiberius, the people of Rome traded one slaveholder for another. In a 2006 biography on Augustus, 2506:

The situation was so serious that Augustus appeared at the trial even though he had not been called as a witness. Under oath, Augustus declared that he gave no such order. Murena disbelieved Augustus's testimony and resented his attempt to subvert the trial by using his

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longer in direct control of the provinces and their armies, but he retained the loyalty of active duty soldiers and veterans alike. The careers of many clients and adherents depended on his patronage, as his financial power was unrivaled in the Roman Republic. Historian

1311:, as it would have made his adoptive origins too obvious. Historians usually refer to the new Caesar as "Octavian" during the time between his adoption and his assumption of the name Augustus in 27 BC in order to avoid confusing the dead dictator with his heir. 3168:

The only other possible claimant as heir was Agrippa Postumus, who had been exiled by Augustus in AD 7, his banishment made permanent by senatorial decree, and Augustus officially disowned him. He certainly fell out of Augustus's favor as an heir; the historian

1958:". In 36 BC, Octavian used a political ploy to make himself look less autocratic and Antony more the villain by proclaiming that the civil wars were coming to an end and that he would step down as triumvir—if only Antony would do the same. Antony refused. 3342:, to be inscribed in bronze in front of his mausoleum. Copies of the text were inscribed throughout the empire upon his death. The inscriptions in Latin featured translations in Greek beside it and were inscribed on many public edifices, such as the temple in 1335:

and with troops designated for the Parthian war, gathering support by emphasizing his status as heir to Caesar. On his march to Rome through Italy, Octavian's presence and newly acquired funds attracted many, winning over Caesar's former veterans stationed in

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After the deaths of both Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4, where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew

2612:(superior proconsular power) should not lapse when he was inside the city walls. All armed forces in the city had formerly been under the control of the urban praetors and consuls, but this situation now placed them under the sole authority of Augustus. 2036:). Its owner walled off the room with this painting, most likely in immediate reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Augustus in 30 BC, when artistic depictions of Caesarion would have been considered a sensitive issue for the ruling regime. 1399:

In the face of Octavian's large and capable force, Antony saw the danger of staying in Rome and, to the relief of the Senate, he left Rome for Cisalpine Gaul, which was to be handed to him on 1 January. However, the province had earlier been assigned to

2287:(meaning "to increase") and can be translated as "illustrious one" or "sublime". It was a title of religious authority rather than political one, and it indicated that Octavian now approached divinity. His name of Augustus was also more favorable than 3436:. Besides the advent of swifter communication among Italian polities, his extensive building of roads throughout Italy also allowed Rome's armies to march swiftly and at an unprecedented pace across the country. In the year 6 Augustus established the 2460:

elected consuls allowed aspiring senators a better chance to attain the consular position while allowing Augustus to exercise wider patronage within the senatorial class. Although Augustus had resigned as consul, he desired to retain his consular

2218:. Feigning reluctance, he accepted a ten-year responsibility of overseeing provinces that were considered chaotic. The provinces ceded to Augustus for that ten-year period comprised much of the conquered Roman world, including all of Hispania and 1859:, Antony provided 120 ships for Octavian to use against Pompeius, while Octavian was to send 20,000 legionaries to Antony for use against Parthia. Octavian sent only a tenth of those promised, which Antony viewed as an intentional provocation. 2409:

dominance over the Roman political system and cut in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nominally the preeminent position in the Roman state. Further, he was causing political problems by desiring to have his nephew

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Instead of a legate or proconsul, Augustus installed a prefect from the equestrian class to administer Egypt and maintain its lucrative seaports; this position became the highest political achievement for any equestrian besides becoming

2148:. Octavian's aims from this point forward were to return Rome to a state of stability, traditional legality, and civility by lifting the overt political pressure imposed on the courts of law and ensuring free elections—in name at least. 1593:

described the proscriptions as a ruthless and cutthroat swapping of friends and family among Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian. For example, Octavian allowed the proscription of his ally Cicero, Antony the proscription of his maternal uncle

1862:

Octavian and Lepidus launched a joint operation against Sextus in Sicily in 36 BC. Despite setbacks for Octavian, the naval fleet of Sextus Pompeius was almost entirely destroyed on 3 September by General Agrippa at the naval

2100:. Octavian had exploited his position as Caesar's heir to further his own political career, and he was well aware of the dangers in allowing another person to do the same. He therefore followed the advice of the Greek philosopher 6782:). "Fifty-seven years, six months, and two days", which seems to give 17 February 44 BC. He actually reckons his reign from 15 March 44 BC, Caesar's murder, to 17 September AD 14, Tiberius's formal accession, see 2732:

Augustus himself, who had several severe and dangerous illnesses throughout his life. If he were to die from natural causes or fall victim to assassination, Rome could be subjected to another round of civil war. The memories of

1161:, the sister of Julius Caesar. Julia died in 52 or 51 BC, and Octavian delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother. From this point, his mother and stepfather took a more active role in raising him. He donned the 3783:

On his deathbed, Augustus boasted "I found a Rome of bricks; I leave to you one of marble." Although there is some truth in the literal meaning of this, Cassius Dio asserts that it was a metaphor for the Empire's strength.

2108:. Octavian had previously shown little mercy to surrendered enemies and acted in ways that had proven unpopular with the Roman people, yet he was given credit for pardoning many of his opponents after the Battle of Actium. 1954:

romantic affair with her, so he decided to send Octavia back to Rome. Octavian used this to spread propaganda implying that Antony was becoming less than Roman because he rejected a legitimate Roman spouse for an "Oriental

3046:, an apparent Roman ally. Augustus retaliated by dispatching Tiberius and Drusus to the Rhineland to pacify it, which had some success although the battle brought the end to Roman expansion into Germany. The Roman general 2238:

became the most powerful political figure in the city of Rome and in most of its provinces, but he did not have a monopoly on political and martial power. The Senate still controlled North Africa, an important regional

714:

for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at age 75, probably from natural causes. Persistent rumors, substantiated somewhat by deaths in the imperial family, have claimed his wife

1271:

Octavian, his grand-nephew, in his will, making him his primary heir. Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours, though Suetonius describes Antony's accusation as

2928:

near Monaco was built to honor the occasion. The capture of the Alpine region also served the next offensive in 12 BC, when Tiberius began the offensive against the Pannonian tribes of Illyricum, and his brother

2882:. This region proved to be a major asset in funding Augustus's future military campaigns, as it was rich in mineral deposits that could be fostered in Roman mining projects, especially the very rich gold deposits at 1719:. Octavian showed no mercy, however, for the mass of allies loyal to Lucius. On 15 March, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination, he had 300 Roman senators and equestrians executed for allying with Lucius. 2615:

In addition, the credit was given to Augustus for each subsequent Roman military victory after this time, because the majority of Rome's armies were stationed in imperial provinces commanded by Augustus through the

1741:

as part of an agreement reached with the Second Triumvirate in 39 BC. Both Antony and Octavian were vying for an alliance with Pompeius. Octavian succeeded in a temporary alliance in 40 BC when he married

3493:

out differently. The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican oligarchy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a

3122:. This granting of power showed Augustus's favor for Agrippa, but it was also a measure to please members of his Caesarian party by allowing one of their members to share a considerable amount of power with him. 2096:. Antony fell on his own sword and was taken by his soldiers back to Alexandria where he died in Cleopatra's arms. Cleopatra died soon after by poisoning, contrary to the popular belief that she was bitten by an 2337: 3224:(for marrying Vipsania after Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce her), as well as toward the two young Caesars, Gaius and Lucius—instead of Augustus, the real architect of his divorce and imperial demotion. 2556:; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure that they were in the public interest, as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate. 3003:

were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube. Victory in battle was not always a permanent success, as newly conquered territories were constantly retaken by Rome's enemies in Germania.

1456:

The Senate heaped many more rewards on Decimus Brutus than on Octavian for defeating Antony, then attempted to give command of the consular legions to Decimus Brutus. In response, Octavian stayed in the

6506: 2775:

Augustus also promoted the ideal of a superior Roman civilization with a task of ruling the world (to the extent to which the Romans knew it), a sentiment embodied in words that the contemporary poet

2313:

main title of the emperor. As a result, modern historians usually regard this event as the beginning of his reign as "emperor". Augustus himself appears to have reckoned his "reign" from 27 BC.

1777:

was left open to all for the recruitment of soldiers, but in reality this provision was useless for Antony in the East. To further cement relations of alliance with Antony, Octavian gave his sister,

4151:'s intentions, Augustus finished restoring the Julian calendar in March AD 4 and the correspondence between the proleptic Julian calendar and the calendar observed in Rome is uncertain before 8 BC. 3908:

Augustus arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as prime commissioners in charge of the water supply and to ensure that Rome's aqueducts did not fall into disrepair.

3404:

as a permanent office. The police force was divided into cohorts of 500 men each, while the units of firemen ranged from 500 to 1,000 men each, with 7 units assigned to 14 divided city sectors.

2470:

he annually held the office of consul, he had the power to intervene with the affairs of the other provincial proconsuls appointed by the Senate throughout the empire, when he deemed necessary.

1412:

At the urging of Cicero, the Senate inducted Octavian as senator on 1 January 43 BC, yet he also was given the power to vote alongside the former consuls. In addition, Octavian was granted

1276:. This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents by accusing them of having an inappropriate sexual affair. After landing at 2916:

Conquering the peoples of the Alps in 16 BC was another important victory for Rome, since it provided a large territorial buffer between the Roman citizens of Italy and Rome's enemies in

2044:

under the command of Agrippa. Agrippa cut off Antony and Cleopatra's main force from their supply routes at sea, while Octavian landed on the mainland opposite the island of Corcyra (modern

3709:). Commonly repeated lore has it that August has 31 days because Augustus wanted his month to match the length of Julius Caesar's July, but this is an invention of the 13th-century scholar 3106:, so named because he was born after Marcus Agrippa died. Shortly after the second settlement, Agrippa was granted a five-year term of administering the eastern half of the empire with the 2466:

not just in his provinces but throughout the empire. This desire, as well as the Marcus Primus affair, led to a second compromise between him and the Senate known as the second settlement.

2516:

The second settlement was completed in part to allay confusion and formalize Augustus's legal authority to intervene in senatorial provinces. The Senate granted Augustus a form of general

4276:

Ancient historians, however, often give him a rule of 56 years. None of them seem to agree on the exact start date, though, and often present errors or corruptions in their calculations.

1396:. Octavian meanwhile built up a private army in Italy by recruiting Caesarian veterans, and on 28 November he won over two of Antony's legions with the enticing offer of monetary gain. 2405:

By 23 BC, some of the un-republican implications were becoming apparent concerning the settlement of 27 BC. Augustus's retention of an annual consulate drew attention to his

4009:

somewhat high-soled, to make him look taller than he really was". Scientific analysis of traces of paint found in his official statues shows that he most likely had light brown hair.

3079:

that did not stir senatorial fears of monarchy. If someone was to succeed to Augustus's unofficial position of power, he would have to earn it through his own publicly proven merits.

2305:, which originally meant the member of the Senate with the highest precedence, but in this case it became an almost regnal title for a leader who was first in charge. The honorific 3137:

Tiberius shared in Augustus's tribune powers as of 6 BC but shortly thereafter went into retirement, reportedly wanting no further role in politics while he exiled himself to

3007: 3083:

preference for Marcus Agrippa, who was Augustus's second in charge and arguably the only one of his associates who could have controlled the legions and held the empire together.

3685:. The highly productive agricultural land of Egypt yielded enormous revenues that were available to Augustus and his successors to pay for public works and military expeditions. 2944:

River by 9 BC—though he died shortly after by falling off his horse. It was recorded that the pious Tiberius walked in front of his brother's body all the way back to Rome.

1640:, "Son of the Divine". Antony and Octavian then sent twenty-eight legions by sea to face the armies of Brutus and Cassius, who had built their base of power in Greece. After two 6936: 3276:

Augustus created a regime which maintained peace and prosperity in the Roman west and the Greek east for two centuries. Its dominance also laid the foundations of a concept of

3915:(translated as "Supervisors of Public Property") was put in charge of maintaining public buildings and temples of the state cult. Augustus created the senatorial group of the 5146: 2048:) and marched south. Trapped on land and sea, deserters of Antony's army fled to Octavian's side daily while Octavian's forces were comfortable enough to make preparations. 1890:

also returning 30,000 slaves to their former Roman owners—slaves who had fled to join Pompeius's army and navy. Octavian had the Senate grant him, his wife, and his sister

5052: 4053:

were gradual changes his images remained youthful until he died in his seventies, by which time they had "a distanced air of ageless majesty", according to the classicist

2040:

In early 31 BC, Antony and Cleopatra were temporarily stationed in Greece when Octavian gained a preliminary victory: the navy successfully ferried troops across the

1989:

as the site for a tomb for him and his queen. In late 32 BC, the Senate officially revoked Antony's powers as consul and declared war on Cleopatra's regime in Egypt.

8278: 3502:

Virgil and Horace praised Augustus as a defender of Rome, an upholder of moral justice, and an individual who bore the brunt of responsibility in maintaining the empire.

2585:

began to lose its prestige due to Augustus's amassing of tribunal powers, so he revived its importance by making it a mandatory appointment for any plebeian desiring the

1985:

and seized Antony's secret will, which he promptly publicized. The will would have given away Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms for his sons to rule and designated

970:"Commander-in-Chief Caesar". Octavian's early coins and inscriptions all refer to him simply as Gaius Caesar, but by 38 BC he had replaced "Gaius" with the victory title 12226: 3730:, Sextilis was renamed to honor Augustus because several of the most significant events in his rise to power, culminating in the fall of Alexandria, fell in that month. 1027:). Historians use this name to refer to him from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The name is sometimes given as "Augustus Caesar". Also included at times is the epithet 12675: 6175: 2520:, or proconsular imperium (power) that applied throughout the empire, not solely to his provinces. Moreover, the Senate augmented Augustus's proconsular imperium into 1547:. Their powers were made official by the Senate on 27 November. This explicit arrogation of special powers lasting five years was then legalised by law passed by the 8878: 8859: 3919:(translated as "Supervisors for Roads") for the upkeep of roads; this senatorial commission worked with local officials and contractors to organize regular repairs. 886:

on the latter's death in 44 BC, he took Caesar's nomen and cognomen. He was often distinguished by historians from his adoptive father by the addition "Octavianus" (

4815: 4784: 4738: 4687: 3377:. Historians are able to analyze excerpts of letters penned by Augustus, preserved in other works, to others for additional facts or clues about his personal life. 1773:

In the autumn of 40, Octavian and Antony approved the Treaty of Brundisium, by which Lepidus would remain in Africa, Antony in the East, Octavian in the West. The

1580:. Rewards for their arrest gave incentive for Romans to capture those proscribed, while the assets and properties of those arrested were seized by the triumvirs. 6536: 4459: 7431: 3505:

However, for his rule of Rome and establishing the principate, Augustus has also been subjected to criticism throughout the ages. The contemporary Roman jurist

2559: 583:. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members; Lepidus was exiled in 36 BC, and Antony was defeated by Octavian at the 13690: 1992: 1392:

With opinion in Rome turning against him and his year of consular power nearing its end, Antony attempted to pass laws that would assign him the province of

1284:, Octavian learned the contents of Caesar's will, and only then did he decide to become Caesar's political heir as well as heir to two-thirds of his estate. 2701:, the high priest of the college of the pontiffs, the most important position in Roman religion. On 5 February 2 BC, Augustus was also given the title 10367: 3625:. Caption: AVGVSTVS DIVI F. (The vertical slice, not part of the original design, was likely an old test cut to make sure the coin was solid rather than a 874:

referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, he merely said he was surprised that "using his old name was thought to be an insult".

17523: 6823: 4622: 3995: 2581:

morals of the state. However, this position did not extend to the censor's ability to hold a census and determine the Senate's roster. The office of the

3489:

of deities. In 28 BC, he melted down 80 silver statues erected in his likeness and in honor of him, an attempt of his to appear frugal and modest.

1723:

also was pillaged and burned as a warning for others. This bloody event sullied Octavian's reputation and was criticized by many, such as Augustan poet

1090:

Due to the crowded nature of Rome at the time, Octavian was taken to his father's home village at Velletri to be raised. Octavian mentions his father's

12208: 3086:

After the death of Marcellus in 23 BC, Augustus married his daughter to Agrippa. This union produced five children, three sons and two daughters:

4440: 2299:

was associated too strongly with notions of monarchy and kingship, an image that Octavian tried to avoid. The Senate also confirmed his position as

1287:

Upon his adoption, Octavian assumed his great-uncle's name Gaius Julius Caesar. Roman citizens adopted into a new family usually retained their old

13875: 12217: 12190: 9274: 4848: 2067:

on 2 September 31 BC. Antony and his remaining forces were spared by a last-ditch effort from Cleopatra's fleet that had been waiting nearby.

1820:

confront Pompeius alone, so an agreement was reached with the Second Triumvirate's extension for another five-year period beginning in 37 BC.

5083: 1981:

Octavian the information that he needed to confirm with the Senate all the accusations that he made against Antony. Octavian forcibly entered the

13305: 5105: 2933: 2600:

and tribunician authority for life. Traditionally, proconsuls (Roman province governors) lost their proconsular "imperium" when they crossed the

2161: 6912:, "For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for the re-establishment of the constitution. To the day of writing this I have been 4670: 3509:, fond of the days of pre-Augustan republican liberty in which he had been born, openly criticized the Augustan regime. In the beginning of his 1589:

enemies. Suetonius said that Octavian was reluctant to proscribe officials but did pursue his enemies with more vigor than the other triumvirs.

12280: 4717: 2624:

allowed him to take command of (or credit for) any major military victory. This meant that Augustus was the only individual able to receive a

1267:

to ascertain whether he had any potential political fortunes or security. Caesar had no living legitimate children under Roman law and so had

17647: 3130:, and marry Augustus's widowed daughter, Julia, as soon as a period of mourning for Agrippa had ended. Drusus's marriage to Augustus's niece 1839:

decorated with a statue of Neptune; before that galley adorned with aquila, sceptre & trident; MAG. PIVS IMP. ITER. Reverse, the monster

610:

After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward facade of the free republic, with governmental power vested in the

425: 2104:

that "two Caesars are one too many", ordering Caesarion killed while sparing Cleopatra's children by Antony, with the exception of Antony's

1676:

There was widespread dissatisfaction with Octavian over these settlements of his soldiers, and this encouraged many to rally at the side of

1435:

on 7 January, a date that he would later commemorate as the beginning of his public career. Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of

17652: 2843:. Syria (like Egypt after Antony) was governed by a high prefect of the equestrian class rather than by a proconsul or legate of Augustus. 1447:. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies. These victories earned him his first acclamation as 6779: 3380:

Many consider Augustus to be Rome's greatest emperor; his policies certainly extended the empire's life span and initiated the celebrated

1324:

made another bold move in 44 BC when, without official permission, he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's

1203:

reports that after that time, Caesar allowed the young man to share his carriage. When back in Rome, Caesar deposited a new will with the

12146: 4533:

Hammond, Mason (1957), "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire",

3788:

could be found in buildings of Rome before Augustus, but it was not extensively used as a building material until the reign of Augustus.

3530:

acknowledged Augustus as a benign, moderate ruler, yet like most other historians after the death of Augustus, Dio viewed Augustus as an

4879: 3947:

in Rome where Augustus preferred to stay whenever he became ill and which Maecenas left to him in his will in 8 BC. The great villa of

3173:

notes various contemporary sources that state Agrippa Postumus was a "vulgar young man, brutal and brutish, and of depraved character".

17622: 12343: 10552: 10538: 4227: 6928: 2620:

who were deputies of the princeps in the provinces. Moreover, if a battle was fought in a senatorial province, Augustus's proconsular

2608:, his wishes would usually be obeyed, but there might be some difficulty. To fill this power vacuum, the Senate voted that Augustus's 17642: 17538: 17533: 12271: 12253: 3795:

slums, which were still as rickety and fire-prone as ever, he did leave a mark on the monumental topography of the centre and of the

2320:, "Commander Caesar son of the deified one". With this title, he boasted his familial link to deified Julius Caesar, and the use of 1656:

and the province of Hispania were placed in the hands of Octavian. Antony traveled east to Egypt where he allied himself with Queen

17682: 12298: 10765: 6562: 4304: 3566: 2672:", and ended the crisis almost immediately. It was not until AD 8 that a food crisis of this sort prompted Augustus to establish a 1881:(head of the college of priests) but was ejected from the Triumvirate. His public career at an end, he effectively was exiled to a 1677: 1157:

in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavian. Because of this, Octavian was raised by his grandmother,

5632: 17513: 17508: 12949: 12705: 12557: 12431: 12325: 12316: 12307: 12289: 11290: 10670: 4264: 2715: 1146: 8954:

Smith, R. R. R. (1997). "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Early Fourth Century".

5044: 4538: 2132:

After Actium and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian was in a position to rule the entire republic under an unofficial

2059:. It was there that Antony's fleet faced the much larger fleet of smaller, more maneuverable ships under commanders Agrippa and 1733:, the son of Pompey and still a renegade general, following Julius Caesar's victory over his father, had established himself in 17518: 12454: 10691: 10581: 10530: 10513: 4300: 2991:') built to house the standards. Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east, but the real battlefront was along the 1770:

to meet her. Fulvia's death and the mutiny of their centurions allowed the two remaining triumvirs to effect a reconciliation.

1599: 8291: 2632:, Augustus's eldest stepson by Livia, was the only other general to receive a triumph—for victories in Germania in 7 BC. 1263:(15 March) 44 BC. He rejected the advice of some army officers to take refuge with the troops in Macedonia and sailed to 17617: 17498: 12964: 12084: 11952: 10656: 10605: 10601: 10593: 10282: 10222: 10200: 10149: 10021: 9977: 9955: 9933: 9912: 9815: 9759: 9650: 9626: 9576: 9550: 9521: 9442: 9419: 9376: 9355: 9335: 9311: 9284: 9264: 9244: 9224: 9205: 9145: 8938: 8913: 8794: 8222: 6695: 6158: 2419: 2414:

follow in his footsteps and eventually assume the principate in his turn, alienating his three greatest supporters: Agrippa,

1747: 1409:

lineage and aping of Julius Caesar's name, stating "we have no more brilliant example of traditional piety among our youth."

1158: 12117:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

10354: 8071: 6197: 3249: 3134:

was considered an unbreakable affair, whereas Vipsania was "only" the daughter of the late Agrippa from his first marriage.

2787:

was apparently prominent among all classes at Rome, and it is accorded divine sanction by Virgil's Jupiter in Book 1 of the

17717: 17612: 17528: 17503: 12992: 12334: 11297: 10699: 10674: 10648: 10613: 10597: 8891: 8872: 7631: 6888: 5030: 5026: 3336:. Consequently, there are many statues and busts of the first emperor. He had composed an account of his achievements, the 1240: 4900: 4828: 4797: 4751: 4700: 4475: 2766:

after a successful battle. Almost the entire fourth chapter in his publicly released memoirs of achievements known as the

1715:

Lucius and his army were spared because of his kinship with Antony, the strongman of the East, while Fulvia was exiled to

17627: 17493: 15273: 15061: 13911: 13842: 13741: 12491: 11920: 10631: 10349: 9025: 4978: 2548:. Now he decided to assume the full powers of the magistracy, renewed annually, in perpetuity. Legally, it was closed to 1680:, who was brother of Mark Antony and supported by a majority in the Senate. Meanwhile, Octavian asked for a divorce from 1595: 1071: 634:. A similar ambiguity is seen in his chosen names, the implied rejection of monarchical titles whereby he called himself 287: 8651: 6638: 6533: 17657: 17482: 16243: 15959: 14827: 14087: 14061: 13706: 13332: 13113: 12262: 10718: 10260: 10241: 9999: 9878: 5140: 4959: 4104: 3990: 3658:

sold at auction, and a 5% tax on the inheritance of estates valued at over 100,000 sesterces by persons other than the

3442:, donating 170 million sesterces to the new military treasury that provided for both active and retired soldiers. 2215: 2117: 10383: 6804:

8, "With Antony alone for nearly twelve years, and finally by himself for forty-four." 56 years in total (from 43 BC).

1304: 900: 12794: 12235: 12181: 10577: 9597: 9464: 9397: 7424: 4194: 3292:

became the permanent titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire for fourteen centuries after his death, in use both at

2422:(who had fought against Julius Caesar and supported Cassius and Brutus) as co-consul in 23 BC, after his choice 953: 828: 774: 7565: 4655: 2800:

By the end of his reign, the armies of Augustus had conquered northern Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal) and the

2576:

With the powers of a censor, Augustus appealed to virtues of Roman patriotism by banning all attire but the classic

17687: 17548: 14000: 12352: 10703: 9534:

Die 'Epistulae ad familiares' des Kaisers Augustus. Studien zur Textgeschichte in der Antike, Edition und Kommentar

9235: 9043: 7159:

Women, children, and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A study of Augustus's vision of a new world order in 13 BC

3389: 2157: 1062:, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-east of the city. He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the 10339: 9140:, vol. 3, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–99, 6909: 5283: 4503:

Levick, Barbara (2009). "Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors". In Griffin, Miriam (ed.).

17677: 17662: 17637: 16735: 14006: 13711: 12361: 12139: 11886: 11869: 11696: 11684: 10617: 10585: 10467: 10304: 8500: 5125: 4099: 3880:

was built before his death to house members of his family. To celebrate his victory at the Battle of Actium, the

3233: 1917: 1628:

18 BC. Obverse: CAESAR AVGVSTVS; reverse: comet of eight rays with tail upward; DIVVS IVLIV (DIVINE JULIUS).

1426: 1095: 9459:. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 33. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. 9350:, Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World, vol. 13, Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press, 6729:"Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire" 6588: 3546:

writes of his avoidance of criticizing Augustus, "perhaps Augustus was too sacred a figure to accuse directly."

3361:

is the only work to have survived from antiquity, though Augustus is also known to have composed poems entitled

16785: 16512: 16368: 13970: 13885: 13310: 12959: 12481: 11857: 11649: 11611: 11571: 11538: 6530: 6502: 3031: 3019: 2411: 1962: 1307:). However, though some of his contemporaries did, there is no evidence that Octavian officially used the name 1256: 675: 549: 10060:

Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (1972). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna".

9101: 4614: 3561:, criticized Augustus for installing tyranny over Rome, and likened what he believed Great Britain's virtuous 3526:(r. 96–98) successfully "mingled two formerly alien ideas, principate and liberty". The 3rd-century historian 3519:

asserts that through the centuries, judgments on Augustus's reign have oscillated between these two extremes.

3421:

for the Roman Empire, fixed at a size of 28 legions of about 170,000 soldiers. This was supported by numerous

1664:. Lepidus was left with the province of Africa, stymied by Antony, who conceded Hispania to Octavian instead. 870:") was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival 17722: 17081: 16871: 16803: 16668: 16535: 16445: 16258: 14376: 13975: 12615: 12072: 11898: 11725: 11691: 11655: 11544: 10350:

The Via Iulia Augusta: road built by the Romans; constructed on the orders of Augustus between the 13–12 B.C.

8681: 8085: 7458: 6858: 6669: 4308: 3941:

on the Palatine which he made into a palace after buying it in 41/40 BC. He had other residences such as the

3238: 2487:

prerogative under the constitutional settlement of 27 BC and its aftermath—i.e., before Augustus was granted

1401: 8490: 7454: 7450: 4844: 4453: 4288: 3288:

down to their dissolutions in 1453 and 1806, respectively. Both his adoptive surname, Caesar, and his title

1632:

On 1 January 42 BC, the Senate posthumously recognized Julius Caesar as a divinity of the Roman state,

1584:

Octavian tried to avoid proscribing officials whereas Lepidus and Antony were to blame for initiating them.

17702: 16653: 16590: 15873: 13792: 13273: 12750: 11713: 10758: 10344: 4936: 4905: 3896: 2483: 2423: 2234:. Moreover, command of these provinces provided Octavian with control over the majority of Rome's legions. 2089: 1843:, her torso of dogs and fish tails, wielding a rudder as a club. Caption: PRAEF CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX S. C. 1743: 1231:. On 15 March 44 BC, Octavian's adoptive father Julius Caesar was assassinated by a conspiracy led by 1106:. His grandfather had served in several local political offices. His father, also named Octavius, had been 440: 185: 3745:

was united administratively and politically under the same name. Due to this act, Augustus was called the

3156: 17707: 17632: 17014: 16123: 16035: 15520: 15297: 15288: 13965: 13559: 13549: 13354: 13048: 12800: 12743: 12630: 12424: 11794: 11473: 10939: 9075: 3885: 3393: 2755: 2751: 2239: 2121: 1835:, minted for his victory over Octavian's fleet. Obverse: the place where he defeated Octavian, Pharus of 522: 3565:

to Rome's moral Republic of the 2nd century BC. In his criticism of Augustus, the admiral and historian

3184: 1141:

His father died in 59 BC when Octavian was four years old. His mother married a former governor of

17667: 16843: 16176: 15913: 15740: 15672: 14254: 13782: 13534: 13444: 13344: 12954: 12923: 12907: 12635: 12132: 12104: 12060: 12038: 11989: 11876: 11667: 11436: 10778: 9987: 9136:

Bivar, A. D. H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.),

9039: 5075: 4650: 4114: 4109: 3845: 3582: 3417:, Rome's fire brigade and police. With Rome's civil wars at an end, Augustus was also able to create a 2813: 2494: 2247: 2127: 2013: 1681: 1111: 171: 17: 10182: 9592:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–90. 9437:. Hellenistic Culture and Society. Berkeley, CA; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 3589:

ruler, "a bloodthirsty vindicative usurper", "wicked and worthless", "a mean spirit", and a "tyrant".

3114:

granted to Augustus (although not trumping Augustus's authority), his seat of governance stationed at

2397: 1421:(commanding power) which legalized his command of troops, sending him to relieve the siege along with 17364: 15135: 13753: 13658: 13539: 12984: 12897: 12836: 12499: 12011: 11979: 11804: 10984: 10743: 10725: 9057: 4680: 3428:

With his finances securing the maintenance of roads throughout Italy, Augustus installed an official

3035: 3000: 2685:

In 19 BC, the Senate granted Augustus a form of "general consular imperium", which was probably

2342: 1115: 651: 306: 42: 38: 10328: 1652:

After Philippi, a new territorial arrangement was made among the members of the Second Triumvirate.

1645:

both victories, Antony branded Octavian as a coward for handing over his direct military control to

15209: 14980: 14842: 13960: 13870: 13648: 13633: 13554: 13495: 13239: 13232: 12902: 12831: 12527: 12021: 11974: 11521: 11168: 10509: 10386:

17 March 2022) – article about Augustus at Garrett G. Fagan's online encyclopedia of Roman emperors

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was established by Augustus in 7 BC with the Latin name "Italia". This was the first time that the

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limits; even those that nominally had time limits were automatically renewed whenever they lapsed.

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son and heir; as a result, he inherited Caesar's name, estate, and the loyalty of his legions. He,

553: 396: 384: 13982: 10176: 17697: 17672: 17049: 16964: 16941: 15258: 15120: 15057: 14846: 14646: 14462: 13931: 13683: 13663: 13643: 13571: 13464: 13400: 11829: 11809: 11583: 11463: 10751: 10499: 10487: 9008: 8807: 7561: 7428: 6905: 6618:

gives 13 January, the very same date in which the Senate powers were "restored". The 3rd century

4058: 4041: 3562: 3338: 3243: 2980: 2972: 2825: 2821: 2768: 1974: 1689: 1560: 1467: 1188: 1079: 667: 77: 10360: 10318: 6861:. "Forty-four years lacking thirteen days." Dio is one of the few writers that reckons from the 3974:

as a summer residence early in his reign. The family home of Augustus was probably the villa at

3713:. Sextilis in fact had 31 days before it was renamed, and it was not chosen for its length (see 3641: 2540:) for life, though not the official title of tribune. For some years, Augustus had been awarded 17553: 17543: 17091: 17070: 16989: 15903: 15763: 15373: 15007: 14967: 14761: 14703: 14587: 14391: 14054: 13726: 13653: 13132: 13106: 13079: 13012: 12763: 12729: 12692: 12417: 12397: 12199: 12099: 12078: 11984: 10774: 10660: 10627: 10442: 10429: 10407: 9107: 9089: 9067: 9049: 9013: 6818: 6775: 3881: 3710: 3506: 3070:

Augustus in a late 16th-century copper engraving by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri. From the book

1577: 1236: 1191:

but gave way when his mother protested. In 46 BC, she consented for him to join Caesar in

1049: 274: 3673:

were infamous for their depredations, great private wealth, and the right to tax local areas.

2144:

of authority his position demanded that he look to the well-being of the city of Rome and the

1010:

On 16 January 27 BC, partly on his own insistence, the Roman Senate granted him the honorific

17602: 17563: 17039: 17004: 16984: 16974: 16936: 15536: 15440: 14794: 13936: 13390: 13385: 12592: 12542: 12469: 12033: 12028: 12004: 11999: 11915: 11752: 11740: 11511: 11136: 10681: 10638: 10563: 10520: 10478: 9636: 6813: 4066: 4049: 3967: 3891: 3877: 3606: 3455: 3373:, an autobiography of 13 books, a philosophical treatise, and a written rebuttal to Brutus's 3258: 3209: 3189: 3161: 2957: 2854:, a successful military commander under Augustus who was designated as his heir and successor 2563: 2211: 1955: 1173: 156: 4040:

His official images were very tightly controlled and idealized, drawing from a tradition of

1903:, in order to ensure his own safety and that of Livia and Octavia once he returned to Rome. 1002:("son of the divine Julius") was included, alluding to Julius Caesar's deification in 42 BC. 17558: 17064: 17019: 16392: 16020: 15955: 15808: 15803: 15510: 15505: 15358: 14784: 14572: 14451: 13906: 13830: 13544: 13449: 13337: 13053: 12582: 12562: 12474: 12244: 12016: 11964: 11824: 11799: 11764: 11679: 11593: 11443: 11274: 9586:

Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.).

9021: 6687: 4864: 3873: 3857: 3221: 3055: 2930: 2909: 2905: 2545: 2533: 1925: 1891: 1867:. Sextus fled to the east with his remaining forces, where he was captured and executed in 1573: 1232: 1184: 622:, yet he maintained autocratic authority by having the Senate grant him lifetime tenure as 3212:. It was proclaimed that Augustus joined the company of the gods as a member of the Roman 3196:

Augustus's famous last words were, "Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit" (

2866:

was killed by an avenging widow of a slain prince from Homonada. The rebellious tribes of

1220: 8: 17692: 17054: 17029: 16994: 16931: 16306: 16281: 15485: 15480: 14904: 14335: 13765: 13521: 13485: 12620: 12605: 12547: 12537: 12532: 11947: 11932: 11910: 11845: 11834: 11789: 11735: 11225: 11163: 11126: 9621:. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 4675: 4260: 3943: 3213: 3099: 2733: 2499: 1864: 1847:

In supporting Octavian, Antony expected to gain support for his own campaign against the

1801: 1778: 1248: 1200: 1169: 1150: 494: 418: 8214:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

6559: 4869: 2258: 1498:(left) and Octavian (right), issued in 41 BC to celebrate the establishment of the 1404:, one of Caesar's assassins, who now refused to yield to Antony. Antony besieged him at 17607: 17344: 17331: 16908: 15918: 15490: 15465: 14532: 14307: 13992: 13244: 13214: 12857: 12600: 12572: 12552: 12522: 12517: 11994: 11937: 11881: 11863: 11852: 11814: 11784: 11662: 11380: 11284: 11034: 11003: 10996: 10125: 10117: 10085: 10077: 10048: 9837: 9789: 9735: 9706: 9677: 9500: 9431: 9407: 9254: 9180: 9080: 8979: 8971: 8267: 7624: 6879: 6827: 6749: 6189: 5628: 5019: 4429: 4369: 3682: 3425:

units of 500 non-citizen soldiers each, often recruited from recently conquered areas.

3409: 3332:

continued until the state religion of the empire was changed to Christianity in 391 by

3277: 3127: 2999:

rivers. Before the final fight with Antony, Octavian's campaigns against the tribes in

2863: 2674: 2649: 2628:, a tradition that began with Romulus, Rome's first king and first triumphant general. 2093: 1894: 1641: 1544: 1499: 1444: 1364: 1340:. By June, he had gathered an army of 3,000 loyal veterans, paying each a bonus of 500 1228: 623: 600: 569: 565: 401: 325: 10373: 9805: 5074:

Weisberger, Mindy; September 2, Senior Writer |; ET, 2018 08:11am (2 September 2018).

4372:

such descriptions of color are hard to judge and may mean brown rather than black hair

4295:

in 28 BC. However, he also states that Augustus "added five years to his own terms as

4139:

The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the

2203: 72: 17597: 17399: 17378: 17272: 17239: 16951: 16286: 15908: 15788: 15410: 15338: 14996: 14799: 14789: 14721: 14047: 14027: 13759: 13612: 13607: 13480: 13434: 13429: 13422: 13370: 13298: 13099: 13002: 12852: 12711: 12657: 12647: 12459: 11959: 11905: 11746: 11644: 11619: 11468: 11330: 11066: 11051: 10929: 10897: 10278: 10256: 10237: 10218: 10196: 10145: 10129: 10089: 10017: 9995: 9992:

The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 476

9973: 9951: 9929: 9908: 9874: 9811: 9755: 9739: 9710: 9646: 9640: 9622: 9603: 9593: 9572: 9546: 9517: 9460: 9438: 9415: 9393: 9372: 9351: 9344:

Eder, Walter (2005), "Augustus and the Power of Tradition", in Galinsky, Karl (ed.),

9331: 9307: 9280: 9260: 9240: 9220: 9201: 9141: 8983: 8934: 8909: 8790: 8259: 8218: 6691: 6605: 6154: 5099: 4433: 4421: 4045: 4021: 3869: 3861: 3853: 3742: 3650: 3438: 3285: 3255: 2984: 2976: 1852: 1774: 1724: 1708: 1552: 1288: 1134: 596: 592: 498: 204: 6193: 1121: 17712: 17578: 17405: 17233: 16999: 16753: 16336: 15633: 15529: 15470: 14894: 14874: 13824: 13529: 13395: 13380: 13268: 13227: 13205: 13194: 13158: 12997: 12787: 12652: 12610: 12577: 12155: 12089: 12066: 11969: 11942: 11927: 11893: 11819: 11779: 11769: 11494: 11421: 11391: 11254: 11209: 11204: 11076: 10171: 10109: 10069: 10040: 9781: 9727: 9698: 9669: 9538: 9492: 9299: 9172: 9085: 8963: 8841: 8814: 8251: 6914: 6862: 6831: 6800: 6741: 6683: 6679: 6181: 4413: 4256: 4071: 4012: 3923: 3849: 3837: 3812: 3618: 3597: 3539: 3511: 3459: 3446: 3281: 3270: 3103: 2988: 2908:, with depiction of a "Temple of Augustus" ("Templum Augusti"): an illustration of 2745: 2568: 2301: 2275: 2064: 1966: 1942: 1937: 1877: 1440: 1103: 1099: 1011: 918: 793: 742: 707: 703: 644: 619: 615: 584: 435: 389: 331: 229: 31: 9259:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press, 6673: 3900: 3767: 2820:(modern Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, etc.), and had extended the borders of 1823: 1054:

He was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. His paternal family was from the

493:

from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an

17350: 17320: 17279: 17215: 16959: 16889: 16759: 16098: 15753: 15475: 14869: 14507: 14475: 14314: 13808: 13459: 13439: 13417: 13293: 13058: 12816: 12662: 12625: 11730: 11720: 11629: 11416: 11324: 11312: 11306: 11158: 10979: 10949: 10892: 10872: 9921: 9866: 9616: 9587: 9387: 9364: 9345: 8751: 8212: 7435: 6854: 6615: 6610: 6571: 6566: 6540: 4852: 4144: 4029: 3975: 3762: 3714: 3610: 3570: 3516: 3499: 3486: 3351: 2948: 2925: 2875: 2840: 2833: 2033: 2009: 1997: 1982: 1848: 1832: 1805: 1751: 1316: 724: 695: 687: 447: 212: 15056: 6884: 4464: 4462: 3538:(AD 39–65) was of the opinion that Caesar's victory over Pompey and the fall of 1461:

and refused to aid any further offensive against Antony. In July, an embassy of

1070:. In his childhood, he received the cognomen "Thurinus", possibly commemorating 17446: 17244: 17205: 16923: 16879: 16748: 15832: 15758: 15588: 15460: 15420: 15168: 15020: 14985: 14975: 14909: 14864: 14746: 14741: 14321: 14300: 14266: 13901: 13716: 13584: 13516: 13490: 13375: 13257: 13165: 13017: 12877: 12826: 12780: 12642: 11624: 11588: 11533: 11426: 11349: 11247: 11241: 11173: 11153: 10907: 10867: 10589: 10393: 10323: 10210: 10137: 10097: 10031:

Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1970). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain".

10009: 9452: 8217:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The American Philosophical Society. p. 375. 8208: 6771: 6514: 5076:"Think Politics Today Is Ugly? Politicians in Ancient Rome Were Insulting, Too" 4722: 4713: 4299:, since his ten-year period was about to expire (this was in the consulship of 4201:

by Cleopatra was not recognized by Roman law and was not mentioned in his will.

4140: 4085: 4054: 3959: 3865: 3796: 3702: 3622: 3554: 3445:

One of the most enduring institutions of Augustus was the establishment of the

3297: 3170: 3095: 2901: 2783:—"Roman, remember to rule the Earth's peoples with authority!" The impulse for 2415: 2145: 2082: 2070: 1790: 1393: 1107: 1019: 891: 862: 842: 580: 573: 561: 478: 413: 354: 13638: 9731: 9702: 9455:(2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). 9031: 8819: 6185: 4946: 4915: 3458:

who disbanded them in the early 4th century and destroyed their barracks, the

2883: 2644: 2572:, Roman artwork of the late Augustan period, last decade of the 1st century BC 1487: 17591: 17125: 17024: 16856: 16826: 16502: 16357: 16214: 16083: 15923: 15898: 15848: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15435: 15242: 15173: 15163: 15025: 14779: 14527: 14470: 14423: 14260: 14219: 13987: 13818: 13747: 13263: 13222: 13187: 12440: 12370: 12094: 12054: 11598: 11406: 11214: 10471: 9965: 9943: 9769: 9564: 9560: 9193: 9124: 8263: 6723: 4874: 4425: 4359:

Dio reports this under 13 BC, probably as the year in which Lepidus died

4148: 3948: 3937: 3543: 3470: 3418: 3131: 3091: 3066: 3023: 2897: 2889: 2703: 2678:, a permanent prefect who was in charge of procuring food supplies for Rome. 2657: 2625: 2326:

signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory. He transformed

2101: 2025: 2005: 1970: 1912: 1899: 1730: 1636:. Octavian was able to further his cause by emphasizing the fact that he was 1422: 1417: 1260: 1204: 1130: 1063: 1035: 982:

signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory. He transformed

912: 883: 699: 545: 490: 430: 379: 292: 223: 86: 13941: 4242:

estimates that 300 senators were proscribed, while his earlier contemporary

4017: 3542:(95 BC–46 BC) marked the end of traditional liberty in Rome; historian 2291:, the previous one which he styled for himself in reference to the story of 1808:; the blockade on Italy was lifted once Octavian granted Pompeius Sardinia, 17210: 17044: 17034: 17009: 16861: 16811: 16770: 16496: 16408: 16296: 16209: 16189: 16108: 16073: 16068: 15954: 15893: 15603: 15425: 15415: 15378: 15333: 15247: 15237: 15227: 15143: 14859: 14736: 14545: 14486: 14346: 14293: 14198: 13814: 13412: 13407: 13349: 13285: 13251: 12862: 12172: 11839: 11634: 11566: 11561: 11551: 11374: 11236: 10877: 10556: 10542: 10379: 10277:. Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 10159: 9747: 9569:

Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate

9198:

Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate

5045:"In ancient Rome, political discourse was sometimes like an internet fight" 4385: 4080: 4076: 3474: 3397: 3333: 3160:

The deified Augustus hovers over Tiberius and other Julio-Claudians in the

3087: 2952: 2837: 2784: 2553: 2442: 2356: 2137: 2060: 2055:

on the western coast of Greece in a desperate attempt to break free of the

2041: 1886: 1697: 1564: 1508:", meaning "One of Three Men for the regulation of the Republic". Caption: 1154: 896: 683: 631: 611: 536: 521:

system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the

486: 408: 358: 319: 217: 122: 9607: 9542: 9303: 6180:. Papers of the British School at Rome. Vol. 76. pp. 35, 42–44. 4417: 2437: 1931: 1875:

Lepidus surrendered to Octavian and was permitted to retain the office of

17314: 17259: 17110: 17059: 16979: 16851: 16743: 16725: 16683: 16594: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16429: 16413: 16386: 16351: 16341: 16276: 16229: 16219: 16204: 16194: 16141: 16103: 16078: 16058: 16048: 15814: 15798: 15773: 15768: 15568: 15495: 15405: 15388: 15343: 15318: 15252: 15232: 15217: 15199: 14929: 14924: 14731: 14558: 14538: 14352: 14286: 14277: 14161: 13617: 13599: 13454: 13180: 13038: 12821: 12757: 12509: 12464: 11703: 11578: 11528: 11453: 11027: 10974: 10917: 10573: 10270: 10175: 9900: 9888: 9825: 9801: 9642:

From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68

9097: 8082: 6849: 4645: 4285: 4160: 3738: 3666: 3659: 3586: 3574: 3550: 3527: 2964: 2951:, Augustus relied on the client states of the east to act as territorial 2846: 2829: 2720: 2653: 2365: 2223: 2180:, which he himself emphasized as the foundation of his political actions. 2097: 1813: 1585: 1495: 1381: 1264: 1142: 1067: 1029: 992: 871: 691: 604: 557: 250: 132: 9532: 8906:

The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present

2862:(part of modern Turkey) was converted to a Roman province shortly after 2760:

By AD 13, Augustus boasted 21 occasions where his troops proclaimed him

2185:

currency issued in 16 BC, after he donated vast amounts of money to the

17431: 17385: 17338: 17293: 17265: 17086: 16969: 16894: 16821: 16710: 16525: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16435: 16423: 16403: 16376: 16346: 16326: 16271: 16224: 16199: 16131: 16093: 16063: 16053: 15793: 15593: 15583: 15353: 15348: 15313: 15222: 15194: 15015: 14919: 14914: 14899: 14884: 14692: 14686: 14600: 14328: 14146: 14083: 13880: 13589: 13579: 13033: 12867: 12699: 11759: 11674: 11639: 11604: 11516: 11431: 11191: 11184: 11131: 11111: 11056: 11021: 11014: 10959: 10924: 10787: 9841: 9829: 9793: 9681: 9504: 9330:, translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 9321: 9062: 6753: 6728: 6619: 6585: 4883:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 912. 4840: 3614: 3602: 3577:(1689–1755) both remarked that Augustus was a coward in battle. In his 3465: 3401: 3146: 3119: 3047: 2724: 2532:

During the second settlement, Augustus was also granted the power of a

2509: 2447: 2331: 2219: 2168: 2133: 2024:, similar in appearance to the now-lost statue of Cleopatra erected by 1986: 1352: 1320: 1273: 990:, into a new family line that began with him. Occasionally the epithet 987: 690:

through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed

518: 504: 10773: 10121: 10081: 10052: 9184: 8975: 8271: 8239: 4545: 3982:. This was the location where he died and where his father also died. 3626: 2231: 1137:

on the reverse of the coin. Caption: CAESAR IMP. M. / L. AEMILIVS BVCA

723:, Livia's son and former husband of Augustus's only biological child, 682:. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of 17371: 17286: 17249: 17175: 17169: 17096: 17076: 16793: 16775: 16720: 16700: 16563: 16398: 16381: 16331: 16184: 16151: 16146: 16088: 15887: 15708: 15661: 15613: 15573: 15550: 15323: 15189: 15158: 14812: 14726: 14552: 14433: 14170: 13511: 13173: 13043: 13007: 12928: 11506: 11458: 11368: 11355: 11142: 11071: 11044: 11039: 11008: 10954: 10902: 10837: 10832: 9165:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

8068: 6836: 6795: 6545:

VII K(alendas) Febr(uarias) eo dis appellatus est supplicatio Augusto

4198: 4062: 4002: 3971: 3911:

In the late Augustan era, the commission of five senators called the

3802: 3774: 3758: 3727: 3646: 3531: 3451: 3432:

system of relay stations overseen by a military officer known as the

2968: 2937: 2879: 2871: 2762: 2322: 2017: 1661: 1657: 1548: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1332: 1325: 1083: 978: 972: 847: 588: 512: 257: 12124: 10389: 9785: 9673: 9496: 9433:

Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age

9325: 6745: 4404:

Luke, Trevor (2015). "Cultivating the memory of Octavius Thurinus".

3927:

transforming the appearance of Rome upon the classical Greek model.

3825:

visually augmented the written record of Augustus's triumphs in the

1331:

Octavian began to bolster his personal forces with Caesar's veteran

17441: 17436: 17425: 17392: 17307: 17300: 17254: 17226: 17220: 17185: 17148: 17143: 17138: 16765: 16705: 16548: 16520: 16113: 16043: 15855: 15841: 15821: 15783: 15695: 15640: 15598: 15430: 15400: 15363: 15308: 15153: 15030: 14935: 14879: 14774: 14681: 14675: 14664: 14630: 14514: 14500: 14493: 14480: 14444: 14184: 13836: 13152: 12892: 12736: 12567: 11774: 11556: 11448: 11401: 11361: 11343: 11263: 11198: 11178: 11148: 11121: 11116: 11101: 11091: 11061: 10969: 10964: 10912: 10887: 10882: 10847: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10735: 10452: 10113: 10073: 10044: 9176: 8967: 8255: 6766: 3952: 3698: 3670: 3246:

bottom left and the emperor Augustus in the bottom right, from the

3208:. Augustus's body was coffin-bound and cremated on a pyre close to 3051: 3043: 3039: 3015: 2917: 2867: 2851: 2817: 2629: 2601: 2475: 2462: 2452: 2273:

On 16 January 27 BC the Senate gave Octavian the new title of

2187: 2056: 1828: 1763: 1738: 1621: 1590: 1414: 1341: 1337: 1292: 1281: 1192: 1126: 1094:

family only briefly in his memoirs. His paternal great-grandfather

1059: 851: 720: 679: 671: 655: 637: 533: 517:) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The 235: 107: 61: 30:

This article is about the first Roman emperor. For other uses, see

9030:. Translated by Clayton M. Hall. Classical Reprint. Archived from 8102: 7772: 5289: 4025: 2963:

Arguably his greatest diplomatic achievement was negotiating with

1804:". A temporary peace agreement was reached in 39 BC with the 1703: 568:

to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the

17418: 17357: 17200: 16884: 16695: 16689: 16677: 16558: 16553: 16490: 16469: 16314: 16266: 16166: 16156: 15881: 15778: 15748: 15730: 15719: 15702: 15654: 15647: 15578: 15500: 15148: 14956: 14942: 14854: 14805: 14711: 14654: 14605: 14438: 14428: 14408: 14341: 14191: 14070: 12379: 11708: 11411: 11318: 11231: 11086: 10862: 10495: 9718:

Shotter, D. C. A. (1966). "Tiberius and the Spirit of Augustus".

9660:

Scott, Kenneth (1933). "The Political Propaganda of 44–30 B.C.".

9276:

Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography

7066: 7064: 5566: 4006: 3830: 3792: 3634: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3265: 2940:. Both campaigns were successful, as Drusus's forces reached the 2893: 2859: 2809: 2694: 2617: 2596:

within the city of Rome in addition to being granted proconsular

2586: 2292: 2243: 2227: 2001: 1868: 1856: 1836: 1809: 1720: 1693: 1540: 1471: 1252: 1091: 711: 659: 627: 529: 269: 14082: 12409: 10193:

Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire

8727: 8425: 3868:, or funded by him in the name of others, often relations (e.g. 3573:(1599–1658). Thomas Gordon and the French political philosopher 1543:

in October 43 BC, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the

903:. There is no evidence that Augustus did this himself, although 17325: 17195: 16832: 16715: 16320: 16291: 16161: 16136: 15928: 15862: 15688: 15681: 15608: 15563: 15557: 15383: 15303: 14889: 14716: 14669: 14623: 14595: 14521: 14399: 14358: 14240: 14205: 14177: 11480: 11337: 11219: 10991: 10857: 8767: 6874: 5276: 5118: 4868: 4239: 3816: 3808: 3785: 3343: 3310: 3204: 3138: 2996: 2921: 2805: 2789: 2776: 2690: 2479: 2401:

Portraits of Augustus show the emperor with idealized features.

2346: 2262: 2074: 2052: 1840: 1734: 1716: 1685: 1660:, the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of Caesar's son 1605: 1556: 1491: 1431: 1405: 1377: 1277: 1196: 1075: 1055: 904: 867: 663: 9200:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 380–394. 9158:(Reprinted with corrections ed.), Oxford University Press 8580: 8578: 8119: 8117: 7061: 5460: 5353: 4772: 3701:(named so because it had been the sixth month of the original 2967:

of Parthia (37–2 BC) in 20 BC for the return of the

1816:, and ensured him a future position as consul for 35 BC. 1172:

in 47 BC. The following year he was put in charge of the

895:) after the name, denoting that he was a former member of the 17411: 17190: 17180: 17158: 16816: 15725: 15713: 15626: 15543: 15394: 15328: 14990: 14659: 14617: 14611: 14403: 14362: 14233: 14226: 14212: 13787: 11081: 10852: 10842: 10822: 9689:

Shaw-Smith, R. (1971). "A Letter from Augustus to Tiberius".

8739: 8191: 8189: 8038: 8002: 7880: 7832: 4803: 4215: 4033: 3963: 3955:

near Naples was beqeathed (probably forced) to him in 15 BC.

3888:, and widened in 19 BC to include a triple-arch design. 3535: 3523: 3478: 3115: 2992: 2878:, and the territory fell under the provinces of Hispania and 2370: 2045: 2021: 1882: 1755: 1187:, Octavian wished to join Caesar's staff for his campaign in 745: 719:

poisoned him. He was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son

716: 192: 9129:

Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire

8933:. British Museum Publications. pp. 1, 18, 25 (quoted). 8787:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe

8149: 8147: 8134: 8132: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7408: 7406: 7404: 6704: 5221: 5219: 3860:. Other projects were either encouraged by him, such as the 3559:

Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome

3074:(1583), preserved in the Municipal Library of Trento (Italy) 3050:

took advantage of a Cherusci civil war between Arminius and

2198:

Octavian as a magistrate. The statue's marble head was made

1168:("toga of manhood") four years later and was elected to the 643:('First Citizen') juxtaposed with his adoption of the title 17163: 17153: 16543: 16418: 15619: 14949: 14769: 14751: 14636: 14418: 14413: 14247: 14039: 13091: 10827: 10817: 9192:

Bowersock, G. W. (1990). "The Pontificate of Augustus". In

8575: 8461: 8415: 8413: 8386: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8159: 8114: 7924: 7922: 7784: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7712: 7678: 7676: 7379: 7377: 7311: 7256: 7254: 7239: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7164: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6556: 6465: 6463: 6423: 6421: 6408: 6406: 6367: 6355: 6289: 6287: 6236: 6094: 6070: 6036: 6034: 6019: 5995: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5956: 5934: 5932: 5907: 5905: 4243: 4057:. Among the best known of many surviving portraits are the 3979: 3316: 3293: 3177: 2941: 2801: 2577: 2295:, which symbolized a second founding of Rome. The title of 1653: 1163: 942: 939: 933: 817: 814: 808: 763: 650:

Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt,

144: 128: 9926:

The First Emperor: Caesar Augustus and the Triumph of Rome

9907:, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert, London: Penguin Books, 8847: 8617: 8565: 8563: 8186: 8176: 8174: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7286: 7284: 7271: 7269: 6519:

c(omitialis) Imp(erator) Caesar ppelltus ipso VII et Agrip

6333: 6331: 5875: 5873: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5772: 5696: 5694: 5669: 5667: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5583: 5581: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5418: 5416: 5377: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 3985: 2502:, holding a scepter and orb (first half of 1st century AD) 1616: 1504: 1247:

Octavian was studying and undergoing military training in

921: 796: 15368: 9571:. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press. 9153: 8703: 8607: 8605: 8297: 8144: 8129: 8026: 7970: 7892: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7606: 7570: 7541: 7401: 7039: 7037: 6649: 6574:

Populo provinciae redditae. Octaviano Augusti nomen datum

6379: 6318: 6316: 6314: 5711: 5709: 5679: 5341: 5216: 5192: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4391: 3665:

An equally important reform was the abolition of private

2359:

in 27 BC, is one of the oldest preserved arches in Italy.

1750:. Scribonia gave birth to Octavian's only natural child, 754: 751: 16589: 9563:; Samons, L. J. II (1993). "Opposition to Augustus". In 8785:

Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1996).

8693: 8691: 8689: 8410: 8398: 8357: 8345: 8333: 7946: 7934: 7919: 7753: 7724: 7700: 7688: 7673: 7661: 7649: 7637: 7464: 7389: 7374: 7323: 7251: 7210: 7119: 7010: 6987: 6460: 6433: 6418: 6403: 6391: 6343: 6284: 6272: 6248: 6224: 6212: 6118: 6082: 6058: 6031: 6007: 5968: 5944: 5929: 5917: 5902: 4595: 3697:) is named after Augustus; until his time it was called 3569:(1658–1741) compared Augustus to the puritanical tyrant 2858:

Again, no military effort was needed in 25 BC when

2202:

30–20 BC, the body sculpted in the 2nd century AD (

1470:

as co-consul. Meanwhile, Antony formed an alliance with

1372:

funeral, mounting public opinion against the assassins.

9154:

Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003) ,

8560: 8548: 8506: 8309: 8171: 8014: 7992: 7990: 7909: 7907: 7808: 7531: 7529: 7497: 7301: 7299: 7281: 7266: 7200: 7198: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7022: 6963: 6450: 6448: 6328: 6299: 5870: 5858: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5811: 5784: 5760: 5691: 5664: 5647: 5605: 5578: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5525: 5513: 5472: 5450: 5448: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5413: 5401: 5313: 5236: 5234: 5173: 5073: 4926: 4924: 4762: 4760: 4576: 4557: 3807:(Altar of Peace) and monumental sundial, whose central 3473:

in an Egyptian-style depiction, a stone carving of the

1466:

August 43 BC was elected consul with his relative

603:

during Octavian's invasion of Egypt, which then became

473:; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as 10340:

Works by and about Augustus at Perseus Digital Library

8629: 8602: 8590: 8538: 8536: 8523: 8521: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8449: 8374: 7844: 7796: 7736: 7594: 7514: 7362: 7340: 7338: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7153: 7151: 7034: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6311: 6106: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5726: 5724: 5706: 5204: 4984: 4481: 4341:

Officers acted on the orders of Marcellus and Augustus

3390:

be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan

2924:

dedicated an ode to the victory, while the monumental

1319:

in the Middle East. This amounted to 700 million

9772:(1952). "The Perfect Democracy of the Roman Empire". 8715: 8686: 8321: 7856: 7820: 7350: 6834:(21 April) or, more likely, his first acclamation as 6260: 5161: 3994:

The veiled head of Emperor Augustus, 1st century BC,

3413:, or "Prefect of the Watch" was put in charge of the 2269:

AD 13, marked: "Caesar Augustus Divi F Pater Patriae"

1746:, a sister (or daughter) of Pompeius's father-in-law 954: 945: 924: 829: 820: 799: 775: 766: 757: 9163:

Bourne, Ella (1918). "Augustus as a Letter-Writer".

8908:(1st ed.). Getty Publishing. pp. 116–117. 8437: 8050: 7987: 7958: 7904: 7868: 7526: 7485: 7296: 7227: 7195: 7136: 7076: 7049: 6975: 6593:

quamvis ex ante diem XVI kal. Febr. imperator Caesar

6445: 5826: 5593: 5549: 5501: 5445: 5428: 5389: 5365: 5301: 5246: 5231: 5001: 4921: 4757: 4246:

asserted that only 130 senators had been proscribed.

3829:. Its reliefs depicted the imperial pageants of the 2309:

was inherited by all future emperors and became the

1384:

portraying him as a threat to the republican order.

936: 930: 811: 805: 760: 9005: 8733: 8533: 8518: 8473: 8090: 7582: 7335: 7176: 7148: 7107: 6951: 6830:): 18 April; referencing either his victory at the 6826:). "56 years 4 months 1 day" (repeated in the 6475: 6130: 6046: 5885: 5748: 5736: 5721: 5489: 4970: 4968: 3996:

National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region

1671: 927: 802: 748: 9430: 6727: 5258: 3653:. This is also an imitation of a coin of Augustus. 3388:. The Roman Senate wished subsequent emperors to " 3350:, called the "queen of inscriptions" by historian 2812:(modern Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia), 2482:, whose king was a Roman ally. He was defended by 1567:, in which between 130 and 300 senators and 2,000 13131:Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ( 10215:The Golden Age of Augustus (Aspects of Antiquity) 9754:. Roman Imperial Biographies. London: Routledge. 3884:was built in 29 BC near the entrance of the 3733: 3269:The Augustus cameo at the center of the Medieval 3176:On 19 August AD 14, Augustus died while visiting 2772:is devoted to his military victories and honors. 2092:in Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC—after which 1969:the ruler of Armenia. He also awarded the title " 552:, and Octavian was named in Caesar's will as his 17589: 9970:Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor 9279:. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner. 9252: 9020: 8431: 6595:". The number is right, but the phrasing is not. 6153:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 175. 5572: 5466: 5359: 5295: 4965: 4942: 4911: 4809: 4778: 3030:A prime example of Roman loss in battle was the 2779:attributes to a legendary ancestor of Augustus: 1906: 1758:, little more than a year after their marriage. 1356:A bust of Augustus as a younger Octavian, dated 10376:– essay by Steven Kreis about Augustus's legacy 10186:. Vol. III (9th ed.). pp. 79–84. 9389:The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3 9038: 8818:(Documentary). 16 November 2016. Archived from 8809:Villa where Augustus probably died is unearthed 2947:To protect Rome's eastern territories from the 2162:History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire 1598:(the consul of 64 BC), and Lepidus his brother 783:) was known by many names throughout his life: 9559: 9514:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History 9483:Kelsall, Malcolm (1976). "Augustus and Pope". 9347:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus 7070: 3400:force, and the establishment of the municipal 3314:and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian 2710: 2334:, into a new family line that began with him. 1453:, a title reserved for victorious commanders. 739:, society, and personal preference, Augustus ( 14055: 13107: 12425: 12140: 10759: 9950:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 9836:, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 175–188, 9645:(5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 9589:The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC 8928: 6637:Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (1 October 2006). 1754:, the same day that he divorced her to marry 1429:(the consuls for 43 BC). He assumed the 1387: 8674: 5629:"Common Legend Abbreviations On Roman Coins" 5042: 4350:The date is provided by inscribed calendars. 4218:, not the title "augustus" created in 27 BC. 3749:by Italian historians such as G. Giannelli. 3247: 1781:, in marriage to Antony in late 40 BC. 1606:Battle of Philippi and division of territory 1207:, naming Octavian as the prime beneficiary. 1082:which occurred a few years after his birth. 9972:. Cambridge University Press. p. 300. 9830:"Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature" 9406: 8853: 5145:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. 16:14. 5104:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4487: 3935:The official residence of Augustus was the 3820: 3800: 3772: 3721: 3197: 3034:in AD 9, where three entire legions led by 2418:, and Livia. He appointed noted republican 2363:Augustus was granted the right to hang the 2350: 1784: 1711:, his residence during his reign as emperor 1303:for one who had been an Aemilius, etc. see 997: 635: 537: 510: 502: 59: 14062: 14048: 13114: 13100: 12432: 12418: 12147: 12133: 10766: 10752: 10275:The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus 10255:. Lancaster Pamphlets. London: Routledge. 10030: 9688: 9457:Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus 9369:Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor 8903: 8195: 6636: 4892: 4890: 3833:, the Vestals, and the citizenry of Rome. 3254:. The likeness of Augustus is that of the 3242:The Virgin Mary and Child, the prophetess 2781:tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento 2697:, he additionally took up the position of 1855:in 53 BC. In an agreement reached at 1195:, where he planned to fight the forces of 10059: 9320: 9191: 8745: 8709: 8671:. L'Italia antica e la Repubblica romana. 8584: 8419: 8404: 8392: 8368: 8315: 8303: 8153: 8138: 8044: 8032: 8008: 7981: 7928: 7898: 7886: 7838: 7790: 7766: 7730: 7718: 7706: 7694: 7682: 7667: 7655: 7612: 7576: 7547: 7470: 7412: 7395: 7383: 7329: 7317: 7245: 7221: 7130: 7016: 6969: 6710: 6655: 6469: 6427: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6293: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6124: 6100: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6040: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5923: 5911: 5879: 5852: 5820: 5805: 5793: 5778: 5766: 5658: 5587: 5483: 5422: 5383: 5319: 5225: 5186: 4995: 4589: 4214:" here refers to the religious office of 3913:curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum 2960:to the throne of the Kingdom of Armenia. 2389:– "valor, piety, clemency, and justice." 2051:Antony's fleet sailed through the bay of 1872:enticed by Octavian's promises of money. 1443:(21 April), forcing Antony to retreat to 911:). In English he is mainly known by the 17472: 10209: 10195:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10170: 9964: 9942: 9905:The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus 9865: 9746: 9635: 9385: 9253:Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981), 7952: 7260: 7004: 6675:Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World 6439: 6412: 6278: 5864: 5700: 5685: 5673: 5531: 5210: 5198: 4570: 4044:rather than the tradition of realism in 4011: 3989: 3890: 3766: 3640: 3596: 3464: 3264: 3237: 3183: 3155: 3065: 3006: 2888: 2845: 2714: 2643: 2558: 2493: 2436: 2396: 2336: 2257: 2193: 2069: 1991: 1930: 1916: 1822: 1702: 1615: 1523: 1520: 1486: 1351: 1219: 1120: 12676:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire 10250: 10231: 9920: 9717: 9662:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 9482: 9473: 9363: 9272: 9214: 9096: 8929:Walker, Susan; Burnett, Andrew (1981). 8773: 8569: 8554: 8512: 8237: 8180: 8165: 8123: 8108: 7802: 7778: 7508: 7446: 7290: 7275: 7170: 7101: 7028: 6892: 6783: 6734:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 6722: 6667: 5622: 5620: 4887: 4668: 4615:"40 maps that explain the Roman Empire" 4535:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 4532: 4517: 4446: 3986:Physical appearance and official images 3771:Close up on the sculpted detail of the 3061: 2648:A colossal statue of Augustus from the 1965:in 34 BC, and Antony made his son 1510: 1024: 27:First Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14 14: 17590: 16619: 15984: 15086: 14112: 10269: 10190: 10158: 10008: 9887: 9614: 9585: 9511: 9293: 9232: 9162: 9066:. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. 9048:. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. 9012:. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. 8721: 8697: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8596: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8380: 8339: 8327: 8244:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 8207: 7862: 7850: 7826: 7747: 7600: 7520: 7368: 7356: 7043: 6632: 6630: 6173: 6148: 5835: 5599: 5560: 5543: 5454: 5439: 5395: 5371: 5347: 5331: 5307: 5252: 5240: 5167: 5007: 4930: 4863: 4766: 4502: 4311:, meaning that his official tenure as 2094:Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide 1688:(Antony's wife) and her first husband 1305:Roman naming conventions for adoptions 962:) for the period between 44 and 27 BC. 17471: 16588: 15953: 15055: 14081: 14043: 13095: 12413: 12154: 12128: 10747: 10236:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 10136: 10096: 9994:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 9986: 9847: 9768: 9659: 9451: 9428: 9256:Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book 9135: 9074: 8953: 8884: 8865: 8757: 8542: 8527: 8284: 8056: 8020: 7996: 7913: 7874: 7814: 7535: 7233: 7204: 7142: 7089: 6981: 6454: 6337: 6305: 6266: 5742: 5730: 5715: 5507: 5149:from the original on 24 December 2019 4821: 4790: 4744: 4728: 4693: 4522:, Oxford University Press, p. 58 4468: 4392:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 2668:supply "by virtue of his proconsular 2253: 2111: 2000:in the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus, 1477: 1018: 890: 861: 841: 572:(42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the 17648:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus 17124: 12993:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar 10374:"Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana" 10357:– Augustus's legions and legionaries 10100:(1951). "The Imperium of Augustus". 9824: 9800: 9530: 9414:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 9343: 9296:Aspects of Roman History 82 BC–AD 14 9219:, London & New York: Routledge, 9123: 8904:Panzanelli, Roberta (26 June 2008). 8484: 8351: 7964: 7940: 7643: 7588: 7491: 7344: 7305: 7189: 7113: 7055: 6957: 6939:from the original on 16 January 2024 6688:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001 6490: 6322: 6136: 6112: 6052: 5896: 5754: 5617: 5611: 5519: 5495: 5407: 5264: 4643: 4601: 4551: 4498: 4496: 4403: 4167:, probably a corruption of "Caesar". 4147:after 45 BC. Due to departures from 3864:, and Agrippa's construction of the 3779:(Altar of Peace), 13 BC to 9 BC 3752: 2739: 2527: 2392: 17653:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid 12299:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum 10368:The Achievements of Augustus Caesar 10217:. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. 9899: 9810:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9537:. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter. 9056: 8496: 8096: 6921: 6627: 4069:, which depicts him in his role as 3791:Although this did not apply to the 2330:, a cognomen for one branch of the 2151: 1977:to his relatives and to his queen. 1563:. The triumvirs then set in motion 1502:. Both sides bear the inscription " 1347: 986:, a cognomen for one branch of the 908: 24: 12317:P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus 12308:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio 10345:Gallery of the Ancient Art: August 9858: 8998: 8789:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 121–. 5138: 5055:from the original on 18 April 2021 4658:from the original on 28 June 2023. 4625:from the original on 29 March 2018 4554:, pp. 176, 179, 181–183, 185. 4328:on 16 April 43 BC, after the 4180:on 16 April 43 BC, after the 4105:Augustan literature (ancient Rome) 3688: 3592: 3250:Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry 3012:Der siegreich vordringende Hermann 2118:Constitutional Reforms of Augustus 1299:for one who had been an Octavius, 1118:, was the niece of Julius Caesar. 25: 17734: 17623:1st-century BC monarchs in Europe 12795:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus 12439: 10293: 9131:. University of California Press. 9116: 5635:from the original on 30 July 2007 4507:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 209. 4493: 4291:indicates that he took the title 4197:had died in 54 BC.; his son 2934:moved against the Germanic tribes 2176:together formed the basis of his 1527: 1513: 1241:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna 1215: 1176:that were staged in honor of the 1149:. Philippus claimed descent from 670:, and completing the conquest of 17643:Ancient Roman military personnel 14021: 14020: 14001:Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano 13073: 13072: 12335:L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus 10675:M. Valerius Messalla Messallinus 10614:M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus 9236:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 9156:The Oxford Companion to the Year 8947: 8922: 8897: 8834: 8800: 8779: 8657: 8641: 8231: 8201: 8076: 8062: 7618: 7553: 7476: 7418: 6898: 6868: 6843: 6807: 6789: 6760: 6716: 6661: 6598: 6579: 6550: 6524: 6496: 6167: 6142: 5626: 5086:from the original on 10 May 2021 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4318: 4279: 4270: 3579:Memoirs of the Court of Augustus 3058:in AD 16, he defeated Arminius. 2355:), dedicated to Augustus by the 2158:Constitution of the Roman Empire 2004:, is most likely a depiction of 1975:grants of titles and territories 1672:Rebellion and marriage alliances 1530: 1482: 1210: 917: 792: 741: 189:(m. 40 BC; div. 38 BC) 71: 17683:People in the canonical gospels 13712:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art 10144:. London: Chatto & Windus. 9615:Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). 9512:Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). 9412:Augustus: First Emperor of Rome 5325: 5270: 5131: 5112: 5067: 5043:Mihai Andrei (24 August 2018). 5036: 5013: 4952: 4857: 4834: 4712:Day and month according to the 4706: 4662: 4637: 4607: 4526: 4249: 4233: 4221: 4204: 4187: 4170: 4100:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art 3683:Prefect of the Praetorian Guard 3649:Kingdom, southern coast of the 3522:Tacitus was of the belief that 3234:Cultural depictions of Augustus 1133:on the obverse and the goddess 177: 12263:L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus 9774:The American Historical Review 9516:. Cambridge University Press. 9106:. Translated by Earnest Cary. 4511: 4397: 4154: 4133: 3705:and the Latin word for six is 3601:Coin of Augustus found at the 3585:(1701–1757) deemed Augustus a 3072:Romanorum Imperatorum effigies 3032:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 3020:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 2793:, where Jupiter promises Rome 2707:, or "father of the country". 1257:Julius Caesar was assassinated 587:in 31 BC. Antony and his wife 576:among themselves and ruled as 13: 1: 17082:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 10578:M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus 10370:, Clio History Journal, 2009. 10014:Augustus: Image and Substance 9848:Wells, Colin Michael (2004). 9476:Augustus, Godfather of Europe 9324:; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003), 9217:The Persians: An Introduction 9138:The Cambridge History of Iran 6935:(in Italian). 18 March 2021. 4379: 3930: 2983:and in monuments such as the 2876:finally quelled in 19 BC 2797:, "sovereignty without end". 2719:Bust of Augustus wearing the 2639: 2293:the legendary founder of Rome 2266: 2199: 2078: 1907:War with Antony and Cleopatra 1625: 1516: 1474:, another leading Caesarian. 1402:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus 1357: 1043: 17618:1st-century BC Roman consuls 14069: 13121: 12950:Gaius Julius Caesar (father) 12751:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 12236:P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus 10483:43 BC (suffect) 10468:C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus 10363:– short biography at the BBC 10329:Resources in other libraries 9485:Huntington Library Quarterly 9273:Burgess, Richard W. (2014). 8432:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981 6931:[Arch of Augustus]. 6624:gives 17 January, a mistake. 5573:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981 5467:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981 5360:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981 5296:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981 4779:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981 4505:A Companion to Julius Caesar 3966:. He also built the immense 3897:Temple of Augustus and Livia 3693:The month of August (Latin: 3110:of a proconsul and the same 2484:Lucius Licinius Varro Murena 2424:Aulus Terentius Varro Murena 2318:Imperator Caesar divi filius 1983:temple of the Vestal Virgins 1851:, desiring to avenge Rome's 1707:Fresco paintings inside the 1380:began to attack Antony in a 467:Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus 7: 17718:People of the War of Mutina 17613:1st-century BC Roman augurs 17015:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 12744:Commentarii de Bello Civili 10166:. New York: Franklin Watts. 9895:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 9852:. Harvard University Press. 9239:, New York: Facts on File, 9076:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus 8240:"The Sincerity of Augustus" 5334:, p. 472, citing App. 4163:instead gives him the name 4092: 3886:Temple of Castor and Pollux 3199:"Acta est fabula, plaudite" 2711:Stability and staying power 2610:imperium proconsulare maius 2522:imperium proconsulare maius 2489:imperium proconsulare maius 2445:showing Augustus wearing a 2316:Augustus styled himself as 2122:Propaganda in Augustan Rome 843:[ˈɡaːiʊsɔkˈtaːwiʊs] 666:, expanding possessions in 544:. His maternal great-uncle 523:Crisis of the Third Century 10: 17739: 17628:1st-century Roman emperors 15914:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 15298:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 15062:Second Intermediate Period 13445:Library of Palatine Apollo 12362:Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius 12039:Constantine XI Palaiologos 11990:Andronikos III Palaiologos 11877:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 10380:"De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10251:Shotter, D. C. A. (1991). 10234:The World of Ancient Times 9040:Marcus Velleius Paterculus 8993: 7781:, pp. 96–97, 136–138. 7071:Raaflaub & Samons 1993 4651:World History Encyclopedia 4406:Journal of Ancient History 4115:Julio-Claudian family tree 4110:Indo-Roman trade relations 3846:Temple of Apollo Palatinus 3819:sculptures decorating the 3756: 3231: 3014:(The Victorious Advancing 2749: 2743: 2592:Augustus was granted sole 2544:, the immunity given to a 2373:, bearing the inscription 2155: 2128:Coinage reform of Augustus 2125: 2115: 1961:Roman troops captured the 1910: 1788: 1698:forced them into surrender 1609: 1388:First conflict with Antony 1180:, built by Julius Caesar. 1078:over a rebellious band of 1047: 976:("commander"). The use of 528:Octavian was born into an 489:. He reigned as the first 485:), was the founder of the 29: 17658:Children of Julius Caesar 17576: 17478: 17467: 17365:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 17109: 17055:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 16950: 16922: 16907: 16870: 16842: 16802: 16784: 16734: 16667: 16652: 16610: 16606: 16584: 16534: 16511: 16444: 16367: 16305: 16257: 16242: 16175: 16122: 16034: 16019: 15975: 15971: 15960:Third Intermediate Period 15949: 15872: 15831: 15739: 15671: 15519: 15287: 15272: 15208: 15182: 15134: 15119: 15077: 15073: 15051: 15006: 14966: 14841: 14826: 14760: 14702: 14645: 14586: 14571: 14461: 14390: 14375: 14276: 14160: 14145: 14103: 14099: 14088:First Intermediate Period 14077: 14015: 13950: 13924: 13894: 13863: 13856: 13801: 13775: 13734: 13725: 13699: 13676: 13626: 13598: 13570: 13504: 13473: 13363: 13325: 13284: 13213: 13204: 13144: 13129: 13067: 13026: 12977: 12942: 12916: 12885: 12876: 12845: 12809: 12772: 12721: 12684: 12591: 12508: 12490: 12447: 12281:P. Licinius Crassus Dives 12164: 12115: 12047: 12012:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 11980:Andronikos II Palaiologos 11805:Constantine IX Monomachos 11493: 11390: 11273: 11100: 10938: 10786: 10732: 10723: 10715: 10710: 10700:Cossus Cornelius Lentulus 10696: 10679: 10667: 10653: 10636: 10624: 10610: 10561: 10549: 10535: 10518: 10506: 10492: 10476: 10464: 10459: 10449: 10440: 10435: 10428: 10401: 10324:Resources in your library 9871:Augustus. Eine Biographie 9732:10.1017/S0017383500015539 9703:10.1017/S0017383500018118 9474:Holland, Richard (2005). 9386:Fishwick, Duncan (2004). 9058:Publius Cornelius Tacitus 9006:Caesar Augustus (1924) . 8665:Trattato di storia romana 6186:10.1017/S0068246200000404 6149:Roller, Duane W. (2010). 4669:Rattini, Kristin (2019). 4036:, modern Sudan), 27–25 BC 3821: 3801: 3773: 3617:in India, a testimony to 3227: 3036:Publius Quinctilius Varus 2874:in modern-day Spain were 2542:tribunicia sacrosanctitas 2412:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 1494:bearing the portraits of 1008:Imperator Caesar Augustus 460: 456: 372: 364: 350: 345: 341: 312: 302: 280: 268: 256: 249: 245: 203: 164: 151: 142:19 August AD 14 (aged 75) 138: 117: 113: 103: 92: 85: 70: 57: 52: 43:Octavian (disambiguation) 39:Augustus (disambiguation) 17077:Cleopatra VII Philopator 15334:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 14092: (<3150–2040 BC) 12832:Temple of Venus Genetrix 12344:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 11975:Michael VIII Palaiologos 10553:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 10539:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 10510:Paullus Aemilius Lepidus 10102:Journal of Roman Studies 10062:Journal of Roman Studies 10033:Journal of Roman Studies 9618:Rome in the Augustan Age 9233:Bunson, Matthew (1994), 8956:Journal of Roman Studies 8797:. Retrieved 5 July 2012. 4851:25 February 2018 at the 4716:, see Suetonius (1914), 4644:Mark, Joshua J. (2018). 4537:, vol. 25, p. 4518:Shelton, Jo-Ann (1998), 4330:Battle of Forum Gallorum 4324:He was first proclaimed 4182:Battle of Forum Gallorum 4176:He was first proclaimed 4126: 3842:Temple of Jupiter Tonans 3645:1st century coin of the 2756:Augustus' Eastern policy 2687:imperium consulare maius 2030:Temple of Venus Genetrix 1996:This mid-1st-century-BC 1947:National Maritime Museum 1785:War with Sextus Pompeius 1647:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 1551:, unlike the unofficial 1178:Temple of Venus Genetrix 1147:Lucius Marcius Philippus 901:Roman naming conventions 686:and made peace with the 385:Battle of Forum Gallorum 322:(43, 33, 31–23, 5, 2 BC) 17688:Political spokespersons 17050:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 16965:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 15259:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 13685:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 13465:Caesareum of Alexandria 11830:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 11464:Tiberius II Constantine 10191:Osgood, Josiah (2006). 10183:Encyclopædia Britannica 9928:. London: John Murray. 9215:Brosius, Maria (2006), 9009:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 8734:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 8238:Hammond, Mason (1965). 7429:Encyclopedia Britannica 4880:Encyclopædia Britannica 4059:Augustus of Prima Porta 4048:. He first appeared on 4042:Hellenistic portraiture 3677:emperor's patrimonium. 3581:, the Scottish scholar 3563:constitutional monarchy 3339:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 3153:with that of Augustus. 2981:Augustus of Prima Porta 2824:to the east and south. 2752:Roman–Iranian relations 2656:, seated and wearing a 2283:is from the Latin word 2210:According to historian 2191:, the public treasury. 2088:A year later, Octavian 1690:Publius Clodius Pulcher 1561:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1472:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 1087:neighbouring town ..." 892:[ɔktaːwiˈaːnʊs] 730: 696:official courier system 497:, as well as an era of 78:Augustus of Prima Porta 17678:Julio-Claudian dynasty 17663:Deified Roman emperors 17638:Ancient Roman adoptees 17092:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 17071:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 17065:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 17020:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 16990:Arsinoe III Philopator 15904:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 15374:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 15314:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 14905:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 13333:Constitutional Reforms 13013:Julio-Claudian dynasty 12837:Caesar's Rhine bridges 12764:Poems by Julius Caesar 12730:Laudatio Iuliae amitae 12706:Constitutional reforms 12693:Lex Julia de maiestate 11985:Michael IX Palaiologos 10408:Julio-Claudian dynasty 9567:; Toher, Mark (eds.). 9531:Ohst, Henning (2023). 9392:. Brill. p. 250. 9371:. Random House Books. 9196:; Toher, Mark (eds.). 9108:Loeb Classical Library 9090:Loeb Classical Library 9068:Loeb Classical Library 9050:Loeb Classical Library 9014:Loeb Classical Library 6668:Roberts, John (2007). 6639:"Augustus [2]" 6174:Walker, Susan (2008). 6151:Cleopatra: a biography 4037: 3998: 3904: 3815:taken from Egypt. The 3780: 3722: 3711:Johannes de Sacrobosco 3654: 3630: 3536:Marcus Annaeus Lucanus 3507:Marcus Antistius Labeo 3481: 3434:praefectus vehiculorum 3273: 3262: 3248: 3198: 3193: 3165: 3075: 3027: 2913: 2855: 2832:when Augustus deposed 2728: 2660: 2573: 2503: 2456: 2402: 2360: 2351: 2270: 2207: 2182: 2085: 2037: 1950: 1928: 1844: 1748:Lucius Scribonius Libo 1712: 1629: 1578:Gaius Cassius Longinus 1536: 1368: 1244: 1237:Gaius Cassius Longinus 1138: 1050:Early life of Augustus 998: 882:After his adoption by 712:fire-fighting services 636: 620:legislative assemblies 538: 511: 503: 482: 60: 17040:Ptolemy X Alexander I 17005:Ptolemy VI Philometor 16985:Ptolemy IV Philopator 16980:Berenice II Euergetes 16975:Ptolemy III Euergetes 16937:Philip III Arrhidaeus 15446:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 15441:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 14795:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 13983:Roman Temple of Évora 13386:Porticus Argonautarum 13240:Liberators' Civil War 12455:Early life and career 12272:M. Cornelius Cethegus 12254:L. Caecilius Metellus 12079:Thessalonian emperors 12073:Trapezuntine emperors 12034:John VIII Palaiologos 12029:Manuel II Palaiologos 12000:John VI Kantakouzenos 11916:Andronikos I Komnenos 11753:Constantine Lekapenos 10781:and empresses regnant 10671:L. Cornelius Lentulus 10569:31–23 BC 9543:10.1515/9783111193595 9429:Green, Peter (1990). 9304:10.4324/9780203856659 9294:Davies, Mark (2010). 8931:The Image of Augustus 8746:Eck & Takács 2003 8710:Eck & Takács 2003 8663:G. Giannelli (1965). 8585:Eck & Takács 2003 8420:Eck & Takács 2003 8405:Eck & Takács 2003 8393:Eck & Takács 2003 8369:Eck & Takács 2003 8316:Eck & Takács 2003 8304:Eck & Takács 2003 8154:Eck & Takács 2003 8139:Eck & Takács 2003 8045:Eck & Takács 2003 8033:Eck & Takács 2003 8009:Eck & Takács 2003 7982:Eck & Takács 2003 7929:Eck & Takács 2003 7899:Eck & Takács 2003 7887:Eck & Takács 2003 7839:Eck & Takács 2003 7791:Eck & Takács 2003 7767:Eck & Takács 2003 7731:Eck & Takács 2003 7719:Eck & Takács 2003 7707:Eck & Takács 2003 7695:Eck & Takács 2003 7683:Eck & Takács 2003 7668:Eck & Takács 2003 7656:Eck & Takács 2003 7613:Eck & Takács 2003 7471:Eck & Takács 2003 7413:Eck & Takács 2003 7396:Eck & Takács 2003 7384:Eck & Takács 2003 7330:Eck & Takács 2003 7318:Eck & Takács 2003 7246:Eck & Takács 2003 7222:Eck & Takács 2003 7157:Stern, Gaius (2006), 7131:Eck & Takács 2003 7017:Eck & Takács 2003 6970:Eck & Takács 2003 6711:Eck & Takács 2003 6656:Eck & Takács 2003 6470:Eck & Takács 2003 6428:Eck & Takács 2003 6398:Eck & Takács 2003 6386:Eck & Takács 2003 6374:Eck & Takács 2003 6362:Eck & Takács 2003 6350:Eck & Takács 2003 6294:Eck & Takács 2003 6255:Eck & Takács 2003 6243:Eck & Takács 2003 6231:Eck & Takács 2003 6219:Eck & Takács 2003 6177:Cleopatra in Pompeii? 6125:Eck & Takács 2003 6101:Eck & Takács 2003 6089:Eck & Takács 2003 6077:Eck & Takács 2003 6065:Eck & Takács 2003 6041:Eck & Takács 2003 6026:Eck & Takács 2003 6014:Eck & Takács 2003 6002:Eck & Takács 2003 5990:Eck & Takács 2003 5978:Eck & Takács 2003 5963:Eck & Takács 2003 5951:Eck & Takács 2003 5939:Eck & Takács 2003 5924:Eck & Takács 2003 5912:Eck & Takács 2003 5880:Eck & Takács 2003 5853:Eck & Takács 2003 5821:Eck & Takács 2003 5806:Eck & Takács 2003 5794:Eck & Takács 2003 5779:Eck & Takács 2003 5767:Eck & Takács 2003 5659:Eck & Takács 2003 5588:Eck & Takács 2003 5484:Eck & Takács 2003 5423:Eck & Takács 2003 5384:Eck & Takács 2003 5320:Eck & Takács 2003 5226:Eck & Takács 2003 5187:Eck & Takács 2003 4996:Eck & Takács 2003 4865:Pelham, Henry Francis 4590:Eck & Takács 2003 4418:10.1515/jah-2015-0012 4067:Via Labicana Augustus 4015: 3993: 3903:, late 1st century BC 3894: 3878:Mausoleum of Augustus 3770: 3757:Further information: 3644: 3607:ancient Tamil country 3600: 3468: 3300:. In many languages, 3268: 3259:Manuel II Palaiologos 3241: 3232:Further information: 3190:Mausoleum of Augustus 3187: 3162:Great Cameo of France 3159: 3069: 3010: 2892: 2849: 2750:Further information: 2718: 2647: 2562: 2518:imperium proconsulare 2497: 2440: 2400: 2340: 2261: 2197: 2173: 2126:Further information: 2090:defeated their forces 2073: 1995: 1934: 1922:Anthony and Cleopatra 1920: 1826: 1789:Further information: 1706: 1700:in early 40 BC. 1619: 1612:Liberators' civil war 1610:Further information: 1559:, Julius Caesar, and 1490: 1378:Marcus Tullius Cicero 1355: 1223: 1124: 1102:in Sicily during the 863:[tʰuːˈriːnʊs] 616:executive magistrates 550:assassinated in 44 BC 419:Battle of Tauromenium 397:Liberators' Civil War 365:Years of service 157:Mausoleum of Augustus 17723:Natalist politicians 17473:Dynastic genealogies 17097:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 16393:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 16307:High Priests of Amun 15809:Merankhre Mentuhotep 15511:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 15506:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 15359:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 15066: (2040–1550 BC) 14785:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 13957:Temples of Augustus 13907:Gaius Julius Hyginus 13735:Parents and siblings 13505:Religious structures 13450:Theatre of Marcellus 13326:Legislative activity 13054:Marcus Junius Brutus 12965:Julia Minor (sister) 12960:Julia Major (sister) 12558:Invasions of Britain 12475:Crossing the Rubicon 12389:Imp. Caesar Augustus 12227:P. Cornelius Calussa 12017:John VII Palaiologos 11965:Theodore II Laskaris 11825:Constantine X Doukas 11765:Nikephoros II Phokas 10692:M. Plautius Silvanus 10657:C. Calvisius Sabinus 10355:Augustan Legionaries 10232:Roebuck, C. (1966). 9807:The Roman Revolution 9478:. Sutton Publishing. 9022:Nicolaus of Damascus 7434:1 March 2021 at the 4958:Velleius Paterculus 4943:Nicolaus of Damascus 4912:Nicolaus of Damascus 4810:Nicolaus of Damascus 4683:on 25 February 2021. 4604:, pp. 175, 179. 4315:began in 27 BC. 4265:Ptolemy Philadelphus 4143:until 45 BC and the 4020:of Augustus, bronze 3874:Theatre of Marcellus 3858:Temple of Mars Ultor 3734:Creation of "Italia" 3557:(1667–1745), in his 3348:Monumentum Ancyranum 3304:became the word for 3222:Gaius Asinius Gallus 3062:Death and succession 3056:Battle of Idistaviso 3018:), depiction of the 2985:Temple of Mars Ultor 2931:Nero Claudius Drusus 2910:Indo-Roman relations 2906:Tabula Peutingeriana 2822:Africa Proconsularis 2546:tribune of the plebs 1926:Lawrence Alma-Tadema 1596:Lucius Julius Caesar 1574:Marcus Junius Brutus 1233:Marcus Junius Brutus 1185:Nicolaus of Damascus 1129:from 44 BC, showing 1066:, very close to the 1020:[au̯ˈɡʊstʊs] 899:in conformance with 735:As a consequence of 706:as well as official 441:Battle of Alexandria 17703:Shipwreck survivors 16995:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 16932:Alexander the Great 15964: (1550–664 BC) 15486:Mershepsesre Ini II 15481:Merkawre Sobekhotep 14875:Neferkare IV Khendu 14007:Cultural depictions 13766:Octavia the Younger 13691:Memoirs of Augustus 13522:Basilica of Neptune 13486:Gardens of Maecenas 12893:Cossutia (disputed) 12380:M. Aemilius Lepidus 12290:M. Aemilius Lepidus 12200:A. Cornelius Cossus 11948:Theodore I Laskaris 11933:Alexios III Angelos 11911:Alexios II Komnenos 11835:Romanos IV Diogenes 11790:Romanos III Argyros 11736:Romanos I Lekapenos 10730:12 BC – AD 14 10719:M. Aemilius Lepidus 10606:Cn. Calpurnius Piso 10602:C. Norbanus Flaccus 10594:T. Statilius Taurus 10582:M. Licinius Crassus 10531:L. Volcatius Tullus 10514:M. Herennius Picens 10500:L. Munatius Plancus 10496:M. Aemilius Lepidus 10447:27 BC – AD 14 10016:. London: Longman. 9873:. Berlin: A. Fest. 9408:Goldsworthy, Adrian 9327:The Age of Augustus 8748:, pp. 118–121. 8626:, pp. 144–145. 8470:, p. 341, 342. 8354:, pp. 262–268. 8168:, pp. 210–212. 8126:, pp. 312–320. 8047:, pp. 119–120. 8011:, pp. 117–118. 7943:, pp. 416–417. 7889:, pp. 114–115. 7841:, pp. 101–102. 7646:, pp. 337–338. 7559:see also Augustus, 7173:, pp. 294–295. 6565:8 June 2021 at the 6539:8 June 2021 at the 6515:Kalendas Februarias 5614:, pp. 176–186. 5522:, pp. 173–174. 5410:, pp. 123–126. 5350:, pp. 474–476. 4676:National Geographic 4394:, pp. 670–671. 4261:Cleopatra Selene II 4061:, the image on the 3958:Augustus built the 3308:, as in the German 3112:tribunicia potestas 2538:tribunicia potestas 2451:on a three layered 2426:died unexpectedly. 1998:Roman wall painting 1865:battle of Naulochus 1642:battles at Philippi 1328:province to Italy. 1225:The Death of Caesar 1201:Velleius Paterculus 1170:College of Pontiffs 1151:Alexander the Great 999:divi Iuli(i) filius 880:Gaius Julius Caesar 426:Illyricum Campaigns 96:16 January 27 BC – 17708:1st-century Romans 17633:1st-century clergy 17332:Trebonianus Gallus 15919:Senakhtenre Ahmose 15537:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 15491:Sewahenre Senebmiu 15466:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 14895:Neferkare V Tereru 14865:Neferkare III Neby 14533:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 13993:Sodales Augustales 13215:Second Triumvirate 12934:Augustus (adopted) 12858:Chiaramonti Caesar 12636:Battle of the Nile 12492:Military campaigns 12470:Caesar's civil war 12353:Q. Mucius Scaevola 12326:P. Mucius Scaevola 12218:M. Fabius Ambustus 12067:Britannic emperors 12061:Palmyrene emperors 11995:John V Palaiologos 11938:Alexios IV Angelos 11887:Constantine Doukas 11882:Alexios I Komnenos 11870:Constantine Doukas 11853:Michael VII Doukas 11815:Michael VI Bringas 11381:Romulus Augustulus 11004:Trebonianus Gallus 10997:Herennius Etruscus 10779:Byzantine emperors 10704:L. Calpurnius Piso 10661:L. Passienus Rufus 10649:L. Cornelius Sulla 10632:C. Antistius Vetus 10526:33 BC 10460:Political offices 10416:23 September 63 BC 9081:The Twelve Caesars 8822:on 27 October 2021 8209:Setton, Kenneth M. 6918:for forty years." 6828:Chronograph of 354 6713:, pp. 3, 149. 6670:"Princeps senatus" 6517: – 5298:, pp. 24, 27. 5142:Letters to Atticus 4370:Adrian Goldsworthy 4120:Temple of Augustus 4038: 3999: 3905: 3870:Portico of Octavia 3836:He also built the 3781: 3655: 3633:Augustus's public 3631: 3500:Augustan era poets 3482: 3410:praefectus vigilum 3286:Holy Roman Empires 3274: 3263: 3194: 3166: 3128:Vipsania Agrippina 3076: 3038:were destroyed by 3028: 2926:Trophy of Augustus 2914: 2904:, as shown in the 2864:Amyntas of Galatia 2856: 2795:imperium sine fine 2729: 2675:praefectus annonae 2661: 2574: 2504: 2457: 2403: 2361: 2271: 2254:Change to Augustus 2208: 2112:Sole ruler of Rome 2086: 2038: 1963:Kingdom of Armenia 1951: 1929: 1845: 1812:, Sicily, and the 1713: 1684:, the daughter of 1630: 1545:Second Triumvirate 1539:In a meeting near 1537: 1500:Second Triumvirate 1478:Second Triumvirate 1382:series of speeches 1369: 1365:Capitoline Museums 1245: 1229:Vincenzo Camuccini 1139: 702:, established the 674:, but he suffered 624:commander-in-chief 570:Battle of Philippi 566:Second Triumvirate 402:Battle of Philippi 182:; div. 40 BC) 126:23 September 63 BC 17668:Founding monarchs 17585: 17584: 17572: 17571: 17463: 17462: 17459: 17458: 17455: 17454: 17379:Claudius Gothicus 17273:Severus Alexander 17240:Septimius Severus 17105: 17104: 16903: 16902: 16648: 16647: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16572: 16571: 16287:Osorkon the Elder 16238: 16237: 16015: 16014: 15945: 15944: 15941: 15940: 15937: 15936: 15909:Nubkheperre Intef 15789:Sekhemre Shedwast 15411:Sehetepkare Intef 15339:Semenkare Nebnuni 15268: 15267: 15115: 15114: 15047: 15046: 15043: 15042: 15039: 15038: 14822: 14821: 14800:Netjerkare Siptah 14722:Neferirkare Kakai 14567: 14566: 14371: 14370: 14141: 14140: 14037: 14036: 13920: 13919: 13852: 13851: 13760:Octavia the Elder 13750:(adoptive father) 13672: 13671: 13613:Via Julia Augusta 13608:Milliarium Aureum 13560:Rome and Augustus 13550:Castor and Pollux 13481:House of Augustus 13435:Porticus of Livia 13430:Porticus Octaviae 13423:Porticus Vipsania 13371:Forum of Augustus 13321: 13320: 13300:Bellum Batonianum 13089: 13088: 12973: 12972: 12853:Tusculum portrait 12712:Dictator perpetuo 12671: 12670: 12563:Ambiorix's revolt 12460:First Triumvirate 12448:Major life events 12407: 12406: 12157:Pontifices maximi 12122: 12121: 11960:John III Vatatzes 11906:Manuel I Komnenos 11645:Michael I Rangabe 11489: 11488: 11331:Petronius Maximus 10930:Severus Alexander 10898:Septimius Severus 10742: 10741: 10733:Succeeded by 10711:Religious titles 10697:Succeeded by 10687:2 BC 10654:Succeeded by 10644:5 BC 10628:D. Laelius Balbus 10611:Succeeded by 10598:M. Junius Silanus 10536:Succeeded by 10493:Succeeded by 10450:Succeeded by 10336: 10305:Library resources 10299: 10284:978-0-472-10101-6 10224:978-0-89522-007-3 10202:978-0-521-85582-2 10172:Merivale, Charles 10151:978-0-7011-1626-2 10023:978-0-582-89421-1 9979:978-0-521-74442-3 9957:978-0-691-05890-0 9935:978-0-7195-5495-7 9914:978-0-14-044448-3 9817:978-0-19-280320-7 9770:Starr, Chester G. 9761:978-0-415-16631-7 9652:978-0-415-02527-0 9628:978-0-8061-0956-5 9578:978-0-520-08447-6 9565:Raaflaub, Kurt A. 9552:978-3-111-19151-5 9523:978-0-521-80918-4 9444:978-0-520-05611-4 9421:978-0-300-17827-2 9378:978-1-4000-6128-0 9357:978-0-521-80796-8 9337:978-0-631-22957-5 9313:978-0-203-85665-9 9286:978-3-515-10732-7 9266:978-0-19-872108-6 9246:978-0-8160-3182-5 9226:978-0-415-32089-4 9207:978-0-520-08447-6 9194:Raaflaub, Kurt A. 9147:978-0-521-20092-9 9045:The Roman History 8940:978-0-7141-1270-1 8915:978-0-89236-917-1 8795:978-1-884964-02-2 8587:, pp. 83–84. 8395:, pp. 85–87. 8342:, pp. 53–66. 8224:978-0-87169-114-9 8111:, 55.22.2, 56.30. 8023:, pp. 46–47. 7817:, pp. 66–67. 7793:, pp. 95–96. 7721:, pp. 98–99. 7320:, pp. 57–58. 7248:, pp. 56–57. 6895:, pp. 38–40. 6697:978-0-19-280146-3 6643:Brill's New Pauly 6606:Fasti Praenestini 6376:, pp. 45–50. 6364:, pp. 44–45. 6340:, pp. 38–39. 6325:, pp. 24–25. 6308:, pp. 34–35. 6245:, pp. 38–39. 6160:978-0-19-536553-5 6115:, pp. 21–22. 6103:, pp. 34–35. 6079:, pp. 32–34. 6028:, pp. 29–30. 6004:, pp. 27–28. 5992:, pp. 26–27. 5965:, pp. 25–26. 5808:, pp. 18–19. 5781:, pp. 17–18. 5718:, pp. 19–20. 5688:, pp. 52–53. 5575:, pp. 32–33. 5546:, pp. 26–27. 5386:, pp. 11–12. 5201:, pp. 20–21. 4671:"Augustus Caesar" 4520:As the Romans Did 4046:Roman portraiture 4022:Roman portraiture 3970:on the island of 3862:Theatre of Balbus 3854:Forum of Augustus 3753:Building projects 3743:Italian peninsula 3723:senatus consultum 3651:Arabian peninsula 3439:aerarium militare 3256:Byzantine emperor 2977:Battle of Carrhae 2830:province of Syria 2828:was added to the 2740:War and expansion 2528:Additional powers 2393:Second settlement 2240:producer of grain 1853:defeat at Carrhae 1775:Italian Peninsula 1725:Sextus Propertius 1709:House of Augustus 1696:, where Octavian 1553:First Triumvirate 1361: 30 BC 1274:political slander 692:networks of roads 601:killed themselves 530:equestrian branch 464: 463: 264: 263: 16:(Redirected from 17730: 17579:List of pharaohs 17469: 17468: 17234:Pescennius Niger 17122: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17030:Ptolemy IX Soter 17000:Cleopatra I Syra 16920: 16919: 16916: 16915: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16660: 16617: 16616: 16608: 16607: 16601: 16600: 16586: 16585: 16337:Djedkhonsuefankh 16255: 16254: 16251: 16250: 16032: 16031: 16028: 16027: 16002: 15997: 15982: 15981: 15973: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15951: 15950: 15544:Qareh Khawoserre 15530:Yakbim Sekhaenre 15471:Mersekhemre Ined 15285: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15132: 15131: 15128: 15127: 15084: 15083: 15075: 15074: 15068: 15067: 15053: 15052: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14834: 14584: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14388: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14158: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14110: 14109: 14101: 14100: 14094: 14093: 14079: 14078: 14064: 14057: 14050: 14041: 14040: 14024: 14023: 13861: 13860: 13825:Agrippa Postumus 13732: 13731: 13535:Apollo Palatinus 13471: 13470: 13396:Solarium Augusti 13381:Baths of Agrippa 13211: 13210: 13206:Wars of Augustus 13195:Pontifex maximus 13116: 13109: 13102: 13093: 13092: 13076: 13075: 12998:Temple of Caesar 12955:Aurelia (mother) 12883: 12882: 12788:Veni, vidi, vici 12506: 12505: 12434: 12427: 12420: 12411: 12410: 12371:C. Julius Caesar 12149: 12142: 12135: 12126: 12125: 11970:John IV Laskaris 11943:Alexios V Doukas 11928:Isaac II Angelos 11894:John II Komnenos 11820:Isaac I Komnenos 11780:Constantine VIII 11770:John I Tzimiskes 11497:Byzantine Empire 11271: 11270: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10745: 10744: 10726:Pontifex maximus 10716:Preceded by 10668:Preceded by 10625:Preceded by 10550:Preceded by 10507:Preceded by 10465:Preceded by 10424: 10417: 10399: 10398: 10301: 10298: 10288: 10266: 10247: 10228: 10206: 10187: 10179: 10177:"Augustus" 10167: 10155: 10133: 10108:(1–2): 112–119. 10093: 10056: 10027: 10005: 9983: 9961: 9948:Augustan Culture 9939: 9922:Everitt, Anthony 9917: 9896: 9884: 9867:Bleicken, Jochen 9853: 9850:The Roman Empire 9844: 9821: 9797: 9765: 9743: 9714: 9685: 9656: 9632: 9611: 9582: 9556: 9527: 9508: 9479: 9470: 9448: 9436: 9425: 9403: 9382: 9365:Everitt, Anthony 9360: 9340: 9317: 9290: 9269: 9249: 9229: 9211: 9188: 9159: 9150: 9132: 9111: 9093: 9086:John Carew Rolfe 9084:. Translated by 9071: 9053: 9035: 9034:on 14 July 2007. 9027:Life of Augustus 9017: 8988: 8987: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8901: 8895: 8882: 8876: 8863: 8857: 8854:Goldsworthy 2014 8851: 8845: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8815:Associated Press 8804: 8798: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8661: 8655: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8573: 8567: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8531: 8525: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8184: 8178: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8142: 8136: 8127: 8121: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8080: 8074: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7985: 7979: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7917: 7911: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7751: 7745: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7444: 7438: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7294: 7288: 7279: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7208: 7202: 7193: 7187: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7155: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7074: 7068: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6933:riminiturismo.it 6929:"Arco d'Augusto" 6925: 6919: 6915:princeps senatus 6902: 6896: 6872: 6866: 6863:Battle of Actium 6847: 6841: 6832:Battle of Mutina 6811: 6805: 6801:Life of Augustus 6793: 6787: 6786:, pp. 39–43 6764: 6758: 6757: 6731: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6680:Oxford Reference 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6634: 6625: 6602: 6596: 6583: 6577: 6554: 6548: 6528: 6522: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6473: 6467: 6458: 6452: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6416: 6410: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6326: 6320: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6200:on 10 March 2018 6196:. Archived from 6171: 6165: 6164: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5900: 5894: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5818: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5704: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5662: 5656: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5624: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5443: 5437: 5426: 5420: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5229: 5228:, pp. 9–10. 5223: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5135: 5129: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5040: 5034: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4982: 4972: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4909: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4872: 4870:"Augustus" 4861: 4855: 4838: 4832: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4755: 4742: 4736: 4726: 4720: 4710: 4704: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4679:. Archived from 4666: 4660: 4659: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4574: 4568: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4491: 4488:Goldsworthy 2014 4485: 4479: 4466: 4457: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4293:princeps senatus 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4257:Alexander Helios 4253: 4247: 4237: 4231: 4228:Marcus Barbatius 4225: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4191: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4158: 4152: 4141:Roman Republican 4137: 4072:pontifex maximus 3924:Corinthian order 3917:curatores viarum 3882:Arch of Augustus 3850:Baths of Agrippa 3838:Temple of Caesar 3824: 3823: 3806: 3805: 3778: 3777: 3725: 3619:Indo-Roman trade 3583:Thomas Blackwell 3540:Cato the Younger 3460:Castra Praetoria 3447:Praetorian Guard 3282:Byzantine Empire 3278:universal empire 3271:Cross of Lothair 3253: 3201: 3104:Agrippa Postumus 3042:, leader of the 2989:Mars the Avenger 2969:battle standards 2746:Wars of Augustus 2699:pontifex maximus 2569:pontifex maximus 2564:Head of Augustus 2354: 2343:Arch of Augustus 2302:princeps senatus 2268: 2201: 2188:aerarium Saturni 2152:First settlement 2080: 2065:Battle of Actium 1967:Alexander Helios 1945:, painted 1672, 1943:Laureys a Castro 1938:Battle of Actium 1878:pontifex maximus 1627: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1445:Transalpine Gaul 1362: 1359: 1348:Growing tensions 1153:and was elected 1104:Second Punic War 1100:military tribune 1022: 1017: 1001: 968:Imperator Caesar 958: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 894: 889: 865: 860: 846:). According to 845: 840: 833: 827: 826: 823: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 779: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 704:Praetorian Guard 698:, established a 642: 605:a Roman province 585:Battle of Actium 541: 516: 508: 436:Battle of Actium 390:Battle of Mutina 346:Military service 332:Pontifex Maximus 247: 246: 230:Agrippa Postumus 181: 179: 99: 75: 65: 50: 49: 21: 17738: 17737: 17733: 17732: 17731: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17588: 17587: 17586: 17581: 17568: 17474: 17451: 17351:Macrianus Minor 17280:Maximinus Thrax 17216:Marcus Aurelius 17115: 17114: 17113: 17101: 16960:Ptolemy I Soter 16946: 16913: 16912: 16911: 16899: 16866: 16838: 16798: 16780: 16760:Psammetichus IV 16730: 16658: 16657: 16656: 16644: 16622: 16613: 16602: 16599:(664 BC–313 AD) 16598: 16597: 16568: 16530: 16507: 16503:Menkheperre Ini 16440: 16363: 16301: 16248: 16247: 16246: 16234: 16171: 16118: 16099:Neferneferuaten 16025: 16024: 16023: 16011: 16010: 16000: 15995: 15994:Pharaohs 15987: 15978: 15967: 15963: 15962: 15933: 15868: 15827: 15754:Sobekhotep VIII 15735: 15667: 15515: 15476:Sewadjkare Hori 15278: 15277: 15276: 15264: 15204: 15178: 15125: 15124: 15123: 15111: 15089: 15080: 15069: 15065: 15064: 15035: 15002: 14962: 14870:Djedkare Shemai 14832: 14831: 14830: 14818: 14756: 14698: 14641: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14563: 14457: 14381: 14380: 14379: 14367: 14272: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14137: 14115: 14106: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14073: 14068: 14038: 14033: 14011: 13946: 13916: 13890: 13876:Piso Caesoninus 13848: 13797: 13771: 13721: 13695: 13668: 13622: 13594: 13566: 13540:Apollo Sosianus 13500: 13469: 13460:Tropaeum Alpium 13440:Macellum Liviae 13418:Campus Agrippae 13359: 13317: 13294:Cantabrian Wars 13280: 13200: 13140: 13139:Caesar Augustus 13125: 13120: 13090: 13085: 13063: 13059:Curia of Pompey 13022: 12969: 12938: 12912: 12872: 12841: 12817:Forum of Caesar 12805: 12768: 12717: 12680: 12667: 12626:Alexandrian war 12587: 12504: 12486: 12443: 12438: 12408: 12403: 12245:Ti. Coruncanius 12160: 12153: 12123: 12118: 12111: 12055:Gallic emperors 12043: 11731:Constantine VII 11512:Constantine III 11499: 11496: 11485: 11394: 11386: 11325:Valentinian III 11313:Constantius III 11307:Priscus Attalus 11291:Constantine III 11277: 11269: 11159:Valerius Valens 11104: 11096: 10942: 10934: 10893:Didius Julianus 10873:Marcus Aurelius 10790: 10782: 10772: 10738: 10729: 10721: 10706: 10702: 10688: 10686: 10677: 10673: 10663: 10659: 10645: 10643: 10634: 10630: 10620: 10616: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10568: 10559: 10555: 10545: 10541: 10527: 10525: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10498: 10484: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10455: 10446: 10423:19 August AD 14 10418: 10412: 10411: 10404: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10296: 10291: 10285: 10263: 10253:Augustus Caesar 10244: 10225: 10211:Reinhold, Meyer 10203: 10152: 10138:Jones, A. H. M. 10098:Jones, A. H. M. 10024: 10010:Levick, Barbara 10002: 9980: 9958: 9936: 9915: 9881: 9861: 9859:Further reading 9856: 9818: 9786:10.2307/1844784 9762: 9720:Greece and Rome 9691:Greece and Rome 9674:10.2307/4238573 9653: 9637:Scullard, H. H. 9629: 9600: 9579: 9561:Raaflaub, G. W. 9553: 9524: 9497:10.2307/3816937 9467: 9453:Gruen, Erich S. 9445: 9422: 9400: 9379: 9358: 9338: 9314: 9287: 9267: 9247: 9227: 9208: 9148: 9119: 9114: 9001: 8999:Ancient sources 8996: 8991: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8927: 8923: 8916: 8902: 8898: 8883: 8879: 8864: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8839: 8835: 8825: 8823: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8662: 8658: 8646: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8610: 8603: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8576: 8568: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8418: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8306:, pp. 1–2. 8302: 8298: 8283: 8279: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8206: 8202: 8196:Shaw-Smith 1971 8194: 8187: 8179: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8145: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7995: 7988: 7980: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7920: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7754: 7746: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7445: 7441: 7436:Wayback Machine 7423: 7419: 7411: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7297: 7289: 7282: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7211: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7156: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7129: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7077: 7069: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7003: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6903: 6899: 6877:(4th century), 6873: 6869: 6855:Historia Romana 6848: 6844: 6812: 6808: 6794: 6790: 6769:(1st century), 6765: 6761: 6746:10.2307/4238646 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6682:. p. 858. 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6635: 6628: 6611:Feriale Cumanum 6603: 6599: 6584: 6580: 6567:Wayback Machine 6555: 6551: 6541:Wayback Machine 6529: 6525: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6476: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5886: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5842: 5834: 5827: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5627:Sear, David R. 5625: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5429: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5136: 5132: 5117: 5113: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5041: 5037: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4985: 4973: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4910: 4906: 4895: 4888: 4862: 4858: 4853:Wayback Machine 4839: 4835: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4758: 4743: 4739: 4727: 4723: 4711: 4707: 4692: 4688: 4667: 4663: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4577: 4569: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4531: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4467: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4323: 4319: 4305:Gnaeus Lentulus 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4254: 4250: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4192: 4188: 4175: 4171: 4159: 4155: 4145:Julian calendar 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4095: 4077:cameo portraits 4030:Kingdom of Kush 4001:His biographer 3988: 3976:Somma Vesuviana 3944:horti maecenati 3933: 3765: 3763:De architectura 3755: 3747:Father of Italy 3736: 3720:According to a 3715:Julian calendar 3691: 3689:Month of August 3613:of present-day 3611:Pandyan Kingdom 3605:hoard, from an 3595: 3593:Revenue reforms 3571:Oliver Cromwell 3517:Anthony Everitt 3475:Kalabsha Temple 3352:Theodor Mommsen 3328:). The cult of 3236: 3230: 3118:in the eastern 3064: 2949:Parthian Empire 2936:of the eastern 2841:Herod the Great 2836:, successor to 2834:Herod Archelaus 2758: 2748: 2742: 2713: 2642: 2583:tribunus plebis 2530: 2455:cameo, AD 20–50 2420:Calpurnius Piso 2395: 2256: 2164: 2156:Main articles: 2154: 2146:Roman provinces 2140:by the Senate. 2130: 2124: 2114: 2034:Forum of Caesar 2016:, with her son 2010:Ptolemaic Egypt 1915: 1909: 1849:Parthian Empire 1833:Sextus Pompeius 1806:Pact of Misenum 1793: 1787: 1731:Sextus Pompeius 1678:Lucius Antonius 1674: 1614: 1608: 1509: 1503: 1485: 1480: 1439:(14 April) and 1390: 1360: 1350: 1317:Parthian Empire 1218: 1213: 1052: 1046: 1015: 956: 920: 916: 907:seems to have ( 887: 858: 838: 831: 795: 791: 777: 744: 740: 733: 688:Parthian Empire 676:a major setback 452: 448:Cantabrian Wars 357: 337: 298: 260:Caesar Augustus 241: 213:Julia the Elder 199: 196:(m. 37 BC) 195: 188: 176: 174: 160: 143: 127: 125: 98:19 August AD 14 97: 81: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17736: 17726: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17698:Roman pharaohs 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17673:Julii Caesares 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17583: 17582: 17577: 17574: 17573: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17479: 17476: 17475: 17465: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17457: 17456: 17453: 17452: 17450: 17449: 17447:Maximinus Daza 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17403: 17396: 17389: 17382: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17311: 17304: 17297: 17290: 17283: 17276: 17269: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17230: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17206:Antoninus Pius 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17130: 17128: 17119: 17116:(30 BC–313 AD) 17107: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16956: 16954: 16948: 16947: 16945: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16928: 16926: 16917: 16905: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16880:Artaxerxes III 16876: 16874: 16868: 16867: 16865: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16848: 16846: 16840: 16839: 16837: 16836: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16808: 16806: 16800: 16799: 16797: 16796: 16790: 16788: 16782: 16781: 16779: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16756: 16751: 16749:Petubastis III 16746: 16740: 16738: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16686: 16681: 16673: 16671: 16662: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16643: 16642: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16614: 16611: 16604: 16603: 16582: 16581: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16540: 16538: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16517: 16515: 16509: 16508: 16506: 16505: 16500: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16450: 16448: 16442: 16441: 16439: 16438: 16433: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16373: 16371: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16361: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16317: 16311: 16309: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16263: 16261: 16252: 16244:3 Intermediate 16240: 16239: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16181: 16179: 16173: 16172: 16170: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16126: 16120: 16119: 16117: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16040: 16038: 16029: 16026:(1550–1070 BC) 16017: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16009: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15979: 15976: 15969: 15968: 15947: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15939: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15884: 15878: 15876: 15870: 15869: 15867: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15837: 15835: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15818: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15759:Neferhotep III 15756: 15751: 15745: 15743: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15699: 15692: 15685: 15677: 15675: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15665: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15589:Sewadjkare III 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15558:Maaibre Sheshi 15554: 15551:'Ammu Ahotepre 15547: 15540: 15533: 15525: 15523: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15461:Merhotepre Ini 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15421:Sobekhotep III 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15293: 15291: 15282: 15279:(1802–1550 BC) 15274:2 Intermediate 15270: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15262: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15214: 15212: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15169:Mentuhotep III 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15140: 15138: 15129: 15126:(2040–1802 BC) 15121:Middle Kingdom 15117: 15116: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15109: 15104: 15103: 15102: 15099: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15081: 15078: 15071: 15070: 15058:Middle Kingdom 15049: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15021:Neferkare VIII 15018: 15012: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15001: 15000: 14993: 14988: 14986:Nebkaure Khety 14983: 14978: 14976:Meryibre Khety 14972: 14970: 14964: 14963: 14961: 14960: 14953: 14946: 14939: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14910:Neferkamin Anu 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14851: 14849: 14836: 14833:(2181–2040 BC) 14828:1 Intermediate 14824: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14766: 14764: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14754: 14749: 14747:Djedkare Isesi 14744: 14742:Menkauhor Kaiu 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14708: 14706: 14700: 14699: 14697: 14696: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14651: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14627: 14620: 14615: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14592: 14590: 14581: 14578:(2686–2181 BC) 14569: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14561: 14556: 14549: 14542: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14518: 14511: 14504: 14497: 14490: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14467: 14465: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14455: 14448: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14396: 14394: 14385: 14382:(3150–2686 BC) 14377:Early Dynastic 14373: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14365: 14356: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14304: 14297: 14290: 14282: 14280: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14263: 14258: 14251: 14244: 14237: 14230: 14223: 14216: 14209: 14202: 14195: 14188: 14181: 14174: 14166: 14164: 14155: 14143: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14135: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14125: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14107: 14104: 14097: 14096: 14075: 14074: 14067: 14066: 14059: 14052: 14044: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14031: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13997: 13996: 13995: 13985: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13954: 13952: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13928: 13926: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13902:Julius Licinus 13898: 13896: 13892: 13891: 13889: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13867: 13865: 13858: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13846: 13845:(stepdaughter) 13840: 13834: 13828: 13822: 13812: 13805: 13803: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13769: 13763: 13757: 13751: 13745: 13742:Gaius Octavius 13738: 13736: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13717:Gaius Maecenas 13714: 13709: 13703: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13667: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13604: 13602: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13585:Aqua Alsietina 13582: 13576: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13498: 13493: 13491:Palazzo a Mare 13488: 13483: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13426: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13376:Campus Martius 13373: 13367: 13365: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13345:Coinage reform 13342: 13335: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13303: 13296: 13290: 13288: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13271: 13261: 13258:Bellum Siculum 13254: 13249: 13248: 13247: 13237: 13236: 13235: 13233:Forum Gallorum 13230: 13219: 13217: 13208: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13198: 13191: 13184: 13177: 13170: 13163: 13156: 13148: 13146: 13142: 13141: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13119: 13118: 13111: 13104: 13096: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13083: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13020: 13018:Caesar (title) 13015: 13010: 13005: 13003:Caesar's Comet 13000: 12995: 12990: 12986:Life of Caesar 12981: 12979: 12975: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12946: 12944: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12889: 12887: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12849: 12847: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12827:Basilica Julia 12824: 12819: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12803: 12798: 12791: 12784: 12781:Alea iacta est 12776: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12754: 12747: 12740: 12733: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12708: 12703: 12696: 12688: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12678: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12597: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12514: 12512: 12503: 12502: 12496: 12494: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12451: 12449: 12445: 12444: 12437: 12436: 12429: 12422: 12414: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12396:: Held by the 12394:12 BC – AD 375 12391: 12382: 12373: 12364: 12355: 12346: 12337: 12328: 12319: 12310: 12301: 12292: 12283: 12274: 12265: 12256: 12247: 12238: 12229: 12220: 12211: 12202: 12193: 12184: 12175: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12152: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12129: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12102: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12051: 12049: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12014: 12009: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11891: 11879: 11874: 11850: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11810:Theodora (III) 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11706: 11701: 11689: 11677: 11672: 11660: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11625:Constantine VI 11622: 11617: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11589:Theodosius III 11586: 11581: 11576: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11534:Constantine IV 11531: 11526: 11514: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11398: 11396: 11392:Eastern Empire 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11377: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11353: 11346: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11322: 11315: 11310: 11303: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11275:Western Empire 11268: 11267: 11260: 11248:Magnus Maximus 11244: 11242:Valentinian II 11239: 11234: 11229: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11176: 11174:Constantius II 11171: 11169:Constantine II 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11108: 11106: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11037: 11032: 11024: 11019: 11001: 10989: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10946: 10944: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10868:Antoninus Pius 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10794: 10792: 10791:27 BC – AD 235 10784: 10783: 10771: 10770: 10763: 10756: 10748: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10731: 10722: 10717: 10713: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10698: 10695: 10678: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10655: 10652: 10635: 10626: 10622: 10621: 10612: 10609: 10586:Sex. Appuleius 10560: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10537: 10534: 10517: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10494: 10491: 10475: 10466: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10448: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10430:Roman emperors 10426: 10425: 10405: 10402: 10397: 10396: 10394:Andrew Selkirk 10387: 10377: 10371: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10303: 10302: 10295: 10294:External links 10292: 10290: 10289: 10283: 10267: 10262:978-0415319362 10261: 10248: 10243:978-0024027009 10242: 10229: 10223: 10207: 10201: 10188: 10168: 10156: 10150: 10134: 10114:10.2307/298104 10094: 10074:10.2307/298927 10057: 10045:10.2307/299421 10028: 10022: 10006: 10001:978-0297785552 10000: 9988:Grant, Michael 9984: 9978: 9966:Galinsky, Karl 9962: 9956: 9944:Galinsky, Karl 9940: 9934: 9918: 9913: 9897: 9885: 9880:978-3828601369 9879: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9845: 9822: 9816: 9798: 9766: 9760: 9744: 9726:(2): 207–212. 9715: 9697:(2): 213–214. 9686: 9657: 9651: 9633: 9627: 9612: 9598: 9583: 9577: 9557: 9551: 9528: 9522: 9509: 9491:(2): 117–131. 9480: 9471: 9465: 9449: 9443: 9426: 9420: 9404: 9398: 9383: 9377: 9361: 9356: 9341: 9336: 9318: 9312: 9291: 9285: 9270: 9265: 9250: 9245: 9230: 9225: 9212: 9206: 9189: 9177:10.2307/282994 9160: 9151: 9146: 9133: 9125:Ando, Clifford 9120: 9118: 9117:Modern sources 9115: 9113: 9112: 9094: 9072: 9054: 9036: 9018: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8968:10.2307/301374 8946: 8939: 8921: 8914: 8896: 8877: 8858: 8846: 8833: 8799: 8778: 8776:, Book LIV 23. 8766: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8712:, p. 122. 8702: 8685: 8673: 8656: 8640: 8638:, p. 145. 8628: 8616: 8614:, p. 144. 8601: 8599:, p. 404. 8589: 8574: 8572:, p. 119. 8559: 8557:, p. 118. 8547: 8532: 8517: 8515:, p. 120. 8505: 8489: 8472: 8460: 8458:, p. 341. 8448: 8436: 8434:, p. 122. 8424: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8383:, p. 345. 8373: 8356: 8344: 8332: 8320: 8308: 8296: 8277: 8256:10.2307/310780 8230: 8223: 8200: 8198:, p. 213. 8185: 8183:, p. 211. 8170: 8158: 8156:, p. 124. 8143: 8141:, p. 123. 8128: 8113: 8101: 8089: 8075: 8061: 8049: 8037: 8035:, p. 119. 8025: 8013: 8001: 7986: 7984:, p. 116. 7969: 7967:, p. 417. 7957: 7955:, p. 217. 7945: 7933: 7918: 7903: 7901:, p. 115. 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7853:, p. 417. 7843: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7752: 7750:, p. 416. 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7636: 7617: 7615:, p. 129. 7605: 7603:, p. 186. 7593: 7581: 7579:, p. 383. 7577:Bowersock 1990 7569: 7552: 7550:, p. 380. 7548:Bowersock 1990 7540: 7525: 7523:, p. 260. 7513: 7511:, p. 301. 7496: 7494:, p. 483. 7484: 7475: 7463: 7439: 7417: 7415:, p. 117. 7400: 7388: 7373: 7371:, p. 427. 7361: 7349: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7308:, p. 333. 7295: 7293:, p. 300. 7280: 7278:, p. 299. 7265: 7263:, p. 109. 7250: 7238: 7226: 7209: 7194: 7175: 7163: 7147: 7135: 7118: 7106: 7104:, p. 295. 7094: 7075: 7073:, p. 426. 7060: 7058:, p. 140. 7048: 7046:, p. 259. 7033: 7031:, p. 294. 7021: 7009: 7007:, p. 108. 6986: 6974: 6962: 6950: 6920: 6897: 6867: 6842: 6806: 6788: 6772:The Jewish War 6759: 6724:Hammond, Mason 6715: 6703: 6696: 6660: 6658:, p. 149. 6648: 6626: 6597: 6578: 6549: 6523: 6495: 6474: 6459: 6444: 6442:, p. 210. 6432: 6417: 6415:, p. 211. 6402: 6390: 6388:, p. 113. 6378: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6327: 6310: 6298: 6283: 6281:, p. 171. 6271: 6269:, p. 697. 6259: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6166: 6159: 6141: 6129: 6117: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6030: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5967: 5955: 5943: 5928: 5916: 5901: 5884: 5869: 5867:, p. 162. 5857: 5840: 5825: 5810: 5798: 5783: 5771: 5759: 5757:, p. 202. 5747: 5735: 5720: 5705: 5703:, p. 164. 5690: 5678: 5676:, p. 163. 5663: 5646: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5577: 5565: 5548: 5536: 5534:, p. 157. 5524: 5512: 5510:, p. 160. 5500: 5498:, p. 167. 5488: 5471: 5459: 5444: 5427: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5230: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5172: 5170:, p. 160. 5160: 5130: 5111: 5066: 5035: 5012: 5000: 4983: 4964: 4951: 4935: 4920: 4904: 4886: 4875:Chisholm, Hugh 4856: 4833: 4814: 4802: 4783: 4771: 4756: 4737: 4721: 4718:§5, footnote a 4714:Roman calendar 4705: 4686: 4661: 4636: 4606: 4594: 4575: 4573:, p. 250. 4556: 4544: 4525: 4510: 4492: 4480: 4458: 4439: 4412:(2): 242–266. 4396: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4317: 4278: 4269: 4248: 4232: 4230:was a moneyer. 4220: 4203: 4186: 4169: 4153: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4086:Gemma Augustea 4055:R. R. R. Smith 3987: 3984: 3960:Palazzo a Mare 3932: 3929: 3797:Campus Martius 3754: 3751: 3735: 3732: 3703:Roman calendar 3690: 3687: 3623:British Museum 3594: 3591: 3555:Jonathan Swift 3487:Roman pantheon 3375:Eulogy of Cato 3330:Divus Augustus 3229: 3226: 3192:restored, 2021 3171:Erich S. Gruen 3096:Vipsania Julia 3063: 3060: 2920:to the north. 2902:Southern India 2744:Main article: 2741: 2738: 2712: 2709: 2641: 2638: 2622:imperium maius 2598:imperium maius 2529: 2526: 2394: 2391: 2255: 2252: 2230:, Cyprus, and 2212:H. H. Scullard 2153: 2150: 2113: 2110: 2083:British Museum 2057:naval blockade 2014:Venus Genetrix 1971:Queen of Kings 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1900:sacrosanctitas 1798:Neptuni filius 1791:Bellum Siculum 1786: 1783: 1756:Livia Drusilla 1673: 1670: 1607: 1604: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1468:Quintus Pedius 1437:Forum Gallorum 1394:Cisalpine Gaul 1389: 1386: 1349: 1346: 1217: 1216:Heir to Caesar 1214: 1212: 1209: 1205:Vestal Virgins 1114:. His mother, 1048:Main article: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1033:and the title 1004: 1003: 964: 963: 876: 875: 788:Gaius Octavius 732: 729: 574:Roman Republic 562:Marcus Lepidus 499:imperial peace 471:Gaius Octavius 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 451: 450: 445: 444: 443: 438: 428: 423: 422: 421: 414:Bellum Siculum 411: 406: 405: 404: 394: 393: 392: 387: 376: 374: 370: 369: 366: 362: 361: 355:Roman Republic 352: 348: 347: 343: 342: 339: 338: 336: 335: 329: 323: 316: 314: 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 297: 296: 290: 288:Gaius Octavius 284: 282: 278: 277: 275:Julio-Claudian 272: 266: 265: 262: 261: 254: 253: 243: 242: 240: 239: 233: 227: 221: 215: 209: 207: 201: 200: 198: 197: 190: 183: 168: 166: 162: 161: 155: 153: 149: 148: 140: 136: 135: 119: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 83: 82: 76: 68: 67: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17735: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17595: 17593: 17580: 17575: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17477: 17470: 17466: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17427: 17423: 17421: 17420: 17416: 17414: 17413: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17401: 17397: 17395: 17394: 17390: 17388: 17387: 17383: 17381: 17380: 17376: 17374: 17373: 17369: 17367: 17366: 17362: 17360: 17359: 17355: 17353: 17352: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17340: 17336: 17334: 17333: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17316: 17312: 17310: 17309: 17305: 17303: 17302: 17298: 17296: 17295: 17291: 17289: 17288: 17284: 17282: 17281: 17277: 17275: 17274: 17270: 17268: 17267: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17235: 17231: 17229: 17228: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17171: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17131: 17129: 17127: 17123: 17120: 17112: 17108: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17072: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17025:Cleopatra III 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16953: 16949: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16929: 16927: 16925: 16921: 16918: 16910: 16906: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16873: 16869: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16845: 16841: 16835: 16834: 16830: 16828: 16827:Nepherites II 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16805: 16801: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16789: 16787: 16783: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16761: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16737: 16733: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16691: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16663: 16655: 16651: 16641: 16638: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16618: 16615: 16609: 16605: 16596: 16592: 16587: 16583: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16539: 16537: 16533: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16514: 16510: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16498: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16471: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16451: 16449: 16447: 16443: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16431: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16394: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16370: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16358:Psusennes III 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16322: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16308: 16304: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16260: 16256: 16253: 16249:(1069–664 BC) 16245: 16241: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16215:Ramesses VIII 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16182: 16180: 16178: 16174: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16125: 16121: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16084:Amenhotep III 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16033: 16030: 16022: 16018: 16007: 16004: 15999: 15993: 15992: 15989: 15983: 15980: 15974: 15970: 15961: 15957: 15952: 15948: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15924:Seqenenre Tao 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15899:Sobekemsaf II 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15889: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15860: 15858: 15857: 15853: 15851: 15850: 15849:Wepwawetemsaf 15846: 15844: 15843: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15738: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15704: 15700: 15698: 15697: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15686: 15684: 15683: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15670: 15664: 15663: 15659: 15657: 15656: 15652: 15650: 15649: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15638: 15636: 15635: 15631: 15629: 15628: 15624: 15622: 15621: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15559: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15548: 15546: 15545: 15541: 15539: 15538: 15534: 15532: 15531: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15522: 15518: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15456:Merneferre Ay 15454: 15452: 15451:Wahibre Ibiau 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15436:Sobekhotep IV 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15396: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15290: 15286: 15283: 15275: 15271: 15261: 15260: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15243:Amenemhat III 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15207: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15181: 15175: 15174:Mentuhotep IV 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15164:Mentuhotep II 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15122: 15118: 15108: 15105: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15085: 15082: 15076: 15072: 15063: 15059: 15054: 15050: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15026:Wahkare Khety 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15009: 15005: 14999: 14998: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14981:Neferkare VII 14979: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14971: 14969: 14965: 14959: 14958: 14954: 14952: 14951: 14947: 14945: 14944: 14940: 14938: 14937: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14852: 14850: 14848: 14844: 14840: 14837: 14829: 14825: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14808: 14807: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14763: 14759: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14705: 14701: 14695: 14694: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14648: 14644: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14628: 14626: 14625: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14613: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14589: 14585: 14582: 14574: 14570: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14554: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14528:Seth-Peribsen 14526: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14512: 14510: 14509: 14505: 14503: 14502: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14491: 14489: 14488: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14471:Hotepsekhemwy 14469: 14468: 14466: 14464: 14460: 14454: 14453: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14386: 14378: 14374: 14364: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14354: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14319: 14317: 14316: 14312: 14310: 14309: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14298: 14296: 14295: 14291: 14289: 14288: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14275: 14269: 14268: 14264: 14262: 14261:Double Falcon 14259: 14257: 14256: 14252: 14250: 14249: 14245: 14243: 14242: 14238: 14236: 14235: 14231: 14229: 14228: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14217: 14215: 14214: 14210: 14208: 14207: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14196: 14194: 14193: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14182: 14180: 14179: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14152:(pre-3150 BC) 14148: 14147:Protodynastic 14144: 14134: 14131: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14111: 14108: 14102: 14098: 14089: 14085: 14084:Protodynastic 14080: 14076: 14072: 14065: 14060: 14058: 14053: 14051: 14046: 14045: 14042: 14030: 14029: 14025: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13988:Imperial cult 13986: 13984: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13953: 13949: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13923: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13893: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13862: 13859: 13855: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13835: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13823: 13820: 13816: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13767: 13764: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13752: 13749: 13748:Julius Caesar 13746: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13698: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13686: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13625: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13601: 13597: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13569: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13503: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13402: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13362: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13340: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13301: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13287: 13283: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13265: 13264:War of Actium 13262: 13260: 13259: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13241: 13238: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13223:War of Mutina 13221: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13203: 13197: 13196: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13188:Pater patriae 13185: 13183: 13182: 13178: 13176: 13175: 13171: 13169: 13168: 13164: 13162: 13161: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13143: 13138: 13134: 13128: 13124: 13117: 13112: 13110: 13105: 13103: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13082: 13081: 13077: 13070: 13069: 13066: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13025: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12976: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12844: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12792: 12790: 12789: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12701: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12590: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12482:Assassination 12480: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12441:Julius Caesar 12435: 12430: 12428: 12423: 12421: 12416: 12415: 12412: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12163: 12159: 12158: 12150: 12145: 12143: 12138: 12136: 12131: 12130: 12127: 12114: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12065: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11692:Theodora (II) 11690: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11602: 11600: 11599:Constantine V 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11584:Anastasius II 11582: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11540: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11407:Theodosius II 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11215:Valentinian I 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11140: 11138: 11137:Constantine I 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11127:Constantius I 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10764: 10762: 10757: 10755: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10737: 10728: 10727: 10720: 10714: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10694: 10693: 10685: 10683: 10676: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10642: 10640: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10608: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10567: 10565: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10532: 10524: 10522: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10489: 10481: 10480: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10458: 10454: 10445: 10444: 10443:Roman emperor 10438: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10422: 10415: 10410: 10409: 10400: 10395: 10392:– article by 10391: 10388: 10385: 10381: 10378: 10375: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10226: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10194: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10178: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10160:Massie, Allan 10157: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10029: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9851: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9748:Southern, Pat 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9599:0-521-85073-8 9595: 9591: 9590: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9515: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9466:9780521807968 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9435: 9434: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9399:9789047412762 9395: 9391: 9390: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9333: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9271: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9251: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9231: 9228: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9152: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9103:Roman History 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9004: 9003: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8950: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8856:, p. 68. 8855: 8850: 8843: 8837: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8775: 8770: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8735: 8730: 8724:, p. 32. 8723: 8718: 8711: 8706: 8700:, p. 34. 8699: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8683: 8677: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8650: 8644: 8637: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8613: 8608: 8606: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8581: 8579: 8571: 8566: 8564: 8556: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8537: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8498: 8493: 8487:, p. 23. 8486: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8469: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8422:, p. 81. 8421: 8416: 8414: 8407:, p. 86. 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8377: 8371:, p. 79. 8370: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8330:, p. 47. 8329: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8197: 8192: 8190: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8148: 8140: 8135: 8133: 8125: 8120: 8118: 8110: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8065: 8059:, p. 49. 8058: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8010: 8005: 7999:, p. 46. 7998: 7993: 7991: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7966: 7961: 7954: 7953:Scullard 1982 7949: 7942: 7937: 7931:, p. 58. 7930: 7925: 7923: 7916:, p. 44. 7915: 7910: 7908: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7877:, p. 50. 7876: 7871: 7865:, p. 31. 7864: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7835: 7829:, p. 13. 7828: 7823: 7816: 7811: 7805:, p. 97. 7804: 7799: 7792: 7787: 7780: 7775: 7769:, p. 96. 7768: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7733:, p. 99. 7732: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7709:, p. 98. 7708: 7703: 7697:, p. 97. 7696: 7691: 7685:, p. 94. 7684: 7679: 7677: 7670:, p. 95. 7669: 7664: 7658:, p. 93. 7657: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7591:, p. 28. 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7538:, p. 43. 7537: 7532: 7530: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7488: 7479: 7473:, p. 78. 7472: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7398:, p. 61. 7397: 7392: 7386:, p. 60. 7385: 7380: 7378: 7370: 7365: 7359:, p. 80. 7358: 7353: 7347:, p. 30. 7346: 7341: 7339: 7332:, p. 59. 7331: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7287: 7285: 7277: 7272: 7270: 7262: 7261:Southern 1998 7257: 7255: 7247: 7242: 7236:, p. 37. 7235: 7230: 7224:, p. 57. 7223: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7207:, p. 36. 7206: 7201: 7199: 7192:, p. 26. 7191: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7172: 7167: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7145:, p. 38. 7144: 7139: 7133:, p. 56. 7132: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7116:, p. 25. 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7092:, p. 53. 7091: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7038: 7030: 7025: 7019:, p. 55. 7018: 7013: 7006: 7005:Southern 1998 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6984:, p. 51. 6983: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6960:, p. 13. 6959: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6901: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6707: 6699: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6622: 6621:De die Natali 6617: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6503:InscrIt-13-02 6499: 6493:, p. 24. 6492: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6472:, p. 47. 6471: 6466: 6464: 6457:, p. 34. 6456: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6440:Scullard 1982 6436: 6430:, p. 46. 6429: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413:Scullard 1982 6409: 6407: 6400:, p. 80. 6399: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6352:, p. 45. 6351: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6296:, p. 49. 6295: 6290: 6288: 6280: 6279:Scullard 1982 6275: 6268: 6263: 6257:, p. 39. 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6233:, p. 38. 6232: 6227: 6221:, p. 37. 6220: 6215: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6139:, p. 22. 6138: 6133: 6127:, p. 35. 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6091:, p. 34. 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6067:, p. 31. 6066: 6061: 6055:, p. 20. 6054: 6049: 6043:, p. 30. 6042: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6016:, p. 29. 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5980:, p. 26. 5979: 5974: 5972: 5964: 5959: 5953:, p. 25. 5952: 5947: 5941:, p. 24. 5940: 5935: 5933: 5926:, p. 23. 5925: 5920: 5914:, p. 22. 5913: 5908: 5906: 5899:, p. 19. 5898: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5882:, p. 21. 5881: 5876: 5874: 5866: 5865:Scullard 1982 5861: 5855:, p. 20. 5854: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5838:, p. 32. 5837: 5832: 5830: 5823:, p. 19. 5822: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5796:, p. 18. 5795: 5790: 5788: 5780: 5775: 5769:, p. 17. 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5745:, p. 20. 5744: 5739: 5733:, p. 19. 5732: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5701:Scullard 1982 5697: 5695: 5687: 5686:Southern 1998 5682: 5675: 5674:Scullard 1982 5670: 5668: 5661:, p. 16. 5660: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5621: 5613: 5608: 5602:, p. 28. 5601: 5596: 5590:, p. 15. 5589: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5569: 5563:, p. 27. 5562: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5532:Scullard 1982 5528: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5486:, p. 13. 5485: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5469:, p. 29. 5468: 5463: 5457:, p. 24. 5456: 5451: 5449: 5442:, p. 23. 5441: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5425:, p. 12. 5424: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5398:, p. 21. 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5374:, p. 30. 5373: 5368: 5362:, p. 26. 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5322:, p. 11. 5321: 5316: 5310:, p. 20. 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5267:, p. 18. 5266: 5261: 5255:, p. 18. 5254: 5249: 5243:, p. 19. 5242: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5213:, p. 21. 5212: 5211:Southern 1998 5207: 5200: 5199:Southern 1998 5195: 5189:, p. 10. 5188: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5134: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5107: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5010:, p. 15. 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4933:, p. 16. 4932: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4781:, p. 23. 4780: 4775: 4769:, p. 14. 4768: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4592:, p. 50. 4591: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4571:Fishwick 2004 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4368:According to 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4193:His daughter 4190: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4149:Julius Caesar 4146: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3949:Vedius Pollio 3946: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3938:Domus Augusti 3928: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3587:Machiavellian 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567:Thomas Gordon 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3544:Chester Starr 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471:Roman pharaoh 3467: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3456:Constantine I 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3419:standing army 3416: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3210:his mausoleum 3207: 3206: 3200: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092:Lucius Caesar 3089: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3024:Peter Janssen 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912:in the period 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898:Chera Kingdom 2895: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2704:pater patriae 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2658:laurel wreath 2655: 2651: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2366:corona civica 2358: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2332:Julian family 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2242:, as well as 2241: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2102:Arius Didymus 2099: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2077:of Octavian, 2076: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Julius Caesar 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Cleopatra VII 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1913:War of Actium 1904: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1779:Octavia Minor 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1565:proscriptions 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483:Proscriptions 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:Ides of March 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1211:Rise to power 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183:According to 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1131:Julius Caesar 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Palatine Hill 1061: 1057: 1051: 1038: 1037: 1036:Pater Patriae 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 994: 989: 988:Julian family 985: 981: 980: 975: 974: 969: 966: 965: 961: 960: 950: 914: 913:anglicization 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 885: 884:Julius Caesar 881: 878: 877: 873: 869: 864: 856: 853: 849: 844: 836: 835: 825: 789: 786: 785: 784: 782: 781: 771: 738: 737:Roman customs 728: 726: 722: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:standing army 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:client states 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 641: 639: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546:Julius Caesar 543: 540: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 515: 514: 507: 506: 500: 496: 495:imperial cult 492: 491:Roman emperor 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 455: 449: 446: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 432: 431:War of Actium 429: 427: 424: 420: 417: 416: 415: 412: 410: 407: 403: 400: 399: 398: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 381: 380:War of Mutina 378: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 356: 353: 349: 344: 340: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 317: 315: 311: 308: 305: 301: 294: 293:Julius Caesar 291: 289: 286: 285: 283: 279: 276: 273: 271: 267: 259: 255: 252: 248: 244: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224:Lucius Caesar 222: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 208: 206: 202: 194: 191: 187: 184: 173: 170: 169: 167: 163: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 137: 134: 130: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 95: 91: 88: 87:Roman emperor 84: 80:, 1st century 79: 74: 69: 66: 64: 63: 56: 51: 48: 44: 40: 36: 34: 19: 17603:63 BC births 17424: 17417: 17410: 17398: 17391: 17384: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17349: 17337: 17330: 17313: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17285: 17278: 17271: 17264: 17232: 17225: 17211:Lucius Verus 17168: 17133: 17069: 17045:Berenice III 17035:Cleopatra IV 17010:Cleopatra II 16942:Alexander IV 16862:Nectanebo II 16831: 16812:Nepherites I 16771:Artaxerxes I 16758: 16688: 16676: 16659:(664–332 BC) 16639: 16595:Roman Period 16497:Shoshenq VII 16495: 16468: 16428: 16409:Shoshenq III 16391: 16356: 16319: 16297:Psusennes II 16210:Ramesses VII 16190:Ramesses III 16074:Amenhotep II 16069:Thutmose III 16005: 15894:Sobekemsaf I 15886: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15840: 15820: 15813: 15718: 15701: 15696:'Aper-'Anati 15694: 15687: 15680: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15625: 15618: 15604:Sekheperenre 15556: 15549: 15542: 15535: 15528: 15426:Neferhotep I 15416:Seth Meribre 15393: 15379:Djedkheperew 15296: 15257: 15248:Amenemhat IV 15238:Senusret III 15228:Amenemhat II 15144:Mentuhotep I 15106: 14995: 14955: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14860:Neferkare II 14811: 14804: 14737:Nyuserre Ini 14691: 14674: 14629: 14622: 14610: 14551: 14546:Neferkasokar 14544: 14537: 14520: 14513: 14506: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14450: 14443: 14351: 14334: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14306: 14299: 14294:Finger Snail 14292: 14285: 14265: 14253: 14246: 14239: 14232: 14225: 14218: 14211: 14204: 14197: 14190: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14132: 14026: 14019: 13999: 13937:Via Labicana 13912:Epaphroditus 13684: 13496:Villa Giulia 13413:Diribitorium 13408:Saepta Julia 13350:Bierzo Edict 13339:leges Juliae 13338: 13306:Germanic War 13299: 13286:Roman Empire 13256: 13252:Perusine War 13193: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13166: 13159: 13151: 13136: 13122: 13078: 13071: 12985: 12933: 12863:Green Caesar 12793: 12786: 12779: 12756: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12710: 12698: 12691: 12393: 12388: 12384: 12375: 12366: 12357: 12348: 12339: 12330: 12321: 12312: 12303: 12294: 12285: 12276: 12267: 12258: 12249: 12240: 12231: 12222: 12213: 12204: 12195: 12186: 12177: 12173:Numa Marcius 12168: 12156: 12022:Andronikos V 12020: 12003: 11951: 11919: 11897: 11885: 11868: 11862: 11856: 11844: 11838: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11712: 11695: 11683: 11666: 11654: 11648: 11635:Nikephoros I 11610: 11609: 11603: 11570: 11567:Justinian II 11562:Tiberius III 11552:Justinian II 11543: 11537: 11520: 11472: 11444:Anastasius I 11435: 11379: 11375:Julius Nepos 11367: 11360: 11348: 11336: 11329: 11317: 11305: 11296: 11295: 11289: 11262: 11253: 11252: 11246: 11237:Theodosius I 11224: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11154:Maximinus II 11141: 11043: 11026: 11013: 11007: 10995: 10983: 10916: 10878:Lucius Verus 10797: 10724: 10690: 10682:Roman consul 10680: 10647: 10639:Roman consul 10637: 10618:L. Arruntius 10572: 10564:Roman consul 10562: 10529: 10521:Roman consul 10519: 10486: 10479:Roman consul 10477: 10441: 10436: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10319:Online books 10309: 10297: 10274: 10271:Zanker, Paul 10252: 10233: 10214: 10192: 10181: 10163: 10141: 10105: 10101: 10065: 10061: 10036: 10032: 10013: 9991: 9969: 9947: 9925: 9904: 9901:Dio, Cassius 9892: 9889:Buchan, John 9870: 9849: 9833: 9826:Syme, Ronald 9806: 9802:Syme, Ronald 9777: 9773: 9751: 9723: 9719: 9694: 9690: 9665: 9661: 9641: 9617: 9588: 9568: 9533: 9513: 9488: 9484: 9475: 9456: 9432: 9411: 9388: 9368: 9346: 9326: 9295: 9275: 9255: 9234: 9216: 9197: 9168: 9164: 9155: 9137: 9128: 9102: 9079: 9061: 9044: 9032:the original 9026: 9007: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8930: 8924: 8905: 8899: 8888: 8880: 8869: 8861: 8849: 8836: 8824:. Retrieved 8820:the original 8813: 8808: 8802: 8786: 8781: 8769: 8761: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8648: 8643: 8631: 8619: 8592: 8570:Kelsall 1976 8555:Kelsall 1976 8550: 8545:, p. 6. 8530:, p. 5. 8513:Kelsall 1976 8508: 8492: 8463: 8451: 8446:, p. 6. 8439: 8427: 8400: 8388: 8376: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8318:, p. 2. 8311: 8299: 8288: 8280: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8213: 8203: 8181:Shotter 1966 8166:Shotter 1966 8161: 8124:Everitt 2006 8104: 8092: 8078: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7960: 7948: 7936: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7810: 7803:Brosius 2006 7798: 7786: 7779:Brosius 2006 7774: 7726: 7714: 7702: 7690: 7663: 7651: 7639: 7628: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7555: 7543: 7516: 7509:Holland 2005 7487: 7482:Swan, p. 241 7478: 7466: 7442: 7425:Ancient Rome 7420: 7391: 7364: 7352: 7325: 7313: 7291:Holland 2005 7276:Holland 2005 7241: 7229: 7171:Holland 2005 7166: 7158: 7138: 7109: 7102:Holland 2005 7097: 7051: 7029:Holland 2005 7024: 7012: 6977: 6972:, p. 3. 6965: 6953: 6941:. Retrieved 6932: 6923: 6913: 6904: 6900: 6893:Burgess 2014 6878: 6870: 6853: 6845: 6835: 6819:To Autolycus 6817: 6809: 6799: 6791: 6784:Burgess 2014 6770: 6762: 6737: 6733: 6718: 6706: 6674: 6663: 6651: 6642: 6620: 6616:Ovid's Fasti 6609: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6581: 6570: 6552: 6544: 6526: 6518: 6510: 6498: 6435: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6357: 6345: 6301: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6202:. Retrieved 6198:the original 6176: 6169: 6150: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6021: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5958: 5946: 5919: 5860: 5801: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5681: 5637:. Retrieved 5607: 5595: 5568: 5539: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5462: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5280: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5206: 5194: 5163: 5151:. Retrieved 5141: 5133: 5122: 5114: 5088:. Retrieved 5080:Live Science 5079: 5069: 5057:. Retrieved 5048: 5038: 5023: 5015: 5003: 4998:, p. 9. 4975: 4954: 4938: 4907: 4897: 4878: 4859: 4836: 4825: 4817: 4805: 4794: 4786: 4774: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4708: 4697: 4689: 4681:the original 4674: 4664: 4649: 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4618: 4609: 4597: 4547: 4534: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4483: 4472: 4450: 4442: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4387: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4325: 4320: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4281: 4272: 4251: 4235: 4223: 4206: 4189: 4177: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4135: 4084: 4081:Blacas Cameo 4079:include the 4070: 4039: 4000: 3968:Villa Giulia 3957: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3876:). Even his 3835: 3826: 3790: 3782: 3746: 3737: 3719: 3706: 3694: 3692: 3679: 3675: 3664: 3656: 3632: 3578: 3558: 3548: 3521: 3510: 3504: 3494: 3491: 3483: 3469:Augustus as 3454:, as it was 3444: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3408: 3406: 3398:firefighting 3394:police force 3385: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3347: 3337: 3334:Theodosius I 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3289: 3275: 3244:Sibyl Tivoli 3218: 3203: 3195: 3175: 3167: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3088:Gaius Caesar 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3029: 3011: 2962: 2946: 2915: 2857: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2785:expansionism 2780: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2730: 2702: 2698: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2634: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2554:Roman censor 2541: 2537: 2531: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2498:Augustus as 2488: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2446: 2443:Blacas Cameo 2432: 2428: 2406: 2404: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2357:Roman Senate 2327: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2236: 2216:constitution 2209: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2165: 2142: 2131: 2087: 2081:30 BC, 2061:Gaius Sosius 2050: 2042:Adriatic Sea 2039: 2032:(within the 1979: 1960: 1952: 1935: 1921: 1898: 1876: 1874: 1861: 1846: 1818: 1797: 1794: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1729: 1714: 1675: 1666: 1651: 1637: 1634:divus Iulius 1633: 1631: 1582: 1568: 1538: 1455: 1448: 1430: 1418:pro praetore 1413: 1411: 1398: 1391: 1374: 1370: 1330: 1326:Near Eastern 1313: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1295:form (e.g., 1286: 1246: 1224: 1182: 1162: 1140: 1089: 1072:his father's 1053: 1034: 1028: 1007: 991: 983: 977: 971: 967: 915:"Octavian" ( 897:gens Octavia 879: 854: 787: 734: 649: 612:Roman Senate 609: 577: 527: 487:Roman Empire 474: 470: 466: 465: 409:Perusine War 373:Battles/wars 359:Roman Empire 334:(from 12 BC) 218:Gaius Caesar 180: 42 BC 58: 47: 32: 17315:Gordian III 17260:Diadumenian 17060:Cleopatra V 16914:(332–30 BC) 16909:Hellenistic 16852:Nectanebo I 16744:Cambyses II 16726:Psamtik III 16684:Tefnakht II 16486:Takelot III 16481:Osorkon III 16476:Shoshenq VI 16430:Pedubast II 16414:Shoshenq IV 16387:Shoshenq II 16352:Pinedjem II 16342:Menkheperre 16277:Psusennes I 16230:Ramesses XI 16220:Ramesses IX 16205:Ramesses VI 16195:Ramesses IV 16142:Ramesses II 16104:Tutankhamun 16079:Thutmose IV 16059:Thutmose II 16049:Amenhotep I 16021:New Kingdom 15956:New Kingdom 15815:Senusret IV 15799:Dedumose II 15774:Nebiriau II 15769:Nebiryraw I 15764:Mentuhotepi 15569:Khakherewre 15496:Merkheperre 15406:Imyremeshaw 15389:Sedjefakare 15344:Sehetepibre 15319:Ameny Qemau 15253:Sobekneferu 15233:Senusret II 15218:Amenemhat I 15200:Iyibkhentre 14930:Neferirkare 14925:Neferkauhor 14732:Shepseskare 14573:Old Kingdom 14559:Khasekhemwy 14539:Neferkara I 14508:Weneg-Nebty 14353:Scorpion II 13932:Prima Porta 13831:Nero Drusus 13618:Via Augusta 13455:Roman Agora 13181:Divi filius 13039:Mark Antony 12988:by Plutarch 12822:Curia Julia 12758:De analogia 12685:Legislation 12616:Dyrrhachium 12583:Uxellodunum 12510:Gallic Wars 12465:Gallic wars 12209:S. Minucius 12182:C. Papirius 12081:(1224–1242) 12075:(1204–1461) 11864:Konstantios 11741:Christopher 11714:Constantine 11704:Michael III 11685:Constantine 11668:Constantine 11650:Theophylact 11579:Philippicus 11529:Constans II 11454:Justinian I 11350:Severus III 11298:Constans II 11052:Claudius II 11028:Silbannacus 10975:Gordian III 10950:Maximinus I 10918:Diadumenian 10574:Mark Antony 10164:The Caesars 10039:: 169–185. 9780:(1): 1–16. 9322:Eck, Werner 9098:Cassius Dio 8774:Cassius Dio 8722:Bunson 1994 8698:Bunson 1994 8647:Macrobius, 8636:Bunson 1994 8624:Bunson 1994 8612:Bunson 1994 8597:Bunson 1994 8468:Bunson 1994 8456:Bunson 1994 8444:Bunson 1994 8381:Bunson 1994 8340:Bourne 1918 8328:Bunson 1994 8109:Cassius Dio 8083:Cassius Dio 7863:Bunson 1994 7851:Bunson 1994 7827:Rowell 1962 7748:Bunson 1994 7601:Mackay 2004 7521:Davies 2010 7447:Cassius Dio 7369:Bunson 1994 7357:Bunson 1994 7044:Davies 2010 6850:Cassius Dio 6840:(16 April). 6816:(180–192), 5836:Rowell 1962 5600:Rowell 1962 5561:Rowell 1962 5544:Rowell 1962 5455:Rowell 1962 5440:Rowell 1962 5396:Rowell 1962 5372:Rowell 1962 5348:Rawson 1994 5332:Rawson 1994 5308:Rowell 1962 5253:Rowell 1962 5241:Rowell 1962 5168:Mackay 2004 5049:ZME Science 5008:Rowell 1962 4974:Suetonius, 4931:Rowell 1962 4896:Suetonius, 4767:Rowell 1962 4447:Cassius Dio 4286:Cassius Dio 4255:These were 4161:Cassius Dio 3831:praetorians 3799:, with the 3739:Roman Italy 3667:tax farming 3660:next of kin 3575:Montesquieu 3551:Anglo-Irish 3534:. The poet 3528:Cassius Dio 3386:Pax Augusta 3346:dubbed the 3320:(sometimes 2965:Phraates IV 2884:Las Médulas 2838:client king 2804:regions of 2721:Civic Crown 2654:Herculaneum 2587:praetorship 2478:kingdom of 1887:Cape Circei 1814:Peloponnese 1638:divi filius 1586:Cassius Dio 1519:IIIvir rpc 1505:III vir rpc 1496:Mark Antony 1333:legionaries 1174:Greek games 1074:victory at 1068:Roman Forum 1030:divi filius 993:divi filius 872:Mark Antony 564:formed the 558:Mark Antony 513:Pax Augusta 251:Regnal name 17693:Pontifices 17592:Categories 17432:Diocletian 17386:Quintillus 17339:Aemilianus 17294:Gordian II 17266:Elagabalus 17087:Arsinoe IV 16970:Arsinoe II 16895:Darius III 16822:Psammuthes 16711:Psamtik II 16526:Bakenranef 16464:Pedubast I 16459:Takelot II 16454:Harsiese A 16436:Osorkon IV 16424:Shoshenq V 16404:Osorkon II 16377:Shoshenq I 16347:Smendes II 16327:Pinedjem I 16272:Amenemnisu 16225:Ramesses X 16200:Ramesses V 16152:Amenmesses 16132:Ramesses I 16094:Smenkhkare 16064:Hatshepsut 16054:Thutmose I 15804:Montuemsaf 15794:Dedumose I 15594:Nebdjefare 15584:Merdjefare 15354:Nedjemibre 15349:Sewadjkare 15223:Senusret I 15195:Qakare Ini 15016:Meryhathor 14920:Neferkaure 14915:Qakare Iby 14900:Neferkahor 14885:Neferkamin 14693:Thamphthis 14687:Shepseskaf 14601:Sekhemkhet 14452:Horus Bird 14329:Scorpion I 13942:Meroë Head 13881:Germanicus 13811:(daughter) 13707:Literature 13590:Aqua Julia 13580:Aqua Virgo 13545:Mars Ultor 13355:Propaganda 13274:Alexandria 13034:Julia gens 12868:Arles bust 12801:Last words 12700:Lex Roscia 12606:Brundisium 11858:Andronikos 11846:Nikephoros 11795:Michael IV 11760:Romanos II 11680:Theophilos 11675:Michael II 11656:Staurakios 11640:Staurakios 11612:Nikephoros 11605:Artabasdos 11517:Heraclonas 11474:Theodosius 11432:Basiliscus 11192:Nepotianus 11185:Magnentius 11179:Constans I 11132:Severus II 11112:Diocletian 11057:Quintillus 11022:Aemilianus 11015:Volusianus 10960:Gordian II 10925:Elagabalus 10788:Principate 10590:M. Agrippa 10472:A. Hirtius 10366:Brown, F. 9063:The Annals 8842:The Annals 8649:Saturnalia 8543:Starr 1952 8528:Starr 1952 8057:Gruen 2005 8021:Gruen 2005 7997:Gruen 2005 7914:Gruen 2005 7875:Gruen 2005 7815:Bivar 1983 7562:Res Gestae 7536:Gruen 2005 7234:Gruen 2005 7205:Gruen 2005 7143:Gruen 2005 7090:Wells 2004 6982:Wells 2004 6943:16 January 6906:Res Gestae 6814:Theophilus 6776:Book II, 9 6586:Censorinus 6455:Gruen 2005 6338:Gruen 2005 6306:Gruen 2005 6267:Green 1990 5743:Scott 1933 5731:Scott 1933 5716:Scott 1933 5508:Gruen 2005 5281:Civil Wars 5153:8 December 5123:Civil Wars 4841:Quintilian 4646:"Augustus" 4380:References 4075:. Several 4065:, and the 4024:bust from 4018:Meroë Head 3962:palace on 3931:Residences 3852:, and the 3827:Res Gestae 3726:quoted by 3615:Tamil Nadu 3603:Pudukottai 3382:Pax Romana 3359:Res Gestae 3147:Germanicus 3048:Germanicus 2958:Tigranes V 2769:Res Gestae 2725:Glyptothek 2640:Conspiracy 2606:auctoritas 2550:patricians 2510:auctoritas 2448:gorgoneion 2178:auctoritas 2169:Werner Eck 2134:principate 2116:See also: 1987:Alexandria 1800:, "son of 1764:Brundisium 1555:formed by 1533:IIIvir rpc 1463:centurions 1309:Octavianus 1301:Aemilianus 1297:Octavianus 1282:Brundisium 1092:equestrian 1044:Early life 519:Principate 505:Pax Romana 483:Octavianus 351:Allegiance 328:(43–27 BC) 313:Occupation 295:(adoptive) 18:Octavianus 17608:14 deaths 17564:Ptolemaic 17372:Gallienus 17287:Gordian I 17250:Caracalla 17176:Vespasian 17170:Vitellius 16952:Ptolemaic 16794:Amyrtaeus 16776:Darius II 16721:Ahmose II 16701:Psamtik I 16640:uncertain 16628:Pharaohs 16564:Tanutamun 16399:Takelot I 16382:Osorkon I 16332:Masaharta 16282:Amenemope 16185:Setnakhte 16147:Merneptah 16089:Akhenaten 16006:uncertain 15888:Nebmaatre 15709:Sakir-Har 15662:Yaqub-Har 15574:Nebefawre 15324:Hotepibre 15190:Segerseni 15159:Intef III 15107:uncertain 15095:Pharaohs 14727:Neferefre 14553:Hudjefa I 14434:Semerkhet 14171:Hedju Hor 14133:uncertain 14121:Pharaohs 13976:Barcelona 13925:Portraits 13886:Marcellus 13839:(adopted) 13833:(stepson) 13827:(adopted) 13821:(adopted) 13793:Scribonia 13572:Aqueducts 13512:Ara Pacis 13391:Mausoleum 13364:Buildings 13311:Teutoburg 13174:Imperator 13137:Imperator 13044:Cleopatra 13008:Caesarism 12929:Caesarion 12908:Calpurnia 12846:Portraits 12810:Buildings 12621:Pharsalus 12601:Corfinium 12593:Civil War 12548:Octodurus 12191:Q. Furius 12100:Classical 12085:Empresses 12069:(286–296) 12063:(267–273) 12057:(260–274) 11800:Michael V 11726:Alexander 11539:Heraclius 11507:Heraclius 11459:Justin II 11369:Glycerius 11356:Anthemius 11226:Procopius 11164:Martinian 11143:Maxentius 11072:Florianus 11045:Saloninus 11040:Gallienus 11009:Hostilian 10985:Philip II 10955:Gordian I 10903:Caracalla 10838:Vespasian 10833:Vitellius 10557:C. Sosius 10543:C. Sosius 10488:Q. Pedius 10437:New title 10403:Augustus 10130:162372767 10090:162096359 10068:: 59–74. 9740:163628890 9711:161104443 9639:(1982) . 9171:: 53–66. 9100:(1927) . 9078:(1914) . 9060:(1924) . 9042:(1924) . 9024:(1923) . 8984:162898808 8885:Suetonius 8866:Suetonius 8840:Tacitus, 8758:Suetonius 8485:Eder 2005 8352:Ohst 2023 8285:Suetonius 8264:0073-0688 8069:Suetonius 7965:Syme 1939 7941:Syme 1939 7644:Syme 1939 7625:Suetonius 7589:Eder 2005 7492:Syme 1939 7345:Eder 2005 7306:Syme 1939 7190:Eder 2005 7114:Eder 2005 7056:Ando 2000 6958:Eder 2005 6880:Chronicon 6837:imperator 6796:Suetonius 6740:: 29–31. 6591: : " 6491:Eder 2005 6323:Eder 2005 6137:Eder 2005 6113:Eder 2005 6053:Eder 2005 5897:Eder 2005 5755:Syme 1939 5639:24 August 5612:Syme 1939 5520:Syme 1939 5496:Syme 1939 5408:Syme 1939 5265:Eder 2005 5020:Suetonius 4822:Suetonius 4791:Suetonius 4745:Suetonius 4729:Suetonius 4694:Suetonius 4602:Syme 1958 4552:Syme 1958 4469:Suetonius 4434:164329002 4426:2324-8106 4326:imperator 4199:Caesarion 4178:imperator 4063:Ara Pacis 4003:Suetonius 3972:Ventotene 3856:with its 3822:Ara Pacis 3803:Ara Pacis 3775:Ara Pacis 3759:Vitruvius 3728:Macrobius 3671:publicans 3647:Himyarite 3452:Maxentius 3423:auxiliary 3367:Epiphanus 3100:Agrippina 3054:; at the 2938:Rhineland 2880:Lusitania 2872:Cantabria 2814:Illyricum 2763:imperator 2734:Pharsalus 2650:Augusteum 2383:clementia 2323:imperator 2248:Macedonia 2206:, Paris). 2106:older son 2018:Caesarion 1744:Scribonia 1662:Caesarion 1658:Cleopatra 1649:instead. 1526:/ caesar 1459:Po Valley 1450:imperator 1321:sesterces 1249:Apollonia 1112:Macedonia 1084:Suetonius 1025:see below 979:imperator 973:imperator 909:see below 848:Suetonius 640:Civitatis 595:queen of 593:Ptolemaic 589:Cleopatra 581:dictators 258:Imperator 238:(adopted) 232:(adopted) 226:(adopted) 220:(adopted) 186:Scribonia 104:Successor 17598:Augustus 17524:21 to 23 17442:Galerius 17437:Maximian 17426:Numerian 17393:Aurelian 17345:Valerian 17308:Balbinus 17301:Pupienus 17255:Macrinus 17227:Pertinax 17221:Commodus 17186:Domitian 17149:Claudius 17144:Caligula 17139:Tiberius 17134:Augustus 16754:Darius I 16706:Necho II 16549:Shebitku 16521:Tefnakht 16114:Horemheb 16044:Ahmose I 15856:Pantjeny 15842:Senebkay 15822:Pepi III 15784:Bebiankh 15641:Shenshek 15599:Nebsenre 15431:Sihathor 15401:Khendjer 15364:Renseneb 15309:Nerikare 15154:Intef II 15031:Merykare 14936:Wadjkare 14880:Merenhor 14775:Userkare 14682:Menkaure 14676:Bikheris 14665:Djedefre 14631:Qahedjet 14515:Wadjenes 14501:Horus Sa 14494:Nubnefer 14481:Nynetjer 14445:Sneferka 14185:Ni-Neith 14071:Pharaohs 14028:Category 13895:Freedmen 13871:Agrippa‎ 13864:Generals 13843:Cornelia 13837:Tiberius 13802:Children 13768:(sister) 13762:(sister) 13756:(mother) 13744:(father) 13555:Augustus 13526:Temples 13517:Pantheon 13245:Philippi 13160:Augustus 13153:Princeps 13133:Octavian 13123:Augustus 13080:Category 13049:Servilia 12917:Children 12898:Cornelia 12737:Anticato 12573:Gergovia 12568:Avaricum 12553:Morbihan 12543:Atuatuci 12523:Bibracte 12500:Mytilene 12398:emperors 12095:Usurpers 12090:Augustae 12048:See also 11953:Nicholas 11775:Basil II 11572:Tiberius 11557:Leontius 11545:Tiberius 11522:Tiberius 11500:610–1453 11495:Eastern/ 11449:Justin I 11402:Arcadius 11362:Olybrius 11344:Majorian 11285:Honorius 11264:Eugenius 11199:Vetranio 11149:Licinius 11122:Galerius 11117:Maximian 11102:Dominate 11092:Numerian 11062:Aurelian 11035:Valerian 10980:Philip I 10970:Balbinus 10965:Pupienus 10913:Macrinus 10888:Pertinax 10883:Commodus 10848:Domitian 10813:Claudius 10808:Caligula 10803:Tiberius 10798:Augustus 10736:Tiberius 10453:Tiberius 10390:Augustus 10384:archived 10361:Augustus 10310:Augustus 10273:(1989). 10213:(1978). 10174:(1878). 10162:(1984). 10142:Augustus 10140:(1970). 10012:(2010). 9990:(1985). 9968:(2012). 9946:(1998). 9924:(2007). 9903:(1987), 9893:Augustus 9891:(1937). 9869:(1998). 9834:Historia 9828:(1958), 9804:(1939). 9752:Augustus 9750:(1998). 9668:: 7–49. 9410:(2014). 9367:(2006). 9127:(2000). 8889:Augustus 8870:Augustus 8762:Augustus 8289:Augustus 8211:(1976). 7629:Augustus 7432:Archived 6937:Archived 6767:Josephus 6726:(1957). 6563:Archived 6537:Archived 6204:10 March 6194:62829223 5633:Archived 5147:Archived 5139:Cicero. 5100:cite web 5084:Archived 5053:Archived 5024:Augustus 4898:Augustus 4867:(1911). 4849:Archived 4826:Augustus 4795:Augustus 4749:Augustus 4733:Augustus 4698:Augustus 4656:Archived 4629:28 March 4623:Archived 4473:Augustus 4313:princeps 4297:princeps 4093:See also 3953:Posilipo 3866:Pantheon 3848:and the 3699:Sextilis 3695:Augustus 3532:autocrat 3495:de facto 3298:New Rome 3294:Old Rome 3290:Augustus 3284:and the 3214:pantheon 3151:imperium 3108:imperium 3052:Segestes 3044:Cherusci 3040:Arminius 3001:Dalmatia 2971:lost by 2918:Germania 2868:Asturias 2852:Tiberius 2850:Bust of 2818:Pannonia 2727:, Munich 2670:imperium 2630:Tiberius 2602:Pomerium 2594:imperium 2476:Odrysian 2463:imperium 2453:sardonyx 2416:Maecenas 2407:de facto 2387:iustitia 2352:Ariminum 2311:de facto 2307:augustus 2281:Augustus 2276:augustus 2171:states: 1956:paramour 1949:, London 1895:immunity 1892:tribunal 1857:Tarentum 1829:denarius 1768:en route 1739:Sardinia 1622:denarius 1591:Plutarch 1521:m barbat 1415:imperium 1338:Campania 1293:cognomen 1193:Hispania 1127:denarius 1108:governor 1096:Octavius 1060:Velletri 1058:town of 1056:Volscian 1012:Augustus 855:Thurinus 852:cognomen 721:Tiberius 694:with an 680:Germania 672:Hispania 656:Pannonia 652:Dalmatia 645:Augustus 638:Princeps 618:and the 578:de facto 534:plebeian 475:Octavian 368:43–25 BC 326:Triumvir 236:Tiberius 123:Octavius 108:Tiberius 62:Princeps 53:Augustus 33:Augustus 17713:Octavii 17419:Carinus 17400:Tacitus 17358:Quietus 17201:Hadrian 16885:Khabash 16716:Wahibre 16696:Necho I 16690:Nekauba 16678:Ammeris 16621:Dynasty 16559:Taharqa 16554:Shabaka 16491:Rudamun 16470:Iuput I 16315:Herihor 16267:Smendes 16167:Twosret 16157:Seti II 16001:female) 15986:Dynasty 15882:Rahotep 15779:Semenre 15749:Djehuti 15731:Khamudi 15720:Yanassi 15703:Salitis 15655:Yakareb 15648:Khamure 15579:Sehebre 15501:Merkare 15149:Intef I 15088:Dynasty 14997:Imhotep 14957:Iytjenu 14943:Khuiqer 14855:Menkare 14806:Neferka 14790:Pepi II 14712:Userkaf 14606:Sanakht 14429:Anedjib 14409:Hor-Aha 14342:Iry-Hor 14336:Shendjw 14308:Pen-Abu 14192:Hat-Hor 14114:Dynasty 13783:Claudia 13700:Culture 13474:Palaces 13401:obelisk 13027:Related 12903:Pompeia 12658:Thapsus 12653:Corduba 12648:Ruspina 12105:Eastern 12005:Matthew 11899:Alexios 11747:Stephen 11709:Basil I 11594:Leo III 11469:Maurice 11412:Marcian 11395:395–610 11319:Joannes 11278:395–480 11232:Gratian 11105:284–610 11087:Carinus 11067:Tacitus 10943:235–285 10863:Hadrian 10566:III–XI 9842:4434568 9794:1844784 9682:4238573 9505:3816937 8994:Sources 8962:: 186. 8826:9 April 8682:56.30.3 8652:1.12.35 8497:Tacitus 8250:: 152. 8097:Tacitus 7161:, p. 23 6889:Archive 6852:(230). 6824:Archive 6822:XXVII ( 6780:Archive 6754:4238646 6560:587–590 5338:, 3.94. 5284:3.11–12 4877:(ed.). 4451:Book 45 4309:(54.12) 4301:Publius 4165:Caepias 3813:obelisk 3811:was an 3635:revenue 3627:fourrée 3553:writer 3430:courier 3415:vigiles 3402:prefect 3306:emperor 3296:and at 3280:in the 3132:Antonia 3016:Hermann 2975:in the 2973:Crassus 2953:buffers 2896:in the 2894:Muziris 2860:Galatia 2810:Noricum 2695:Lepidus 2626:triumph 2618:legatus 2534:tribune 2500:Jupiter 2474:on the 2297:Romulus 2289:Romulus 2265:minted 2244:Illyria 2228:Cilicia 2138:consuls 2063:in the 2028:in the 2002:Pompeii 1869:Miletus 1837:Messina 1810:Corsica 1802:Neptune 1721:Perusia 1694:Perusia 1682:Claudia 1624:minted 1600:Paullus 1569:equites 1541:Bononia 1423:Hirtius 1342:denarii 1269:adopted 1259:on the 1255:, when 1253:Illyria 1243:, Rome. 1166:virilis 959:-vee-ən 834:-vee-əs 660:Noricum 628:tribune 554:adopted 542:Octavia 532:of the 270:Dynasty 172:Claudia 165:Spouses 147:, Italy 35:(title) 17559:Argead 17406:Probus 17326:Decius 17321:Philip 17196:Trajan 16924:Argead 16833:Muthis 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