526:
538:
1951:
237:
550:
344:
27:
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387:
250:
1855:
360:) lower than the lake surface. This water flow and vertical drop generate 23 megawatts of electricity. Any water in the river must come directly from the dam and bypass the power house. The Olympic Games dam release of 1,400 cu ft/s (40 m/s) represented an electricity sacrifice of 31 megawatts, and today's recreational releases of 1,600 cu ft/s (45 m/s) represent an electricity sacrifice of 35 megawatts, or $ 2100/hour at 6¢/kilowatt-hour.
1810:
282:
305:), which is still twice the width of most artificial whitewater channels. Even at this reduced width, for the water surface to have the desired dynamics the streamflow needed to be 1,400 cu ft/s (40 m/s), which is two or three times greater than the flow of most artificial whitewater channels. The proposed river modifications were tested on a 1-to-10 scale model, with water, constructed outdoors near the base of
477:
Ocoee is also watered, the Middle Ocoee has water into the early evening (its own release plus the extra water from upstream). Most rafting activity takes place on the Middle Ocoee, which has a 1% slope of 50 ft/mile (9.5 m/km). Rafting down the Upper Ocoee, and through the steeper
Olympic course, is offered as a more challenging alternative.
278:. As the only in-river Olympic venue, it had the greatest water volume, the highest drop, and the steepest slope. The more recent Olympic venues, built closer to their host cities, rely entirely on pumped water and use smaller concrete channels designed to minimize the energy cost of running the pumps.
405:
Humongous is the steepest and most constricted rapid, with a wave train on the left side of a midstream boulder and two big drops on the right side, Godzilla and
Humongous Hole. Olympic upstream gate #23 was placed on the right bank in the small eddy between the two drops. To avoid getting stuck in
351:
Despite the fact that the Ocoee is watered by rainfall and gravity, the energy cost of putting water in the river is high in terms of sacrificed electricity production. The Upper Ocoee, the 3.5 mi (5.6 km) section of the river between Dam #3 and its powerhouse, is normally dewatered except
232:
The Ocoee
Whitewater Center visitor center was destroyed by a fire early on the morning of April 26, 2022, and the main structure was completely destroyed. As of June 2023, investigators hadn't determined the cause of the fire. On May 27, 2023, a little over a year after the fire, the day use area of
202:, and is the only in-river course to be used for Olympic slalom competition. A 1,640 foot (500 m) stretch of the Upper Ocoee River was narrowed by two-thirds to create the drops and eddies needed for a slalom course. Today, the course is watered only on summer weekends, 34 days a year, for use by
476:
According to a 13-year agreement now in force, the Upper Ocoee, below Dam #3 and flowing past the
Whitewater Center, has mid-day water 34 days a year, on summer weekends. The Middle Ocoee, below Dam #2, has water 106 days a year and contains 26 Adventure Class rapids. On the days when the Upper
401:
The named rapids are Best Ledge, the drop above
Olympic gate #1; Smiley’s, where a midstream boulder splits the stream below gate #3; Slam Dunk, the ledge between gates #8 and #9; the Conveyor Belt wave train, gates #10 - #17; Callihan Ledge at gate #18; and Humongous, gates #21 - #24.
472:
clout and money to strike a deal with TVA for regular recreational releases during the summer months. Thirteen years later, when the 1996 Olympic Games came to the Upper Ocoee, recreational releases were scheduled for the upper section of the river as well.
397:
course used in the 2012 London
Olympics, but with a similar number of gates. At Ocoee, racers had to sprint between the widely separated gates at the top and then maneuver through the closely spaced gates around the Humongous rapid at the bottom.
257:
Since most
Olympic host cities are located far from usable whitewater, canoe slalom is a relatively recent addition to the Olympic games. The first two Olympic canoe slalom venues were canals built around dams on small rivers in nearby mountains:
406:
Humongous Hole and missing the rest of the gates, slalom racers needed to catch the
Godzilla wave to stop their downstream momentum when entering the eddy, and catch it again to surf across the current toward the boulder and upstream gate #24.
468:. In 1976, the sudden appearance of water in the long-dry Middle Ocoee river attracted private canoers and kayakers and commercial rafting operators, who by 1983, when the flume was put back in service, had enough
497:
Mountain Bike Trail offers 30 miles (48 km) of trails centered on the
Whitewater Center. The Thunder Rock Campground is located at Powerhouse #3, one mile (1.6 km) west (downstream) of the Center. The
463:
From 1913, when Dam #2 and its flume were completed, until 1976, when the flume was shut down for repair, the 4.5-mile (7.2 km) section of river below the flume was waterless most of the time, especially in
675:
1161:
506:) provides access to the center and is usually open year-round. The westbound lanes of the road were originally constructed as the parking and staging area for the Olympics, later allowing it to become a
1156:
1201:
1191:
1171:
549:
537:
525:
1196:
1186:
1166:
352:
during flood control releases, usually during the winter and spring. Lake water is taken by tunnel and penstock, at the rate of 1,050 cu ft/s (30 m/s), to the power house 300
1206:
1176:
1746:
409:
Commercial rafts often go down the right side at
Humongous for the two-drop roller coaster ride, sometimes flipping and dumping their occupants in the water at the second drop.
649:
456:
to a penstock and powerhouse several miles downstream. From Dam #2 the water travels through an above-ground wooden flume, rather than through a tunnel. In both cases, the
2454:
2464:
393:
For the final slalom race of the 1996 Olympic games, there were 25 gates, 6 upstream (red) and 19 downstream (green). The 500 meter course was twice the length of the
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494:
1844:
1569:
1212:
2122:
1650:
984:
484:
206:
and private boaters. When the river has water, 24 commercial rafting companies take more than 750 raft passengers through the course each day.
1072:
240:
Ocoee Whitewater Center from pedestrian bridge, altered riverbed without water. "Best ledge" crosses the river in the middle of the picture.
621:
460:
between the dam and powerhouse, which drops about 250 feet (76 m) in elevation, is deprived of all the water used in power generation.
2324:
2434:
2328:
1620:
1067:
428:
Whitewater rafting on the Middle Ocoee, downstream from the Whitewater Center, first became a thriving industry in 1976, when the wooden
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1222:
312:
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1837:
1467:
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1688:
1227:
2115:
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the Center opened to the public and the U S Forest Service sought public input for developing a masterplan for the Center.
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was built in Charlotte, North Carolina, with an Olympic-standard whitewater course watered by three half-megawatt pumps.
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1077:
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1967:
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1972:
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368:
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A large fire destroyed the Ocoee Whitwater Center's main building in the early morning hours of April 26, 2022.
1143:
970:
2351:
1914:
1564:
394:
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1987:
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Levees built along the shore of the Ocoee River, and covered with natural rock, reduced its width from 200
53:
2167:
1992:
1718:
1645:
1604:
701:
347:
Scale model, 1:10, built to study proposed narrowing of the Upper Ocoee River for the 1996 Olympic games.
2310:
1932:
1713:
1673:
1668:
417:
364:
2412:
2398:
2375:
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1959:
1703:
589:
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1822:
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1950:
1708:
1579:
1559:
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274:. The 1996 Atlanta Games produced the third such venue by modifying the then-dry streambed of the
780:
343:
236:
174:
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1589:
1272:
1133:
375:
543:
Finish line for 1996 Olympics. Midstream camera is mounted on the boulder in Humongous Rapid.
480:
Whenever the Ocoee River has water, private boaters are free to use the river without charge.
253:
Map of Ocoee River altered riverbed used as the canoe slalom venue for the 1996 Olympic Games.
63:
2008:
1736:
1584:
1531:
2404:
2394:
2158:
1862:
1442:
1399:
271:
263:
222:
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26:
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for lost electricity, but slalom athletes need a cheaper place to practice. In 2006, the
8:
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2032:
1574:
1328:
1252:
1248:
1243:
210:
187:
42:
676:"One year after destructive fire, plans for future of Ocoee Whitewater Center announced"
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1475:
1424:
1338:
1282:
1031:
912:
872:
752:
499:
374:
The Media and VIP building for the whitewater events was designed by TWH Architects of
275:
267:
2226:
2212:
2088:
2078:
2048:
2022:
1881:
1782:
1777:
259:
2062:
2012:
1904:
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1599:
1594:
441:
199:
363:
The popular rafting industry generates enough revenue to partially compensate the
2291:
2072:
2068:
1927:
1891:
1625:
1384:
1041:
731:
622:"Officials: Ocoee Whitewater Center a total loss, TBI fire investigation ongoing"
507:
445:
433:
306:
218:
2253:
2176:
1982:
1770:
1404:
1369:
1359:
1313:
1277:
1128:
1108:
1021:
851:
829:
806:
602:
386:
249:
169:
1,400 cu ft/s (40 m/s) to 1,600 cu ft/s (45 m/s)
2428:
2408:
2100:
1937:
1854:
1447:
1333:
1323:
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1262:
1118:
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327:
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1414:
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1123:
1016:
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209:
Because the river is dry most of the year, the Center, now operated by the
2347:
2276:
2194:
2185:
2018:
1977:
1796:
1698:
1379:
1103:
1098:
556:
531:
Riverbed before construction, with lines showing proposed new shorelines.
353:
298:
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146:
130:
81:
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1026:
457:
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1852:
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1419:
1257:
1046:
892:
469:
453:
1505:
1113:
1093:
997:
993:
281:
1747:
Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions
1866:
1500:
1457:
1394:
926:
511:
503:
226:
203:
1515:
1485:
1364:
702:"Reimagining the Future for the Ocoee Whitewater Center Begins"
465:
214:
378:. The building now contains a visitors center and gift shop.
229:, and receptions. It receives about 300,000 visitors a year.
2052:
1409:
1318:
1308:
1303:
429:
357:
302:
294:
150:
134:
626:
449:
559:. This tower was moved to its current location in 2004.
650:"Work begins on the future of Ocoee Whitewater Center"
416:
in 2001, but those were cancelled in the wake of the
620:
Zechman, Bliss; Benninghoff, Eric (April 26, 2022).
1570:
Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon
452:behind the dam and transported with little loss in
2455:Buildings and structures in Polk County, Tennessee
2390:National Olympic Nautical Stadium of Île-de-France
807:"Jess surfs godzilla.. extended humongous surf..."
619:
2465:Canoeing and kayaking venues in the United States
767:"Chattanoogan: Vance Travis – Ad-VANCE Creations"
2426:
1983:Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
830:"Michal Martikan - Olympic games - Atlanta 1996"
781:"Ocoee - Upper Ocoee - Ocoee #3 to Ocoee #2 Dam"
1651:Toronto International Dragon Boat Race Festival
2130:
668:
488:
2460:Tourist attractions in Polk County, Tennessee
2116:
1838:
978:
555:Fire tower at the museum formerly located on
827:
2329:Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre
1621:Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival
694:
448:. In both cases water is drained from the
423:
2123:
2109:
1845:
1831:
1631:Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York
985:
971:
913:Middle Ocoee Reacreational Water Releases.
244:
2204:Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course
992:
873:Upper Ocoee Reacreational Water Releases.
444:system for Dam #2 is similar to that for
642:
342:
280:
248:
235:
16:Sports venue in Tennessee, United States
2427:
2254:Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site
1689:British Dragon Boat Racing Association
2104:
1826:
966:
590:1996 Summer Olympics official report.
578:1996 Summer Olympics official report.
436:and its powerhouse was shut down for
412:The course was scheduled to host the
1790:The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes
1742:International Dragon Boat Federation
414:ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
285:Upper Ocoee River Topographical Map.
2339:Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park
2315:Sydney International Regatta Centre
510:at this point to handle summertime
13:
2435:Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
2366:Deodoro Olympic Whitewater Stadium
1905:Georgia State University Gymnasium
385:
64:McLaughlin Whitewater Design Group
14:
2476:
2401:(sprint), Riversport OKC (slalom)
2325:Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre
1555:List of world records in canoeing
921:
852:"Ocoee Rafters Flip on Humongous"
381:
2290:
1973:Georgia International Horse Park
1949:
1892:Clark Atlanta University Stadium
1853:
1808:
548:
536:
524:
25:
1809:
1641:Lethbridge Dragon Boat Festival
906:
877:
866:
844:
821:
799:
773:
759:
369:U.S. National Whitewater Center
2217:Oberschleißheim Regatta Course
2079:University of Georgia Coliseum
745:
720:
613:
595:
583:
571:
1:
2440:Artificial whitewater courses
2352:Lee Valley White Water Centre
1915:Georgia World Congress Center
1887:Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium
1565:Au Sable River Canoe Marathon
828:Canoe Slalom (19 June 2012).
564:
2150:Berlin-Grünau Regatta Course
1988:Stone Mountain Tennis Center
1928:Morris Brown College Stadium
1636:Houston Dragon Boat Festival
1538:Canoeing and kayaking venues
213:, also serves as a site for
7:
1993:Wolf Creek Shooting Complex
1923:Morehouse College Gymnasium
1910:Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
1882:Alexander Memorial Coliseum
1719:Portuguese Canoe Federation
1646:Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival
1605:Riverland Paddling Marathon
885:"Ocoee River Rafting Trips"
489:Hiking, biking, and camping
10:
2481:
2450:Sports venues in Tennessee
2311:Penrith Whitewater Stadium
2263:Canal Olímpic de Catalunya
2132:Olympic venues in canoeing
1933:Centennial Olympic Stadium
1714:Scottish Canoe Association
1674:American Canoe Association
1669:European Canoe Association
1162:Women's Canadian medalists
517:
418:September 11, 2001 attacks
365:Tennessee Valley Authority
2413:Redland Whitewater Centre
2399:Long Beach Marine Stadium
2376:Kasai Canoe Slalom Centre
2299:
2288:
2138:
2001:
1958:
1947:
1874:
1806:
1760:
1752:UK Rivers Access Campaign
1727:
1704:Croatian Canoe Federation
1659:
1613:
1547:
1524:
1466:
1433:
1352:
1296:
1236:
1142:
1086:
1055:
1004:
753:"Ocoee Whitewater Center"
190:, United States, was the
173:
165:
157:
141:
125:
120:
112:
104:
96:
88:
77:
69:
59:
49:
38:
33:
24:
2236:Krylatskoye Rowing Canal
1709:Israel Canoe Association
1580:Hawkesbury Canoe Classic
1560:Adirondack Canoe Classic
1157:Men's Canadian medalists
424:Ocoee whitewater rafting
108:Yes, limited due to fire
2445:Olympic canoeing venues
2281:Ocoee Whitewater Center
2039:Ocoee Whitewater Center
1213:Slalom Junior & U23
1202:Women's kayak medalists
1192:Women's canoe medalists
1172:Women's kayak medalists
854:. YouTube. 14 July 2008
785:National River Database
245:Design and construction
184:Ocoee Whitewater Center
175:Ocoee Whitewater Center
20:Ocoee Whitewater Center
2043:Polk County, Tennessee
1590:National Student Rodeo
1273:Canoe and kayak diving
1134:Standup paddleboarding
390:
376:Chattanooga, Tennessee
348:
286:
254:
241:
1737:Canadian Canoe Museum
1585:Massive Murray Paddle
1532:Artificial whitewater
1207:Mixed canoe medalists
1197:Men's kayak medalists
1187:Men's canoe medalists
1167:Men's kayak medalists
809:YouTube. 23 July 2008
787:. American Whitewater
389:
346:
284:
252:
239:
2159:Henley Royal Regatta
2059:RFK Memorial Stadium
1863:1996 Summer Olympics
1443:Canoe paddle strokes
1400:Sturgeon-nosed canoe
272:1992 Barcelona Games
196:1996 Summer Olympics
2380:Sea Forest Waterway
2033:Birmingham, Alabama
2009:Florida Citrus Bowl
1896:Cycling road course
1729:Other organisations
1575:Dusi Canoe Marathon
1329:International Canoe
1249:Whitewater canoeing
1244:Small-craft sailing
1177:Paracanoe medalists
945: /
495:Tanasi Trail System
324: /
211:U.S. Forest Service
188:Ducktown, Tennessee
43:Ducktown, Tennessee
21:
2267:Segre Olympic Park
1694:Canoe Kayak Canada
1476:Albano buoy system
1339:Recreational kayak
1283:Canoe orienteering
1228:Wildwater canoeing
1032:Wildwater canoeing
889:www.ocoeeriver.biz
728:"TVA Power Prices"
500:Ocoee Scenic Byway
391:
349:
328:35.0967°N 84.652°W
287:
268:Segre Olympic Park
255:
242:
161:2.2% (120 ft/mile)
54:U S Forest Service
19:
2422:
2421:
2300:21st century
2227:Notre Dame Island
2213:Augsburg Eiskanal
2139:20th century
2098:
2097:
2089:Savannah, Georgia
2081:(Athens, Georgia)
2023:Columbus, Georgia
1820:
1819:
1778:Paddle-to-the-Sea
1771:La Chasse-galerie
1390:Pacific Northwest
1353:Traditional boats
1087:Other disciplines
949:35.068°N 84.463°W
592:Volume 3. p. 164.
580:Volume 1. p. 542.
276:Upper Ocoee River
264:1972 Munich Games
260:Augsburg Eiskanal
180:
179:
2472:
2294:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2063:Washington, D.C.
2013:Orlando, Florida
1953:
1857:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1679:Paddle Australia
1661:Governing bodies
1600:Waterside Series
1595:Thameside Series
1073:Female medalists
1005:Main disciplines
987:
980:
973:
964:
963:
960:
959:
957:
956:
955:
950:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
927:Official Website
915:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
891:. Archived from
881:
875:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
777:
771:
770:
769:. 31 March 2013.
763:
757:
756:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
730:. Archived from
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
672:
666:
665:
663:
661:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
617:
611:
610:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
552:
540:
528:
442:power generation
339:
338:
336:
335:
334:
333:35.0967; -84.652
329:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
29:
22:
18:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2295:
2286:
2134:
2129:
2099:
2094:
2073:Athens, Georgia
2069:Sanford Stadium
1997:
1954:
1945:
1919:Marathon course
1870:
1851:
1821:
1816:
1802:
1756:
1723:
1655:
1626:Duanwu Festival
1609:
1543:
1520:
1462:
1429:
1385:Outrigger canoe
1348:
1292:
1232:
1138:
1082:
1063:Summer Olympics
1051:
1042:Canoe freestyle
1000:
991:
954:35.068; -84.463
953:
951:
947:
944:
939:
936:
934:
932:
931:
924:
919:
918:
911:
907:
898:
896:
883:
882:
878:
871:
867:
857:
855:
850:
849:
845:
835:
833:
826:
822:
812:
810:
805:
804:
800:
790:
788:
779:
778:
774:
765:
764:
760:
751:
750:
746:
737:
735:
726:
725:
721:
711:
709:
700:
699:
695:
685:
683:
682:. 26 April 2023
674:
673:
669:
659:
657:
648:
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633:
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614:
601:
600:
596:
588:
584:
576:
572:
567:
560:
553:
544:
541:
532:
529:
520:
508:divided highway
491:
426:
384:
332:
330:
326:
323:
318:
315:
313:
311:
310:
247:
219:mountain biking
45:, United States
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2467:
2462:
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2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
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2284:
2270:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2177:Lake Wendouree
2170:
2161:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2053:Miami, Florida
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:Walking course
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1912:
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654:Local3News.com
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2085:Wassaw Sound
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2029:Legion Field
2002:Other venues
1900:Georgia Dome
1875:Olympic Ring
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1548:Competitions
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1496:Paddle leash
1491:Paddle float
1344:Sprint canoe
1297:Modern boats
1288:Canoe livery
1258:Sea kayaking
1251: /
1223:Ocean Racing
1124:Snow boating
1017:Canoe slalom
1012:Canoe sprint
930:
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897:. Retrieved
893:the original
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736:. Retrieved
732:the original
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307:Ocoee Dam #1
288:
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208:
204:guided rafts
192:canoe slalom
183:
181:
113:Opening date
78:Water source
2348:Dorney Lake
2277:Lake Lanier
2195:Lake Sagami
2186:Lake Albano
2168:Taivallahti
2049:Orange Bowl
2019:Golden Park
1978:Lake Lanier
1797:Waterwalker
1699:Canoe Wales
1380:Fur brigade
1114:Surf skiing
1104:Nouka Baich
952: /
557:Oswald Dome
331: /
223:conferences
84:Dam release
82:Ocoee River
2429:Categories
2411:(sprint),
2378:(slalom),
2364:(sprint),
2350:(sprint),
2327:(slalom),
2313:(slalom),
2279:(sprint),
2265:(sprint),
2215:(slalom),
1511:Spray deck
1453:Kayak roll
1435:Techniques
1237:Recreation
1027:Canoe polo
940:84°27′47″W
937:35°04′05″N
899:2013-08-21
858:29 January
836:29 January
813:29 January
791:29 January
738:2015-07-03
603:"About Us"
565:References
438:renovation
395:Lee Valley
319:84°39′07″W
316:35°05′48″N
133:(500
105:Facilities
97:Canoe lift
70:Main shape
1684:Paddle UK
1614:Festivals
1481:Outrigger
1468:Equipment
1425:Swan boat
1420:War canoe
1047:Paracanoe
832:. YouTube
634:April 26,
470:political
454:elevation
356:(91
301:(21
293:(61
149:(11
89:Surf wave
2415:(slalom)
2382:(sprint)
2368:(slalom)
2354:(slalom)
2331:(sprint)
2317:(sprint)
2283:(slalom)
2269:(slalom)
2219:(sprint)
1506:Sea sock
1253:kayaking
1218:Marathon
1094:Creeking
1056:Olympics
998:kayaking
994:Canoeing
458:riverbed
432:between
297:) to 70
270:for the
262:for the
227:weddings
166:Flowrate
73:Riverbed
60:Designer
1867:Atlanta
1861:of the
1814:Outline
1501:Royalex
1458:Portage
1395:Rabaska
712:17 June
686:17 June
660:17 June
518:Gallery
512:traffic
504:U.S. 64
440:. The
200:Atlanta
186:, near
1859:Venues
1525:Venues
1516:Tuilik
1486:Paddle
1405:Taimen
1375:Dugout
1365:Cayuco
1183:Slalom
1153:Sprint
1078:Venues
466:summer
446:Dam #3
434:Dam #2
266:, and
215:hiking
129:1,640
126:Length
39:Locale
1762:Media
1410:Umiak
1334:Malia
1319:Flyak
1309:Kayak
1304:Canoe
430:flume
309:, at
158:Slope
121:Stats
34:About
2405:2032
2395:2028
2386:2024
2372:2020
2358:2016
2344:2012
2335:2008
2321:2004
2307:2000
2273:1996
2259:1992
2250:1988
2241:1984
2232:1980
2223:1976
2209:1972
2200:1968
2191:1964
2182:1960
2173:1956
2164:1952
2155:1948
2146:1936
1783:film
1415:Waka
996:and
860:2015
838:2015
815:2015
793:2015
714:2023
706:USDA
688:2023
680:WTVC
662:2023
636:2022
627:WTVC
493:The
450:lake
354:feet
299:feet
291:feet
182:The
147:feet
142:Drop
131:feet
116:1996
1144:ICF
198:in
145:37
92:Yes
2431::
2407::
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887:.
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225:,
221:,
217:,
100:No
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2011:(
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902:.
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716:.
690:.
664:.
638:.
609:.
502:(
358:m
303:m
295:m
153:)
151:m
137:)
135:m
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