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physiological drop in maternal clotting factors after delivery which greatly increases the risk of secondary postpartum hemorrhage. Another bleeding risk factor is thrombocytopenia, or decreased platelet levels, which is the most common hematological change associated with pregnancy induced hypertension. If platelet counts drop less than 100,000 per microliter the patient will be at a severe risk for inability to clot during and after delivery.
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Other considerations to include when assessing antepartum bleeding are: sterile vaginal exams that are performed in order to assess dilation of the patient when the 40th week is approaching. As well as cervical insufficiency defined as a midtrimester (14th-26th week) dilation of the cervix which may
208:
Abnormal bleeding after delivery, or postpartum hemorrhage, is the loss of greater than 500 ml of blood following vaginal delivery, or 1000 ml of blood following cesarean section. Other definitions of excessive postpartum bleeding are hemodynamic instability, drop of hemoglobin of more than 10%, or
193:
where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by
Wharton's jelly of the cord. Occasionally this condition can be diagnosed by ultrasound. There are also tests to differentiate maternal blood from fetal blood which can help in determining the source of the bleed.
410:
Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina;
233:
deficiency, may cause severe postpartum hemorrhage, with an increased risk of death particularly in the postpartum period. The risk of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with vWD and carriers of hemophilia has been found to be 18.5% and 22% respectively. This pathology occurs due to the normal
357:
Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.;
411:
Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; et al. (October 2016).
358:
Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; et al. (October 2016).
209:
requiring blood transfusion. In the literature, primary postpartum hemorrhage is defined as uncontrolled bleeding that occurs in the first 24 hours after delivery while secondary hemorrhage occurs between 24 hours and six weeks.
157:(in which there is premature separation of the placenta) can lead to obstetrical hemorrhage, sometimes concealed. This pathology is of important consideration after maternal trauma such as a motor vehicle accident or fall.
296:) is a type of pregnancy where the sperm and the egg have joined within the uterus, but the result is a cyst resembling a grape-like cluster rather than an embryo. Bleeding can be an early sign of this tumor developing.
2231:
952:
933:
2035:
413:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
86:. Bleeding before childbirth is that which occurs after 24 weeks of pregnancy. Bleeding may be vaginal or less commonly into the abdominal cavity. Bleeding which occurs before 24 weeks is known as
360:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
149:
which is a low lying placenta at or very near to the internal cervical os. This condition occurs in roughly 4 out of 1000 pregnancies and usually needs to be resolved by delivering the baby via
710:
789:
Global burden of maternal haemorrhage in the year 2000 Carmen Dolea1, Carla AbouZahr2, Claudia Stein1 Evidence and
Information for Policy (EIP), World Health Organization, Geneva, July 2003
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About 8.7 million cases of severe maternal bleeding occurred in 2015 resulting in 83,000 deaths. Between 2003 and 2009, bleeding accounted for 27% of maternal deaths globally.
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Say, Lale; Chou, Doris; Gemmill, Alison; Tunçalp, Özge; Moller, Ann-Beth; Daniels, Jane; Gülmezoglu, A Metin; Temmerman, Marleen; Alkema, Leontine (2014).
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730:"Measuring Post-Partum Haemorrhage in Low-Resource Settings: The Diagnostic Validity of Weighed Blood Loss versus Quantitative Changes in Hemoglobin"
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A quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) blood test to confirm the pregnancy or assist in diagnosing a potential miscarriage
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Pregnant patients may have bleeding from the reproductive tract due to trauma, including sexual trauma, neoplasm, most commonly
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141:(APH), also prepartum hemorrhage, is bleeding during pregnancy from the 24th week (sometimes defined as from the 20th week)
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633:"Relation between Birth Weight and Intraoperative Hemorrhage during Cesarean Section in Pregnancy with Placenta Previa"
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1999:
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Kadir RA, Aledort LM (October 2000). "Obstetrical and gynaecological bleeding: a common presenting symptom".
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can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the
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Atukunda EC, Mugyenyi GR, Obua C, Atuhumuza EB, Musinguzi N, Tornes YF, Agaba AG, Siedner MJ (2016).
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Transvaginal pelvic ultrasonography to confirm that the pregnancy is not outside of the uterus
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Maternal bleeding, obstetrical hemorrhage, obstetric haemorrhage, maternal hemorrhage
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If a small amount of bleeding is seen in early pregnancy a physician may request:
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The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
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up to the birth of the baby. The primary consideration is the presence of a
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need medical intervention to assist in keeping the pregnancy sustainable.
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Soyama H, Miyamoto M, Ishibashi H, Takano M, Sasa H, Furuya K (2016).
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Charles J Lockwood, MD, MHCM, Karen Russo-Stieglitz, MD (July 2017).
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Bleeding in pregnancy that occurs before, during, or after childbirth
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Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the
514:
Physiology in
Childbearing: With Anatomy and Related Biosciences
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182:
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Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
540:"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis"
1779:
1590:
2041:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
259:
For bleeding seen in later pregnancy tests may include:
93:
Causes of bleeding before and during childbirth include
711:"Velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa"
612:
The Royal Women’s
Hospital > antepartum haemorrhage
409:
1731:
537:
915:
467:
Walfish, M.; Neuman, A.; Wlody, D. (December 2009).
356:
466:
275:(KB) test especially if there was maternal trauma
217:In rare cases, inherited bleeding disorders, like
185:is rare, but may occur with two conditions called
2825:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1023:
3899:
331:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
109:. Causes of bleeding after childbirth include
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689:
510:
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269:Ultrasound to determine placental location
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2092:International Center for Research on Women
1016:
1002:
869:
852:
531:
872:"Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy"
763:
753:
666:
656:
565:
555:
517:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 429.
484:
462:
460:
458:
456:
436:
383:
347:
323:
501:
400:
511:Stables, Dorothy; Rankin, Jean (2010).
3900:
888:
833:
453:
2944:
2463:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2430:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2213:
1811:
997:
785:
783:
690:Berghella, MD, Vincenzo (July 2017).
279:
3913:Complications of labour and delivery
2529:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2180:
2074:Office of Research on Women's Health
595:
593:
191:velamentous umbilical cord insertion
3795:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2192:
2112:Society for Women's Health Research
2046:International Day of the Girl Child
801:Clinical and Laboratory Haematology
252:Blood type and Rh test to rule out
13:
2478:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2156:Birth control in the United States
870:Heine PR, Swamy GK (August 2009).
807:(Suppl 1): 12–6, discussion 30–2.
780:
127:
14:
3939:
2736:Pain management during childbirth
2663:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2051:Commission on the Status of Women
1061:External female genitalia (vulva)
911:
590:
197:
3800:Postpartum physiological changes
3500:Postpartum physiological changes
3025:Assisted reproductive technology
2922:
2921:
2908:Sexual activity during pregnancy
2191:
2179:
2168:
2167:
1384:Assisted reproductive technology
1024:
979:
813:10.1046/j.1365-2257.2000.00007.x
311:Non-pneumatic anti-shock garment
254:hemolytic disease of the newborn
237:
3852:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1350:Breastfeeding and mental health
882:
827:
702:
683:
292:. Molar pregnancy (also called
212:
164:
115:retained products of conception
3495:Maternal physiological changes
2410:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
891:Pregnancy and birth sourcebook
836:Pregnancy and birth sourcebook
605:
473:British Journal of Anaesthesia
111:poor contraction of the uterus
1:
3050:partner-assisted reproduction
2612:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2000:Social determinants of health
557:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X
429:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
376:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
316:
2891:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2542:Maternal care related to the
2524:Gestational thrombocytopenia
1995:Gender disparities in health
1333:Mother-to-child transmission
755:10.1371/journal.pone.0152408
658:10.1371/journal.pone.0167332
7:
3286:Traditional birth attendant
2692:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1608:Pelvic inflammatory disease
1551:Hormone replacement therapy
1115:Reproductive system disease
889:Aldred, Heather E. (1997).
838:. health reference series.
834:Aldred, Heather E. (1997).
299:
10:
3944:
3918:Health issues in pregnancy
3518:Brain health and pollution
2803:Breastfeeding difficulties
2602:Constriction ring syndrome
2576:Braxton Hicks contractions
2102:Black Women's Health Study
1169:Complications of pregnancy
266:and blood type and screen
264:Complete blood count (CBC)
201:
131:
3879:
3844:
3808:
3762:
3753:
3731:Chorionic villus sampling
3713:
3508:
3465:
3434:
3427:
3294:
3219:
3188:
3179:
3113:
3083:Obstetric ultrasonography
3070:
3015:
3007:Pre-conception counseling
2982:
2916:
2873:
2840:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
2830:Pubic symphysis diastasis
2793:
2677:
2541:
2514:
2496:
2438:
2400:
2391:
2347:
2265:
2256:
2163:
2120:
2079:Women's Health Initiative
2064:
2026:
2017:
1966:
1932:Major depressive disorder
1800:
1760:Intimate partner violence
1722:
1621:Female genital mutilation
1616:
1565:
1474:
1416:
1362:
1308:
1221:
1134:
1123:
1049:
1036:
919:
621:Retrieved on Jan 13, 2009
335:World Health Organization
57:
49:
37:
29:
24:
3621:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2366:Gestational hypertension
1668:Gynaecological disorders
1484:Culture and menstruation
1451:Contraceptive prevalence
1343:Compulsory sterilization
692:"Cervical insufficiency"
602:Last Updated: 5 May 2009
544:The Lancet Global Health
88:early pregnancy bleeding
3691:Motor vehicle emissions
3552:Concomitant conditions
3526:environmental toxicants
3269:Auxiliary nurse midwife
3030:artificial insemination
2997:Natural family planning
2765:Umbilical cord prolapse
2687:Amniotic fluid embolism
2445:dermatoses of pregnancy
1951:Urinary tract infection
1743:Abuse during childbirth
3785:Postpartum confinement
3045:in vitro fertilisation
2881:Concomitant conditions
2860:Postpartum thyroiditis
2638:Circumvallate placenta
2458:Impetigo herpetiformis
2453:Gestational pemphigoid
2425:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2358:hypertensive disorders
1868:Cardiovascular disease
1456:Contraceptive security
1389:In vitro fertilization
1300:Postpartum confinement
1174:Hyperemesis gravidarum
469:"Maternal haemorrhage"
223:von Willebrand disease
3928:Obstetric haemorrhage
3780:Postpartum depression
3661:Pruritic folliculitis
3405:Unassisted childbirth
2850:Postpartum infections
2845:Postpartum depression
1990:Healthcare inequality
1792:Gender discrimination
1596:Human papilloma virus
1271:Vesicovaginal fistula
988:Medical Knowledge app
290:hematologic disorders
3887:Gravidity and parity
3867:Congenital disorders
3826:Lactation consultant
3696:Pre-existing disease
3375:Childbirth positions
3365:Rupture of membranes
3062:Unintended pregnancy
3040:fertility medication
2855:Postpartum psychosis
2724:Obstetrical bleeding
2619:Obstetrical bleeding
2440:Integumentary system
2415:Gestational diabetes
2394:related to pregnancy
2392:Other, predominantly
2097:Nurses' Health Study
2005:Reproductive justice
1956:Urinary incontinence
1576:Sexually transmitted
1431:Intrauterine devices
1276:Rectovaginal fistula
1266:Obstetrical fistulae
1194:Gestational diabetes
1189:Obstetrical bleeding
1164:Adolescent pregnancy
1149:Gravidity and parity
1144:Unintended pregnancy
423:(10053): 1459–1544.
370:(10053): 1545–1602.
306:Gynecologic bleeding
68:Obstetrical bleeding
25:Obstetrical bleeding
3908:Medical emergencies
3790:Sex after pregnancy
3597:Endocrine diseases
3543:Prenatal depression
3415:Placental expulsion
3333:Uterine contraction
3316:cervical effacement
3057:Fertility awareness
2835:Postpartum bleeding
2658:Placental abruption
2643:Monochorionic twins
2473:Prurigo gestationis
2010:Women's empowerment
1878:Alzheimer's disease
1509:Cloth menstrual pad
1466:Fertility awareness
1436:Oral contraceptives
1318:Perinatal mortality
746:2016PLoSO..1152408A
649:2016PLoSO..1167332S
204:Postpartum bleeding
175:placental abruption
153:. Also a placental
139:Antepartum bleeding
134:Antepartum bleeding
103:placental abruption
3566:Hypercoagulability
3395:Natural childbirth
3244:Postterm pregnancy
3002:Male contraceptive
2865:Puerperal mastitis
2820:Breast engorgement
2607:Monoamniotic twins
2597:Chorionic hematoma
2107:Cartwright Inquiry
2018:Politics, research
1836:Endometrial cancer
1690:Sexual intercourse
1461:Planned parenthood
1446:Male contraceptive
617:2010-01-08 at the
486:10.1093/bja/aep303
280:Unrelated bleeding
119:bleeding disorders
53:8.7 million (2015)
3895:
3894:
3880:Obstetric history
3875:
3874:
3836:Confinement nanny
3749:
3748:
3616:Acute fatty liver
3423:
3422:
3311:cervical dilation
2938:
2937:
2896:Thyroid disorders
2886:Diabetes mellitus
2770:Uterine inversion
2702:Shoulder dystocia
2697:Obstructed labour
2673:
2672:
2537:
2536:
2506:Chorea gravidarum
2282:Ectopic pregnancy
2207:
2206:
2087:
2086:
1912:
1911:
1863:
1862:
1846:Papanicolaou test
1802:Non-communicable
1770:Sexual harassment
1748:Domestic violence
1718:
1717:
1561:
1560:
1358:
1357:
1261:Retained placenta
1179:Ectopic pregnancy
975:
974:
65:
64:
19:Medical condition
3935:
3760:
3759:
3726:Cardiotocography
3432:
3431:
3338:Vaginal delivery
3211:Nesting instinct
3186:
3185:
3171:Rudimentary horn
3100:Prenatal testing
2965:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2925:
2924:
2760:Postmature birth
2748:Placenta accreta
2653:Placenta praevia
2648:Placenta accreta
2592:Chorioamnionitis
2402:Digestive system
2398:
2397:
2324:Fetal resorption
2312:Rudimentary horn
2269:abortive outcome
2263:
2262:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2170:
2024:
2023:
1809:
1808:
1729:
1728:
1723:Non-reproductive
1572:
1571:
1489:Feminine hygiene
1256:Cesarian section
1251:Obstructed labor
1132:
1131:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1018:
1011:
1004:
995:
994:
983:
917:
916:
905:
904:
893:. Omnigraphics.
886:
880:
879:
867:
850:
849:
831:
825:
824:
796:
790:
787:
778:
777:
767:
757:
725:
719:
718:
706:
700:
699:
687:
681:
680:
670:
660:
643:(11): e0167332.
628:
622:
609:
603:
597:
588:
587:
569:
559:
550:(6): e323–e333.
535:
529:
528:
508:
499:
498:
488:
464:
451:
450:
440:
407:
398:
397:
387:
354:
345:
344:
342:
341:
327:
151:cesarean section
84:after childbirth
22:
21:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3871:
3840:
3804:
3775:Postpartum care
3745:
3709:
3612:Liver diseases
3606:Thyroid disease
3504:
3490:Gestational age
3461:
3419:
3385:Labor induction
3290:
3281:Perinatal nurse
3254:Birth attendant
3215:
3175:
3109:
3105:Medical imaging
3066:
3035:fertility fraud
3011:
2978:
2969:
2939:
2934:
2912:
2869:
2813:Cracked nipples
2808:Low milk supply
2789:
2775:Uterine rupture
2669:
2564:Oligohydramnios
2549:amniotic cavity
2543:
2533:
2510:
2492:
2443:
2434:
2393:
2387:
2356:
2343:
2329:Molar pregnancy
2268:
2252:
2238:
2208:
2203:
2159:
2144:Family planning
2122:
2116:
2083:
2060:
2019:
2013:
1985:Gender equality
1968:
1962:
1908:
1859:
1841:Cervical cancer
1803:
1796:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1705:Sex differences
1663:Forced marriage
1612:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1499:Menstrual cycle
1470:
1423:Family planning
1421:
1412:
1365:
1354:
1313:Maternal deaths
1304:
1295:Postpartum care
1241:Multiple births
1217:
1126:
1119:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1022:
992:
984:
976:
971:
970:
928:
914:
909:
908:
901:
887:
883:
868:
853:
846:
832:
828:
797:
793:
788:
781:
740:(4): e0152408.
726:
722:
707:
703:
688:
684:
629:
625:
619:Wayback Machine
610:
606:
598:
591:
567:1854/LU-5796925
536:
532:
525:
509:
502:
465:
454:
408:
401:
355:
348:
339:
337:
329:
328:
324:
319:
302:
294:hydatiform mole
286:cervical cancer
282:
273:Kleihauer-Betke
240:
215:
206:
200:
179:uterine rupture
171:placenta previa
167:
147:placenta previa
143:gestational age
136:
130:
128:Later pregnancy
107:uterine rupture
99:placenta previa
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3923:Women's health
3920:
3915:
3910:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
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3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Health visitor
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3736:Nonstress test
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:Skin diseases
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
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3538:
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3506:
3505:
3503:
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3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Amniotic fluid
3438:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Multiple birth
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Bradley method
3192:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3088:Pregnancy test
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2903:Maternal death
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Fetal distress
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:Polyhydramnios
2566:
2558:amniotic fluid
2553:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2498:Nervous system
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:HELLP syndrome
2368:
2362:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:Pregnancy with
2260:
2254:
2253:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2121:Women's health
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:United Nations
2021:
2020:& advocacy
2015:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1967:Sociocultural
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1855:Ovarian cancer
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1831:Uterine cancer
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1775:Sexual assault
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Child marriage
1650:
1648:Breast ironing
1645:
1640:
1638:Breast binding
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:Clitoridectomy
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1504:Menstrual aids
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:Husband stitch
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1159:Antenatal care
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Fallopian tube
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1057:
1055:
1051:Reproductive
1044:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:Women's health
1021:
1020:
1013:
1006:
998:
978:
977:
973:
972:
969:
968:
949:
929:
924:
923:
921:
920:Classification
913:
912:External links
910:
907:
906:
899:
881:
851:
844:
826:
791:
779:
720:
701:
682:
623:
604:
589:
530:
524:978-0702044113
523:
500:
452:
399:
346:
321:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
308:
301:
298:
281:
278:
277:
276:
270:
267:
257:
256:
250:
247:
239:
236:
214:
211:
202:Main article:
199:
198:After delivery
196:
166:
163:
132:Main article:
129:
126:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
41:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3940:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
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3906:
3905:
3903:
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3885:
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3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Monthly nurse
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
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3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
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3761:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Amniocentesis
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Vaginal flora
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
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3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
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3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
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3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:Substance use
3569:
3567:
3564:
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3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3546:
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3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Fundal height
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3413:
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3403:
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3396:
3393:
3391:
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3381:
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3373:
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3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
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3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
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3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:Preterm birth
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Hypnobirthing
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
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3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
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3137:
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3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:3D ultrasound
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Birth control
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2943:
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2930:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2909:
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2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2785:Uterine atony
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Preterm birth
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
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2720:
2717:
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2712:
2710:
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2646:
2644:
2641:
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2561:
2560:
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2550:
2546:
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2522:
2521:
2519:
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2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2488:Stretch marks
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2474:
2471:
2469:
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2384:
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2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:Pre-eclampsia
2369:
2367:
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2359:
2354:
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2340:
2337:
2335:
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2247:
2243:
2240:Pathology of
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2216:
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2212:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2188:
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2119:
2113:
2110:
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2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
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2069:
2067:
2066:United States
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Disadvantaged
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:Urinary tract
1939:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:Mental health
1915:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
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1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Breast cancer
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1790:
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1768:
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1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1735:against women
1730:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1710:Sex education
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
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1681:
1678:
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1669:
1666:
1664:
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1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Breast health
1641:
1639:
1636:
1632:
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1627:
1624:
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1615:
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1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Menstrual cup
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
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1487:
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1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
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1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:Contraception
1415:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Childlessness
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1364:Reproductive
1361:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:Sterilization
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
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1310:
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1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:Preterm birth
1234:
1232:
1229:
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1226:
1224:
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1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
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1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:Clitoral hood
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:Reproductive
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
990:
989:
982:
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958:
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950:
948:
944:
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927:
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918:
902:
900:9780780802162
896:
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860:
858:
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847:
845:9780780802162
841:
837:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
786:
784:
775:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
716:
712:
705:
697:
693:
686:
678:
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669:
664:
659:
654:
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642:
638:
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627:
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613:
608:
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581:
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573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
549:
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541:
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516:
515:
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505:
496:
492:
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430:
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336:
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291:
287:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
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255:
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248:
245:
244:
243:
238:Medical tests
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
205:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
158:
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135:
125:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
82:, during, or
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:83,000 (2015)
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3685:
3561:Hypertension
3548:Immunization
3531:in pregnancy
3447:Amniotic sac
3400:Silent birth
3343:Presentation
3306:Bishop score
3276:Obstetrician
3166:Interstitial
3093:home testing
2927:
2920:
2780:Vasa praevia
2740:
2723:
2714:Locked twins
2630:
2618:
2580:
2556:
2302:Interstitial
2196:
2184:
2172:
1895:Hip fracture
1890:Osteoporosis
1631:Infibulation
1531:Dysmenorrhea
1524:Sanitary pad
1476:Menstruation
1204:Preeclampsia
1199:Hypertension
1188:
1083:Labia majora
1078:Labia minora
986:
951:
932:
890:
884:
876:Merck Manual
875:
835:
829:
804:
800:
794:
737:
733:
723:
714:
704:
695:
685:
640:
636:
626:
607:
547:
543:
533:
513:
476:
472:
420:
416:
367:
363:
338:. Retrieved
334:
325:
283:
258:
241:
216:
213:Risk factors
207:
168:
165:During labor
159:
137:
123:
92:
78:that occurs
67:
66:
3857:Apgar score
3641:Hepatitis C
3627:Infections
3467:Development
3452:Endometrium
3410:Water birth
3328:Bloody show
3259:Men's roles
3189:Preparation
3141:Heterotopic
2719:Nuchal cord
2468:Linea nigra
2420:Hepatitis E
2353:proteinuria
2334:Miscarriage
2319:Embryo loss
2297:Heterotopic
2198:WikiProject
1885:Bone health
1821:Lung cancer
1658:Dyspareunia
1601:HPV vaccine
1541:Amenorrhoea
1536:Menorrhagia
1374:Infertility
1323:Stillbirths
1184:Miscarriage
479:: i47–i56.
187:vasa previa
30:Other names
3902:Categories
3862:Child care
3755:Postpartum
3714:Procedures
3666:Dermatoses
3522:Nutrition
3380:Home birth
3302:Pelvimetry
3181:Childbirth
3161:Unintended
3017:Conception
2976:childbirth
2729:Postpartum
2624:Antepartum
2339:Stillbirth
2250:puerperium
2248:, and the
2246:childbirth
2123:by country
1927:Depression
1578:infections
1283:Episiotomy
1223:Childbirth
1154:Obstetrics
340:2023-12-05
317:References
225:(vWD), or
219:hemophilia
95:cervicitis
44:Obstetrics
3370:Caesarean
3136:Abdominal
2972:Pregnancy
2795:Puerperal
2383:Eclampsia
2287:Abdominal
2258:Pregnancy
2242:pregnancy
1753:Pregnancy
1733:Violence
1673:Vaginitis
1546:Menopause
1406:Fostering
1396:Parenting
1366:life plan
1231:Midwifery
1209:Eclampsia
1136:Pregnancy
1125:Maternal
576:2214-109X
227:factor IX
155:abruption
76:pregnancy
50:Frequency
39:Specialty
3763:Maternal
3741:Abortion
3686:Bleeding
3636:COVID-19
3601:Diabetes
3586:Cannabis
3536:prenatal
3457:Placenta
3428:Prenatal
3358:shoulder
3353:cephalic
3321:position
3295:Delivery
3156:Postterm
3121:Cervical
2984:Planning
2929:Category
2742:placenta
2632:placenta
2292:Cervical
2277:Abortion
2174:Category
2134:Ethiopia
2056:UN Women
1873:Dementia
1804:diseases
1787:Femicide
1765:Misogyny
1685:Polygamy
1586:Safe sex
1494:Menarche
1401:Adoption
1328:Abortion
1246:Oxytocin
1066:Clitoris
821:11251653
774:27050823
734:PLOS ONE
715:UpToDate
696:UpToDate
677:27902772
637:PLOS ONE
615:Archived
584:25103301
495:20007990
447:27733281
394:27733282
300:See also
169:Besides
72:bleeding
3672:Others
3646:Malaria
3591:Opioids
3581:Alcohol
3576:Smoking
3435:Anatomy
3264:Midwife
3232:Newborn
3151:Ovarian
3131:Ectopic
3126:Cryptic
3071:Testing
2582:chorion
2307:Ovarian
2186:Commons
1975:Poverty
1969:factors
1946:Urethra
1922:Anxiety
1904:Anaemia
1700:Puberty
1680:Leblouh
1566:Sexual
1441:Condoms
945:, O67,
941:: O20,
765:4822885
742:Bibcode
668:5130260
645:Bibcode
438:5388903
385:5055577
3845:Infant
3770:Lochia
3556:Anemia
3475:Embryo
3348:breech
3227:Mother
3206:Lamaze
2586:amnion
2151:Russia
1813:Cancer
1725:health
1695:Orgasm
1568:health
1519:Tampon
1127:health
1100:Uterus
1095:Cervix
1090:Vagina
1041:health
897:
842:
819:
772:
762:
675:
665:
582:
574:
521:
493:
445:
435:
417:Lancet
392:
382:
364:Lancet
288:, and
117:, and
80:before
58:Deaths
3816:Doula
3809:Roles
3701:Sleep
3676:Drugs
3656:Lupus
3480:Fetus
3249:Doula
3220:Roles
3146:Molar
3114:Types
2874:Other
2679:Labor
2545:fetus
2516:Blood
2355:, and
2349:Edema
2139:India
2129:China
1420:&
1110:Ovary
1053:tract
183:fetus
3510:Care
2974:and
2547:and
1780:Rape
957:9-CM
895:ISBN
840:ISBN
817:PMID
770:PMID
673:PMID
580:PMID
572:ISSN
519:ISBN
491:PMID
443:PMID
390:PMID
189:and
173:and
105:and
3631:HIV
1591:HIV
966:666
962:641
953:ICD
947:O72
943:O46
934:ICD
809:doi
760:PMC
750:doi
663:PMC
653:doi
562:hdl
552:doi
481:doi
477:103
433:PMC
425:doi
421:388
380:PMC
372:doi
368:388
229:or
74:in
70:is
3904::
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349:^
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752::
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374::
343:.
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