64:
40:
3003:
218:
is reduced to around one-fifth in the last few weeks of pregnancy, while the remaining umbilical blood is recirculated in the fetal body, corresponding with decreased fetal reserves of oxygen. In pregnancies with growth restriction, the fraction of fetal cardiac output distributed to the placenta decreases, further lowering fetal reserves. This can result in increased risk of caesarean delivery,
202:
migrates towards areas which have better blood flow with advancing gestation. The placenta grows in regions with better blood supply and portions atrophy in regions of poor blood flow. This process of atrophy may result in the exposure of umbilical blood vessels, causing marginal or peripheral placental insertion to evolve to velamentous insertion over time.
167:. This is most successful in the second trimester, however Color Doppler ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound can be used in difficult cases, such as when the placenta is located posteriorly. If the woman is diagnosed with velamentous cord insertion, the pregnancy is closely monitored, especially as velamentous cord insertion is a strong risk factor for
229:. If the umbilical vessels are positioned such that their rupture is likely during labor, an elective operative birth at 35–36 weeks gestation may be planned, and corticosteroids may be administered in order to assist with fetal lung maturation. Overall, velamentous cord insertion doubles the risk of both preterm birth and acute caesarean section.
176:
modifying the efficiency of placental function. This can manifest in a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, such as fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, and fetal death. Velamentous cord insertion affects between 0.1%-1.8% of pregnancies, though its incidence increases ten-fold in multiple pregnancies.
193:. The mother may also experience vaginal bleeding, particularly in the third trimester. Women with velamentous cord insertion may not experience any symptoms throughout pregnancy. During delivery, there may be slow or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns and there may be excessive bleeding or hemorrhage, particularly if the fetal vessels rupture.
206:
birth weight. The umbilical vessels may also be longer compared to normal, particularly when the site of velamentous cord insertion is in the lower uterine section as the extension of the uterine isthmus as pregnancy advances causes vessel elongation. This results in increased vascular resistance, which impedes nutrient transfer to the fetus.
318:
If velamentous cord insertion is diagnosed, fetal growth is assessed every four weeks using ultrasound beginning at 28 weeks. If intrauterine growth restriction is observed, the umbilical cord is also assessed for signs of compression. Non-stress tests may be performed twice a week to ensure adequate
201:
The exact mechanisms leading to insertion of the umbilical cord in the fetal membranes are unknown, although they are likely to occur in the first trimester. One theory is that velamentous cord insertion may arise from the process of placental trophotropism, which is the phenomenon where the placenta
217:
The growth-restricting impacts of placental insufficiency resulting from velamentous cord insertion can also augment the effects of increased pressure to the umbilical vessels. Normally in the second half of pregnancy, one-third of fetal cardiac output is directed towards the placenta. This fraction
209:
The umbilical vessels experience increased pressure and compression as they are not protected by
Wharton's jelly. This can cause decreased or acute cessation of blood flow, decreased cardiac output, and pulmonary complications in the newborn. The elongated, exposed vessels in lower velamentous cord
309:
The umbilical cord and its insertion site may be obscured by the fetus, such as in posterior placenta or in low-lying placenta, or may be difficult to visualise due to conditions such as maternal obesity. In these cases, the use of Color
Doppler ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound can enhance the
205:
Placentas with velamentous cord insertion have a lower vessel density. As the growth of the fetus is dependent on the organization, mass, and nutrient-transfer capacity of the placenta, fetal development is hence hindered in velamentous cord insertion. This can lead to fetal malformations and low
175:
and are at high risk of rupture during membrane rupture in early labor. Management strategies for velamentous cord insertion also involve determining the presence of vasa previa. Velamentous cord insertion impacts fetal development during pregnancy by impairing the development of the placenta and
428:
Velamentous cord insertion occurs in between 0.1%-1.8% of all pregnancies, and is eight to ten times more frequent in multiple pregnancies. This risk is doubled in the case of monochorionic twins, and tripled in the case of fetal growth restriction. It is thought that sex may be a determinant of
305:
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to visualize the insertion site of the umbilical cord. Overall, visualization is most successful in the second trimester, however routine ultrasound examination in the second trimester may not detect velamentous cord insertion if the condition develops after the
329:
The newborn may be delivered via normal vagina labor if there are no signs of fetal distress. Fetal heart rate is continuously monitored for slow or abnormal heart rate patterns which may indicate fetal distress during labor. If the exposed blood vessels are near the cervix or are at risk of
322:
Upon diagnosis of velamentous cord insertion, transvaginal ultrasound with Color
Doppler may also be performed to determine whether any of the exposed vessels are within two centimeters (or five centimeters, a more common threshold recently) of the internal cervical os. If such vessels are
184:
Signs and symptoms of velamentous cord insertion during pregnancy include blood vessel compression, decrease in blood supply to the fetus, and impaired growth and development of the fetus. Blood tests taken in the second trimester may reveal increased levels of serum
1587:
Hasegawa J, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Kotani M, Nakamura M, Mikoshiba T, Sekizawa A, Okai (2009). "Atypical variable deceleration in the first stage of labor is a characteristic fetal heart-rate pattern for velamentous cord insertion and hypercoiled cord".
136:. It is a major cause of antepartum hemorrhage that leads to loss of fetal blood and associated with high perinatal mortality. In normal pregnancies, the umbilical cord inserts into the middle of the placental mass and is completely encased by the
897:
Räisänen S, Georgiadis L, Harju M, Keski-Nisula L, Heinonen S (2012). "Risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes among births affected by velamentous umbilical cord insertion: a retrospective population-based register study".
144:, which prevents rupture during pregnancy and labor. In velamentous cord insertion, the vessels of the umbilical cord are improperly inserted in the chorioamniotic membrane, and hence the vessels traverse between the
3042:
2311:
2233:
2218:
1674:
Heinonen S, Ryynanen M, Kirkinen P, Saarikoski S (1996). "Elevated
Midtrimester Maternal Serum hCG in Chromosomally Normal Pregnancies is Associated with Preeclampsia and Velamentous Umbilical Cord Insertion".
412:
In twins, one or both of the fetuses may have velamentous cord insertion, which can lead to birth-weight discordance, where one twin weighs significantly more at birth than the other, and selective
1539:
Toivonen S, Heinonen S, Anttila M, Kosma V, Saarikoski S (2002). "Reproductive Risk
Factors, Doppler Findings, and Outcome of Affected Births in Placental Abruption: A Population-Based Analysis".
326:
Women diagnosed with velamentous cord insertion may also receive counselling about the condition, its risks, and potential courses of action, including preterm delivery or caesarean delivery.
3035:
2304:
3028:
2027:"A point of care test for interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a step toward the early treatment of acute intra-amniotic inflammation/infection"
319:
blood flow to the fetus. The amniotic fluid may be frequently assessed for high levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 which can indicate intra-amniotic inflammation.
2297:
759:
Sepulveda W, Rojas I, Robert J, Schnapp C, Alcalde J (2003). "Prenatal detection of velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord: a prospective color
Doppler ultrasound study".
3728:
3008:
1820:
Yerlikaya G, Pils S, Springer S, Chalubinski K, Ott J (2015). "Velamentous cord insertion as a risk factor for obstetric outcome: a retrospective case–control study".
2074:
Kent E, Breathnach F, Gillan J, McAuliffe F, Geary M, Daly S, Higgins J, Dornan J, Morrison J, Burke G, Higgins S, Carroll S, Dicker P, Manning F, Malone F (2011).
306:
remodelling of the placenta as gestation advances. Visualization becomes increasingly difficult in the third trimester as the fetus may obscure the insertion site.
1136:
Sinkin J, Craig W, Jones M, Pinette M, Wax J (2018). "Perinatal
Outcomes Associated With Isolated Velamentous Cord Insertion in Singleton and Twin Pregnancies".
1631:
Heinonen S, Ryynanen M, Kirkinen P, Saarikoski S (1996). "Velamentous umbilical cord insertion may be suspected from maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and hCG".
813:
Eddleman K, Lockwood C, Berkowitz G, Lapinski R, Berkowitz R (1992). "Clinical
Significance and Sonographic Diagnosis of Velamentous Umbilical Cord Insertion".
429:
abnormal cord insertions, however there is conflicting evidence as to whether male or female fetuses are linked to greater risk of velamentous cord insertion.
225:
Damage to the umbilical cord vessels can occur when the amniotic membranes are ruptured, particularly in the case of vasa previa, potentially leading to fetal
2562:
1290:
Pretorius D, Chau C, Poeltler D, Mendoza A, Catanzarite V, Hollenbach K (1996). "Placental cord insertion visualization with prenatal ultrasonography".
210:
insertion cases are more readily compressed by the fetus, hence there is an even greater risk of non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern and emergency
2904:
1963:
Esakoff T, Cheng Y, Snowden J, Tran S, Shaffer B, Caughey A (2014). "Velamentous cord insertion: is it associated with adverse perinatal outcomes?".
1390:
Baulies S, Maiz N, Muñoz A, Torrents M, EchevarrĂa M, Serra B (2007). "Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of vasa praevia and analysis of risk factors".
3416:
323:
identified, vasa previa may be present and cervical length is measured every week to determine the risk of premature rupture of membranes.
3431:
3421:
605:"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcomes of Velamentous and Marginal Cord Insertions: A Population-Based Study of 634,741 Pregnancies"
163:, maternal obesity, and pregnancy with other placental anomalies. Velamentous cord insertion is often diagnosed using an abdominal
1186:
Paavonen J, Jouttunpää K, Kangasluoma P, Aro P, Heinonen P (1984). "Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord and vasa previa".
1915:
Robert J, Sepulveda W (2003). "Fetal exsanguination from ruptured vasa previa: still a catastrophic event in modern obstetrics".
3411:
1006:"Prevalence of velamentous and marginal umbilical cord insertions; a comparison of term singleton ART and non-ART pregnancies"
2542:
2509:
2076:"Placental cord insertion and birthweight discordance in twin pregnancies: results of the national prospective EsPRIT trial"
3314:
3319:
2557:
2025:
Chaemsaithong P, Romero R, Korzeniewski S, Martinez-Varea A, Dong Z, Yoon B, Hassan S, Chaiworapongsa T, Yeo L (2015).
3097:
2960:
2815:
2742:
2437:
47:
Normal umbilical cord insertion and velamentous umbilical cord insertion in pregnancy, with and without vasa previa.
3640:
3615:
3406:
2987:
160:
2006:
Kenyon A, Abi-Nader K, Pandya P (2010). "Pre-term pre-labour rupture of membranes and the role of amniocentesis".
156:. Without Wharton's jelly protecting the vessels, the exposed vessels are susceptible to compression and rupture.
3707:
3657:
3225:
3020:
2608:
2346:
964:
Wiedaseck S, Monchek R (2014). "Placental and Cord
Insertion Pathologies: Screening, Diagnosis, and Management".
159:
The exact cause of velamentous cord insertion is unknown, although risk factors include nulliparity, the use of
39:
2489:
77:
Blood vessel compression, decrease in blood supply to the fetus, impaired growth and development of the fetus.
3399:
2691:
3635:
3558:
3376:
3324:
2975:
2758:
2603:
186:
3135:
3625:
3530:
3467:
2771:
2289:
479:"Abnormal placental cord insertion and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
310:
visualization of the umbilical cord, and are able to diagnose velamentous cord insertion at 18–20 weeks.
1338:"Antenatal diagnosis of velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa with color Doppler imaging"
3472:
3353:
3348:
2882:
2681:
2655:
2391:
2337:
3502:
3211:
3207:
3167:
2919:
2909:
2827:
2727:
2156:
Sato Y (2006). "Increased
Prevalence of Fetal Thrombi in Monochorionic-Twin Placentas. Pediatrics".
1489:"Centrality of the Umbilical Cord Insertion in a Human Placenta Influences the Placental Efficiency"
3568:
3489:
2445:
699:"Velamentous Cord Insertion: Significance of Prenatal Detection to Predict Perinatal Complications"
413:
284:
Placental anomalies, including low-lying placenta, bilobed placenta, placenta with accessory lobe/s
63:
3664:
3630:
3235:
3155:
3145:
3092:
2844:
2766:
2524:
1725:"Third stage of labor risks in velamentous and marginal cord insertion: a population-based study"
3545:
3363:
3272:
3255:
2965:
2939:
2717:
2537:
2532:
2504:
2481:
2381:
1070:"Velamentous insertion of umbilical cord with vasa praevia: case series and literature review"
330:
rupturing, the newborn may be delivered via caesarean section as early as 35 weeks gestation.
3479:
3187:
2929:
2924:
2376:
3517:
3507:
3309:
3265:
2934:
2803:
2698:
2519:
2494:
616:
279:
8:
3702:
3685:
3535:
3391:
3301:
2970:
2914:
2808:
2737:
2722:
2703:
2552:
2366:
2237:
417:
1354:
1337:
620:
87:
Multiple gestation, placental anomalies previous pregnancy with abnormal cord insertion
3620:
3576:
3553:
3443:
3220:
2944:
2899:
2874:
2839:
2686:
2676:
2371:
2181:
2138:
2051:
2026:
1988:
1940:
1897:
1868:"Fetal cardiac output, distribution to the placenta and impact of placental compromise"
1845:
1802:
1754:
1700:
1656:
1644:
1613:
1564:
1513:
1488:
1415:
1367:
1315:
1211:
1161:
1086:
1069:
838:
784:
639:
604:
505:
478:
141:
72:
2242:
1022:
1005:
715:
698:
3453:
3371:
3341:
3282:
3260:
3077:
2849:
2821:
2781:
2776:
2711:
2585:
2386:
2361:
2329:
2248:
2173:
2130:
2056:
1980:
1932:
1889:
1837:
1794:
1746:
1692:
1648:
1605:
1601:
1568:
1556:
1518:
1469:
1448:"Using ultrasound in the clinical management of placental implantation abnormalities"
1407:
1359:
1307:
1267:
1203:
1199:
1153:
1091:
981:
915:
830:
776:
720:
644:
510:
211:
190:
105:
92:
52:
2185:
2142:
1944:
1901:
1806:
1758:
1704:
1660:
1617:
1419:
1371:
1319:
1215:
1165:
1068:
Bohiltea R, Cirstoiu M, Ciuvica A, Munteanu O, Bodean O, Voicu D, Ionescu C (2016).
842:
3695:
3522:
3182:
3123:
3087:
2732:
2671:
2403:
2277:
2165:
2120:
2087:
2046:
2038:
1992:
1972:
1924:
1879:
1849:
1829:
1786:
1736:
1684:
1640:
1597:
1548:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1459:
1399:
1349:
1299:
1257:
1247:
1195:
1145:
1081:
1017:
973:
907:
822:
788:
768:
710:
634:
624:
500:
490:
237:
The following have been identified as risk factors for velamentous cord insertion:
3050:
2042:
3652:
3438:
3330:
3250:
2887:
2854:
2643:
2628:
2408:
1976:
1236:"Umbilical cord anomalies are more frequent in twins after assisted reproduction"
1234:
Delbaere I, Goetgeluk S, Derom C, De Bacquer D, De Sutter P, Temmerman M (2007).
911:
629:
274:
133:
1928:
3277:
2982:
2892:
2788:
2648:
2637:
2577:
2455:
2253:
2092:
2075:
1464:
1447:
226:
129:
2227:
1833:
1790:
1303:
495:
3722:
3216:
3056:
2864:
2834:
2567:
2450:
2024:
219:
1252:
1235:
3336:
3177:
2859:
2793:
2177:
2169:
2134:
2060:
1984:
1936:
1893:
1841:
1798:
1750:
1609:
1560:
1522:
1473:
1411:
1271:
1157:
1095:
985:
919:
780:
724:
648:
514:
269:
137:
2319:
1696:
1688:
1652:
1363:
1311:
1262:
1207:
834:
826:
3680:
3582:
3448:
3150:
2798:
2547:
2499:
2432:
2413:
2398:
1552:
365:
Need for caesarean delivery, curettage, manual extraction of the placenta
168:
82:
900:
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
3690:
3647:
3588:
3426:
2418:
2325:
2107:
Kalafat E, Thilaganathan B, Papageorghiou A, Bhide A, Khalil A (2018).
1741:
1724:
1487:
Yampolsky M, Salafia C, Shlakhter O, Haas D, Eucker B, Thorp J (2009).
977:
164:
57:
2210:
2125:
2108:
2106:
1149:
222:, and perinatal death in pregnancies with velamentous cord insertion.
3593:
3052:
2462:
2321:
2272:
1884:
1867:
125:
1403:
772:
3386:
2356:
1777:
Sepulveda W (2006). "Velamentous Insertion of the Umbilical Cord".
1723:
Ebbing C, Kiserud T, Johnsen S, Albrechtsen S, Rasmussen S (2015).
896:
603:
Ebbing C, Kiserud T, Johnsen S, Albrechtsen S, Rasmussen S (2013).
153:
2109:"Significance of placental cord insertion site in twin pregnancys"
1673:
1630:
3109:
2661:
812:
263:
149:
1819:
1233:
1185:
696:
3113:
2665:
2222:
1722:
1067:
697:
Hasegawa J, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A, Okai T (2006).
602:
257:
172:
145:
1586:
3497:
3244:
2624:
2595:
2428:
2073:
1865:
1486:
476:
2563:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1538:
1289:
758:
1389:
416:. These complications particularly arise in the case of
1962:
1445:
1135:
290:
Having an umbilical cord with a single umbilical artery
1003:
3729:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
2031:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
2005:
1965:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
2200:
1866:
Kiserud T, Ebbing C, Kessler J, Rasmussen S (2006).
1335:
1188:
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
477:
Ismail K, Hannigan A, ODonoghue K, Cotter A (2017).
2905:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
420:, where identical twins share the same placenta.
3720:
963:
1914:
287:Previous pregnancy with abnormal cord insertion
1590:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research
703:Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
140:. The vessels are hence normally protected by
3036:
2305:
2080:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1729:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
1452:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
247:The use of assisted reproductive technology
3043:
3029:
2312:
2298:
1446:Vintzileos A, Ananth C, Smulian J (2015).
62:
38:
2124:
2113:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
2091:
2050:
1883:
1776:
1740:
1512:
1463:
1353:
1261:
1251:
1085:
1021:
1004:Furuya S, Kubonoya K, Kubonaya K (2014).
966:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
714:
638:
628:
504:
494:
1872:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1342:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1336:Nomiyama M, Toyota Y, Kawano H (1998).
761:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
3721:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1861:
1859:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1534:
1532:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1331:
1329:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
171:, where the exposed vessels cross the
3024:
2543:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2510:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2293:
1917:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1822:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
1229:
1227:
1225:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
999:
997:
995:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
754:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
179:
3315:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2609:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2155:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
347:Rupture of the vessels and membranes
2149:
2100:
2067:
2018:
1999:
1951:
1908:
1856:
1813:
1765:
1711:
1667:
1624:
1575:
1529:
1480:
1426:
1378:
1355:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1998.12060426.x
1326:
1278:
390:Newborn/s small for gestational age
13:
3320:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
2558:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
1645:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09707.x
1222:
1172:
1102:
992:
795:
655:
196:
14:
3740:
3098:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2816:Pain management during childbirth
2743:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2196:
1779:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
1292:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
1138:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
1030:
1023:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1063
926:
849:
731:
521:
439:
3616:Vertically transmitted infection
3002:
3001:
2988:Sexual activity during pregnancy
1677:American Journal of Perinatology
1602:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00863.x
1541:American Journal of Perinatology
815:American Journal of Perinatology
333:
161:assisted reproductive technology
3708:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3658:Group B streptococcal infection
3226:Intrauterine growth restriction
423:
232:
3051:Conditions originating in the
2490:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
1505:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.10.001
1:
3400:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2692:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2043:10.3109/14767058.2015.1006621
716:10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60185-6
432:
313:
3559:Periventricular leukomalacia
3377:Persistent fetal circulation
3325:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2971:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2622:Maternal care related to the
2604:Gestational thrombocytopenia
1977:10.3109/14767058.2014.918098
1200:10.1016/0020-7292(84)90007-9
1074:Journal of Medicine and Life
912:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.08.021
630:10.1371/journal.pone.0070380
384:Abnormal heart rate patterns
300:
187:human chorionic gonadotropin
7:
3468:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2772:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1929:10.1080/0144361031000156636
338:
10:
3745:
3473:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3463:Velamentous cord insertion
3354:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2883:Breastfeeding difficulties
2682:Constriction ring syndrome
2656:Braxton Hicks contractions
2093:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.044
1465:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.059
122:Velamentous cord insertion
25:Velamentous cord insertion
3673:
3608:
3567:
3544:
3516:
3503:Necrotizing enterocolitis
3488:
3385:
3362:
3300:
3293:
3234:
3212:Large for gestational age
3208:Small for gestational age
3200:
3164:
3132:
3106:
3074:
3063:
2996:
2953:
2920:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
2910:Pubic symphysis diastasis
2873:
2757:
2621:
2594:
2576:
2518:
2480:
2471:
2427:
2345:
2336:
2263:
2204:
1834:10.1007/s00404-015-3912-x
1791:10.7863/jum.2006.25.8.963
1304:10.7863/jum.1996.15.8.585
496:10.1186/s13643-017-0641-1
111:
101:
91:
81:
71:
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
2446:Gestational hypertension
414:fetal growth restriction
375:
115:0.1%-1.8% of pregnancies
3665:Neonatal conjunctivitis
3156:Single umbilical artery
3146:Umbilical cord prolapse
3093:Placental insufficiency
3066:complicating pregnancy,
2845:Umbilical cord prolapse
2767:Amniotic fluid embolism
2525:dermatoses of pregnancy
2008:Fertility and Sterility
1010:Fertility and Sterility
399:Pulmonary complications
362:Umbilical cord avulsion
3641:ureaplasma urealyticum
3349:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
3273:Brachial plexus injury
2961:Concomitant conditions
2940:Postpartum thyroiditis
2718:Circumvallate placenta
2538:Impetigo herpetiformis
2533:Gestational pemphigoid
2505:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2438:hypertensive disorders
2170:10.1542/peds.2005-1501
244:History of infertility
189:and reduced levels of
3589:Congenital hypertonia
3480:Anemia of prematurity
3188:Shoulder presentation
2930:Postpartum infections
2925:Postpartum depression
1689:10.1055/s-2007-994384
1253:10.1093/humrep/dem191
827:10.1055/s-2007-994684
371:Postpartum hemorrhage
293:Advanced maternal age
124:is a complication of
3594:Congenital hypotonia
3508:Meconium peritonitis
3310:Intrauterine hypoxia
3266:Subgaleal hemorrhage
2935:Postpartum psychosis
2804:Obstetrical bleeding
2699:Obstetrical bleeding
2520:Integumentary system
2495:Gestational diabetes
2474:related to pregnancy
2472:Other, predominantly
1553:10.1055/s-2002-36868
359:Intrapartum bleeding
353:Low arterial cord pH
280:Gestational diabetes
97:Abdominal ultrasound
33:Velamentous Placenta
16:Velamentous placenta
3703:Neonatal withdrawal
3686:Perinatal mortality
3536:Sclerema neonatorum
3392:hematologic disease
2915:Postpartum bleeding
2738:Placental abruption
2723:Monochorionic twins
2553:Prurigo gestationis
621:2013PLoSO...870380E
418:monochorionic twins
402:Fetal malformations
368:Placental abruption
356:Vascular thrombosis
132:is inserted in the
3636:mycoplasma hominis
3621:Neonatal infection
3577:Gray baby syndrome
3554:Perinatal asphyxia
3444:Hyperbilirubinemia
3221:Postterm pregnancy
3068:labour or delivery
2945:Puerperal mastitis
2900:Breast engorgement
2687:Monoamniotic twins
2677:Chorionic hematoma
2264:External resources
1742:10.1111/aogs.12666
1392:Prenatal Diagnosis
1240:Human Reproduction
978:10.1111/jmwh.12189
483:Systematic Reviews
250:Multiple gestation
180:Signs and symptoms
3716:
3715:
3604:
3603:
3454:Neonatal jaundice
3372:Pneumopericardium
3342:Pneumomediastinum
3283:Klumpke paralysis
3261:Caput succedaneum
3196:
3195:
3064:Maternal factors
3018:
3017:
2976:Thyroid disorders
2966:Diabetes mellitus
2850:Uterine inversion
2782:Shoulder dystocia
2777:Obstructed labour
2753:
2752:
2617:
2616:
2586:Chorea gravidarum
2362:Ectopic pregnancy
2287:
2286:
2126:10.1002/uog.18914
1499:(12): 1058–1064.
1246:(10): 2763–2767.
1150:10.1002/jum.14357
212:caesarean section
191:alpha-fetoprotein
119:
118:
106:Caesarean section
93:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
3736:
3696:Infant mortality
3531:Erythema toxicum
3523:thermoregulation
3490:Gastrointestinal
3298:
3297:
3294:Affected systems
3171:
3139:
3124:Chorioamnionitis
3117:
3088:Placenta praevia
3081:
3072:
3071:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3005:
3004:
2840:Postmature birth
2828:Placenta accreta
2733:Placenta praevia
2728:Placenta accreta
2672:Chorioamnionitis
2482:Digestive system
2478:
2477:
2404:Fetal resorption
2392:Rudimentary horn
2349:abortive outcome
2343:
2342:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2164:(1): e113–e117.
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1885:10.1002/uog.2832
1863:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1744:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1443:
1424:
1423:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1133:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1065:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1001:
990:
989:
961:
924:
923:
894:
847:
846:
810:
793:
792:
756:
729:
728:
718:
694:
653:
652:
642:
632:
600:
519:
518:
508:
498:
474:
387:Low birth weight
253:Maternal smoking
67:
66:
42:
22:
21:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3669:
3653:Neonatal sepsis
3600:
3569:Musculoskeletal
3563:
3540:
3521:
3512:
3484:
3439:Hydrops fetalis
3390:
3381:
3358:
3331:Pleural disease
3289:
3251:Cephalohematoma
3230:
3192:
3165:
3160:
3133:
3128:
3107:
3102:
3075:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3049:
3019:
3014:
2992:
2949:
2893:Cracked nipples
2888:Low milk supply
2869:
2855:Uterine rupture
2749:
2644:Oligohydramnios
2629:amniotic cavity
2623:
2613:
2590:
2572:
2523:
2514:
2473:
2467:
2436:
2423:
2409:Molar pregnancy
2348:
2332:
2318:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2259:
2258:
2213:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2154:
2150:
2105:
2101:
2072:
2068:
2023:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1961:
1952:
1913:
1909:
1864:
1857:
1818:
1814:
1775:
1766:
1721:
1712:
1672:
1668:
1629:
1625:
1585:
1576:
1537:
1530:
1485:
1481:
1444:
1427:
1404:10.1002/pd.1753
1388:
1379:
1334:
1327:
1288:
1279:
1232:
1223:
1184:
1173:
1134:
1103:
1066:
1031:
1002:
993:
962:
927:
895:
850:
811:
796:
773:10.1002/uog.132
757:
732:
695:
656:
601:
522:
475:
440:
435:
426:
393:Low Apgar score
378:
341:
336:
316:
303:
297:
275:Type 1 diabetes
235:
199:
197:Pathophysiology
182:
142:Wharton's jelly
134:fetal membranes
61:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:herpes simplex
3628:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3546:Nervous system
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3364:Cardiovascular
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:umbilical cord
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2983:Maternal death
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Fetal distress
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2649:Polyhydramnios
2646:
2638:amniotic fluid
2633:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2578:Nervous system
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:HELLP syndrome
2448:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:Pregnancy with
2340:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2230:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:Classification
2198:
2197:External links
2195:
2192:
2191:
2148:
2119:(3): 378–384.
2099:
2066:
2037:(3): 360–367.
2017:
1998:
1971:(4): 409–412.
1950:
1907:
1878:(2): 126–136.
1855:
1828:(5): 975–981.
1812:
1785:(8): 963–968.
1764:
1735:(8): 878–883.
1710:
1683:(7): 437–441.
1666:
1639:(3): 209–213.
1623:
1574:
1547:(8): 451–460.
1528:
1479:
1458:(4): S70–S77.
1425:
1398:(7): 595–599.
1377:
1348:(6): 426–429.
1325:
1298:(8): 585–593.
1277:
1263:1854/LU-373160
1221:
1194:(3): 207–211.
1171:
1144:(2): 471–718.
1101:
1080:(2): 126–129.
1029:
991:
972:(3): 328–335.
925:
906:(2): 231–234.
848:
821:(2): 123–126.
794:
767:(6): 564–569.
730:
654:
520:
437:
436:
434:
431:
425:
422:
410:
409:
406:
405:Fetal bleeding
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:Small placenta
348:
345:
340:
337:
335:
332:
315:
312:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
277:
272:
266:
260:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
234:
231:
227:exsanguination
198:
195:
181:
178:
130:umbilical cord
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3741:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:Preterm birth
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3057:fetal disease
3054:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:Uterine atony
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Preterm birth
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2568:Stretch marks
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:Pre-eclampsia
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:Pathology of
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
726:
722:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
650:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
622:
618:
615:(7): e70380.
614:
610:
606:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
516:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
438:
430:
421:
419:
415:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:Fetal hypoxia
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
334:Complications
331:
327:
324:
320:
311:
307:
298:
292:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
267:
265:
261:
259:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
238:
230:
228:
223:
221:
220:fetal hypoxia
215:
213:
207:
203:
194:
192:
188:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
65:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3581:
3462:
3337:Pneumothorax
3329:
3243:
3236:Birth trauma
3178:Breech birth
3168:presentation
3166:
3134:
3108:
3076:
3007:
3000:
2860:Vasa praevia
2820:
2794:Locked twins
2710:
2660:
2636:
2382:Interstitial
2271:
2247:
2232:
2217:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1968:
1964:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1875:
1871:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1782:
1778:
1732:
1728:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1596:(1): 35–39.
1593:
1589:
1544:
1540:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1455:
1451:
1395:
1391:
1345:
1341:
1295:
1291:
1243:
1239:
1191:
1187:
1141:
1137:
1077:
1073:
1013:
1009:
969:
965:
903:
899:
818:
814:
764:
760:
709:(1): 21–25.
706:
702:
612:
608:
486:
482:
427:
424:Epidemiology
411:
328:
325:
321:
317:
308:
304:
296:
270:hypertension
236:
233:Risk factors
224:
216:
208:
204:
200:
183:
158:
152:towards the
138:amniotic sac
121:
120:
83:Risk factors
3681:Miscarriage
3583:muscle tone
3449:Kernicterus
3302:Respiratory
3278:Erb's palsy
3183:Asynclitism
3151:Nuchal cord
2799:Nuchal cord
2548:Linea nigra
2500:Hepatitis E
2433:proteinuria
2414:Miscarriage
2399:Embryo loss
2377:Heterotopic
2014:(2): 75–88.
1016:(3): e313.
381:Prematurity
344:Vasa previa
241:Nulliparity
169:vasa previa
30:Other names
3691:Stillbirth
3648:Omphalitis
3609:Infections
3518:Integument
2809:Postpartum
2704:Antepartum
2419:Stillbirth
2330:puerperium
2328:, and the
2326:childbirth
2249:DiseasesDB
2158:Pediatrics
2086:(1): S20.
1923:(5): 574.
489:(1): 242.
433:References
314:Management
165:ultrasound
128:where the
58:Obstetrics
3417:Anti-Kell
3055:period /
3053:perinatal
2875:Puerperal
2463:Eclampsia
2367:Abdominal
2338:Pregnancy
2322:pregnancy
2273:eMedicine
1569:259998340
301:Diagnosis
262:Maternal
256:Maternal
126:pregnancy
112:Frequency
102:Treatment
53:Specialty
3723:Category
3387:Bleeding
3078:placenta
3009:Category
2822:placenta
2712:placenta
2372:Cervical
2357:Abortion
2278:med/3276
2186:19061448
2178:16361224
2143:10906198
2135:28976606
2061:25758620
1985:24758363
1945:36906136
1937:12963533
1902:25954526
1894:16826560
1842:26498602
1807:43165100
1799:16870889
1759:45614777
1751:25943426
1705:45427947
1661:74179289
1618:11157923
1610:19215545
1561:12541219
1523:19879649
1493:Placenta
1474:26428505
1420:37634607
1412:17497747
1372:35261375
1320:40093577
1272:17720701
1216:23409481
1166:26888548
1158:28850682
1096:27453740
986:24751147
920:22944380
843:39286973
781:12808673
725:17272203
649:23936197
609:PLOS ONE
515:29208042
339:Maternal
268:Chronic
154:placenta
148:and the
73:Symptoms
3626:rubella
3256:Chignon
3110:chorion
2662:chorion
2387:Ovarian
2052:5703063
1993:1390065
1850:1011746
1697:8960614
1653:8630303
1514:2790011
1364:9918092
1312:8839406
1208:6148278
1087:4863500
835:1590867
789:1788491
640:3728211
617:Bibcode
506:5718132
264:obesity
150:chorion
3201:Growth
3114:amnion
2666:amnion
2184:
2176:
2141:
2133:
2059:
2049:
1991:
1983:
1943:
1935:
1900:
1892:
1848:
1840:
1805:
1797:
1757:
1749:
1703:
1695:
1659:
1651:
1616:
1608:
1567:
1559:
1521:
1511:
1472:
1418:
1410:
1370:
1362:
1318:
1310:
1270:
1214:
1206:
1164:
1156:
1094:
1084:
984:
918:
841:
833:
787:
779:
723:
647:
637:
513:
503:
258:asthma
173:cervix
146:amnion
60:
3674:Other
3498:Ileus
3245:scalp
2954:Other
2759:Labor
2625:fetus
2596:Blood
2435:, and
2429:Edema
2254:34591
2243:762.6
2228:O43.1
2182:S2CID
2139:S2CID
1989:S2CID
1941:S2CID
1898:S2CID
1846:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1755:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1657:S2CID
1614:S2CID
1565:S2CID
1416:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1316:S2CID
1212:S2CID
1162:S2CID
839:S2CID
785:S2CID
408:Death
376:Fetal
3432:Rh E
3427:Rh D
3422:Rh c
2627:and
2238:9-CM
2174:PMID
2131:PMID
2057:PMID
1981:PMID
1933:PMID
1890:PMID
1838:PMID
1795:PMID
1747:PMID
1693:PMID
1649:PMID
1633:BJOG
1606:PMID
1557:PMID
1519:PMID
1470:PMID
1408:PMID
1360:PMID
1308:PMID
1268:PMID
1204:PMID
1154:PMID
1092:PMID
982:PMID
916:PMID
831:PMID
777:PMID
721:PMID
645:PMID
511:PMID
3520:and
3412:ABO
3407:HDN
3389:and
2234:ICD
2219:ICD
2166:doi
2162:117
2121:doi
2088:doi
2084:204
2047:PMC
2039:doi
1973:doi
1925:doi
1880:doi
1830:doi
1826:293
1787:doi
1737:doi
1685:doi
1641:doi
1637:103
1598:doi
1549:doi
1509:PMC
1501:doi
1460:doi
1456:213
1400:doi
1350:doi
1300:doi
1258:hdl
1248:doi
1196:doi
1146:doi
1082:PMC
1018:doi
1014:102
974:doi
908:doi
904:165
823:doi
769:doi
711:doi
635:PMC
625:doi
501:PMC
491:doi
3725::
3219:/
3210:/
2664:/
2431:,
2324:,
2276::
2252::
2241::
2226::
2223:10
2180:.
2172:.
2160:.
2137:.
2129:.
2117:52
2115:.
2111:.
2082:.
2078:.
2055:.
2045:.
2035:29
2033:.
2029:.
2012:21
2010:.
1987:.
1979:.
1969:28
1967:.
1953:^
1939:.
1931:.
1921:23
1919:.
1896:.
1888:.
1876:28
1874:.
1870:.
1858:^
1844:.
1836:.
1824:.
1801:.
1793:.
1783:25
1781:.
1767:^
1753:.
1745:.
1733:94
1731:.
1727:.
1713:^
1699:.
1691:.
1681:13
1679:.
1655:.
1647:.
1635:.
1612:.
1604:.
1594:35
1592:.
1577:^
1563:.
1555:.
1545:19
1543:.
1531:^
1517:.
1507:.
1497:30
1495:.
1491:.
1468:.
1454:.
1450:.
1428:^
1414:.
1406:.
1396:27
1394:.
1380:^
1366:.
1358:.
1346:12
1344:.
1340:.
1328:^
1314:.
1306:.
1296:15
1294:.
1280:^
1266:.
1256:.
1244:22
1242:.
1238:.
1224:^
1210:.
1202:.
1192:22
1190:.
1174:^
1160:.
1152:.
1142:37
1140:.
1104:^
1090:.
1076:.
1072:.
1032:^
1012:.
1008:.
994:^
980:.
970:59
968:.
928:^
914:.
902:.
851:^
837:.
829:.
817:.
797:^
783:.
775:.
765:21
763:.
733:^
719:.
707:45
705:.
701:.
657:^
643:.
633:.
623:.
611:.
607:.
523:^
509:.
499:.
485:.
481:.
441:^
214:.
3112:/
3044:e
3037:t
3030:v
2522:/
2313:e
2306:t
2299:v
2236:-
2221:-
2211:D
2188:.
2168::
2145:.
2123::
2096:.
2090::
2063:.
2041::
1995:.
1975::
1947:.
1927::
1904:.
1882::
1852:.
1832::
1809:.
1789::
1761:.
1739::
1707:.
1687::
1663:.
1643::
1620:.
1600::
1571:.
1551::
1525:.
1503::
1476:.
1462::
1422:.
1402::
1374:.
1352::
1322:.
1302::
1274:.
1260::
1250::
1218:.
1198::
1168:.
1148::
1098:.
1078:9
1026:.
1020::
988:.
976::
922:.
910::
845:.
825::
819:9
791:.
771::
727:.
713::
651:.
627::
619::
613:8
517:.
493::
487:6
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