25:
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architecture also depict obsidian. Typically, the material's visual depiction in artwork is generally associated with autosacrifice and other types of sacrifice, including images of prismatic blades with bloody hearts on the blade's ends. Unfortunately, the majority of the material record is out of context yet the implications and interpretations that are drawn from artwork are substantial and reflect a corpus of beliefs and ideology involving obsidian.
603:(i.e., water absorbed into the material) observed indicates how long it has been since the obsidian surface was exposed (i.e., through flaking). Obsidian hydration dating is at times, however, unreliable. The rate of hydration can vary tremendously depending on annual rainfall and humidity levels, among other factors, and how these have varied since the piece was first produced (or how they vary if the piece moved from one ecological zone to another).
572:, and so on. While not as reliable as trace element analysis, and completely dependent on the experience of the researcher, visual sourcing has a number of advantages. Primarily, it is a cheap method that allows for the analysis of an entire obsidian assemblage. This is in comparison to trace element analysis which, due to high costs, allows for the analysis of only a small
932:, but these obsidian ear-spools have also been discovered in exclusively lower-status settings. Thus the value of obsidian can be considered highly variable. It was an important trade item, but is found in a variety of environments, unlike many items whose ownership was confined to the upper classes. Finally, there is no indication that obsidian was used as a
480:. Obsidian from Pachuca is notable because of its unique green-gold color and its internal purity which makes it one of the highest quality obsidian sources in Mesoamerica. It was much sought after and widely traded. Green obsidian is also found in the area of Tulancingo, but is distinct from Pachuca obsidian because of its internal
267:
139:
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was commonly used on larger-mass tools, such as bifaces, to prolong the tool's (and the raw material's) utility. While prismatic blades were generally not curated (in the traditional sense) due to their small size, utility of the tools may have been maintained by changing their function. In other
927:
culture obsidian was perhaps traded at a loss of human effort in transport across long distances. The profit from the trade lay in prestigious high-status items received in return. Obsidian has both been seen as a key element to
Teotihuacan's rise to power and as a side trade element that simply
649:
Obsidian was generally transported, where applicable, along coastal trade routes. Of primary importance is the circum-peninsular trade route that linked the southeast Maya area to the Gulf coast of Mexico. Examples of evidence of this include the higher quantities of obsidian found among coastal
487:
Substantial research has been carried out to decipher the
Guatemala region sources. As mentioned earlier, the Guatemalan region includes the El Chayal, Ixtepeque, and San Martin Jilotepeque sources, located in southern/southeastern Guatemala. Obsidian originating from Guatemala was widely used in
606:
Due to the nature of the geological formation of obsidian, and the impact that each unique formation incidence has on the appearance and geochemical properties of each source, the material serves as an excellent medium by which long-distance trade can be studied. In performing trace-element or
250:
words, as the edge of a blade lost its sharpness after long-term use, the blade may have been used in scraping activities, which does not require a very sharp edge, than as a cutting implement. Other curation techniques of prismatic blades involve reshaping them into other tool types, such as
849:
Most of the evidence that supports the many theories about obsidian use in
Mesoamerica comes from the artwork of the region. This artwork is seen in many forms including the aforementioned obsidian figurines, ear spools, beads, and vases. Stele and large carvings, sculpture, and murals on
235:
and 20 cm or slightly less in length, and they make it cylindrical and as thick as the calf of the leg, and they place the stone between the feet, and with a stick apply force to the edges of the stone, and at every push they give a little knife springs off with its edges like those of a
311:), has divided Mesoamerica into nine sub-regions with one or more obsidian sources in each. These subdivisions, while effective at systemizing the source characteristics and allowing for a more easily visualized distribution of sources, are still tentative. They are as follows:
630:(Andrews (1990: 13). It is unclear if trade for foreign obsidian contributed to the growth of Maya polities, or if it simply served as a mode for obtaining superior items or human labor. Generally, obsidian came into the Maya area via larger central places, such as Tikal,
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and their origins can be traced by their physical and geological properties. Before discussing these obsidian sources, a definition of what an obsidian source is must be established, as many of the terms used allow for different and competing interpretations.
298:
Sidrys et al. (1976) stated that an obsidian source area includes several outcroppings of obsidian, limited in spatial extent, which may or may not have common chemical features and may or may not have been used by ancient humans. Michael D. Glascock, of the
857:, a broad–faced club studded along its edges by obsidian prismatic blades. These weapons are predominantly used in ritual warfare and generally date to the Postclassic period. Earlier depictions of obsidian is usually restricted to their appearance as
563:
Visual sourcing is the process by which the source of obsidian artifacts are determined by the analysis of not only their visual appearance (e.g., color, inclusions, etc.) but also their physical attributes, such as surface texture, light
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Obsidian was also used in a variety of non-utilitarian contexts. Objects made of obsidian were used as associated grave goods, employed in sacrifice (in whatever form), and in art. Some non-utilitarian forms include miniature human
610:
It is clear that obsidian was a critical material in
Precolumbian Mesoamerican economies; it is ubiquitous throughout the region, and found in the material record of all cultures and time periods. The low bulk of obsidian in
622:. While the Maya had access to a number of local obsidian sources more readily available and (relatively) easily obtained, including El Chayal its main source, Pachuca obsidian remained an important trade good. The
916:
period progressed, obsidian became increasingly accessible to the lower classes of Maya civilization. Nevertheless, the Maya upper classes continued to remain in possession of the more prestigious
615:, which therefore required less effort in trade, and the large quantity of useful items that could be produced from a small amount of material, greatly contributed to obsidian's widespread use.
996:
When skillfully worked, the edges of prismatic blade made from obsidian can reach the molecular level (i.e., the material has a cutting edge that is only one molecule thick). Baigent (1999).
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As the distribution of obsidian sources in
Mesoamerica is generally limited, many areas and sites lacked a local obsidian source or direct access to one. As a result, tool curation through
82:
688:. Items made from this material had both utilitarian and ritual use. In many areas, it was available to all households regardless of socio-economic status, and was used in
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One example is the presence of
Pachuca obsidian from central Mexico, where Mexico City is now, and ostensibly under the control of Teotihuacan, in the Maya area during the
841:. Its ritualized use is not, however, restricted to high-status political and religious contexts, and it was clearly used within mundane domestic and household rituals.
492:, moving via a well-developed long-distance trade network that inter-connected much of the Maya area. Newer and tentative additions to the Guatemalan source area are
638:. Obsidian artifacts and tools were then redistributed to smaller and potentially dependent centers and communities. This is indicated by a lack of production
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Glascock, Michael D.; Geoffrey E. Braswell; Robert H. Cobean (1998). "A Systematic
Approach to Obsidian Source Characterization". In M. Steven Shackley (ed.).
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114:. Obsidian was a highly integrated part of daily and ritual life, and its widespread and varied use may be a significant contributor to Mesoamerica's lack of
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Obsidian was widely distributed throughout
Mesoamerica by trade. Its importance to Mesoamerican societies has been compared to the value and importance of
696:, food preparation, and for many other daily activities. Morphologically, obsidian was worked into a variety of tool forms, including knives, lance and
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are the best known obsidian sources in
Guatemala and were commonly exploited in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In fact, almost all Obsidian found in
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spines. Its association with that act of bloodletting is important, as it is argued by some researchers that obsidian was seen as a type of
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Modern attempts to redesign production techniques are heavily based on
Spanish records and accounts of witnessed obsidian knapping.
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and inform scholars on economy, technological organization, long-distance trade, ritual organization, and socio-cultural structure.
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734:. The practical use of obsidian is obvious considering that the material can be used to make some of the sharpest edges on earth.
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1103:"Compositional analysis of the Huitzila and La Lobera obsidian sources in the southern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico"
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source, in the southwest of Guatemala, a source that was almost forgotten during the Classic and Post Classic periods.
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Some of the more significant portrayals of obsidian use involve blood-letting and warfare. One example includes the
68:
46:
39:
1229:(1989). "Coastal Maya Trade: Obsidian Densities at Wild Cane Cay". In Patricia A. McAnany; Barry L. Isaac (eds.).
908:, obsidian was a rare item in the lowland areas, found predominantly in high-status and ritual contexts. In many
157:
internal structure, obsidian is relatively easy to work, as it breaks in very predictable and controlled ways via
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551:(XRF) are two analytical methods used to identify the types and amounts of trace elements. These data are then
500:. However, the El Chayal area is often seen as subsuming these two into one large source area. The Pre Classic
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219:
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Hester, Thomas R.; Robert N. Jack; Robert F. Heizer (1971). "The Obsidian of Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico".
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augmented their already developing wealth. Obsidian forms part of many high-status items, such as valuable
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Michael D. Glascock (1992). "A New Obsidian Source in the Highlands of Guatemala".
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1279:(1991). "Obsidian Polyhedral Cores and Prismatic Blades in the Writing and Art of Ancient Mexico".
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excavations evidence of obsidian is likewise found most frequently in privileged settings. As the
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sources in Mesoamerica, as listed above. Each of these sources has a distinctive “fingerprint” of
33:
1251:(1996). "Ancient Maya Trading Ports and the Integration of Long-Distance and Regional Economies".
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Obsidian sources in Mesoamerica are limited in number and distribution, and are restricted to the
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provides varied evidence of the individual value placed on obsidian. For example, during the
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It is in this manner: First they get out a knife stone (obsidian core) which is black like
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and contextual analysis of obsidian, including source studies, are important components of
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that proportionally vary due to the individual circumstances of each source's formation.
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161:. This contributed to its prolific use throughout Mesoamerica. It is obtained by either
8:
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195:. The use of pecking, grinding, and carving techniques may also be employed to produce
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Research in Economic Anthropology: Prehistoric Maya Economics of Belize, Supplement 4
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The Early Ceramic History of the Lowland Maya Vision and Revision in Maya Studies
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Map showing the locations of some of the main obsidian sources in Mesoamerica
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626:, from the Gulf coast likewise obtained its obsidian also from El Chayal in
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Contributions of the University of California Archeology Research Facility
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visual analyses, the origins of an artifact's material can be determined.
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Obsidian Tools and Weapons of the Aztecs – World Museum of Man Collection
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Obsidian Tools and Weapons of the Mayans – World Museum of Man Collection
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1214:. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)
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is found in many of these tombs in addition to evidence of its use in
642:, including polyhedral cores, decortical flakes, and large percussion
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Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture History
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394:(a number of different quarries), in the central highlands of Mexico
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system, a curved prismatic blade represents the phonetic value
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The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI
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290:. These resources, however, are still quite abundant in the
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observer, left this account of prismatic blade production:
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compared to data already available for the known sources.
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sites, such as small island occupations off the coast of
785:(blood-letting) activities, serving as a substitute for
1044:
Ancient Traces: Mysteries in Ancient and Early History
404:, one source only), in the central highlands of Mexico
350:
sources), in the south-central Gulf lowlands of Mexico
1247:
1225:
1054:
844:
797:– its use in autosacrifice is therefore especially
1172:Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory
460:Sources in the Valley of Mexico, which fell under
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1146:
801:. Objects made of obsidian were often buried in
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1110:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
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428:– which incorporates all sources located in the
374:and Malpais), in the central highlands of Mexico
805:tombs as special deposits or caches. Obsidian
1101:Darling, J. Andrew; Frances Hayashida (1995).
301:University of Missouri Research Reactor Center
488:Mesoamerica and is found as far north as the
484:(e.g., it is a more milky or clouded green).
364:sources), in the central highlands of Mexico
1275:
1233:. Greenwich CT: JAI Press. pp. 17–56.
781:Obsidian was frequently used in ritualized
211:-like technique that removed blades from a
169:form from riverbeds or fractured outcrops.
1129:
520:
215:, was ubiquitous throughout Mesoamerica.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:
137:
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32:This article includes a list of general
1308:Obsidian use in Maya and Olmec Cultures
16:Aspect of Mesoamerican material culture
1325:
599:of an obsidian sample. The degree of
418:) – largest source in west Mexico (in
884:(Taube 1991) and results in the term
515:
388:), in the central highlands of Mexico
825:have been found in association with
456:sites originates from these sources.
207:production, a technique employing a
18:
873:until later phases in Mesoamerica.
583:
13:
900:to modern civilization. However,
829:offerings and related to specific
558:
103:that was an important part of the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1369:
1301:
1176:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing
845:Representation in art and writing
730:remains, indicating their use in
681:, has been found at nearly every
654:, then at sites located in-land.
591:is a method that allows for the
322:quarries), in the south-central
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1024:Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture
146:fragment from the Maya site of
1061:University of New Mexico Press
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990:
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959:
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1:
1055:Andrews V, E. Wyllys (1990).
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1005:For example, see Evans (2004)
203:, or other types of objects.
126:studies of past Mesoamerican
978:Braswell and Glascock (1992)
646:, among rural occupations.
7:
1012:
545:Neutron activation analysis
318:(includes the Zaragoza and
309:neutron activation analysis
10:
1374:
1261:Cambridge University Press
1206:Hirth, Kenneth G. (1999).
1147:Evans, Susan Toby (2004).
1078:Cambridge University Press
661:
261:
191:could be produced through
1353:Rock art in North America
1293:10.1017/S0956536100000377
1269:10.1017/S0956536100001280
1086:10.1017/s0956536100002285
1042:Baigent, Michael (1990).
987:See McKillop (1989; 1996)
712:. Blades have been found
589:Obsidian hydration dating
576:, preferably one that is
172:Following the removal of
939:
891:
53:more precise citations.
1333:Mesoamerican artifacts
657:
521:Trace element analysis
446:San MartĂn Jilotepeque
305:University of Missouri
280:Sierra Madre Mountains
271:
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96:is a naturally formed
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793:originating from the
535:, comes from several
426:The Guatemalan region
292:archaeological record
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159:conchoidal fracturing
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134:Production techniques
84:
1338:Mesoamerican society
1249:McKillop, Heather I.
1227:McKillop, Heather I.
430:Guatemalan highlands
282:as they run through
1281:Ancient Mesoamerica
1253:Ancient Mesoamerica
1153:Thames & Hudson
1070:Ancient Mesoamerica
774:, and as pieces of
686:archaeological site
464:control during the
326:lowlands of Mexico)
176:(when applicable),
165:source sites or in
1178:. pp. 15–65.
1122:10.1007/BF02038042
549:X-ray fluorescence
516:Analytical methods
502:Monte Alto culture
344:Guadalupe Victoria
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1348:Hardstone carving
906:Preclassic period
759:workings, carved
747:, ear spools and
698:projectile points
673:Obsidian, called
510:Tajumulco Volcano
490:Yucatán Peninsula
252:projectile points
243:edge-rejuvenation
222:, a 16th-century
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702:prismatic blades
679:Nahuatl language
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307:(which performs
209:pressure flaking
193:lithic reduction
184:, and expedient
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87:projectile point
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109:Pre-Columbian
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1216:. Retrieved
1211:
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953:
948:
922:
914:Late Classic
895:
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852:
848:
780:
741:
713:
683:Mesoamerican
674:
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648:
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229:
217:
171:
152:
142:An obsidian
92:
65:
56:
37:
1277:Taube, Karl
925:Teotihuacan
918:Teotihuacan
902:archaeology
803:upper class
738:Ideological
694:agriculture
669:Utilitarian
568:, internal
478:Chicoloapan
462:Teotihuacan
416:Zinapécuaro
402:Zacualtipan
398:Zacualtipan
362:Santa Elena
199:, jewelry,
189:stone tools
153:Due to its
148:Chunchucmil
112:Mesoamerica
51:introducing
1327:Categories
1218:2007-03-30
1151:. London:
1046:. London:
1035:References
930:ear-spools
855:macuahuitl
815:potlaching
704:, general
664:Macuahuitl
662:See also:
566:reflection
547:(NAA) and
537:geological
386:Tepalcingo
382:Tulancingo
378:Tulancingo
247:sharpening
201:eccentrics
116:metallurgy
34:references
1287:: 61–70.
1263:: 49–62.
1201:: 65–131.
1094:0956-5361
1080:: 47–49.
965:Glascock
819:offerings
764:figurines
757:turquoise
628:Guatemala
613:transport
601:hydration
442:Ixtepeque
438:El Chayal
434:Tajumulco
420:Michoacán
320:Altotonga
288:Guatemala
245:and/or re
220:Motolinia
197:figurines
182:unifacial
163:quarrying
85:Obsidian
59:June 2017
1358:Obsidian
1140:97598146
1013:See also
934:currency
837:site of
807:debitage
799:symbolic
787:stingray
745:effigies
732:butchery
640:debitage
636:Palenque
632:Uaxactun
593:absolute
530:volcanic
526:Obsidian
504:and the
316:Zaragoza
276:volcanic
178:bifacial
128:cultures
98:volcanic
94:Obsidian
1343:Lithics
1048:Penguin
952:Hester
923:In the
876:In the
863:lancets
833:at the
749:labrets
728:mollusk
715:in situ
690:hunting
677:in the
570:opacity
498:Sansare
482:opacity
470:Pachuca
468:, were
392:Pachuca
358:Paredon
354:Paredon
336:Orizaba
303:at the
262:Sources
236:razor."
224:Spanish
47:improve
1237:
1182:
1159:
1138:
1092:
969:(1998)
967:et al.
956:(1971)
954:et al.
886:itztli
871:spears
859:razors
827:stelae
823:flakes
811:temple
761:animal
726:, and
724:rodent
720:rabbit
710:flakes
675:itztli
652:Belize
644:flakes
634:, and
574:sample
506:Olmecs
494:Jalapa
476:, and
474:Otumba
444:, and
412:Ucareo
408:Ucareo
372:Otumba
368:Otumba
346:, and
330:Bazoli
284:Mexico
174:cortex
167:nodule
155:glassy
120:Lithic
36:, but
1136:S2CID
1106:(PDF)
940:Notes
898:steel
892:Value
867:clubs
839:Tikal
817:, or
795:earth
791:blood
776:masks
772:vases
768:beads
751:with
718:with
624:Olmec
533:glass
450:Olmec
186:flake
101:glass
1235:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1090:ISSN
910:Maya
835:Maya
831:gods
755:and
753:gold
528:, a
496:and
454:Maya
452:and
414:and
384:and
360:and
324:Gulf
286:and
256:awls
254:and
1289:doi
1265:doi
1126:hdl
1118:doi
1114:196
1082:doi
882:itz
869:or
861:or
658:Use
595:or
233:jet
107:of
1329::
1283:.
1259:.
1255:.
1210:.
1199:13
1197:.
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422:).
342:,
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180:,
118:.
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1291::
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1267::
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43:.
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