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276:
newly-formed gonangia, there are 16 tentacles, but that can increase as they develop more. The mouth leads into the coelenteron, similarly to the hydranth, which then branches into 4 radial canals. The canals take the food around the entire body of the gonangia for full digestion. The endoderm of the gonangia is the inner lining to the canal system. The mesoglea can be found in the manubrium in between the endo- and ectoderm. The gonangia is also able to produce bioluminescence through a photoprotein called obelin. For
217:
populations have more haplotype diversity than all four of the North
Atlantic populations, which indicates that the North Atlantic population is more recently established than the Pacific population. The minimum estimated age of the New Brunswick population is between 47 and 143 thousand years old. Including the Massachusetts population, this number is between 82 and 150 thousand years, but Iceland has the oldest estimated population with the minimum age ranging from 68 to 204 thousand years old.
46:
33:
1327:
258:
the substrate is almost always leaves of plants since it is an epiphytic organism. The vertical portion or main stalk of the hydranth form is called the hydrocalus, and it has two layers – the coenosarc and the perisarc. The coenosarc is the internal tube, containing the coelenteron, and the perisarc
216:
than the New
Brunswick population. The more recent expansion of these haplotypes demonstrates the southward movement of hydroid populations, possibly due to climate change. The North Atlantic populations contain ancestral haplotypes, which differ from the populations in Japan and New Zealand. Pacific
275:
The gonangia is the result of the medusa buds being released from the hydranth blastostyles. The body plan of the gonangia is fairly simple: the main body is shaped like a convex umbrella, with the manubrium hanging from the concave underside. The mouth is at the terminal end of the manubrium. In a
272:
the mouth, and is located at the distal end of the body and is surrounded by approximately 24 feeding tentacles. The hydrotheca is at the base of the gastro-zooid. It is a form of the perisarc. Blastostyles have no tentacles or mouth, a gonotheca instead of a hydrotheca, and a reduced coelenteron.
271:
is much thicker than other species. Branches of the hydranth stem from the hydrocalus, and each has a zooid at the end. There are two types of zooids: gastro-zooids and blastostyles. Gastro-zooids are feeding buds and make up the majority of the buds in the colony. The manubrium is hollow, contains
314:
are sessile, so they feed through suspension feeding. In the polyp stage, feeding hydranths use their tentacles to bring food towards their mouths. Research has shown that the mouth opening and tentacle contraction are both governed by spontaneous electrical potentials, rather than knowingly. The
301:
Gonangia reproduce sexually through broadcast spawning. Male and female gonangia will release their sperm and eggs into the water, and fertilized zygotes undergo complete cleavage until they become planular larvae. These planulae will then swim through the water until they find their spot on the
227:
from their size in length and diameter, as well as their smaller hydrothecal cusps and relatively thinner perisarc thickness. Some morphological traits are hard to distinguish across species, so observing a combination of these traits will help with identification. Other useful observable
323:
gonangia have also been seen to digest fecal pellets. In situations of food stress, where the colonies are not getting enough food to sustain themselves, some research has shown that hydranths can create more gastro-zooids to increase the chances of getting food. In areas of upwelling,
203:
was first documented in these areas in the 1990s but were later found in
Massachusetts and Japan in the 2000s. There are three reciprocally monophyletic clades of Obelia, one branch for the North Atlantic, one for Japan, and one for New Zealand. There seems to be an ancestral
297:
reproduce asexually through the budding of blastostyles. When the medusa buds are ready to be released from the blastostyle, the lateral wall will burst at the distal end. When the buds are free-floating, they are then classified as the gonangia.
336:
O. genicula are classified as epiphytic, meaning they encrust on plants in the water. Since they have a cosmopolitan distribution, meaning they are found basically everywhere, this can be hard for agriculture. In Korea, colonies of
468:
804:"Obelin from the Bioluminescent Marine Hydroid Obelia geniculata : Cloning, Expression, and Comparison of Some Properties with Those of Other Ca 2+ -Regulated Photoproteins"
228:
characteristics are branching pattern of colonies and length of trophosome. There are variations and exceptions to these, which makes identification even more difficult.
254:
The horizontal portion of the hydranth is called the hydrorhiza. The hydrorhiza is the structure that attaches to the other hydranths as well as the substrate. For
502:
286:
have no systems for excretion, circulation, or respiration. Both waste excretion and oxygen intake occur from gas exchange across the body surface.
1348:
1188:
984:"Seasonality of epiphytic development of the hydroid Obelia geniculata on cultivated Saccharina japonica (Laminariaceae, Phaeophyta) in Korea"
1227:
699:
1418:
533:
236:
have longer first and second order branches, in addition to a greater variation in hydrothecal cusp length than others in the genus.
1162:
1201:
1031:"Epiphytism on Blades of the Edible Kelps Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina latissima Farmed under Different Abiotic Conditions"
559:"Epiphytism on Blades of the Edible Kelps Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina latissima Farmed under Different Abiotic Conditions"
1263:
351:
encrusted on the kelp, it is no longer deemed suitable for human consumption by degrading the taste and quality. In Spain,
1206:
737:
319:
are typically voracious predators, and can consume a wide variety of bacteria, crustacean zoopankton, and icthyplankton.
802:
Markova, Svetlana V.; Vysotski, Eugene S.; Blinks, John R.; Burakova, Ludmila P.; Wang, B-C.; Lee, John (2002-02-01).
440:
469:"When morphometry meets taxonomy: morphological variation and species boundaries in Proboscoida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)"
1302:
1232:
1411:
1154:
852:
Boero, Ferdinando; Bucci, Cecilia; Colucci, Anna Maria
Rosaria; Gravili, Cinzia; Stabili, Loredana (2007-09-10).
854:"Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Campanulariidae): a microphagous, filter-feeding medusa: Feeding of Obelia medusae"
1214:
1442:
1123:
1110:
769:"Reproduction of the colonial hydroid Obelia geniculata (L., 1758) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in the White Sea"
1128:
945:"Predatory impact of an epiphytic hydrozoan in an upwelling area in the Bay of Coliumo (Dichato, Chile)"
1404:
853:
1307:
1242:
184:
1437:
1337:
45:
259:
is the external layer secreted by the ectoderm. The mesoglea is located between these two layers.
1294:
944:
251:
have two distinct forms – polyp and medusa, also known as hydranths and gonangia, respectively.
1193:
1078:
605:
240:
differs from the previous species due to their more cylindrical and longer hydrothecal cusps.
140:
1281:
410:
208:
that occurs in the North
Atlantic populations from Massachusetts, New Brunswick, and Iceland
1392:
1344:
1042:
995:
956:
896:
883:
Sutherland, Kelly R.; Gemmell, Brad J.; Colin, Sean P.; Costello, John H. (November 2016).
617:
570:
361:
441:"Mitochondrial evolution and phylogeography in the hydrozoan Obelia geniculata (Cnidaria)"
8:
1115:
1030:
558:
343:
1046:
999:
960:
900:
884:
621:
574:
40:
968:
347:, a kelp that is widely consumed by humans in China and Japan. When there is too much
1276:
1136:
1058:
1011:
922:
869:
831:
823:
784:
768:
719:
677:
633:
586:
213:
1376:
657:
1141:
1050:
1003:
964:
912:
904:
885:"Prey capture by the cosmopolitan hydromedusae, Obelia spp., in the viscous regime"
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673:
669:
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ends of the tentacles have nematocysts, which help in catching and stunning prey.
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is characterized by a thicker perisarc with more variation that other species of
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803:
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Estimates of divergence times and distinctive haplotypes provide evidence of
983:
1384:
835:
97:
658:"The Regression-Replacement Cycle of Hydranths of Obelia and Campanularia"
1289:
1255:
1175:
715:
1167:
1054:
582:
385:
1180:
908:
819:
606:"European Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydroida): systematics and identification"
917:
205:
169:
57:
1072:
467:
Cunha, Amanda; Collins, Allen; Marques, Antonio (20 November 2019).
32:
1095:
503:"Effects of food stress on Obelia geniculata zooid differentiation"
87:
77:
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are more abundant because of the increase in food availability.
439:
Govindarajan, AF; Halanych, KM; Cunningham, CW (17 August 2004).
1326:
1268:
117:
67:
882:
738:"Life Cycle of Obelia - Diagram, Structure and Classification"
438:
801:
767:
Slobodov, Sergei A.; Marfenin, Nickolai N. (November 2004).
355:
was the most abundant epiphyte on two other types of kelp -
943:
Orejas, C; Gili, J.-M; Alvà, V; Arntz, W (December 2000).
267:
species by the thickness of the perisarc; the perisarc on
851:
700:"Behavioural Physiology of the Colonial Hydroid Obelia"
534:"Obelia (Sea Fur): Structure, Movement and Respiration"
199:
around
Iceland and southeastern Canada. In one study,
1351:
to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
942:
466:
1429:
982:Park, Chan Sun; Hwang, Eun Kyoung (2012-06-01).
766:
302:substrate, and eventually grow into hydranths.
1029:Peteiro, César; Freire, Óscar (October 2013).
557:Peteiro, César; Freire, Óscar (October 2013).
212:The population from Woods Hole, MA shows less
1412:
1028:
698:Morin, James G.; Cooke, Ian M. (1971-06-01).
556:
411:"Knotted Thread Hydroid (Obelia geniculata)"
280:the fluorescence is blue (λmax = 495 nm).
1419:
1405:
697:
31:
981:
916:
603:
473:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1035:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
563:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
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1243:23d20551-64ad-47dd-bd9f-1ae4121f8a12
1155:2924b28c-0f1b-459a-9420-e0989d4eb8b4
651:
649:
647:
527:
525:
523:
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519:
500:
496:
494:
462:
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434:
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386:"Obelia geniculata (Linnaeus, 1758)"
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223:are distinguishable from others in
13:
1336:needs additional or more specific
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842:
755:
688:
604:Cornelius, Paul F.S. (June 1990).
14:
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644:
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870:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00164.x
44:
1022:
975:
876:
795:
730:
704:Journal of Experimental Biology
656:Crowell, Sears (October 1953).
289:
674:10.1086/physzool.26.4.30152158
597:
550:
403:
341:were found to infest areas of
1:
969:10.1016/S1385-1101(00)00057-5
368:
331:
263:are distinguished from other
1391:. You can help Knowledge by
988:Journal of Applied Phycology
243:
7:
10:
1459:
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889:Limnology and Oceanography
775:. 530–531 (1–3): 383–388.
610:Journal of Natural History
305:
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1008:10.1007/s10811-011-9755-3
781:10.1007/s10750-004-2682-4
630:10.1080/00222939000770381
485:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz166
185:cosmopolitan distribution
176:. Its common name is the
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
532:S, Anjali (2016-07-25).
510:University of Washington
172:belonging to the family
949:Journal of Sea Research
501:Wood, Andrew W (2014).
1387:-related article is a
178:Knotted Thread Hydroid
662:Physiological Zoology
234:Obelia. O. longissima
1150:Fauna Europaea (new)
716:10.1242/jeb.54.3.689
362:Saccharina latissima
16:Species of cnidarian
1047:2013JWAS...44..706P
1000:2012JAPco..24..433P
961:2000JSR....44..209O
901:2016LimOc..61.2309S
622:1990JNatH..24..535C
575:2013JWAS...44..706P
357:Undaria pinnatifida
344:Saccharina japonica
191:Population genetics
1443:Leptothecata stubs
1055:10.1111/jwas.12065
583:10.1111/jwas.12065
132:O. geniculata
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1349:adding categories
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1277:Open Tree of Life
1116:Obelia_geniculata
1087:Obelia geniculata
1079:Taxon identifiers
909:10.1002/lno.10390
820:10.1021/bi0117910
214:genetic diversity
165:Obelia geniculata
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858:Marine Ecology
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1393:expanding it
1385:Leptothecata
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808:Biochemistry
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746:. Retrieved
744:. 2024-02-20
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541:. Retrieved
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393:. Retrieved
390:www.gbif.org
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238:O. bidentata
237:
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219:
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194:
182:
177:
164:
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149:
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131:
130:
118:
98:Leptothecata
24:
18:
1290:SeaLifeBase
1176:iNaturalist
864:: 178–183.
415:iNaturalist
1432:Categories
1338:categories
748:2024-05-01
543:2024-05-01
449:7 November
420:2024-05-01
395:18 October
369:References
332:Epiphytism
1063:0893-8849
1016:1573-5176
927:0024-3590
918:1912/8594
828:0006-2960
789:0018-8158
724:0022-0949
682:0031-935X
638:0022-2933
591:0893-8849
244:Structure
206:haplotype
170:cnidarian
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1345:help out
1194:11127855
1102:Q2193857
1096:Wikidata
836:11841214
104:Family:
88:Hydrozoa
78:Cnidaria
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1343:Please
1168:2268160
1043:Bibcode
996:Bibcode
957:Bibcode
897:Bibcode
618:Bibcode
571:Bibcode
512:: 2–13.
306:Feeding
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1308:117388
1282:508706
1269:117388
1240:NZOR:
1233:185004
1181:195411
1061:
1014:
925:
834:
826:
787:
722:
680:
636:
589:
265:Obelia
221:Obelia
119:Obelia
1383:This
1303:WoRMS
1295:43414
1256:27586
1207:49522
1189:IRMNG
1142:488Y7
1129:27177
506:(PDF)
444:(PDF)
1389:stub
1264:OBIS
1228:NCBI
1202:ITIS
1163:GBIF
1124:BOLD
1059:ISSN
1012:ISSN
923:ISSN
832:PMID
824:ISSN
785:ISSN
720:ISSN
678:ISSN
634:ISSN
587:ISSN
451:2022
397:2021
359:and
1347:by
1215:NBN
1137:CoL
1111:AFD
1051:doi
1004:doi
965:doi
913:hdl
905:doi
866:doi
816:doi
777:doi
712:doi
670:doi
626:doi
579:doi
481:doi
477:190
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