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pollution. The inhabitants would also keep themselves active and entertained by practicing current earth sports such as skiing, sailing, and mountain climbing, thanks to artificially generated gravity due to the cylinder's rotation. In addition to these sports, new sports would also be created out of the habitat being enclosed in a cylinder in space, and these circumstances would be creatively taken advantage of.
20:
338:
into the cylinders through the windows. Night is simulated by opening the mirrors, letting the window view empty space; this also permits heat to radiate to space. During the day, the reflected Sun appears to move as the mirrors move, creating a natural progression of Sun angles. Although not visible
363:
to collect solar energy and light the habitat's interior. O'Neill and his students carefully worked out a method of continuously turning the colony 360 degrees per orbit without using rockets (which would shed reaction mass). First, the pair of habitats can be rolled by operating the cylinders as
256:
magazine, Dr. O'Neill argued that life on board an O'Neill cylinder would be better than some places on Earth. This would be because of an abundance in food, climate and weather control, and the fact that there would be no need for vehicles that use combustion engines that would create smog and
136:, with the intent of showing that living in space could be desirable. Several of the designs were able to provide volumes large enough to be suitable for human habitation. This cooperative result inspired the idea of the cylinder and was first published by O'Neill in a September 1974 article of
350:
To permit light to enter the habitat, large windows run the length of the cylinder. These would not be single panes, but would be made up of many small sections, to prevent catastrophic damage, and so the aluminum or steel window frames can take most of the stresses of the air pressure of the
436:
310:
roughly similar to terrestrial air, 20% of the Earth's sea-level air pressure. Nitrogen would also be included to add a further 30% of the Earth's pressure. This half-pressure atmosphere would save gas and reduce the needed strength and thickness of the habitat walls.
293:
acting on the inner ear. People would, however, be able to detect spinward and antispinward directions by turning their heads, and any dropped items would appear to be deflected by a few centimetres. The central axis of the habitat would be a
223:
and are capable of being scaled up to 30 km (20 mi) long. Each cylinder has six equal-area stripes that run the length of the cylinder; three are transparent windows, three are habitable "land" surfaces. Furthermore, an outer
904:
Proceedings of the
Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Manned Spaceflight, NASA SP-77, 1965. See in particular: Thompson, Allen B.: Physiological Design Criteria for Artificial Gravity Environments in Manned Space
368:. If one habitat's rotation is slightly off, the two cylinders will rotate about each other. Once the plane formed by the two axes of rotation is perpendicular in the roll axis to the orbit, then the pair of cylinders can be
392:
In 1990 and 2007, a smaller design derivative known as
Kalpana One was presented, which addresses the wobbling effect of a rotating cylinder by increasing the diameter and shortening the length. The logistical challenges of
351:
habitat. Occasionally a meteoroid might break one of these panes. This would cause some loss of the atmosphere, but calculations showed that this would not be an emergency, due to the very large volume of the habitat.
228:
ring, 30 km (20 mi) in diameter, rotates at a different speed to support farming. The habitat's industrial manufacturing block is located in the middle, to allow for minimized gravity for some manufacturing
326:. The internal volume of an O'Neill cylinder is great enough to support its own small weather systems, which may be manipulated by altering the internal atmospheric composition or the amount of reflected sunlight.
79:
effects that would otherwise make it difficult to keep them aimed toward the Sun. Each would be eight kilometers (5 mi) in diameter and 30 kilometers (20 mi) long, connected at each end by a rod via a
1198:
YouTube video: A Construction
Scenario for O'Neill Cylinder Space Settlement Habitats, Third Tennessee Valley Interstellar Workshop, Nov 10-11, 2014, Oak Ridge, TN, Dr. Gordon Woodcock (30 min)
635:
189:
Island One is a rotating sphere measuring 1.5 km (1 mi) in circumference (512 m or 1,681 ft in diameter), with people living on the equatorial region (see
404:
In 2014, a new construction method was suggested that involved inflating a bag and taping it with a spool (constructed from asteroidal materials) like the construction of a
564:
2054:
376:, and the system will yaw in one direction, while pushing them towards each other will cause yaw in the other direction. The counter-rotating habitats have no net
334:
Large mirrors are hinged at the back of each stripe of window. The unhinged edge of the windows points toward the Sun. The purpose of the mirrors is to reflect
435:
372:
to aim at the Sun by exerting a force between the two sunward bearings. Pushing the cylinders away from each other will cause both cylinders to gyroscopically
233:
To save the immense cost of rocketing the materials from Earth, these habitats would be built with materials launched into space from the Moon with a magnetic
277:
on their inner surface. At the radius described by O'Neill, the habitats would have to rotate about twenty-eight times an hour to simulate a standard Earth
285:
of 2.8 degrees per second. Research on human factors in rotating reference frames indicate that, at such low rotation speeds, few people would experience
269:
A NASA lunar base concept with a mass driver (the long structure that extends toward the horizon that is a part of the plan to build O'Neill
Cylinders)
447:
989:
Proceedings of the Fifth
Symposium on the Role of Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration, Pensacola, Florida, August 19–21, 1970, NASA SP-314, 1973
1516:
380:
effect, and so this slight precession can continue throughout the habitat's orbit, keeping it aimed at the Sun. This is a novel application of
1521:
1874:
1068:(Report). Third Tennessee Valley Interstellar Workshop, Nov 10-11, 2014, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Dr. Gordon Woodcock (Boeing/NSS). 2014-12-21
802:
27:
56:
75:
An O'Neill cylinder would consist of two counter-rotating cylinders. The cylinders would rotate in opposite directions to cancel any
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to the naked eye, the Sun's image might be observed to rotate due to the cylinder's rotation. Light reflected by mirrors is
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At this scale, the air within the cylinder and the shell of the cylinder provide adequate shielding against
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Artist's impression of the interior of an O'Neill cylinder, showing the curvature of the inner surface
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863:"The Colonization of Space – Gerard K. O'Neill, Physics Today, 1974 - National Space Society"
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61:
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Artist's depiction of the interior of an O'Neill cylinder, illuminated by reflected sunlight
2044:
1994:
1907:
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931:
886:
Beauchamp, G. T. (October–December 1961). "Adverse
Effects Due to Space Vehicle Rotation".
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O'Neill's project was not the first example of this concept. In 1954, German scientist
85:
721:"Space Resources and Space Settlements,1977 Summer Study at NASA Ames Research Center"
1812:
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728:
700:
1159:
959:
2028:
1922:
1804:
1759:
1404:
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A video about making spaceflight affordable enough to build Space
Colonies (10 min)
1138:"A minimized technological approach towards human self sufficiency off Earth" (PDF)
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region, and it was envisaged that recreational facilities could be located there.
2004:
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study at
Stanford University developed an alternative version of Island One: the
185:
In his 1976 book O'Neill described three reference designs, nicknamed "islands":
69:
1289:
963:
471:, and some other amusement park rides use centrifugal force in a similar manner.
104:
1958:
1820:
1796:
1764:
999:
Altman, F. (1973). "Some
Aversive Effects of Centrifugally Generated Gravity".
646:
515:
369:
365:
215:
design, better known as the O'Neill cylinder, consists of two counter-rotating
198:
149:
described the use of gigantic habitable cylinders for space travel in his book
146:
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190:
138:
1140:. Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF) Conference,
206:
Island Two is spherical in design, 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in diameter.
171:
used such a cylinder (albeit of extraterrestrial construction) in his novel
2070:
1927:
1769:
1662:
1066:
10.0 A Construction
Scenario for O'Neill Cylinder Space Settlement Habitats
534:
490:
464:
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A NASA concept image of multiple habitat cylinders oriented towards the Sun
295:
225:
1841:
Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the
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proposed building O'Neill colonies rather than colonizing other planets.
417:
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160:
133:
132:, O'Neill set his students on the task of designing large structures in
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A cylinder constructed from interconnected bolas or other geometries
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military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.
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Menschen im Weltraum—Neue Projekte für Raketen- und Raumfahrt
2075:
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proposed a similar, but larger-scale, concept in his novel
95:
Interior view, showing alternating land and window segments
65:
201:, a toroidal shape 500 m (1,600 ft) in diameter.
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344:
157:
People in Space—New Projects for Rockets and Space Travel
64:
for the 21st century, using materials extracted from the
1193:
YouTube video about Island Three from NASA Ames (5 min)
31:
A diagram of a pair of O'Neill cylinders (Island Three)
980:
687:
1113:"Going to space to benefit Earth (Full event replay)"
809:. NASA SP-413. NSS.org. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
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683:
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1049:"The Kalpana One Orbital Space Settlement Revised"
917:"Habitability factors in a rotating space station"
664:
23:Artist's depiction of a pair of O'Neill cylinders
2103:
1165:(online book ed.). National Space Society.
1088:"Blue Origin Reveals the Blue Moon Lunar Lander"
387:
359:The habitat and its mirrors must be perpetually
167:. Shortly before O'Neill proposed his cylinder,
397:are dealt with by constructing the station in
1868:
1522:Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
1223:
538:– O'Neill cylinders in hollowed-out asteroids
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817:
815:
743:
150:
860:
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691:
301:
1875:
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1230:
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699:. New York: William Morrow & Company.
697:The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
306:The habitat was planned to have oxygen at
57:The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
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812:
792:
790:
245:
1085:
313:
264:
111:
103:
90:
26:
18:
1086:Blitz, Matt; Orf, Darren (9 May 2019).
2104:
1882:
1791:Space stations and habitats in fiction
1786:List of films featuring space stations
1709:Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)
998:
914:
856:
854:
852:
787:
529:Space stations and habitats in fiction
1856:
1211:
406:composite overwrapped pressure vessel
260:
84:system. Their rotation would provide
219:. They are 8 km (5 mi) in
120:would fit inside an O'Neill cylinder
849:
420:event in Washington on May 9, 2019
354:
159:). In 1970, science-fiction author
13:
1150:
1144:, New Mexico, 11–15 February 2007.
1046:
343:, which might confuse pollinating
14:
2138:
1275:International Space Station (ISS)
1259:List of commercial space stations
1186:
798:Space Settlements: A Design Study
250:In the September 1974 edition of
1477:Bigelow Commercial Space Station
1288:
560:– rotating cylinder with engines
480:Centrifuge Accommodations Module
446:
434:
427:
273:The cylinders rotate to provide
1637:Russian Orbital Service Station
1130:
1105:
1079:
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1040:
1011:
992:
1019:"Kalpana One Space Settlement"
908:
898:
879:
861:O'Neill, Gerard (2018-03-28).
713:
1:
1157:Heppenheimer, T. A. (2007) .
888:Astronautical Sciences Review
658:
591:– rotating ring-shaped vessel
550:Cyberpunk (role-playing game)
521:
388:Design update and derivatives
124:While teaching undergraduate
99:
47:concept proposed by American
1704:Bharatiya Antariksha Station
1492:Exploration Gateway Platform
1280:Tiangong space station (TSS)
506:Rotating wheel space station
7:
915:Newsom, B. D. (June 1972).
755:"The Colonization of Space"
458:
411:
329:
10:
2143:
1898:Interplanetary spaceflight
1507:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
1136:Curreri, Peter A. (2007).
589:The Stranger (Outer Wilds)
401:and removing the windows.
180:
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2037:
1967:
1936:
1890:
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1629:
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1502:Industrial Space Facility
1464:
1457:
1425:
1397:
1376:
1304:
1297:
1286:
1267:
1249:
827:Orbital Space Settlements
382:control moment gyroscopes
240:
482:, a cancelled ISS module
302:Atmosphere and radiation
16:Space settlement concept
2022:Trans-Neptunian objects
1023:settlement.arc.nasa.gov
60:. O'Neill proposed the
2081:National Space Society
1913:Planetary habitability
1254:List of space stations
831:National Space Society
319:
270:
246:Living in the Cylinder
151:
121:
109:
96:
32:
24:
2091:The Planetary Society
1714:Lunar Orbital Station
636:The Dirt on Our Shoes
583:Citadel (Mass Effect)
475:Bishop Ring (habitat)
317:
268:
116:The entire island of
115:
107:
94:
62:colonization of space
30:
22:
2038:Terraforming targets
1968:Colonization targets
1908:Intergalactic travel
837:on February 21, 2009
615:Rendezvous with Rama
501:Planetary chauvinism
174:Rendezvous with Rama
130:Princeton University
1903:Interstellar travel
1465:Individual projects
936:1972SLSci...3..192N
924:Space Life Sciences
773:1974PhT....27i..32O
511:Skyhook (structure)
395:radiation shielding
2127:1976 introductions
1949:McKendree cylinder
1918:Space and survival
1884:Space colonization
1832:(2016 documentary)
1829:A Beautiful Planet
1824:(2009 documentary)
1816:(2008 documentary)
1808:(2002 documentary)
1800:(1997 documentary)
1745:McKendree cylinder
1558:Incorporated into
1482:Deep Space Habitat
1001:Aerospace Medicine
944:10.1007/BF00928163
823:"O'Neill Cylinder"
805:2012-06-14 at the
753:(September 1974).
751:O'Neill, Gerard K.
693:O'Neill, Gerard K.
596:Mobile Suit Gundam
496:McKendree cylinder
486:Don Davis (artist)
320:
275:artificial gravity
271:
261:Artificial gravity
122:
110:
97:
86:artificial gravity
33:
25:
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2098:
1850:
1849:
1813:Orphans of Apollo
1692:
1691:
1618:
1617:
1453:
1452:
1172:978-0-8117-0397-0
1161:Colonies in Space
1092:Popular Mechanics
781:10.1063/1.3128863
308:partial pressures
54:in his 1976 book
52:Gerard K. O'Neill
2134:
1954:O'Neill cylinder
1923:Space settlement
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1805:Space Station 3D
1760:Space settlement
1750:O'Neill cylinder
1627:
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1405:Tiangong program
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1025:. Archived from
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978:
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962:. Archived from
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833:. Archived from
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727:. Archived from
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711:
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689:
570:Dennis E. Taylor
450:
438:
361:aimed at the Sun
355:Attitude control
283:angular velocity
169:Arthur C. Clarke
154:
45:space settlement
39:(also called an
37:O'Neill cylinder
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1975:Lagrange points
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731:on 29 July 2012
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399:low Earth orbit
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366:momentum wheels
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68:and later from
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647:Death's End
608:Policenauts
557:The Expanse
418:Blue Origin
324:cosmic rays
235:mass driver
193:). A later
161:Larry Niven
134:outer space
2106:Categories
2029:Free space
1549:Tiangong-3
1512:Nautilus-X
1415:Tiangong-2
1410:Tiangong-1
1334:Cosmos 557
1178:2009-04-19
1072:2018-10-26
1033:2018-10-26
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973:2012-09-12
894:(4): 9–11.
872:2022-04-29
735:20 October
659:References
522:In fiction
422:Jeff Bezos
378:gyroscopic
229:processes.
100:Background
77:gyroscopic
2000:Asteroids
1544:Sundancer
1533:FlexCraft
1528:Skylab II
1122:5 October
651:Cixin Liu
622:Ringworld
543:Babylon 5
469:Gravitron
341:polarized
217:cylinders
195:NASA/Ames
165:Ringworld
118:Manhattan
70:asteroids
49:physicist
1728:Concepts
1697:Proposed
1592:Columbus
1584:Columbus
1539:Skylab B
1458:Canceled
1384:OPS 0855
1359:Salyut 7
1354:Salyut 6
1349:Salyut 5
1344:Salyut 4
1339:Salyut 3
1329:Salyut 2
1319:Salyut 1
1305:Russia /
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905:Systems.
803:Archived
695:(1977).
629:Vanquish
459:See also
412:Proposal
336:sunlight
330:Sunlight
221:diameter
1985:Mercury
1779:Related
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1658:Haven-1
1646:Private
1570:Freedom
1433:Genesis
1426:Private
1268:Current
1097:11 June
952:5038187
932:Bibcode
769:Bibcode
374:precess
289:due to
279:gravity
181:Islands
126:physics
82:bearing
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2086:SpaceX
2055:Europa
2005:mining
1630:Russia
1497:Galaxy
1389:Skylab
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800:(1977)
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241:Design
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2017:Titan
1990:Venus
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1324:DOS-2
1052:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
956:S2CID
920:(PDF)
601:anime
416:At a
370:yawed
281:; an
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737:2012
725:NASA
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