387:
446:
22:
2276:
1593:
242:
204:
3518:
496:
types. The XPC gene is responsible for a protein which recognizes DNA during the early portion of the NER pathway. This gene can have polymorphisms at Intron 9 and SNPs in Exon 15 which have been correlated with cancer risk as well. Research has shown that a biallelic poly (AT) insertion/deletion polymorphism in Intron 9 of XPC is associated with increased risk for skin, breast and prostate cancers, especially in North Indian populations.
3054:
220:) can also recognize some types of damage caused by UV light. Additionally, XPA performs a function in damage recognition that is as yet poorly defined. Upon identification of a damaged site, subsequent repair proteins are then recruited to the damaged DNA to verify presence of DNA damage, excise the damaged DNA surrounding the lesion then fill in the repair patch.
509:. In a study relapse rates of high-risk stage II and III colorectal cancers, XPD (ERCC2) polymorphism 2251A>C was significantly correlated with early relapse after chemotherapeutic treatment. Studies have indicated that the effects of polymorphic NER genes is additive, with greater frequency of variants, greater cancer risk presents.
249:
At any given time, most of the genome in an organism is not undergoing transcription; there is a difference in NER efficiency between transcriptionally silent and transcriptionally active regions of the genome. For many types of lesions, NER repairs the transcribed strands of transcriptionally active
2192:
Qiao Y, Spitz MR, Guo Z, Hadeyati M, Grossman L, Kraemer KH, Wei Q (November 2002). "Rapid assessment of repair of ultraviolet DNA damage with a modified host-cell reactivation assay using a luciferase reporter gene and correlation with polymorphisms of DNA repair genes in normal human lymphocytes".
340:
are the last two proteins associated with the main NER repair complex. These two proteins are present prior to TFIIH binding since they are involved with verifying DNA damage. They may also protect single-stranded DNA. After verification, the 5' side incision is made and DNA repair begins before the
189:
Eukaryotic nucleotide excision repair can be divided into two subpathways: global genomic NER (GG-NER) and transcription coupled NER (TC-NER). Three different sets of proteins are involved in recognizing DNA damage for each subpathway. After damage recognition, the three subpathways converge for the
504:
The study of a hereditary cancer, xeroderma pigmentosum has helped identify several genes which encode proteins in the NER pathway, two of which are XPC and XPD. XP is caused by a homozygous deficiency in UV DNA damage repair (GG-NER) which increases the patients' risk of skin cancer by 1000-fold.
495:
genes. XPD, also known as ERCC2, serves to open DNA around the site of damage during NER, in addition to other transcriptional activities. Studies have shown that polymorphisms at Exon 10 (G>A)(Asp312Asn) and Exon 23 (A>T)(Lys751Gln) are linked with genetic predisposition to several cancer
420:
4 nucleotides downstream of the DNA damage, and the UvrC cleaves a phosphodiester bond 8 nucleotides upstream of the DNA damage and created 12 nucleotide excised segment. DNA helicase II (sometimes called UvrD) then comes in and removes the excised segment by actively breaking the hydrogen bonds
2317:
Vermeij WP, Dollé ME, Reiling E, Jaarsma D, Payan-Gomez C, Bombardieri CR, Wu H, Roks AJ, Botter SM, van der Eerden BC, Youssef SA, Kuiper RV, Nagarajah B, van
Oostrom CT, Brandt RM, Barnhoorn S, Imholz S, Pennings JL, de Bruin A, Gyenis Ă, Pothof J, Vijg J, van Steeg H, Hoeijmakers JH (2016).
332:
heterodimeric protein cuts on the 5' side. The dual incision leads to the removal of a ssDNA with a single strand gap of 25~30 nucleotides. The small, excised, damage-containing DNA (sedDNA) oligonucleotides are initially released from the duplex in complex with TFIIH but then dissociate in an
436:
that uses ATP hydrolysis to translocate on dsDNA upstream of the transcription bubble and forward translocate RNA polymerase, thus initiating dissociation of the RNA Polymerase ternary elongation complex. TRCF also recruits the Uvr(A)BC nucleotide excision repair machinery by direct physical
211:
Global genomic NER repairs damage in both transcribed and untranscribed DNA strands in active and inactive genes throughout the genome. This process is not dependent on transcription. This pathway employs several "damage sensing" proteins including the DNA-damage binding (DDB) and XPC-Rad23B
707:
As reviewed by
Gorbunova et al., studies of NER in different cells and tissues from young and old individuals frequently have shown a decrease in NER capacity with increasing age. This decline may be due to reduced constitutive levels of proteins employed in the NER pathway.
258:
stalls at a lesion in DNA: the blocked RNA polymerase serves as a damage recognition signal, which replaces the need for the distortion recognition properties of the XPC-RAD23B and DDB complexes. CS proteins (CSA and CSB) bind some types of DNA damage instead of XPC-Rad23B.
99:. NER can be divided into two subpathways: global genomic NER (GG-NER or GGR) and transcription coupled NER (TC-NER or TCR). The two subpathways differ in how they recognize DNA damage but they share the same process for lesion incision, repair, and ligation.
253:
TC-NER and GG-NER differ only in the initial steps of DNA damage recognition. The principal difference between TC-NER and GG-NER is that TC-NER does not require XPC or DDB proteins for distortion recognition in mammalian cells. Instead TC-NER initiates when
699:(CSB) mutations. Mutations in the CSA gene account for about 20% of CS cases. Individuals with CSA and CSB are characterised by severe postnatal growth and mental retardation and accelerated aging leading to premature death at the age of 12 to 16 years.
478:
cases found modest association between NER specific SNP polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. The results indicate that some inherited polymorphic variations in NER genes may result in predisposition to lung cancer, and potentially other cancer states.
469:
capacity resulting in an increase likelihood of cancer development. While the functional impact of all polymorphisms has not been characterized, some polymorphisms in DNA repair genes or their regulatory sequences do induce
2468:
Andressoo JO, Mitchell JR, de Wit J, Hoogstraten D, Volker M, Toussaint W, Speksnijder E, Beems RB, van Steeg H, Jans J, de Zeeuw CI, Jaspers NG, Raams A, Lehmann AR, Vermeulen W, Hoeijmakers JH, van der Horst GT (2006).
421:
between the complementary bases. The resultant gap is then filled in using DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase. The basic excision process is very similar in higher cells, but these cells usually involve many more proteins â
2623:
Barnhoorn S, Uittenboogaard LM, Jaarsma D, Vermeij WP, Tresini M, Weymaere M, Menoni H, Brandt RM, de Waard MC, Botter SM, Sarker AH, Jaspers NG, van der Horst GT, Cooper PK, Hoeijmakers JH, van der Pluijm I (2014).
270:
TC-NER initiates when RNA polymerase stalls at a lesion in DNA, whereupon protein complexes help move the polymerase backwards. Mutations in TC-NER machinery are responsible for multiple genetic disorders including:
2289:
Spitz MR, Wu X, Wang Y, Wang LE, Shete S, Amos CI, Guo Z, Lei L, Mohrenweiser H, Wei Q (February 2001). "Modulation of nucleotide excision repair capacity by XPD polymorphisms in lung cancer patients".
465:(SNPs) and nonsynonymous coding SNPs (nsSNPs) are present at very low levels (>1%) in the human population. If located in NER genes or regulatory sequences, such mutations can negatively affect
658:
with pronounced degenerative phenotypes in both liver and brain. These mutant mice develop a multi-system premature aging degenerative phenotype that appears to strengthen the link between
333:
ATP-dependent manner and become bound to replication protein A (RPA). Inhibition of gap filling DNA synthesis and ligation results in an accumulation of RPA-bound sedDNAs in the cell.
2099:
Blankenburg S, König IR, Moessner R, Laspe P, Thoms KM, Krueger U, Khan SG, Westphal G, Berking C, Volkenandt M, Reich K, Neumann C, Ziegler A, Kraemer KH, Emmert S (June 2005).
87:
and 6,4-photoproducts. Recognition of the damage leads to removal of a short single-stranded DNA segment that contains the lesion. The undamaged single-stranded DNA remains and
408:
II (sometimes also known as UvrD in this complex). First, a UvrA-UvrB complex scans the DNA, with the UvrA subunit recognizing distortions in the helix, caused for example by
505:
In heterozygous patients, the risk of cancer is sporadic but can be predicted based on analytical assessment of polymorphisms in XP related DNA repair genes purified from
2233:"ERCC2 2251A>C genetic polymorphism was highly correlated with early relapse in high-risk stage II and stage III colorectal cancer patients: a preliminary study"
605:(XPD) mutant human and mouse show evidence of defective repair of oxidative DNA damages that may underlie the segmental progeroid (premature aging) symptoms (see
412:. When the complex recognizes such a distortion, the UvrA subunit leaves and an UvrC protein comes in and binds to the UvrB monomer and, hence, forms a new UvrBC
312:
act as a 5'-3' and 3'-5' helicase, respectively â they help unwind DNA and generate a junction between the double-stranded and single-stranded DNA around the
2421:"XPB and XPD helicases in TFIIH orchestrate DNA duplex opening and damage verification to coordinate repair with transcription and cell cycle via CAK kinase"
386:
2939:"TFIIH-mediated nucleotide excision repair and initiation of mRNA transcription in an optimized cell-free DNA repair and RNA transcription assay"
2520:
Oh KS, Khan SG, Jaspers NG, Raams A, Ueda T, Lehmann A, Friedmann PS, Emmert S, Gratchev A, Lachlan K, Lucassan A, Baker CC, Kraemer KH (2006).
134:, there are 9 major proteins involved in NER. Deficiencies in certain proteins leads to disease; protein names are associated with the disease.
2050:"Genetic variation in nucleotide excision repair pathway genes influence prostate and bladder cancer susceptibility in North Indian population"
357:(PCNA) onto the DNA strand. This allows DNA polymerases implicated in repair (ÎŽ, Δ and/or Îș) to copy the undamaged strand via translocation.
2471:"An Xpd mouse model for the combined xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome exhibiting both cancer predisposition and segmental progeria"
3058:
457:
Though historical studies have shown inconsistent results, genetic variation or mutation to nucleotide excision repair genes can impact
574:
mutant mice show features of accelerated aging, and have a limited lifespan. Accelerated aging in the mutant involves numerous organs.
3451:
1994:
Wang M, Gu D, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Zhang Z (2009). "XPD polymorphisms, cigarette smoking, and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis".
453:. Unrepaired damage or malfunctioning proteins associated with excision repair could lead to unregulated cell growth and cancer.
3425:
2140:
Shore RE, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Currie D, Mohrenweiser H, Afanasyeva Y, Koenig KL, Arslan AA, Toniolo P, Wirgin I (May 2008).
2927:
1736:
Truglio JJ, Croteau DL, Van Houten B, Kisker C (February 2006). "Prokaryotic nucleotide excision repair: the UvrABC system".
1615:
1912:
Sakoda LC, Loomis MM, Doherty JA, Julianto L, Barnett MJ, Neuhouser ML, Thornquist MD, Weiss NS, Goodman GE, Chen C (2012).
102:
The importance of NER is evidenced by the severe human diseases that result from in-born genetic mutations of NER proteins.
3086:
2726:"Cockayne syndrome protein A is a transcription factor of RNA polymerase I and stimulates ribosomal biogenesis and growth"
232:
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP): severe photosensitivity, high cancer rates in areas of the body exposed to the sun (e.g. skin)
3141:
2522:"Phenotypic heterogeneity in the XPB DNA helicase gene (ERCC3): xeroderma pigmentosum without and with Cockayne syndrome"
92:
3394:
3325:
2101:"Assessment of 3 xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene polymorphisms and risk of cutaneous melanoma: a case-control study"
354:
61:
3409:
659:
75:
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a particularly important excision mechanism that removes DNA damage induced by
2775:"Genome Instability in Development and Aging: Insights from Nucleotide Excision Repair in Humans, Mice, and Worms"
597:, retinal degeneration, white matter hypomethylation, central nervous system calcification, reduced stature, and
521:
in genes employed in NER cause features of premature aging. These genes and their corresponding proteins include
487:
Two important genes in the NER pathway for which polymorphism has shown functional and phenotypic impact are the
182:, and others also participate in nucleotide excision repair. A more complete list of proteins involved in NER is
462:
52:. Three excision repair pathways exist to repair single stranded DNA damage: Nucleotide excision repair (NER),
25:
Diagram of both the TC-NER and GG-NER pathways. The two pathways differ only in initial DNA damage recognition.
1820:
Kwok PY, Gu Z (December 1999). "Single nucleotide polymorphism libraries: why and how are we building them?".
65:
3384:
3291:
390:
A schematic representation of models for the nucleotide excision repair pathway controlled by Uvr proteins.
41:
445:
3313:
3130:
1687:"Molecular mechanisms of the whole DNA repair system: a comparison of bacterial and eukaryotic systems"
667:
606:
594:
429:
21:
2724:
Koch S, Garcia
Gonzalez O, Assfalg R, Schelling A, SchÀfer P, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Iben S (2014).
2626:"Cell-autonomous progeroid changes in conditional mouse models for repair endonuclease XPG deficiency"
1955:"The XPD variant alleles are associated with increased aromatic DNA adduct level and lung cancer risk"
1636:"True lies: the double life of the nucleotide excision repair factors in transcription and DNA repair"
1371:
297:
2275:
1592:
3308:
3230:
3079:
728:
1773:"Involvement of nucleotide excision and mismatch repair mechanisms in double strand break repair"
785:
3420:
3330:
3125:
3186:
1093:
Transcription elongation factor; involved in transcription coupling and chromatin remodelling
639:
617:
582:
171:
155:
103:
3103:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1294:
1261:
1060:
Involved in incision on 5' side of damage; stabilizes TFIIH; structure specific endonuclease
304:
are first recruited to the site of DNA damage (XPG stabilizes TFIIH). The TFIIH subunits of
3111:
2677:"Elements That Regulate the DNA Damage Response of Proteins Defective in Cockayne Syndrome"
2331:
2320:"Restricted diet delays accelerated ageing and genomic stress in DNA-repair-deficient mice"
2003:
1868:
1522:
1228:
1195:
1129:
1096:
1063:
1030:
997:
964:
931:
836:
350:
341:
3' side incision. This helps reduce exposed single stranded DNA during the repair process.
313:
53:
1442:
1360:
1327:
1162:
898:
867:
807:
774:
8:
3542:
3521:
3208:
3072:
1914:"Germ line variation in nucleotide excision repair genes and lung cancer risk in smokers"
1528:
1508:
1475:
593:(XPCS). TTD and CS both display features of premature aging. These features may include
586:
417:
401:
381:
362:
275:
57:
2335:
2007:
1872:
369:
228:
Mutations in GG-NER machinery are responsible for multiple genetic disorders including:
2850:
2825:
2801:
2774:
2750:
2725:
2701:
2676:
2652:
2625:
2595:
2570:
2551:
2445:
2420:
2352:
2319:
2259:
2232:
2171:
2076:
2049:
2027:
1930:
1913:
1889:
1856:
1797:
1772:
1713:
1686:
1662:
1635:
1576:
1549:
2999:
2982:
2963:
2938:
2206:
1833:
250:
genes faster than it repairs nontranscribed strands and transcriptionally silent DNA.
3404:
3033:
3004:
2968:
2923:
2896:
2855:
2806:
2755:
2706:
2657:
2600:
2543:
2502:
2450:
2401:
2357:
2299:
2264:
2210:
2163:
2122:
2081:
2019:
1976:
1935:
1894:
1857:"Impact of DNA polymorphisms in key DNA base excision repair proteins on cancer risk"
1837:
1802:
1753:
1718:
1667:
1611:
1581:
643:
621:
590:
518:
413:
281:
107:
76:
2555:
2031:
3025:
2994:
2958:
2950:
2886:
2875:"Mechanisms and implications of the age-associated decrease in DNA repair capacity"
2845:
2837:
2796:
2786:
2745:
2737:
2696:
2688:
2647:
2637:
2590:
2582:
2533:
2492:
2482:
2440:
2432:
2391:
2347:
2339:
2254:
2244:
2202:
2175:
2153:
2112:
2071:
2061:
2011:
1966:
1925:
1884:
1876:
1829:
1792:
1784:
1745:
1708:
1698:
1657:
1647:
1571:
1561:
409:
396:
278:(TTD): some individuals are photosensitive, ichthyosis, mental/physical retardation
1953:
Hou SM, FĂ€lt S, Angelini S, Yang K, Nyberg F, Lambert B, Hemminki K (April 2002).
95:. Final ligation to complete NER and form a double stranded DNA is carried out by
3120:
3029:
2642:
2586:
2436:
1566:
2981:
Frit P, Kwon K, Coin F, Auriol J, Dubaele S, Salles B, Egly JM (December 2002).
631:(XPF) in humans results in a variety of conditions including accelerated aging.
216:-Rad23B complex is responsible for distortion recognition, while DDB1 and DDB2 (
2380:"Nucleotide excision repair disorders and the balance between cancer and aging"
1788:
255:
241:
212:
complexes that constantly scan the genome and recognize helix distortions: the
88:
2918:
Ellenberger T, Friedberg EC, Walker GS, Wolfram S, Wood RJ, Schultz R (2006).
2692:
2487:
2470:
2015:
1971:
1954:
3536:
3432:
3253:
3016:
Mellon I (September 2005). "Transcription-coupled repair: a complex affair".
2954:
1880:
1605:
151:
84:
2571:"Physiological consequences of defects in ERCC1-XPF DNA repair endonuclease"
2117:
2100:
2066:
3399:
3368:
3318:
3301:
3248:
3201:
3037:
3008:
2900:
2859:
2810:
2759:
2710:
2661:
2604:
2547:
2506:
2454:
2405:
2361:
2303:
2268:
2249:
2214:
2167:
2126:
2085:
2023:
1980:
1939:
1898:
1841:
1806:
1757:
1722:
1671:
1585:
1107:
655:
563:
471:
405:
404:
enzyme complex, which consists of four Uvr proteins: UvrA, UvrB, UvrC, and
358:
317:
166:
represent proteins linked to
Cockayne syndrome. Additionally, the proteins
2972:
2891:
2874:
2139:
1703:
1652:
1027:
Involved in incision on 3' side of damage; structure specific endonuclease
642:(XP) alone, or in combination with the severe neurodevelopmental disorder
2841:
2396:
2379:
722:
589:(TTD) or a combination of XP and TTD (XPTTD), or a combination of XP and
475:
131:
2791:
2343:
650:(XPG) mutant mouse model presents features of premature aging including
203:
3335:
3156:
3095:
2538:
2521:
1486:
994:
ATPase and helicase activity; transcription factor II H (TFIIH) subunit
961:
ATPase and helicase activity; transcription factor II H (TFIIH) subunit
695:(CSA) mutations generally give rise to a more moderate form of CS than
646:(CS) or the infantile lethal cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome. An
506:
492:
466:
450:
217:
213:
147:
143:
127:
123:
119:
96:
80:
33:
2873:
Goukassian D, Gad F, Yaar M, Eller MS, Nehal US, Gilchrest BA (2000).
2497:
2158:
2142:"Polymorphisms in XPC and ERCC2 genes, smoking and breast cancer risk"
2141:
1749:
262:
Other repair mechanisms are possible but less accurate and efficient.
2741:
2622:
740:
69:
45:
3416:
2723:
752:
677:
674:
651:
598:
285:
2467:
68:. Similarly, the MMR pathway only targets mismatched Watson-Crick
3363:
3115:
2917:
928:
Involved in incision on 3' side of damage; forms complex with XPF
817:
601:(loss of subcutaneous fat tissue). XPCS and TTD fibroblasts from
49:
3488:
3243:
3196:
3191:
3053:
1272:
1239:
663:
458:
433:
300:(TFIIH) is the key enzyme involved in dual excision. TFIIH and
179:
175:
1735:
64:
in DNA, it can correct only damaged bases that are removed by
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3296:
3260:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3064:
2231:
Huang MY, Fang WY, Lee SC, Cheng TL, Wang JY, Lin SR (2008).
2098:
1206:
1173:
1126:
Ubiquitin ligase complex; interacts with CSB and p44 of TFIIH
1074:
1041:
1008:
942:
909:
557:
551:
545:
531:
526:
488:
482:
366:
329:
325:
321:
305:
301:
167:
163:
159:
2377:
1918:
International
Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics
1606:
Carroll SB; Wessler SR; Griffiths AJFl; Lewontin RC (2008).
3389:
3345:
3340:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3238:
3218:
3213:
3166:
1911:
1420:
1338:
1305:
1140:
878:
847:
681:
474:
changes and are involved in cancer development. A study of
394:
The process of nucleotide excision repair is controlled in
245:
Schematic depicts binding of proteins involved with TC-NER.
207:
Schematic depicts binding of proteins involved with GG-NER.
2316:
3151:
3146:
2568:
1453:
975:
540:
337:
309:
139:
135:
37:
2823:
1550:"DNA repair: dynamic defenders against cancer and aging"
236:
638:(XPG) gene can cause either the cancer-prone condition
428:
TC-NER also exists in bacteria, and is mediated by the
2872:
1225:
Interacts with XPD and XPB subunits of TFIIH helicases
2043:
2041:
1996:
Journal of
Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A
1599:
2191:
1439:
Damage recognition; interacts with XPA, CSA, and CSB
40:
damage occurs constantly because of chemicals (e.g.
1952:
1854:
1685:Morita R, Nakane S, Shimada A, et al. (2010).
1684:
2980:
2519:
2378:Andressoo JO, Hoeijmakers JH, Mitchell JR (2006).
2038:
2983:"Transcriptional activators stimulate DNA repair"
2772:
2230:
1400:Involved in incision, forms complex around lesion
581:(XPD) gene can lead to various syndromes, either
316:. In addition to stabilizing TFIIH, XPG also has
3534:
2824:Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Mao Z, Hine C (2007).
2618:
2616:
2614:
2569:Gregg SQ, Robinson AR, Niedernhofer LJ (2011).
2373:
2371:
2288:
1993:
449:DNA excision pathways work in tandem to repair
375:
1855:Karahalil B, Bohr V, Wilson D (October 2012).
1633:
1629:
1627:
1610:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. p. 534.
198:
190:steps of dual incision, repair, and ligation.
118:Nucleotide excision repair is more complex in
3080:
2977:Article on the relation between TFIIH and NER
2936:
2226:
2224:
499:
265:
223:
110:are two examples of NER associated diseases.
2866:
2817:
2766:
2717:
2668:
2611:
2562:
2513:
2461:
2412:
2368:
2310:
2282:
2187:
2185:
2133:
2092:
2047:
1987:
1946:
1770:
702:
284:(CS): photosensitivity, mental retardation,
91:uses it as a template to synthesize a short
2674:
1905:
1848:
1813:
1764:
1729:
1678:
1624:
1541:
864:Damage recognition; forms complex with DDB2
60:(MMR). While the BER pathway can recognize
3087:
3073:
2418:
2221:
1547:
1291:Damage recognition, forms complex with XPC
1258:Damage recognition; forms complex with XPC
833:Damage recognition; forms complex with XPC
483:NER dysfunction result of DNA polymorphism
2998:
2962:
2890:
2849:
2800:
2790:
2749:
2700:
2651:
2641:
2594:
2537:
2496:
2486:
2444:
2395:
2351:
2258:
2248:
2182:
2157:
2116:
2075:
2065:
1970:
1929:
1888:
1796:
1712:
1702:
1661:
1651:
1575:
1565:
183:
3015:
2937:Satoh MS, Hanawalt PC (September 1996).
444:
385:
240:
202:
20:
711:
3535:
1819:
344:
3068:
2048:Mittal RD, Mandal RK (January 2012).
1771:Zhang Y, Rohde LH, Wu H (June 2009).
634:In humans, mutational defects in the
237:Transcription coupled repair (TC-NER)
193:
79:(UV). UV DNA damage results in bulky
2826:"Changes in DNA repair during aging"
461:risk by affecting repair efficacy.
320:activity; it cuts DNA damage on the
1861:Human & Experimental Toxicology
673:Cockayne syndrome (CS) arises from
616:(XPB) gene can lead, in humans, to
437:interaction with the UvrA subunit.
13:
3395:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
3326:Microhomology-mediated end joining
2910:
1634:Le May N, Egly JM, Coin F (2010).
771:CDK Activator Kinase (CAK) subunit
355:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
14:
3554:
3046:
126:, which express enzymes like the
3517:
3516:
3410:Meiotic recombination checkpoint
3052:
2773:Edifizi D, Schumacher B (2015).
2274:
2054:Indian Journal of Human Genetics
1608:Introduction to genetic analysis
1591:
1548:Fuss JO, Cooper PK (June 2006).
895:Damage recognition; recruits XPC
786:Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK) 7)
336:Replication protein A (RPA) and
292:
113:
2922:. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
2146:International Journal of Cancer
463:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
3094:
1:
3000:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00732-3
2207:10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00219-1
1834:10.1016/S1357-4310(99)01601-9
1535:
3292:Transcription-coupled repair
3030:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.016
2643:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004686
2587:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.026
2437:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.028
1567:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040203
376:In prokaryotes: Uvr proteins
288:-like features, microcephaly
7:
2675:Iyama T, Wilson DM (2016).
2419:Fuss JO, Tainer JA (2011).
1516:
372:the nicks to complete NER.
199:Global genomic NER (GG-NER)
83:â these adducts are mostly
10:
3561:
3314:Non-homologous end joining
3138:Nucleotide excision repair
3131:Poly ADP ribose polymerase
3059:Nucleotide excision repair
2920:DNA repair and mutagenesis
1789:10.2174/138920209788488544
668:DNA damage theory of aging
607:DNA damage theory of aging
500:Impact on cancer prognosis
379:
266:TC-NER associated diseases
224:GG-NER associated diseases
62:specific non-bulky lesions
30:Nucleotide excision repair
3512:
3377:
3356:
3284:
3229:
3102:
2693:10.1016/j.jmb.2015.11.020
2488:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.05.027
2016:10.1080/15287390902841029
1372:Transcription factor II H
703:Decline in NER with aging
620:(XP) or XP combined with
440:
298:Transcription factor II H
3309:Homology directed repair
3231:Homologous recombination
1881:10.1177/0960327112444476
1822:Molecular Medicine Today
1691:Journal of Nucleic Acids
1640:Journal of Nucleic Acids
512:
432:protein. TRCF is an SF2
367:Ligase-III-XRCC1 complex
2067:10.4103/0971-6866.96648
1972:10.1093/carcin/23.4.599
3331:Postreplication repair
3126:Uracil-DNA glycosylase
2955:10.1093/nar/24.18.3576
2943:Nucleic Acids Research
2250:10.1186/1471-2407-8-50
1357:Subunit of RFA complex
1324:Subunit of RFA complex
1192:Stabilizes CAK complex
595:sensorineural deafness
454:
391:
349:Replication factor C (
246:
208:
130:. In humans and other
93:complementary sequence
26:
2892:10.1096/fj.14.10.1325
2118:10.1093/carcin/bgi055
640:xeroderma pigmentosum
618:xeroderma pigmentosum
583:xeroderma pigmentosum
570:DNA repair-deficient
448:
425:is a simple example.
389:
380:Further information:
244:
206:
156:Ń
eroderma pigmentosum
104:Xeroderma pigmentosum
66:specific glycosylases
24:
3437:core protein complex
3112:Base excision repair
3061:at Wikimedia Commons
2397:10.4161/cc.5.24.3565
1523:Base excision repair
719:Human Gene (Protein)
712:NER associated genes
517:In humans and mice,
314:transcription bubble
54:base excision repair
42:intercalating agents
16:DNA repair mechanism
3209:DNA mismatch repair
2792:10.3390/biom5031855
2344:10.1038/nature19329
2336:2016Natur.537..427V
2008:2009JTEHA..72..698W
1873:2012HETox..31..981K
1704:10.4061/2010/179594
1653:10.4061/2010/616342
587:trichothiodystrophy
418:phosphodiester bond
402:UvrABC endonuclease
382:UvrABC endonuclease
363:Flap endonuclease 1
345:Repair and ligation
276:Trichothiodystrophy
108:Cockayne's syndrome
58:DNA mismatch repair
2842:10.1093/nar/gkm756
2575:DNA Repair (Amst.)
2539:10.1002/humu.20392
2425:DNA Repair (Amst.)
2002:(11â12): 698â705.
1505:Damage recognition
1472:Damage recognition
455:
392:
247:
209:
194:Damage recognition
27:
3530:
3529:
3405:Adaptive response
3057:Media related to
2949:(18): 3576â3582.
2929:978-1-55581-319-2
2830:Nucleic Acids Res
2330:(7620): 427â431.
2195:Mutation Research
2159:10.1002/ijc.23361
1750:10.1021/cr040471u
1617:978-0-7167-6887-6
1514:
1513:
680:in either of two
644:Cockayne syndrome
622:Cockayne syndrome
612:Mutations in the
591:Cockayne syndrome
577:Mutations in the
519:germline mutation
416:. UvrB cleaves a
410:pyrimidine dimers
282:Cockayne syndrome
132:placental animals
77:ultraviolet light
3550:
3520:
3519:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3056:
3041:
3024:(1â2): 155â161.
3012:
3002:
2993:(6): 1391â1401.
2976:
2966:
2933:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2742:10.4161/cc.29018
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2636:(10): e1004686.
2620:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2541:
2532:(11): 1092â103.
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2298:(4): 1354â1357.
2286:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2201:(1â2): 165â174.
2189:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2152:(9): 2101â2105.
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2111:(6): 1085â1090.
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2036:
2035:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1867:(10): 981â1005.
1852:
1846:
1845:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1777:Current Genomics
1768:
1762:
1761:
1738:Chemical Reviews
1733:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1545:
716:
715:
397:Escherichia coli
154:all derive from
3560:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3508:
3378:Other/ungrouped
3373:
3352:
3280:
3225:
3121:DNA glycosylase
3104:Excision repair
3098:
3093:
3049:
3044:
2930:
2913:
2911:Further reading
2908:
2885:(10): 1325â34.
2871:
2867:
2836:(22): 7466â74.
2822:
2818:
2771:
2767:
2736:(13): 2029â37.
2722:
2718:
2673:
2669:
2621:
2612:
2567:
2563:
2518:
2514:
2466:
2462:
2417:
2413:
2376:
2369:
2315:
2311:
2292:Cancer Research
2287:
2283:
2273:
2229:
2222:
2190:
2183:
2138:
2134:
2097:
2093:
2046:
2039:
1992:
1988:
1951:
1947:
1910:
1906:
1853:
1849:
1828:(12): 538â543.
1818:
1814:
1769:
1765:
1734:
1730:
1683:
1679:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1529:Mismatch repair
1519:
737:Function in NER
714:
705:
515:
502:
485:
443:
384:
378:
347:
324:side while the
295:
268:
239:
226:
201:
196:
116:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3558:
3557:
3546:
3545:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3286:
3285:Other pathways
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3047:External links
3045:
3043:
3042:
3013:
2978:
2934:
2928:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2865:
2816:
2785:(3): 1855â69.
2765:
2716:
2667:
2610:
2561:
2512:
2460:
2431:(7): 697â713.
2411:
2390:(24): 2886â8.
2367:
2309:
2281:
2220:
2181:
2132:
2105:Carcinogenesis
2091:
2037:
1986:
1965:(4): 599â603.
1959:Carcinogenesis
1945:
1904:
1847:
1812:
1783:(4): 250â258.
1763:
1744:(2): 233â252.
1728:
1677:
1623:
1616:
1598:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1384:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:Final ligation
1157:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1001:
1000:
995:
992:
989:
984:
979:
968:
967:
962:
959:
956:
951:
946:
935:
934:
929:
926:
923:
918:
913:
902:
901:
896:
893:
890:
887:
882:
871:
870:
865:
862:
859:
856:
851:
840:
839:
834:
831:
828:
825:
820:
811:
810:
805:
802:
799:
794:
789:
778:
777:
772:
769:
766:
761:
756:
745:
744:
738:
735:
732:
726:
720:
713:
710:
704:
701:
627:Deficiency of
514:
511:
501:
498:
484:
481:
442:
439:
377:
374:
346:
343:
294:
291:
290:
289:
279:
267:
264:
256:RNA polymerase
238:
235:
234:
233:
225:
222:
200:
197:
195:
192:
115:
112:
89:DNA polymerase
85:thymine dimers
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3556:
3555:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:FANC proteins
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3254:RecQ helicase
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:(7): 781â91.
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2481:(2): 121â32.
2480:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
886:
883:
880:
876:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
855:
852:
849:
845:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
709:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:
679:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
547:
542:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
510:
508:
497:
494:
490:
480:
477:
473:
468:
464:
460:
452:
447:
438:
435:
431:
426:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
388:
383:
373:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
339:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:Dual incision
287:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
272:
263:
260:
257:
251:
243:
231:
230:
229:
221:
219:
215:
205:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
114:In eukaryotes
111:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
3436:
3417:DNA helicase
3400:8-Oxoguanine
3369:SOS response
3249:RecF pathway
3202:Excinuclease
3137:
3021:
3017:
2990:
2986:
2946:
2942:
2919:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2782:
2779:Biomolecules
2778:
2768:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2687:(1): 62â78.
2684:
2681:J. Mol. Biol
2680:
2670:
2633:
2629:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2387:
2383:
2327:
2323:
2312:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2240:
2236:
2198:
2194:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2060:(1): 47â55.
2057:
2053:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1643:
1639:
1607:
1601:
1557:
1554:PLOS Biology
1553:
1543:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1283:
1278:
1268:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1151:
1146:
1141:DNA Ligase I
1136:
1118:
1113:
1103:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1019:
1014:
1004:
986:
981:
971:
953:
948:
938:
920:
915:
905:
884:
874:
853:
843:
822:
814:
796:
791:
781:
763:
758:
748:
706:
696:
692:
688:
684:
672:
656:osteoporosis
647:
635:
633:
628:
626:
613:
611:
602:
578:
576:
571:
569:
562:
556:
550:
544:
536:
530:
522:
516:
503:
486:
472:phenotypical
456:
427:
422:
406:DNA helicase
395:
393:
359:DNA ligase I
353:) loads the
348:
335:
318:endonuclease
296:
269:
261:
252:
248:
227:
210:
188:
117:
101:
74:
29:
28:
18:
2475:Cancer Cell
1924:(1): 1â17.
1560:(6): e203.
818:(Centrin-2)
804:CAK subunit
507:lymphocytes
476:lung cancer
184:found below
150:, XPF, and
124:prokaryotes
81:DNA adducts
56:(BER), and
36:mechanism.
3543:DNA repair
3357:Regulation
3336:Photolyase
3096:DNA repair
3018:Mutat. Res
2730:Cell Cycle
2630:PLOS Genet
2526:Hum. Mutat
2498:10029/5565
2384:Cell Cycle
2237:BMC Cancer
1536:References
734:Subpathway
660:DNA damage
561:(CSB) and
467:DNA repair
451:DNA damage
430:TRCF (Mfd)
128:photolyase
120:eukaryotes
97:DNA ligase
70:base pairs
48:and other
34:DNA repair
3177:XPG/ERCC5
3162:XPD/ERCC2
2987:Mol. Cell
741:GeneCards
687:(CSA) or
678:mutations
46:radiation
3537:Category
3522:Category
3172:XPF/DDB1
3167:XPE/DDB1
3038:15913669
3009:12504014
2901:10877825
2860:17913742
2811:26287260
2760:24781187
2711:26616585
2662:25299392
2605:21612988
2556:22852219
2548:16947863
2507:16904611
2455:21571596
2406:17172862
2362:27556946
2304:11245433
2269:18267032
2215:12427537
2168:18196582
2127:15731165
2086:22754221
2032:22991719
2024:19492231
1981:11960912
1940:22493747
1899:23023028
1842:10562720
1807:19949546
1758:16464004
1723:20981145
1697:: 1â32.
1672:20725631
1646:: 1â10.
1586:16752948
1517:See also
885:Ddb2/Xpe
753:Cyclin H
731:Ortholog
725:Ortholog
675:germline
652:cachexia
624:(XPCS).
599:cachexia
286:progeria
50:mutagens
3364:SOS box
3116:AP site
2973:8836185
2879:FASEB J
2851:2190694
2802:4598778
2751:4111694
2702:4738086
2653:4191938
2596:3139823
2446:3234290
2353:5161687
2332:Bibcode
2260:2262891
2176:9456435
2077:3385179
2004:Bibcode
1931:3316453
1890:4586256
1869:Bibcode
1798:2709936
1714:2957137
1663:2915888
1577:1475692
889:Unknown
858:Unknown
827:Unknown
691:(CSB).
567:(CSA).
555:(XPG),
549:(XPF),
535:(XPD),
400:by the
365:or the
146:, XPD,
3489:FANCD2
3484:FANCD1
3244:RecBCD
3197:RAD23B
3192:RAD23A
3036:
3007:
2971:
2964:146147
2961:
2926:
2899:
2858:
2848:
2809:
2799:
2758:
2748:
2709:
2699:
2660:
2650:
2603:
2593:
2554:
2546:
2505:
2453:
2443:
2404:
2360:
2350:
2324:Nature
2302:
2267:
2257:
2243:: 50.
2213:
2174:
2166:
2125:
2084:
2074:
2030:
2022:
1979:
1938:
1928:
1897:
1887:
1840:
1805:
1795:
1756:
1721:
1711:
1670:
1660:
1614:
1584:
1574:
1436:TC-NER
1410:GTF2H3
1407:GTF2H2
1404:GTF2H1
1378:Gtf2h1
1295:RAD23B
1279:Rad23b
1273:RAD23B
1269:RAD23B
1262:RAD23A
1246:Rad23a
1240:RAD23A
1236:RAD23A
1123:TC-NER
1090:TC-NER
743:Entry
666:.(see
585:(XP),
459:cancer
441:Cancer
434:ATPase
423:E.coli
180:RAD23B
176:RAD23A
3504:FANCN
3499:FANCJ
3494:FANCI
3477:FANCM
3472:FANCL
3467:FANCG
3462:FANCF
3457:FANCE
3452:FANCC
3447:FANCB
3442:FANCA
3302:ERCC8
3297:ERCC6
3261:RAD51
3182:ERCC1
2552:S2CID
2172:S2CID
2028:S2CID
1531:(MMR)
1525:(BER)
1465:RAD14
1368:TFIIH
1284:RAD23
1251:RAD23
1229:MMS19
1218:MET18
1213:Mms19
1207:MMS19
1203:MMS19
1196:MNAT1
1180:Mnat1
1174:MNAT1
1170:MNAT1
1130:ERCC8
1119:RAD28
1114:Ercc8
1104:ERCC8
1097:ERCC6
1086:RAD26
1081:Ercc6
1071:ERCC6
1064:ERCC5
1048:Ercc5
1038:ERCC5
1031:ERCC4
1015:Ercc4
1005:ERCC4
998:ERCC3
987:RAD25
982:Ercc3
972:ERCC3
965:ERCC2
949:Ercc2
939:ERCC2
932:ERCC1
921:RAD10
916:Ercc1
910:ERCC1
906:ERCC1
837:CETN2
823:Cetn2
815:CETN2
797:KIN28
729:Yeast
723:Mouse
697:ERCC6
693:ERCC8
689:ERCC6
685:ERCC8
682:genes
664:aging
648:ERCC5
636:ERCC5
629:ERCC4
614:ERCC3
603:ERCC2
579:ERCC2
572:ERCC1
564:ERCC8
558:ERCC6
552:ERCC5
546:ERCC4
537:ERCC3
532:ERCC2
527:ERCC1
523:ERCC1
513:Aging
414:dimer
330:ERCC1
168:ERCC1
122:than
32:is a
3390:PcrA
3346:CRY2
3341:CRY1
3276:LexA
3271:Slx4
3266:Sgs1
3239:RecA
3219:MSH2
3214:MLH1
3142:ERCC
3034:PMID
3005:PMID
2969:PMID
2924:ISBN
2897:PMID
2856:PMID
2807:PMID
2756:PMID
2707:PMID
2658:PMID
2601:PMID
2544:PMID
2503:PMID
2451:PMID
2402:PMID
2358:PMID
2300:PMID
2265:PMID
2211:PMID
2164:PMID
2123:PMID
2082:PMID
2020:PMID
1977:PMID
1936:PMID
1895:PMID
1838:PMID
1803:PMID
1754:PMID
1719:PMID
1695:2010
1668:PMID
1644:2010
1612:ISBN
1582:PMID
1498:RAD4
1469:Both
1443:XAB2
1432:SYF1
1427:Xab2
1421:XAB2
1417:XAB2
1397:Both
1393:Tfb4
1390:Ssl1
1387:Tfb1
1361:RPA2
1354:Both
1350:RFA2
1345:Rpa2
1339:RPA2
1335:RPA2
1328:RPA1
1321:Both
1317:RFA1
1312:Rpa1
1306:RPA1
1302:RPA1
1222:Both
1189:Both
1185:TFB3
1163:LIG1
1156:Both
1152:CDC9
1147:Lig1
1137:LIG1
1057:Both
1053:RAD2
1024:Both
1020:RAD1
991:Both
958:Both
954:RAD3
925:Both
899:DDB2
879:DDB2
875:DDB2
868:DDB1
854:Ddb1
848:DDB1
844:DDB1
808:CDK7
801:Both
792:Cdk7
782:CDK7
775:CCNH
768:Both
764:CCL1
759:Ccnh
749:CCNH
662:and
654:and
491:and
370:seal
361:and
308:and
162:and
158:and
106:and
3426:WRN
3421:BLM
3385:Ogt
3187:RPA
3157:XPC
3152:XPB
3147:XPA
3026:doi
3022:577
2995:doi
2959:PMC
2951:doi
2887:doi
2846:PMC
2838:doi
2797:PMC
2787:doi
2746:PMC
2738:doi
2697:PMC
2689:doi
2685:428
2648:PMC
2638:doi
2591:PMC
2583:doi
2534:doi
2493:hdl
2483:doi
2441:PMC
2433:doi
2392:doi
2348:PMC
2340:doi
2328:537
2255:PMC
2245:doi
2203:doi
2199:509
2154:doi
2150:122
2113:doi
2072:PMC
2062:doi
2012:doi
1967:doi
1926:PMC
1885:PMC
1877:doi
1830:doi
1793:PMC
1785:doi
1746:doi
1742:106
1709:PMC
1699:doi
1658:PMC
1648:doi
1572:PMC
1562:doi
1509:XPC
1502:GGR
1493:Xpc
1487:XPC
1483:XPC
1476:XPA
1460:Xpa
1454:XPA
1450:XPA
1288:GGR
1255:GGR
1108:CSA
1075:CSB
1042:XPG
1009:XPF
976:XPB
943:XPD
892:GGR
861:GGR
830:GGR
670:).
609:).
543:),
541:XPB
529:),
493:XPC
489:XPD
351:RFC
338:XPA
326:XPF
310:XPB
306:XPD
302:XPG
218:XPE
214:XPC
172:RPA
164:CSB
160:CSA
152:XPG
148:XPE
144:XPC
140:XPB
136:XPA
44:),
38:DNA
3539::
3435::
3419::
3319:Ku
3032:.
3020:.
3003:.
2991:10
2989:.
2985:.
2967:.
2957:.
2947:24
2945:.
2941:.
2895:.
2883:14
2881:.
2877:.
2854:.
2844:.
2834:35
2832:.
2828:.
2805:.
2795:.
2781:.
2777:.
2754:.
2744:.
2734:13
2732:.
2728:.
2705:.
2695:.
2683:.
2679:.
2656:.
2646:.
2634:10
2632:.
2628:.
2613:^
2599:.
2589:.
2579:10
2577:.
2573:.
2550:.
2542:.
2530:27
2528:.
2524:.
2501:.
2491:.
2479:10
2477:.
2473:.
2449:.
2439:.
2429:10
2427:.
2423:.
2400:.
2386:.
2382:.
2370:^
2356:.
2346:.
2338:.
2326:.
2322:.
2296:61
2294:.
2263:.
2253:.
2239:.
2235:.
2223:^
2209:.
2197:.
2184:^
2170:.
2162:.
2148:.
2144:.
2121:.
2109:26
2107:.
2103:.
2080:.
2070:.
2058:18
2056:.
2052:.
2040:^
2026:.
2018:.
2010:.
2000:72
1998:.
1975:.
1963:23
1961:.
1957:.
1934:.
1920:.
1916:.
1893:.
1883:.
1875:.
1865:31
1863:.
1859:.
1836:.
1824:.
1801:.
1791:.
1781:10
1779:.
1775:.
1752:.
1740:.
1717:.
1707:.
1693:.
1689:.
1666:.
1656:.
1642:.
1638:.
1626:^
1580:.
1570:.
1556:.
1552:.
322:3'
186:.
178:,
174:,
170:,
142:,
138:,
72:.
3140:/
3114:/
3088:e
3081:t
3074:v
3040:.
3028::
3011:.
2997::
2975:.
2953::
2932:.
2903:.
2889::
2862:.
2840::
2813:.
2789::
2783:5
2762:.
2740::
2713:.
2691::
2664:.
2640::
2607:.
2585::
2558:.
2536::
2509:.
2495::
2485::
2457:.
2435::
2408:.
2394::
2388:5
2364:.
2342::
2334::
2306:.
2271:.
2247::
2241:8
2217:.
2205::
2178:.
2156::
2129:.
2115::
2088:.
2064::
2034:.
2014::
2006::
1983:.
1969::
1942:.
1922:3
1901:.
1879::
1871::
1844:.
1832::
1826:5
1809:.
1787::
1760:.
1748::
1725:.
1701::
1674:.
1650::
1620:.
1588:.
1564::
1558:4
1489:)
1485:(
1456:)
1452:(
1423:)
1419:(
1382:3
1380:-
1374:)
1370:(
1341:)
1337:(
1308:)
1304:(
1275:)
1271:(
1242:)
1238:(
1209:)
1205:(
1176:)
1172:(
1143:)
1139:(
1110:)
1106:(
1077:)
1073:(
1044:)
1040:(
1011:)
1007:(
978:)
974:(
945:)
941:(
912:)
908:(
881:)
877:(
850:)
846:(
788:)
784:(
755:)
751:(
539:(
525:(
328:â
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