239:
263:
226:
362:
346:
463:
447:
1666:. Under present international guidelines it is assumed that any radiation dose, however small, presents a risk. The radiation dose delivered to a patient in a nuclear medicine investigation, though unproven, is generally accepted to present a very small risk of inducing cancer. In this respect it is similar to the risk from X-ray investigations except that the dose is delivered internally rather than from an external source such as an X-ray machine, and dosage amounts are typically significantly higher than those of X-rays.
40:
299:
238:
283:
315:
930:). These articles are considered by many historians as the most important articles ever published in nuclear medicine. Although the earliest use of I-131 was devoted to therapy of thyroid cancer, its use was later expanded to include imaging of the thyroid gland, quantification of the thyroid function, and therapy for hyperthyroidism. Among the many radionuclides that were discovered for medical-use, none were as important as the discovery and development of
5494:
3629:
3659:
3669:
373:
tissue- or disease-specific (e.g.: lungs scan, heart scan, bone scan, brain scan, tumor, infection, Parkinson etc.) than those in conventional radiology imaging, which focus on a particular section of the body (e.g.: chest X-ray, abdomen/pelvis CT scan, head CT scan, etc.). In addition, there are nuclear medicine studies that allow imaging of the whole body based on certain cellular receptors or functions. Examples are whole body
401:
5534:
5482:
3649:
5506:
3639:
5546:
262:
1038:
growth and widespread acceptance over the last few years, which also was facilitated by establishing 18F-labelled tracers for standard procedures, allowing work at non-cyclotron-equipped sites. PET/CT imaging is now an integral part of oncology for diagnosis, staging and treatment monitoring. A fully integrated MRI/PET scanner is on the market from early 2011.
431:
focal increase in radio accumulation or a general increase in radio accumulation throughout the physiological system. Some disease processes result in the exclusion of a tracer, resulting in the appearance of a "cold spot". Many tracer complexes have been developed to image or treat many different organs, glands, and physiological processes.
225:
1783:(IAEA), have regularly published different articles and guidelines for best practices in nuclear medicine as well as reporting on emerging technologies in nuclear medicine. Other factors that are considered in nuclear medicine include a patient's medical history as well as post-treatment management. Groups like
485:
Working with the ALARP principle, before a patient is exposed for a nuclear medicine examination, the benefit of the examination must be identified. This needs to take into account the particular circumstances of the patient in question, where appropriate. For instance, if a patient is unlikely to be
439:
In some centers, the nuclear medicine scans can be superimposed, using software or hybrid cameras, on images from modalities such as CT or MRI to highlight the part of the body in which the radiopharmaceutical is concentrated. This practice is often referred to as image fusion or co-registration, for
489:
When the benefit does justify the procedure, then the radiation exposure (the amount of radiation given to the patient) should also be kept "ALARP". This means that the images produced in nuclear medicine should never be better than required for confident diagnosis. Giving larger radiation exposures
1037:
PET and PET/CT imaging experienced slower growth in its early years owing to the cost of the modality and the requirement for an on-site or nearby cyclotron. However, an administrative decision to approve medical reimbursement of limited PET and PET/CT applications in oncology has led to phenomenal
574:
The radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine therapy emit ionizing radiation that travels only a short distance, thereby minimizing unwanted side effects and damage to noninvolved organs or nearby structures. Most nuclear medicine therapies can be performed as outpatient procedures since there
514:
The result of the nuclear medicine imaging process is a dataset comprising one or more images. In multi-image datasets the array of images may represent a time sequence (i.e. cine or movie) often called a "dynamic" dataset, a cardiac gated time sequence, or a spatial sequence where the gamma-camera
505:
Some nuclear medicine procedures require special patient preparation before the study to obtain the most accurate result. Pre-imaging preparations may include dietary preparation or the withholding of certain medications. Patients are encouraged to consult with the nuclear medicine department prior
826:
The history of nuclear medicine contains contributions from scientists across different disciplines in physics, chemistry, engineering, and medicine. The multidisciplinary nature of nuclear medicine makes it difficult for medical historians to determine the birthdate of nuclear medicine. This can
430:
to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the hydroxyapatite for imaging. Any increased physiological function, such as due to a fracture in the bone, will usually mean increased concentration of the tracer. This often results in the appearance of a "hot spot", which is a
417:
Diagnostic tests in nuclear medicine exploit the way that the body handles substances differently when there is disease or pathology present. The radionuclide introduced into the body is often chemically bound to a complex that acts characteristically within the body; this is commonly known as a
404:
Iodine-123 whole body scan for thyroid cancer evaluation. The study above was performed after the total thyroidectomy and TSH stimulation with thyroid hormone medication withdrawal. The study shows a small residual thyroid tissue in the neck and a mediastinum lesion, consistent with the thyroid
990:
so a two-dimensional image could be produced on a color monitor. It allowed them to construct images reflecting brain activation from speaking, reading, visual or auditory perception and voluntary movement. The technique was also used to investigate, e.g., imagined sequential movements, mental
372:
Nuclear medicine tests differ from most other imaging modalities in that nuclear medicine scans primarily show the physiological function of the system being investigated as opposed to traditional anatomical imaging such as CT or MRI. Nuclear medicine imaging studies are generally more organ-,
1009:
In the 1980s, radiopharmaceuticals were designed for use in diagnosis of heart disease. The development of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), around the same time, led to three-dimensional reconstruction of the heart and establishment of the field of nuclear cardiology.
361:
1779:(FDA) have guidelines in place for hospitals to follow. With the NRC, if radioactive materials aren't involved, like X-rays for example, they are not regulated by the agency and instead are regulated by the individual states. International organizations, such as the
231:
A nuclear medicine whole body bone scan. The nuclear medicine whole body bone scan is generally used in evaluations of various bone-related pathology, such as for bone pain, stress fracture, nonmalignant bone lesions, bone infections, or the spread of cancer to the
519:(single photon emission computed tomography) is the process by which images acquired from a rotating gamma-camera are reconstructed to produce an image of a "slice" through the patient at a particular position. A collection of parallel slices form a slice-stack, a
1755:(RBE). Alpha emitters are nowadays rarely used in nuclear medicine, but were used extensively before the advent of nuclear reactor and accelerator produced radionuclides. The concepts involved in radiation exposure to humans are covered by the field of
413:
image tissues (particularly cerebral tissues) by blood flow and thus show metabolism. Also, contrast-enhancement techniques in both CT and MRI show regions of tissue that are handling pharmaceuticals differently, due to an inflammatory process.
345:
938:
system to produce
Technetium-99m in the 1960s became a practical method for medical use. Today, Technetium-99m is the most utilized element in nuclear medicine and is employed in a wide variety of nuclear medicine imaging studies.
462:
942:
Widespread clinical use of nuclear medicine began in the early 1950s, as knowledge expanded about radionuclides, detection of radioactivity, and using certain radionuclides to trace biochemical processes. Pioneering works by
440:
example SPECT/CT and PET/CT. The fusion imaging technique in nuclear medicine provides information about the anatomy and function, which would otherwise be unavailable or would require a more invasive procedure or surgery.
570:
In nuclear medicine therapy, the radiation treatment dose is administered internally (e.g. intravenous or oral routes) or externally direct above the area to treat in form of a compound (e.g. in case of skin cancer).
482:, "ALARP". (Originally, this was known as "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" (ALARA), but this has changed in modern draftings of the legislation to add more emphasis on the "Reasonably" and less on the "Achievable".)
446:
1021:
and Roy
Edwards in the late 1950s. Their work led to the design and construction of several tomographic instruments at the University of Pennsylvania. Tomographic imaging techniques were further developed at the
1880:
Citing: Dorland's
Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, 2007 by Saunders; Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007; McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill
282:
367:
Maximum intensity projection (MIP) of a whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) acquisition of a 79 kg female after intravenous injection of 371 MBq of 18F-FDG (one hour prior measurement).
497:
from nuclear medicine imaging varies greatly depending on the type of study. The effective radiation dose can be lower than or comparable to or can far exceed the general day-to-day environmental annual
298:
918:
Nuclear medicine gained public recognition as a potential specialty when on May 11, 1946, an article in the
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) by Massachusetts General Hospital's Dr.
205:) capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceuticals. This process is unlike a diagnostic X-ray, where external radiation is passed through the body to form an image.
1598:
into the body by intravenous injection in liquid or aggregate form, ingestion while combined with food, inhalation as a gas or aerosol, or rarely, injection of a radionuclide that has undergone
1771:
Different countries around the world maintain regulatory frameworks that are responsible for the management and use of radionuclides in different medical settings. For example, in the US, the
526:
The nuclear medicine computer may require millions of lines of source code to provide quantitative analysis packages for each of the specific imaging techniques available in nuclear medicine.
2827:
Hearing before the
Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, September 9, 2009
4257:
490:
can reduce the noise in an image and make it more photographically appealing, but if the clinical question can be answered without this level of detail, then this is inappropriate.
922:
and
Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Dr. Arthur Roberts, described the successful use of treating Graves' Disease with radioactive iodine (RAI) was published. Additionally,
2810:
256:. The study not only identifies patients with coronary artery disease; it also provides overall prognostic information or overall risk of adverse cardiac events for the patient.
486:
able to tolerate a sufficient amount of the procedure to achieve a diagnosis, then it would be inappropriate to proceed with injecting the patient with the radioactive tracer.
478:
Although the risks of low-level radiation exposures are not well understood, a cautious approach has been universally adopted that all human radiation exposures should be kept
4843:
1634:, which produce radionuclides with shorter half-lives, or take advantage of natural decay processes in dedicated generators, i.e. molybdenum/technetium or strontium/rubidium.
889:
in 1934 as the most significant milestone in nuclear medicine. In
February 1934, they reported the first artificial production of radioactive material in the journal
5037:
422:. In the presence of disease, a tracer will often be distributed around the body and/or processed differently. For example, the ligand methylene-diphosphonate (
409:
While the ability of nuclear metabolism to image disease processes from differences in metabolism is unsurpassed, it is not unique. Certain techniques such as
4445:
351:
A nuclear medicine SPECT liver scan with technetium-99m labeled autologous red blood cells. A focus of high uptake (arrow) in the liver is consistent with a
172:. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology, as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy, but on the function. For such reason, it is called a
468:
Abnormal whole body PET/CT scan with multiple metastases from a cancer. The whole body PET/CT scan has become an important tool in the evaluation of cancer.
1677:(usually given in millisieverts, mSv). The effective dose resulting from an investigation is influenced by the amount of radioactivity administered in mega
2586:
934:. It was first discovered in 1937 by C. Perrier and E. Segre as an artificial element to fill space number 43 in the Periodic Table. The development of a
3972:
1784:
982:
inhalation; an intra-arterial equivalent was developed soon after, enabling measurement of the local distribution of cerebral activity for patients with
4267:
944:
2021:
Seidlin SM, Marinelli LD, Oshry E (December 1946). "Radioactive iodine therapy; effect on functioning metastases of adenocarcinoma of the thyroid".
5148:
1017:). The concept of emission and transmission tomography, later developed into single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), was introduced by
1986:
Hertz S, Roberts A (May 1946). "Radioactive iodine in the study of thyroid physiology; the use of radioactive iodine therapy in hyperthyroidism".
5293:
895:, after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation. Their work built upon earlier discoveries by
1003:
3952:
923:
70:
926:. brought further development in the field describing a successful treatment of a patient with thyroid cancer metastases using radioiodine (
4274:
3705:
252:
for the stress images (top rows). The nuclear medicine myocardial perfusion scan plays a pivotal role in the non-invasive evaluation of
4040:
3158:
516:
328:
314:
177:
842:
made experiments with radionuclides administered to rats, thus displaying metabolic pathways of these substances and establishing the
4543:
3499:
4782:
1637:
The most commonly used intravenous radionuclides are technetium-99m, iodine-123, iodine-131, thallium-201, gallium-67, fluorine-18
1023:
272:
adjacent to the left inferior pole of the thyroid gland. The above study was performed with
Technetium-Sestamibi (1st column) and
4993:
4833:
4772:
3098:
1027:
4913:
4738:
2322:
2287:
1961:
332:
is a 3D tomographic technique that uses gamma camera data from many projections and can be reconstructed in different planes.
3967:
2762:
2743:
2724:
2705:
2532:
2344:
2065:
1852:
859:
502:
dose. Likewise, it can also be less than, in the range of, or higher than the radiation dose from an abdomen/pelvis CT scan.
4789:
3398:
575:
are few side effects from the treatment and the radiation exposure to the general public can be kept within a safe limit.
5510:
4706:
4252:
4217:
2447:
2121:
827:
probably be best placed between the discovery of artificial radioactivity in 1934 and the production of radionuclides by
915:
to medicine in the 1930s. The history of nuclear medicine will not be complete without mentioning these early pioneers.
5404:
4988:
3534:
2876:
2781:
1801:
1780:
1615:
999:
1013:
More recent developments in nuclear medicine include the invention of the first positron emission tomography scanner (
5576:
4068:
3947:
1752:
1670:
304:
Normal pulmonary ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) scan. The nuclear medicine V/Q scan is useful in the evaluation of
5298:
5163:
3698:
2226:(January 1980). "Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man".
1709:
479:
5241:
5075:
4677:
4555:
4212:
4073:
2832:
1787:
have published information on how to manage the release of patients from a hospital with unsealed radionuclides.
17:
5231:
5080:
4538:
3652:
3524:
2958:
53:
5005:
4838:
4262:
4190:
2561:
1772:
828:
405:
cancer metastatic disease. The observable uptakes in the stomach and bladder are normal physiologic findings.
870:. Later on, John Lawrence made the first application in patients of an artificial radionuclide when he used
456:-18. The whole body PET/CT scan is commonly used in the detection, staging and follow-up of various cancers.
292:). The nuclear medicine hepatobiliary scan is clinically useful in the detection of the gallbladder disease.
5348:
5085:
4794:
4548:
4045:
3504:
2815:
1776:
1705:
1072:. About a third of the world's supply, and most of Europe's supply, of medical isotopes is produced at the
1014:
995:
580:
550:
386:
334:
249:
201:
are taken internally, for example, through inhalation, intravenously, or orally. Then, external detectors (
181:
5498:
5411:
5383:
5340:
5305:
5143:
4970:
4908:
4733:
4637:
4523:
3991:
3691:
3148:
1622:
are used in therapeutic applications. Refined radionuclides for use in nuclear medicine are derived from
5524:
5332:
5191:
4870:
4388:
4345:
4197:
3128:
1806:
1697:
882:
2461:
5566:
5538:
5486:
5168:
4777:
4560:
3557:
994:
By the 1970s most organs of the body could be visualized using nuclear medicine procedures. In 1971,
2423:
2358:
2339:
Eckerman KF, Endo A: MIRD: Radionuclide Data and Decay
Schemes. Society for Nuclear Medicine, 2008.
1759:; the development and practice of safe and effective nuclear medicinal techniques is a key focus of
1740:
978:
developed techniques that provided the first blood flow maps of the brain, which initially involved
959:) broadened the young discipline of nuclear medicine into a full-fledged medical imaging specialty.
5416:
5258:
5158:
5070:
4279:
4165:
4125:
3937:
3349:
3271:
3266:
3186:
2946:
1081:
1031:
530:
77:
1747:. The rad and rem are essentially equivalent for almost all nuclear medicine procedures, and only
850:, known as "the father of nuclear medicine", took a leave of absence from his faculty position at
5321:
5288:
5263:
4877:
4654:
4460:
4383:
4340:
4323:
4284:
4207:
3329:
3303:
896:
671:
634:
534:
253:
5246:
907:(mother of Irène Curie) for radioactive thorium, polonium and coining the term "radioactivity."
5153:
4440:
3984:
2921:
2869:
2736:
A Clinician's Guide to
Nuclear Oncology: Practical Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapies
1877:
1796:
1603:
1080:. Another third of the world's supply, and most of North America's supply, was produced at the
1073:
1053:
935:
2611:
5447:
5183:
5138:
4600:
4528:
4455:
4450:
4415:
4202:
4170:
3957:
3884:
3572:
3458:
3431:
3404:
3356:
3310:
3005:
2637:
2472:
1120:
684:
In some centers the nuclear medicine department may also use implanted capsules of isotopes (
453:
886:
5358:
5133:
5118:
4435:
4393:
4229:
4135:
4063:
3592:
3552:
3419:
3233:
3228:
3208:
3143:
2995:
2459:
2181:
1503:
1085:
863:
675:
640:
615:
520:
499:
198:
1069:
1061:
8:
5457:
5268:
5053:
4647:
4515:
4493:
4318:
4175:
3942:
3904:
3737:
3672:
3614:
3597:
3256:
2973:
2487:
2172:
1686:
1599:
1572:
948:
851:
269:
2185:
1602:. Some studies require the labeling of a patient's own blood cells with a radionuclide (
5571:
5437:
5173:
5010:
4937:
4748:
4398:
4368:
4352:
4335:
3979:
3869:
3817:
3767:
3714:
3562:
3519:
3509:
3298:
3251:
3218:
3213:
2963:
2941:
2846:
2673:
2538:
2400:
2375:
2163:
2117:
2085:
1949:
1816:
1638:
971:
843:
419:
305:
173:
2223:
2193:
2167:
2137:
2103:
1928:
1099:, is not produced in a nuclear reactor, but rather in a circular accelerator called a
975:
4505:
4298:
4185:
4160:
4098:
4055:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3732:
3658:
3632:
3514:
3484:
3463:
3426:
3409:
3324:
3288:
3278:
3173:
3093:
3037:
3000:
2985:
2926:
2893:
2862:
2777:
2758:
2739:
2720:
2701:
2665:
2657:
2542:
2528:
2405:
2340:
2243:
2197:
2141:
2061:
2038:
2034:
2003:
1999:
1932:
1583:
1047:
289:
131:
65:
2677:
1915:
Edwards, C. L. (1979). "Tumor-localizing radionuclides in retrospect and prospect".
1645:. The most commonly used gaseous/aerosol radionuclides are xenon-133, krypton-81m, (
1068:
in nuclear reactors, however global supply shortages have led to the exploration of
5353:
4408:
4373:
4130:
4120:
3996:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3642:
3334:
3319:
3071:
3027:
2649:
2635:
2520:
2395:
2387:
2298:
2261:
2235:
2215:
2189:
2133:
2099:
2030:
1995:
1965:
1924:
1811:
1576:
1026:. These innovations led to fusion imaging with SPECT and CT by Bruce Hasegawa from
890:
847:
839:
157:
39:
5550:
5251:
5211:
4665:
4479:
4403:
4378:
4224:
4017:
3919:
3909:
3874:
3752:
3742:
3662:
3607:
3468:
3453:
3436:
3376:
3371:
3315:
3293:
2990:
2936:
2916:
2805:
2524:
2362:
2265:
2219:
2159:
2081:
1856:
1760:
1748:
1627:
1623:
983:
967:
912:
900:
881:
Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radionuclides by
855:
603:
560:
394:
169:
83:
4743:
2460:
Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (19 February 2021).
1568:
1564:
1006:
was established, cementing nuclear medicine as a stand-alone medical specialty.
846:
principle. Possibly, the genesis of this medical field took place in 1936, when
218:("scint") is the use of internal radionuclides to create two-dimensional images.
5206:
5201:
5196:
4946:
4853:
4822:
4804:
4328:
4234:
4180:
4145:
4078:
4025:
3879:
3772:
3757:
3747:
3494:
3448:
3261:
3191:
3010:
2653:
2512:
1840:
1756:
1663:
1619:
1607:
1307:
931:
607:
564:
494:
427:
5226:
2391:
58:
5560:
5391:
4682:
4088:
3929:
3577:
3366:
3361:
3223:
3163:
3066:
2800:
2661:
2269:
2239:
2088:(1961). "Quantitative determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in man".
1556:
1548:
1057:
1018:
871:
803:
786:
685:
554:
423:
276:(2nd column) simultaneous imaging and the subtraction technique (3rd column).
165:
135:
2376:"Production of (177)Lu for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy: Available Options"
1689:
used, its distribution in the body and its rate of clearance from the body.
1669:
The radiation dose from a nuclear medicine investigation is expressed as an
998:
officially recognized nuclear medicine as a medical specialty. In 1972, the
184:(PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.
104:
100:
96:
4957:
4093:
4035:
3962:
3914:
3784:
3582:
3567:
3393:
3118:
2968:
2953:
2899:
2669:
2450:
a radioaerosol invented in Australia by Dr Bill Burch and Dr Richard Fawdry
2409:
2042:
2007:
1821:
1716:
1595:
1412:
987:
956:
952:
651:
647:
382:
245:
214:
202:
2247:
2145:
1891:
5368:
5015:
4605:
4112:
4083:
3441:
3386:
3283:
3138:
3113:
2931:
2517:
Locoregional Radionuclide Cancer Therapy: Clinical and Scientific Aspects
2201:
1936:
1736:
1646:
1282:
1248:
1223:
1169:
1096:
1077:
1065:
963:
908:
904:
752:
715:
619:
538:
4721:
3529:
3414:
3381:
3153:
3103:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3061:
3051:
2090:
1732:
1469:
1444:
1359:
1332:
1194:
919:
867:
769:
597:
352:
273:
834:
The origins of this medical idea date back as far as the mid-1920s in
113:
5363:
4726:
4716:
3844:
3797:
3762:
3683:
3602:
3344:
3339:
3203:
3181:
3056:
3020:
2824:
1682:
1678:
1642:
1631:
1611:
1384:
1116:
1108:
1100:
979:
735:
705:
657:
161:
154:
148:
139:
5221:
1119:), from which it is extracted. The F is then typically used to make
5452:
5095:
5090:
5030:
4699:
4627:
4610:
4595:
4570:
4313:
3802:
3108:
2885:
1701:
1693:
875:
835:
626:
523:
representation of the distribution of radionuclide in the patient.
374:
45:
426:) can be preferentially taken up by bone. By chemically attaching
5421:
5373:
5236:
5216:
4615:
4590:
4030:
3861:
3849:
3827:
3792:
3587:
3047:
3015:
2908:
2698:
A Patient's Guide to Nuclear Medicine Procedures: English-Spanish
2636:
International Commission on Radiological Protection (June 2004).
1744:
1674:
1662:
A patient undergoing a nuclear medicine procedure will receive a
1089:
692:
Commonly used radiation sources (radionuclides) for brachytherapy
665:
400:
143:
91:
5025:
5020:
5000:
4980:
4965:
4848:
4585:
4565:
4533:
2819:
2638:"Release of patients after therapy with unsealed radionuclides"
1728:
1724:
1708:
procedure. The common bone scan with 600 MBq of technetium-99m
1112:
1104:
986:
disorders such as schizophrenia. Later versions would have 254
378:
338:(PET) uses coincidence detection to image functional processes.
320:
Thyroid scan with iodine-123 for evaluation of hyperthyroidism.
1751:
will produce a higher Rem or Sv value, due to its much higher
1594:
A typical nuclear medicine study involves administration of a
1030:(UCSF), and the first PET/CT prototype by D. W. Townsend from
5442:
5399:
5062:
4918:
4711:
4575:
2519:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 225–247,
1692:
Effective doses can range from 6 μSv (0.006 mSv) for a 3 MBq
927:
559:
Radionuclide therapy can be used to treat conditions such as
208:
There are several techniques of diagnostic nuclear medicine.
2714:
2122:"Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia"
1712:
has an effective dose of approximately 2.9 mSv (2,900 μSv).
1547:
photons = principle photon energies in kilo-electron volts,
4923:
4812:
4622:
4580:
2854:
1720:
410:
390:
4896:
4760:
2355:
2214:
1630:, which produce radionuclides with longer half-lives, or
728:
2513:"An Overview of the Regulations of Radiopharmaceuticals"
473:
1766:
1614:
either directly from their decay or indirectly through
2270:"Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking"
1962:"Important Moments in the History of Nuclear Medicine"
1950:
Donner Laboratory: The Birthplace of. Nuclear Medicine
5522:
2020:
2755:
Nuclear Medicine in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment
2733:
2158:
1785:
International Commission on Radiological Protection
268:A nuclear medicine parathyroid scan demonstrates a
4446:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1610:scintigraphy). Most diagnostic radionuclides emit
858:at his new radiation laboratory (now known as the
544:
2170:(October 1978). "Brain Function and Blood Flow".
5558:
2715:Taylor A, Schuster DM, Naomi Alazraki N (2000).
2492:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2323:"Canada permanently closes NRU research reactor"
1555:β = beta maximum energy in kilo-electron volts,
244:Nuclear medicine myocardial perfusion scan with
2771:
2373:
2276:. Vol. 53, no. 5. pp. 1219–1243.
1735:(radiation absorbed dose), now replaced by the
1092:, Canada until its permanent shutdown in 2018.
1052:Tc is normally supplied to hospitals through a
1107:to bombard the stable heavy isotope of oxygen
1004:American Osteopathic Board of Nuclear Medicine
5149:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
3699:
2870:
2719:(2nd ed.). Society of Nuclear Medicine.
2260:
2116:
529:Time sequences can be further analysed using
434:
187:
2587:"IAEA Safety Standards and medical exposure"
2080:
1985:
1111:. The O constitutes about 0.20% of ordinary
1095:The most commonly used radioisotope in PET,
168:through the body from external sources like
2511:Le, Dao (2021), Wong, Franklin C.L. (ed.),
2488:"Explained: rad, rem, sieverts, becquerels"
2023:Journal of the American Medical Association
2014:
1988:Journal of the American Medical Association
1979:
1539:Z = atomic number, the number of protons; T
1041:
991:calculation and mental spatial navigation.
3706:
3692:
3159:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2877:
2863:
2752:
2734:Shumate MJ, Kooby DA, Alazraki NP (2007).
2562:"Nuclear Medicine: What It Is – and Isn't"
1652:
178:Single photon emission computed tomography
38:
3500:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2399:
2374:Dash A, Pillai MR, Knapp FF (June 2015).
1910:
1908:
1127:Common isotopes used in nuclear medicine
5061:
2809:) is being considered for deletion. See
2612:"Human Health Campus – Nuclear Medicine"
2485:
1715:Formerly, units of measurement were the
1618:, while the cell-damaging properties of
1024:Washington University School of Medicine
399:
2757:. Churchill Livingstone. p. 1950.
2717:A Clinicians' Guide to Nuclear Medicine
1914:
1700:to 11.2 mSv (11,200 μSv) for an 80 MBq
1028:University of California, San Francisco
14:
5559:
5076:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
3713:
2774:Practical SPECT/CT In Nuclear Medicine
2380:Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
2055:
2049:
1905:
1103:. The cyclotron is used to accelerate
248:for the rest images (bottom rows) and
5318:
5081:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
4490:
4477:
3687:
2858:
860:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
474:Practical concerns in nuclear imaging
5505:
4478:
3638:
3399:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2428:Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel
1767:Regulatory frameworks and guidelines
1719:(Ci), being 3.7E10 Bq, and also 1.0
5086:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
3648:
2772:Jones DW, Hogg P, Seeram E (2013).
2695:
2280:
1056:containing the parent radionuclide
903:for radioactive uranium salts, and
831:for medicine-related use, in 1946.
567:, skin cancer and blood disorders.
452:Normal whole body PET/CT scan with
24:
4895:
4046:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
3535:Medical Scientist Training Program
2825:Solving the Medical Isotope Crisis
2688:
2510:
1802:List of Nuclear Medicine Societies
1781:International Atomic Energy Agency
1543:= half-life; decay = mode of decay
1002:was established, and in 1974, the
1000:American Board of Nuclear Medicine
515:is moved relative to the patient.
146:. Nuclear imaging is, in a sense,
25:
5588:
4069:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
3968:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
2813:to help reach a consensus. ›
2792:
2424:"Données atomiques et nucléaires"
2327:Nuclear Engineering International
2194:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62
1753:Relative Biological Effectiveness
1657:
160:from within the body rather than
5544:
5532:
5504:
5493:
5492:
5480:
5169:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3628:
3627:
2035:10.1001/jama.1946.02870490016004
2000:10.1001/jama.1946.02870190005002
962:By the early 1960s, in southern
480:As Low As Reasonably Practicable
461:
445:
360:
344:
313:
297:
281:
261:
237:
224:
4258:Historical stockpiles and tests
3668:
2738:. Society of Nuclear Medicine.
2700:. Society of Nuclear Medicine.
2629:
2604:
2579:
2554:
2504:
2479:
2453:
2441:
2416:
2367:
2349:
2333:
2315:
2254:
2208:
2152:
2110:
2074:
545:Interventional nuclear medicine
5159:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
4041:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
3525:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2959:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2486:Chandler, David (2011-03-28).
2056:Henkin R, et al. (1996).
1954:
1943:
1884:
1871:
1845:
1834:
1616:electron–positron annihilation
174:physiological imaging modality
13:
1:
5487:Nuclear technology portal
2798:
2356:Table of Radioactive Isotopes
2138:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90221-9
2120:, Franzén G (December 1974).
2104:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91092-3
1929:10.1016/s0001-2998(79)80030-6
1827:
1773:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
829:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
387:indium white blood cell scans
197:In nuclear medicine imaging,
192:
134:involving the application of
5349:Field-reversed configuration
4959:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
3505:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3272:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2884:
2525:10.1007/978-3-030-56267-0_10
1917:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
1777:Food and Drug Administration
996:American Medical Association
551:Unsealed source radiotherapy
335:Positron emission tomography
182:positron emission tomography
7:
5306:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
4491:
4253:States with nuclear weapons
2295:Society of Nuclear Medicine
1790:
1070:other methods of production
911:studied the application of
581:(unsealed source) therapies
509:
288:Normal hepatobiliary scan (
10:
5593:
5319:
5144:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
4268:Tests in the United States
2654:10.1016/j.icrp.2004.08.001
2462:"ARSAC notes for guidance"
2288:"What is nuclear medicine"
2274:Journal of Neurophysiology
2228:Journal of Neurophysiology
1807:Nuclear medicine physician
1698:glomerular filtration rate
1045:
821:
548:
435:Hybrid scanning techniques
188:Diagnostic medical imaging
5474:
5430:
5382:
5339:
5329:
5281:
5269:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
5182:
5164:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
5129:
5112:
5052:
4979:
4971:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
4945:
4936:
4888:
4868:
4821:
4803:
4759:
4664:
4646:
4514:
4501:
4486:
4473:
4428:
4361:
4306:
4297:
4245:
4153:
4144:
4111:
4054:
4016:
4007:
3928:
3860:
3783:
3725:
3721:
3623:
3545:
3483:
3244:
3172:
3127:
3036:
2907:
2892:
2847:Resources in your library
2753:Ell P, Gambhir S (2004).
2392:10.1007/s13139-014-0315-z
2060:(First ed.). Mosby.
1743:), now replaced with the
1641:, and indium-111 labeled
1536:
1438:
1163:
955:'s scintillation camera (
618:(Zevalin) and Iodine-131-
110:
90:
76:
64:
52:
37:
32:
5577:Medicinal radiochemistry
5174:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
4790:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
4126:Electron-beam processing
3459:Transplantation medicine
3350:Clinical neurophysiology
3267:Obstetric anesthesiology
3187:Interventional radiology
2947:Digestive system surgery
2811:templates for discussion
2240:10.1152/jn.1980.43.1.118
1696:-51 EDTA measurement of
1082:Chalk River Laboratories
1064:as a fission product of
1042:Sources of radionuclides
1032:University of Pittsburgh
947:in developing the first
781:27.4, 31.4 and 35.5 keV
579:Common nuclear medicine
535:multi-compartment models
5289:Organic nuclear reactor
4461:Nuclear power phase-out
4384:Nuclear decommissioning
4324:Reactor-grade plutonium
4074:Targeted alpha-particle
3953:Accidents and incidents
3330:Intensive care medicine
3304:Mass gathering medicine
3149:Maternal–fetal medicine
1653:Policies and procedures
1626:or fusion processes in
1582:* X-rays from progeny,
897:Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen
854:, to visit his brother
672:squamous cell carcinoma
635:metaiodobenzylguanidine
254:coronary artery disease
2922:Cardiothoracic surgery
1892:"Nuclear Wallet Cards"
1797:Human subject research
1741:Röntgen equivalent man
1604:leukocyte scintigraphy
1074:Petten nuclear reactor
1054:radionuclide generator
406:
4451:Anti-nuclear movement
3573:Personalized medicine
3432:Reproductive medicine
3357:Occupational medicine
3311:Evolutionary medicine
2473:Public Health England
883:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
641:neuroendocrine tumors
403:
153:, because it records
5359:Reversed field pinch
5154:Traveling-wave (TWR)
4638:Supercritical (SCWR)
4136:Gemstone irradiation
3593:Traditional medicine
3553:Alternative medicine
3420:Addiction psychiatry
3234:Transfusion medicine
3229:Medical microbiology
3144:Gynecologic oncology
2996:Reproductive surgery
2616:humanhealth.iaea.org
676:basal cell carcinoma
616:ibritumomab tiuxetan
500:background radiation
199:radiopharmaceuticals
4524:Aqueous homogeneous
4319:Reprocessed uranium
3992:Safety and security
3615:History of medicine
3598:Veterinary medicine
3405:Preventive medicine
3257:Adolescent medicine
3099:Infectious diseases
2186:1978SciAm.239d..62L
2173:Scientific American
1859:on 27 February 2015
1841:What is nucleology?
1687:radiopharmaceutical
1683:physical properties
1600:micro-encapsulation
1573:isomeric transition
1559:, (abundance/decay)
1551:, (abundance/decay)
1128:
949:rectilinear scanner
852:Yale Medical School
688:) to treat cancer.
270:parathyroid adenoma
44:A nuclear medicine
5539:Nuclear technology
5438:Dense plasma focus
4353:Actinide chemistry
3818:Isotope separation
3715:Nuclear technology
3563:Molecular oncology
3520:Doctor of Medicine
3510:Master of Medicine
3427:Radiation oncology
3299:Emergency medicine
3252:Addiction medicine
3219:Clinical chemistry
3214:Clinical pathology
3006:Transplant surgery
2964:Orthopedic surgery
2942:Colorectal surgery
2642:Annals of the ICRP
2618:. 21 February 2020
2361:2004-12-04 at the
1853:"Nuclear Medicine"
1817:Nuclear technology
1706:myocardial imaging
1649:) technetium-99m.
1639:fluorodeoxyglucose
1126:
1062:typically obtained
887:Irène Joliot-Curie
407:
306:pulmonary embolism
138:substances in the
5520:
5519:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5417:Magnetized-target
5314:
5313:
5277:
5276:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5048:
5047:
4932:
4931:
4864:
4863:
4469:
4468:
4424:
4423:
4293:
4292:
4280:Weapon-free zones
4107:
4106:
4099:Radiopharmacology
3681:
3680:
3515:Master of Surgery
3479:
3478:
3464:Tropical medicine
3410:Prison healthcare
3325:Hospital medicine
3289:Disaster medicine
3279:Aviation medicine
3094:Hospital medicine
3001:Surgical oncology
2986:Pediatric surgery
2980:
2927:Endocrine surgery
2833:Library resources
2764:978-0-443-07312-0
2745:978-0-9726478-8-5
2726:978-0-932004-72-7
2707:978-0-9726478-9-2
2534:978-3-030-56267-0
2345:978-0-932004-80-2
2098:(7206): 806–807.
2067:978-0-8016-7701-4
1592:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1048:Radiopharmacology
819:
818:
682:
681:
521:three-dimensional
493:As a result, the
142:and treatment of
132:medical specialty
121:
120:
92:OPS-301 code
27:Medical specialty
16:(Redirected from
5584:
5567:Nuclear medicine
5549:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5508:
5507:
5496:
5495:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5395:
5354:Levitated dipole
5324:
5316:
5315:
5264:Helium gas (GFR)
5127:
5126:
5122:
5059:
5058:
4943:
4942:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4480:Nuclear reactors
4475:
4474:
4374:High-level (HLW)
4304:
4303:
4151:
4150:
4131:Food irradiation
4121:Atomic gardening
4014:
4013:
3997:Nuclear meltdown
3823:Nuclear material
3813:Fissile material
3808:Fertile material
3723:
3722:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3335:Medical genetics
3320:General practice
3197:Nuclear medicine
3072:Gastroenterology
3028:Vascular surgery
2978:
2905:
2904:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2838:Nuclear medicine
2816:Nuclear medicine
2787:
2768:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2682:
2681:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2371:
2365:
2353:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2297:. Archived from
2292:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2132:(7895): 1484–6.
2114:
2108:
2107:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2058:Nuclear Medicine
2053:
2047:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1964:. Archived from
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:. Archived from
1849:
1843:
1838:
1812:Nuclear pharmacy
1628:nuclear reactors
1581:
1577:electron capture
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1155:energy (keV) /
1129:
1125:
984:neuropsychiatric
840:George de Hevesy
838:, Germany, when
764:0.38 MeV (mean)
696:
695:
586:
585:
465:
449:
395:octreotide scans
364:
348:
317:
301:
285:
265:
241:
228:
170:X-ray generators
124:Nuclear medicine
114:edit on Wikidata
86:
42:
33:Nuclear medicine
30:
29:
21:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5481:
5479:
5462:
5426:
5393:
5378:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5310:
5273:
5178:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5100:
5044:
4975:
4950:
4928:
4900:
4882:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4860:
4826:
4817:
4799:
4764:
4755:
4669:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4556:Natural fission
4510:
4509:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4465:
4441:Nuclear weapons
4420:
4379:Low-level (LLW)
4357:
4289:
4241:
4140:
4103:
4050:
4003:
3924:
3856:
3779:
3717:
3712:
3682:
3677:
3619:
3608:Chief physician
3541:
3486:
3475:
3469:Travel medicine
3454:Sports medicine
3437:Sexual medicine
3377:Palliative care
3372:Pain management
3316:Family medicine
3294:Diving medicine
3240:
3168:
3130:
3123:
3039:
3032:
2991:Plastic surgery
2937:General surgery
2917:Cardiac surgery
2898:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2814:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2765:
2746:
2727:
2708:
2696:Mas JC (2008).
2691:
2689:Further reading
2686:
2685:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2480:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2372:
2368:
2363:Wayback Machine
2354:
2350:
2338:
2334:
2329:. 6 April 2018.
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2259:
2255:
2213:
2209:
2157:
2153:
2115:
2111:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2054:
2050:
2019:
2015:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1793:
1769:
1761:Medical Physics
1749:alpha radiation
1739:; and the rem (
1660:
1655:
1580:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1430:
1350:
1214:
1212:
1144:
1050:
1044:
972:David H. Ingvar
968:Niels A. Lassen
945:Benedict Cassen
913:nuclear physics
901:Henri Becquerel
856:Ernest Lawrence
824:
747:1.17, 1.33 MeV
604:hyperthyroidism
600:-sodium iodide
561:hyperthyroidism
557:
549:Main articles:
547:
533:models such as
512:
476:
469:
466:
457:
450:
437:
368:
365:
356:
349:
321:
318:
309:
302:
293:
286:
277:
266:
257:
242:
233:
229:
195:
190:
151:done inside out
117:
82:
48:
28:
23:
22:
18:Nuclear imaging
15:
12:
11:
5:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5554:
5553:
5541:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5502:
5490:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5448:Muon-catalyzed
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5397:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5139:Integral (IFR)
5136:
5130:
5124:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4890:
4883:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4769:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4456:Uranium mining
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4329:Minor actinide
4326:
4321:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Autoradiograph
4022:
4020:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Atomic nucleus
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3546:Related topics
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Medical school
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Sleep medicine
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3262:Anesthesiology
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3192:Neuroradiology
3189:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:Obstetrics and
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3011:Trauma surgery
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2974:Otolaryngology
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2900:subspecialties
2890:
2889:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2794:
2793:External links
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:978-1447147022
2782:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2744:
2731:
2725:
2712:
2706:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2628:
2603:
2578:
2553:
2533:
2503:
2478:
2452:
2440:
2415:
2366:
2348:
2332:
2314:
2279:
2253:
2207:
2151:
2109:
2073:
2066:
2048:
2029:(14): 838–47.
2013:
1978:
1953:
1942:
1904:
1883:
1870:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1775:(NRC) and the
1768:
1765:
1757:Health Physics
1673:with units of
1671:effective dose
1664:radiation dose
1659:
1658:Radiation dose
1656:
1654:
1651:
1620:beta particles
1608:red blood cell
1590:
1589:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1464:2279 (99.98%)
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1308:technetium-99m
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1043:
1040:
932:Technetium-99m
823:
820:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
800:
799:
798:21 keV (mean)
796:
793:
790:
783:
782:
779:
776:
773:
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
732:
731:
725:
722:
719:
712:
711:
708:
703:
700:
680:
679:
669:
662:
661:
654:
644:
643:
638:
630:
629:
623:
611:
610:
608:thyroid cancer
601:
594:
593:
590:
565:thyroid cancer
546:
543:
511:
508:
495:radiation dose
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
460:
458:
451:
444:
436:
433:
428:technetium-99m
370:
369:
366:
359:
357:
350:
343:
340:
339:
323:
322:
319:
312:
310:
303:
296:
294:
287:
280:
278:
267:
260:
258:
243:
236:
234:
230:
223:
220:
219:
194:
191:
189:
186:
119:
118:
111:
108:
107:
94:
88:
87:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5589:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5513:
5512:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5405:electrostatic
5403:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5184:Generation IV
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:Breeder (FBR)
5132:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5111:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4879:
4872:
4867:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Nuclear power
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4416:Transmutation
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:high-altitude
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Proliferation
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Brachytherapy
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Cross section
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Public health
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Allied health
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Oral medicine
3365:
3363:
3362:Ophthalmology
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Cytopathology
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3164:Urogynecology
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Endocrinology
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:(2): 85–107.
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2304:on 2016-01-17
2300:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:(1): 118–36.
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1968:on 2013-12-14
1967:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:1198 (99.8%)
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:1209 (0.32%)
1274:
1273:1906 (0.14%)
1271:
1270:2605 (13.1%)
1268:3381 (81.8%)
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:molybdenum-99
1055:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:David E. Kuhl
1016:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
988:scintillators
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:phosphorus-32
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:John Lawrence
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:Ruthenium-106
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:Palladium-103
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
701:
699:Radionuclide
698:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:
686:brachytherapy
677:
673:
670:
667:
664:
663:
659:
655:
653:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
612:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
582:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
556:
555:Brachytherapy
552:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
524:
522:
518:
507:
503:
501:
496:
491:
487:
483:
481:
464:
459:
455:
448:
443:
442:
441:
432:
429:
425:
421:
415:
412:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:gallium scans
380:
376:
363:
358:
354:
347:
342:
341:
337:
336:
331:
330:
325:
324:
316:
311:
307:
300:
295:
291:
284:
279:
275:
271:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
240:
235:
227:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
210:
209:
206:
204:
203:gamma cameras
200:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
109:
106:
102:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5509:
5497:
5478:
5458:Pyroelectric
5412:Laser-driven
5192:Sodium (SFR)
5119:fast-neutron
4958:
4504:
4394:Reprocessing
4275:WMD treaties
4094:Radiosurgery
4064:Fast-neutron
4036:Scintigraphy
4008:
3583:Rural health
3568:Nanomedicine
3196:
3119:Rheumatology
3050: /
2969:Hand surgery
2954:Neurosurgery
2837:
2804:
2776:. Springer.
2773:
2754:
2735:
2716:
2697:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2615:
2606:
2595:. Retrieved
2593:. 2017-10-30
2591:www.iaea.org
2590:
2581:
2570:. Retrieved
2568:. 2020-06-08
2565:
2556:
2546:, retrieved
2516:
2506:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2351:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2294:
2282:
2273:
2256:
2231:
2227:
2218:, Larsen B,
2210:
2180:(4): 62–71.
2177:
2171:
2154:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2095:
2089:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2026:
2022:
2016:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1956:
1945:
1923:(3): 186–9.
1920:
1916:
1895:. Retrieved
1886:
1878:scintigraphy
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1847:
1836:
1822:Radiographer
1770:
1714:
1691:
1668:
1661:
1636:
1596:radionuclide
1593:
1537:
1531:177 (11.6%)
1530:
1527:
1526:498 (79.3%)
1521:
1520:113 (6.6%),
1504:lutetium-177
1496:
1493:
1491:606 (89.4%)
1490:
1429:69–83 (94%),
1413:thallium-201
1405:
1404:346 (99.1%)
1275:
1272:
1269:
1157:
1154:
1094:
1051:
1036:
1012:
1008:
993:
976:Erik Skinhøj
961:
957:Anger camera
953:Hal O. Anger
941:
917:
891:
880:
833:
825:
809:β-particles
758:β-particles
724:30.17 years
691:
690:
683:
678:of the skin
652:Strontium-89
648:Samarium-153
578:
577:
573:
569:
558:
528:
525:
513:
504:
492:
488:
484:
477:
438:
416:
408:
371:
333:
327:
250:Tc-Sestamibi
246:thallium-201
215:Scintigraphy
213:
207:
196:
180:(SPECT) and
147:
127:
123:
122:
5369:Stellarator
5333:confinement
5227:Superphénix
5054:Molten-salt
5006:VHTR (HTGR)
4783:HW BLWR 250
4749:R4 Marviken
4678:Pressurized
4648:Heavy water
4632:many others
4561:Pressurized
4516:Light water
4218:underground
4176:Disarmament
4084:Tomotherapy
4079:Proton-beam
3943:Power plant
3905:Temperature
3738:Engineering
3653:Wikiproject
3442:Venereology
3387:Neonatology
3284:Dermatology
3139:Gynaecology
3131:gynaecology
3114:Pulmonology
2932:Eye surgery
2894:Specialties
2799:‹ The
2648:(2): v–vi.
1681:(MBq), the
1647:aerosolised
1528:385 (9.1%)
1497:248 (2.1%)
1494:334 (7.2%)
1489:807 (0.4%)
1406:267 (0.9%)
1283:nitrogen-13
1249:rubidium-82
1224:krypton-81m
1170:fluorine-18
1150:gamma (keV)
1086:Chalk River
1078:Netherlands
964:Scandinavia
924:Sam Seidlin
909:Taro Takemi
905:Marie Curie
899:for X-ray,
812:1.02 years
753:Iridium-192
744:5.26 years
716:Caesium-137
656:palliative
625:refractory
620:tositumomab
614:Yttrium-90-
539:Patlak plot
506:to a scan.
166:transmitted
136:radioactive
5561:Categories
5394:(acoustic)
5011:PBR (PBMR)
4399:Spent fuel
4389:Repository
4369:Fuel cycle
4336:Activation
4113:Processing
3980:Propulsion
3938:by country
3870:Activation
3415:Psychiatry
3401:(PM&R)
3394:Phlebology
3382:Pediatrics
3209:Anatomical
3174:Diagnostic
3154:Obstetrics
3104:Nephrology
3089:Hematology
3084:Geriatrics
3077:Hepatology
3062:Cardiology
3052:Immunology
2622:2021-04-25
2597:2021-04-25
2572:2021-04-25
2548:2021-04-25
2497:2021-04-25
2433:24 October
2308:2009-01-17
2091:The Lancet
1972:2012-01-03
1828:References
1679:becquerels
1643:leukocytes
1632:cyclotrons
1612:gamma rays
1522:208 (11%)
1470:iodine-131
1445:yttrium-90
1360:iodine-123
1349:171 (90%),
1333:indium-111
1299:511 (200%)
1265:511 (191%)
1213:185 (21%),
1195:gallium-67
1189:634 (97%)
1186:511 (193%)
1158:Abundance
1153:Maximum β
1046:See also:
920:Saul Hertz
868:California
795:17.0 days
778:59.6 days
770:Iodine-125
761:73.8 days
660:treatment
598:Iodine-131
592:Condition
589:Substance
353:hemangioma
274:iodine-123
193:Diagnostic
128:nucleology
54:ICD-10-PCS
5572:Radiology
5364:Spheromak
5063:Fluorides
4727:IPHWR-700
4722:IPHWR-540
4717:IPHWR-220
4506:Moderator
4186:Explosion
4161:Arms race
3948:Economics
3900:Reflector
3895:Radiation
3890:Generator
3845:Plutonium
3798:Deuterium
3763:Radiation
3733:Chemistry
3603:Physician
3487:education
3345:Neurology
3340:Narcology
3204:Pathology
3182:Radiology
3057:Angiology
3021:Andrology
2662:0146-6453
2543:230547683
2448:Technegas
2266:Friberg L
2262:Roland PE
2224:Skinhøj E
2220:Lassen NA
2216:Roland PE
2168:Skinhøj E
2164:Ingvar DH
2160:Lassen NA
2118:Ingvar DH
2086:Ingvar DH
2082:Lassen NA
1897:20 August
1881:Companies
1863:20 August
1486:364 (81%)
1439:Therapy:
1431:167 (10%)
1385:xenon-133
1376:159 (83%)
1351:245 (94%)
1324:140 (89%)
1240:190 (68%)
1215:300 (17%)
1211:93 (39%),
1164:Imaging:
1117:oxygen-16
1101:cyclotron
1034:in 1998.
980:xenon-133
936:generator
874:to treat
815:3.54 MeV
736:Cobalt-60
706:Half-life
658:bone pain
622:(Bexxar)
375:PET scans
290:HIDA scan
162:radiation
155:radiation
149:radiology
140:diagnosis
5551:Medicine
5499:Category
5453:Polywell
5384:Inertial
5341:Magnetic
5096:TMSR-LF1
5091:TMSR-500
5071:Fuji MSR
5031:THTR-300
4871:Graphite
4734:PHWR KWU
4700:ACR-1000
4628:IPWR-900
4611:ACPR1000
4606:HPR-1000
4596:CPR-1000
4571:APR-1400
4362:Disposal
4314:Actinide
4307:Products
4166:Delivery
4009:Medicine
3838:depleted
3833:enriched
3803:Helium-3
3768:ionizing
3633:Category
3109:Oncology
3040:medicine
3038:Internal
2886:Medicine
2801:template
2678:43014655
2670:15571759
2410:26085854
2359:Archived
2268:(1985).
2043:20274882
2008:21025609
1994:: 81–6.
1791:See also
1702:thallium
1694:chromium
1675:sieverts
1401:81 (31%)
1180:109.77 m
1115:(mostly
1060:. Mo is
876:leukemia
864:Berkeley
836:Freiburg
633:I-MIBG (
627:lymphoma
510:Analysis
164:that is
46:PET scan
5525:Portals
5511:Commons
5422:Z-pinch
5392:Bubble
5374:Tokamak
5237:FBR-600
5217:CFR-600
5212:BN-1200
4878:coolant
4805:Organic
4690:CANDU 9
4687:CANDU 6
4655:coolant
4616:ACP1000
4591:CAP1400
4529:Boiling
4494:Fission
4341:Fission
4285:Weapons
4225:Warfare
4208:Testing
4198:History
4191:effects
4146:Weapons
4056:Therapy
4031:RadBall
4018:Imaging
3910:Thermal
3875:Capture
3862:Neutron
3850:Thorium
3828:Uranium
3793:Tritium
3773:braking
3753:Fission
3743:Physics
3726:Science
3673:Outline
3643:Commons
3588:Therapy
3485:Medical
3048:Allergy
3016:Urology
2909:Surgery
2803:below (
2566:NRC Web
2401:4463871
2248:7351547
2182:Bibcode
2146:4140398
1745:sievert
1731:); the
1685:of the
1624:fission
1584:mercury
1575:; ec =
1571:; IT =
1569:β decay
1565:β decay
1514:6.65 d
1132:isotope
1105:protons
1090:Ontario
1076:in the
822:History
775:γ-rays
710:Energy
666:Rhenium
531:kinetic
381:scans,
158:emitted
144:disease
130:, is a
84:D009683
5322:Fusion
5282:Others
5222:Phénix
5207:BN-800
5202:BN-600
5197:BN-350
5026:HTR-PM
5021:HTR-10
5001:UHTREX
4966:Magnox
4961:(UNGG)
4854:Lucens
4849:KS 150
4586:ATMEA1
4566:AP1000
4549:Kerena
4429:Debate
4181:Ethics
4171:Design
4154:Topics
3985:rocket
3963:Fusion
3958:Policy
3920:Fusion
3880:Poison
3758:Fusion
3663:Portal
3530:MD–PhD
2835:about
2820:Curlie
2806:Curlie
2780:
2761:
2742:
2723:
2704:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2541:
2531:
2469:GOV.UK
2408:
2398:
2343:
2246:
2202:705327
2200:
2144:
2126:Lancet
2064:
2041:
2006:
1937:388628
1935:
1729:Ra-226
1725:Radium
1567:; β =
1480:8.02 d
1455:2.67 d
1423:3.04 d
1395:5.24 d
1370:13.3 h
1343:2.80 d
1318:6.01 h
1293:9.97 m
1259:1.27 m
1234:13.1 s
1205:3.26 d
1135:symbol
1113:oxygen
974:, and
892:Nature
844:tracer
792:γ-ray
741:γ-ray
727:0.662
721:γ-ray
420:tracer
379:PET/CT
5443:Migma
5431:Other
5400:Fusor
5299:Piqua
5294:Arbus
5252:PRISM
4994:MHR-T
4989:GTMHR
4919:EGP-6
4914:AMB-X
4889:Water
4834:HWGCR
4773:HWLWR
4712:IPHWR
4683:CANDU
4544:ESBWR
4299:Waste
4263:Tests
4246:Lists
4230:Yield
3973:MMRTG
3930:Power
3245:Other
2674:S2CID
2539:S2CID
2465:(pdf)
2302:(PDF)
2291:(PDF)
1721:grams
1717:curie
1704:-201
1147:decay
928:I-131
862:) in
806:(Ru)
789:(Pd)
755:(Ir)
738:(Co)
718:(Cs)
702:Type
668:-188
537:or a
517:SPECT
329:SPECT
232:bone.
126:, or
112:[
66:ICD-9
5259:Lead
5242:CEFR
5232:PFBR
5114:None
4924:RBMK
4909:AM-1
4839:EL-4
4813:WR-1
4795:AHWR
4739:MZFR
4707:CVTR
4696:AFCR
4623:VVER
4581:APWR
4576:APR+
4539:ABWR
4409:cask
4404:pool
4346:LLFP
4235:TNTe
3915:Fast
3785:Fuel
2778:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2666:PMID
2658:ISSN
2529:ISBN
2435:2022
2406:PMID
2341:ISBN
2244:PMID
2198:PMID
2142:PMID
2062:ISBN
2039:PMID
2004:PMID
1933:PMID
1899:2015
1865:2015
1737:gray
1606:and
1586:, Hg
1563:β =
951:and
885:and
772:(I)
606:and
553:and
411:fMRI
393:and
391:MIBG
326:3D:
212:2D:
105:8-53
101:3-72
97:3-70
78:MeSH
5331:by
5247:PFR
5038:PMR
5016:AVR
4938:Gas
4876:by
4844:KKN
4778:ATR
4693:EC6
4653:by
4601:EPR
4534:BWR
2979:ENT
2897:and
2818:at
2650:doi
2521:doi
2396:PMC
2388:doi
2236:doi
2190:doi
2178:239
2134:doi
2100:doi
2096:278
2031:doi
2027:132
1996:doi
1992:131
1925:doi
1733:rad
1723:of
1710:MDP
1557:keV
1549:keV
1541:1/2
1511:71
1508:Lu
1143:1/2
1121:FDG
1084:in
1015:PET
729:MeV
674:or
650:or
454:FDG
424:MDP
377:or
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4981:He
4947:CO
4823:CO
4744:R3
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1321:IT
1315:43
1312:Tc
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1253:Rb
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1231:36
1228:Kr
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