128:
376:
60:
181:
474:
20:
292:
127:
50:
where heavy power demand associated with icebreaking, limited refueling infrastructure along the
Siberian coast, and endurance required make diesel-powered icebreaker operations challenging. As of 2023, Russia is the only country that builds and operates nuclear-powered icebreakers, having built a
166:
Although Russia has historically been the only country to build and operate nuclear-powered icebreakers, several other countries have expressed interest in doing so. In 2019, China announced plans that it would build a nuclear-powered icebreaker similar to the
Russian Project 22220. As of 2023,
94:(Project 10520 and 10521), utilized an improved reactor design and turbo-electric propulsion train to deliver significantly improved icebreaking performance, allowing the vessels to provide year-round icebreaking service along the Northern Sea Route and conduct voyages into the Arctic Ocean.
241:
is on average 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) thick. Nuclear-powered icebreakers can force through this ice at speeds up to 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). In ice-free waters, the maximum speed of the nuclear-powered icebreakers is as much as 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph).
375:
123:
classes. The program called for a series of icebreaker designs ranging from smaller diesel-powered auxiliary icebreakers to two nuclear-powered icebreaker types, 60-megawatt "line icebreaker" (LK-60Ya) and 110-megawatt "icebreaker-leader" (LK-110Ya).
218:. It provides the only feasible means to deliver heavy equipment, such as natural gas production modules or military vehicles, to communities along the Siberian coast and the Russian Arctic islands. Key ports served along the Siberian coast are
1221:Путин назначил «Росатом» инфраструктурным оператором Северного морского пути = Rosatom as the infrastructure operator of the Northern Sea Route // Коммерсантъ (28 декабря 2018). Дата обращения: 27 июля 2019. Архивировано 27 июля 2019 года.
465:: a 69,700 tonne, 209 meter long heavy icebreakers currently under construction at Zvezda Shipyard to augment Project 22220. As of June 2023, one hull is under construction. The vessel will be powered by two RITM-400 nuclear reactors (315
358:
Russia's nuclear-powered icebreaking fleet is owned by the federal government. Initially, the icebreakers were operated by the
Murmansk Shipping Company (MSCO); however, in 2008 they were transferred to the state-owned corporation
45:
that produces power for the vessel's propulsion system. Although more expensive to operate, nuclear-powered icebreakers provide a number of advantages over their diesel-powered counterparts, especially along the
1338:Реакторная установка для атомохода Лидер. Какой она будет? = Reactor plant for the nuclear-powered “Leader”. What will it be like? Дата обращения: 29 октября 2021. Архивировано 29 октября 2021 года.
337:
for expeditions to the North Pole in 2008. The vessel's maiden voyage to the North Pole embarked in
Murmansk, on June 24, 2008. The ship carried 128 guests in 64 cabins in five categories.
4190:
198:
The
Northern Sea Route runs along the Siberian coast from the principal ports of Murmansk to Petropavlovsk and Vladivostok. The route includes sections of the Barents Sea, the
936:
76:, which was launched in 1957 as the world’s first nuclear-powered surface vessel and the first civilian-operated nuclear vessel. An experimental nuclear-powered vessel,
101:-class were challenging to operate within the shallow coastal deltas. To fill this capability gap, they ordered two slightly smaller shallow-draught icebreakers from
306:-class nuclear-powered icebreakers have also been used to ferry tourists to the North Pole. Each participant pays up to US$ 25,000 for a cruise lasting three weeks.
1315:
1292:
Tsoy, L.G.; Stoyanov, I.A.; Mikhailichenko, V.V.; Livshits, S.G. (1995), "Perspective types of Arctic icebreakers and their principal characteristics" (PDF),
1428:
59:
1262:
Reistad, Ole; Ølgaard, Povl L (April 2006). Russian
Nuclear Power Plants for Marine Applications (PDF) (Report). Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (nks.org).
455:-classes. As of June 2023, three vessels have been completed and an additional four are planned. Project 22220 icebreakers are powered by two RITM-200 (175
341:
completed a total of three expeditions to the North Pole in 2008 for the polar adventure company. As of
February 2013, Quark Expeditions was listing
147:-class, Project 22220 is a dual-draft vessel capable of operating at 2 metres (6.6 ft) shallower draft, allowing it to perform roles of both
1119:
Manaranche, Martin (2020-05-04)."Russia Signs
Contract to Build World's Largest Nuclear-Powered Icebreaker". Naval News. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
425:
MWt) nuclear reactors with turbo-electric propulsion driving three propellers. Only two of the initial six vessels remain in active service.
1188:
3352:
1675:
237:, the ice along the Northern Sea Route varies in thickness from 1.2 to 2.0 metres (3.9 to 6.6 ft). The ice in central parts of the
2313:
1130:
310:
was used for the first two tourist cruises in 1989 and 1990. In 1991 and 1992, the tourist trips to the North Pole were undertaken by
1421:
396:: an experimental 16,000 tonne, 134 meter long icebreaker commissioned in 1957. The Lenin was initially powered by three OK-150 (90
143:, the first of which was laid down in 2013 and commissioned in 2020. Although similar in size and propulsion power to the preceding
4733:
1948:
1956:
4308:
3314:
1727:
447:: 33,000 tonne, 173 meter long heavy icebreakers currently under construction at Baltic Shipyard which will replace the previous
3905:
3503:
3091:
4697:
1010:
97:
As natural gas exploration increased along the
Siberian coast, the Murmansk Shipping Company (MSCO) found that the existing
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1414:
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4272:
4094:
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1110:"Испытание Дудинкой. «Сибирь» поборола лишний вес" (in Russian). Fontanka.ru. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
4042:
3623:
3562:
1294:
Proceedings of the 13th
International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 1995 (POAC'95)
433:
class (Project 10580): two 20,800 tonne, 152 meter long shallow draft icebreakers commissioned from 1987 to 1989. The
51:
number of such vessels to aid shipping along the Northern Sea Route and Russian arctic outposts since the Soviet era.
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1267:
1062:
80:
began icebreaking service along the Northern Sea Route in 1959 and continued to do so until 1989. From 1967 to 1971
4799:
4143:
1099:
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions, 1994 (ICETECH'95)
417:(Project 10520 and 10521): six 24,000 tonne, 148 meter long heavy icebreakers commissioned from 1977 to 2007. The
257:-class vessels are unable to navigate the shallow river deltas leading to several key Siberian ports. The smaller
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The icebreakers have also been used for a number of scientific expeditions in the Arctic. On August 17, 1977,
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1084:
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was decommissioned in 1989 and has since been converted to a museum ship in its former homeport of Murmansk.
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and installed their nuclear powerplants at Baltic Shipbuilding in Leningrad (today St. Petersburg).
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3424:
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1445:
1351:[The release date of the nuclear-powered icebreaker Rossiya has been pushed back to 2030].
951:
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156:
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72:
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367:. Rosatom is also responsible for the safe navigation of vessels along the Northern Sea Route.
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2030:
1501:
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844:
115:
In the late 1980s, the Central Design Bureau "Iceberg" began designing a replacement for the
2711:
496:: a 61,900 tonne, 260 meter long ice-strengthened LASH cargo ship commissioned in 1988. The
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4516:
4459:
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211:
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245:
Two types of nuclear-powered icebreakers are used along the Northern Sea Route: the heavy
8:
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3191:
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2538:
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1975:
1780:
105:
2285:
1097:
Tsoy, L.G. (1994), "New generation Arktika class nuclear icebreaker feasibility study",
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1066:
1058:
988:
821:
180:
1208:
Henderson, Isaiah (July 18, 2019). "Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline".
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2398:
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2079:
2007:
2001:
1924:
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1749:
318:
was used for three tourist expeditions in the Arctic. The last two vessel of the
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2180:
2155:
2110:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2020:
2015:
1989:
1969:
1737:
473:
1406:
1395:
459:
MWt) nuclear reactors with turbo-electric propulsion driving three propellers.
4778:
4682:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4559:
4554:
4530:
4474:
4351:
4345:
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2577:
2372:
2185:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2025:
1934:
1769:
1607:
744:
504:
MWt) nuclear reactor and a steam turbine-driven controllable pitch propeller.
364:
262:
215:
19:
4713:
4707:
4319:
4283:
4149:
3976:
3926:
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2379:
2307:
2208:
2105:
2099:
1996:
1984:
1857:
1835:
1759:
1712:
1168:"50 Years of Victory – the largest nuclear-powered icebreaker in the world"
985: – Propulsion system for marine vessels utilizing a nuclear powerplant
976: – Propulsion system for marine vessels utilizing a nuclear powerplant
238:
4750:
4650:
4598:
4416:
4203:
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1918:
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2406:
2348:
1741:
1709:
1270:. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
280:
261:-class provides icebreaking service in these regions, particularly the
207:
191:
38:
4071:
2908:
2460:
2243:
1631:
492:
1653:
1070:
167:
construction on this proposed nuclear icebreaker has not commenced.
4003:
1377:
203:
291:
84:
was refurbished, with new capabilities developed in the process.
4630:
4010:
2275:
2251:
2239:
1397:
Video of nuclear Icebreaker Yamal visiting the North Pole in 2001
1386:
360:
109:
2797:
2876:
2201:
400:
MWt) nuclear reactors, which were replaced with two OK-900 (171
234:
1349:"Срок выпуска атомного ледокола «Россия» сдвинули на 2030 год"
1085:"Три жизни «Ленина»: история первого в мире атомного ледокола"
345:
in the company fleet and offering it for a North Pole cruise.
2262:
441:
MWt) with turbo-electric propulsion driving three propellers.
227:
223:
469:
MWt) with turbo-electric propulsion driving four propellers.
353:
330:) contain a separate accommodation section for tourists.
159:, was laid down in 2021. When completed, the lead vessel
155:
classes. The first LK-110Ya-type icebreaker, realized as
54:
1189:"North Pole Cruise: The Ultimate Arctic Adventure, 2013"
1131:"Details of China's nuclear-powered icebreaker revealed"
3467:
978:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
279:
was the first surface vessel in the world to reach the
508:
1316:"Crowded at Russia's port for Arctic nuclear vessels"
348:
170:
163:
will be the largest nuclear icebreaker in the world.
437:
class is powered by one KLT-40M nuclear reactor (171
253:-class. With a draft of 11 metres (36 ft) the
87:The second-generation nuclear-powered icebreakers,
70:The first nuclear icebreaker was the Soviet vessel
421:-class icebreakers are powered by two OK-900A (171
4776:
1150:"Checking Back in on China's Nuclear Icebreaker"
1436:
1011:"Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline"
991: – Submarine powered by a nuclear reactor
485:
1669:
1422:
1676:
1662:
1429:
1415:
1283:(Ship)". Britannica. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
1147:
1008:
268:
175:
4734:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1082:
970: – Between the eight Arctic nations
472:
374:
354:Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet
290:
179:
126:
58:
18:
4309:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4777:
1378:Gallery of Russian nuclear icebreakers
1128:
1083:Кузнецов, Александр (March 22, 2021).
190:, the first surface ship to reach the
55:History of nuclear-powered icebreakers
3453:
1695:
1683:
1657:
1410:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1148:Eiterjord, Trym (February 13, 2023).
609:Reactors removed; awaiting scrapping
583:Reactors removed; awaiting scrapping
555:Converted to museum ship in Murmansk
4095:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2292:Norse colonization of North America
1009:Henderson, Isaiah (July 18, 2019).
509:List of nuclear-powered icebreakers
13:
3624:United States Exploring Expedition
1299:
1247:
349:Nuclear-powered icebreaker classes
171:Use of nuclear-powered icebreakers
14:
4811:
4698:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4066:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1371:
1129:Nilsen, Thomas (March 21, 2019).
286:
4592:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3985:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1644:* Under construction or on order
1320:The Independent Barents Observer
1341:
1332:
1286:
1273:
1224:
1215:
1202:
1181:
1160:
968:Arctic cooperation and politics
363:and operated by the subsidiary
1141:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1091:
1076:
1047:
1028:
1002:
974:List of civilian nuclear ships
370:
1:
3971:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3906:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3454:
1057:. Houghton-Mifflin. pp. 298.
995:
500:is powered by one KLT-40 (135
314:. During the summer of 1993,
4328:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4144:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3950:French Antarctic Expeditions
3880:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3766:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1884:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1383:The Nuclear icebreaker fleet
333:Quark Expeditions chartered
139:The LK-60Ya was realized as
7:
4790:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3413:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3092:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1957:Andrée's balloon expedition
1438:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
961:
486:Ice-strengthened cargo ship
477:Shallow-draught icebreaker
230:, and the Yamal Peninsula.
63:Nuclear-powered icebreaker
43:onboard nuclear power plant
10:
4816:
2614:Franklin's lost expedition
2314:Christian IV's expeditions
1696:
131:Project 22220 icebreaker,
35:nuclear-powered icebreaker
4431:
4162:
3749:
3489:
3466:
3462:
3449:
2968:Great Northern Expedition
2862:
2644:Rae–Richardson expedition
2393:
2238:
1844:British Arctic Expedition
1736:
1708:
1704:
1691:
1642:
1617:
1559:
1529:
1463:
1444:
1355:(in Russian). 20 May 2024
1244:(149): 57. February 1969.
1212:. Retrieved July 18, 2019
1053:Paine, Lincoln P (1997).
1044:(149): 57. February 1969.
983:Nuclear marine propulsion
379:Lead ship of the Project
249:-class and shallow draft
4252:British Antarctic Survey
4246:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3491:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4800:Transport in the Arctic
4728:Pole of inaccessibility
4391:Antarctic Treaty System
2732:2nd Grinnell expedition
404:MWt) reactors in 1971.
1446:Project 10510 "Leader"
482:
387:
299:
269:Scientific exploration
195:
194:, during a 2006 cruise
176:Commercial icebreaking
136:
67:
30:
4398:Transglobe Expedition
4297:Operation Deep Freeze
3706:Challenger expedition
2572:Coppermine expedition
2093:Drifting ice stations
1210:The California Review
1015:The California Review
476:
378:
294:
183:
130:
62:
22:
1646:No longer in service
1135:The Barents Observer
212:Eastern Siberian Sea
135:, under construction
4568:South magnetic pole
3234:Brusilov expedition
2343:Danish colonization
1781:North magnetic pole
1296:, vol. 1, pp. 13–26
1191:. Quark Expeditions
1170:. Quark Expeditions
688:Awaiting scrapping
635:Awaiting scrapping
23:Nuclear icebreaker
4259:Operation Windmill
4240:Operation Highjump
3215:Rusanov expedition
3120:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2864:North East Passage
2668:McClure expedition
1055:Ships of the World
945:Under construction
899:Under construction
876:Under construction
853:Under construction
483:
388:
300:
196:
137:
68:
48:Northern Sea Route
31:
4795:Soviet inventions
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4226:Operation Tabarin
4088:Far Eastern Party
3934:Nimrod Expedition
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3004:M. Pronchishcheva
2926:Siberian Cossacks
2395:Northwest Passage
1728:Research stations
1685:Polar exploration
1651:
1650:
989:Nuclear submarine
959:
958:
106:Helsinki Shipyard
4807:
4273:Ronne Expedition
3758:
3752:
3616:Dumont d'Urville
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
2999:V. Pronchishchev
1706:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1671:
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1655:
1654:
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1417:
1408:
1407:
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1080:
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1021:
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4806:
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4804:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4760:
4435:
4427:
4303:McMurdo Station
4172:Modern research
4170:
4158:
3893:O. Nordenskjöld
3756:
3750:
3745:
3661:Ross expedition
3485:
3458:
3437:
2866:
2858:
2399:Northern Canada
2397:
2389:
2242:
2234:
1740:
1732:
1700:
1687:
1682:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1613:
1594:Sovetskiy Soyuz
1555:
1525:
1459:
1440:
1435:
1396:
1390:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1052:
1048:
1034:"Soviet Life".
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1003:
998:
977:
964:
669:Sovetskiy Soyuz
511:
501:
488:
466:
456:
438:
422:
401:
397:
373:
356:
351:
312:Sovetskiy Soyuz
302:Since 1989 the
289:
271:
184:The 1975-built
178:
173:
103:Wärtsilä Marine
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4720:Vostok Station
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4671:Cherry-Garrard
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4511:Southern Cross
4507:
4506:
4505:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4441:
4439:
4433:Farthest South
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4394:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4130:Ross Sea party
4126:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4091:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3930:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3824:Southern Cross
3817:Southern Cross
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3761:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3676:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3563:Bellingshausen
3553:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2868:Russian Arctic
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
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2451:
2439:
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2429:
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2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2391:
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2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2310:
2305:
2303:Snæbjörn galti
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1738:Farthest North
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1389:official site
1380:
1373:
1372:External links
1370:
1367:
1366:
1340:
1331:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1246:
1223:
1214:
1201:
1180:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1090:
1075:
1046:
1027:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
986:
980:
971:
963:
960:
957:
956:
954:
949:
946:
943:
942:2030 (planned)
940:
932:
931:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:2030 (planned)
917:
909:
908:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:2028 (planned)
894:
886:
885:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:2026 (planned)
871:
863:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:2024 (planned)
848:
840:
839:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
817:
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814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
794:
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786:
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769:
768:
762:
757:
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751:
748:
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739:
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729:
726:
723:
715:
714:
712:
707:
704:
701:
698:
690:
689:
686:
681:
678:
677:Decommissioned
675:
672:
664:
663:
661:
654:
651:
648:
645:
637:
636:
633:
628:
625:
624:Decommissioned
622:
619:
611:
610:
607:
602:
599:
598:Decommissioned
596:
593:
585:
584:
581:
574:
571:
570:Decommissioned
568:
565:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:Decommissioned
544:
541:
533:
532:
529:
526:
525:Project number
523:
520:
517:
510:
507:
506:
505:
487:
484:
471:
470:
460:
442:
426:
409:
381:22220 Arktika-
372:
369:
355:
352:
350:
347:
288:
287:Arctic tourism
285:
270:
267:
177:
174:
172:
169:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4812:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
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4699:
4696:
4694:
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4321:
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4230:
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4017:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
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3978:
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3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3851:Discovery Hut
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
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3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
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3698:
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3680:
3677:
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3671:
3670:
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3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3639:
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3634:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:
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3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
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3578:
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3497:
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3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:A. Sibiryakov
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:Glavsevmorput
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
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2144:Georgiy Sedov
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2031:Riiser-Larsen
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
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1610:
1609:
1608:50 Let Pobedy
1605:
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1468:
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1465:Project 22220
1462:
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1268:87-7893-200-9
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1064:
1063:0-395-71556-3
1060:
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952:Project 10510
950:
947:
944:
941:
939:
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934:
933:
930:
928:Project 22220
927:
924:
921:
918:
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915:
911:
910:
907:
905:Project 22220
904:
901:
898:
895:
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892:
888:
887:
884:
882:Project 22220
881:
878:
875:
872:
870:
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865:
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861:
859:Project 22220
858:
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849:
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846:
842:
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836:Project 22220
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
823:
819:
818:
815:
813:Project 22220
812:
809:
806:
803:
801:
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795:
792:
790:
789:Project 22220
787:
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781:
778:
776:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
746:
745:50 Let Pobedy
742:
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738:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:
721:
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463:Project 10510
461:
454:
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445:Project 22220
443:
436:
432:
431:
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410:
407:
395:
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386:
382:
377:
368:
366:
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346:
344:
343:50 Let Pobedy
340:
339:50 Let Pobedy
336:
335:50 Let Pobedy
331:
329:
328:50 Let Pobedy
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
298:, August 2001
297:
293:
284:
282:
278:
277:
266:
264:
263:Yenisei River
260:
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248:
243:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Bering Strait
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
189:
188:
182:
168:
164:
162:
158:
157:Project 10510
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Project 22220
134:
129:
125:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
95:
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91:
85:
83:
79:
75:
74:
66:
61:
52:
49:
44:
40:
36:
28:
27:
21:
4726:
4714:Pole of Cold
4712:
4638:
4629:
4597:
4590:
4566:
4537:
4523:
4517:Borchgrevink
4509:
4496:
4481:
4461:
4446:
4415:
4396:
4389:
4373:
4359:
4350:
4333:
4326:
4307:
4295:
4271:
4257:
4250:
4238:
4224:
4210:
4196:
4189:
4150:
4142:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4101:
4093:
4086:
4073:
4064:
4026:
4018:
4009:
4002:
3990:
3983:
3969:
3957:Pourquoi-Pas
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3927:Orcadas Base
3925:
3917:
3904:
3898:C. A. Larsen
3886:
3878:
3864:
3857:
3844:
3836:
3830:Borchgrevink
3823:
3815:
3772:
3764:
3739:C. A. Larsen
3732:
3713:
3704:
3686:
3668:
3659:
3646:
3631:
3622:
3609:
3570:
3556:
3549:
3530:
3515:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3401:
3394:
3380:
3365:
3351:
3338:
3313:
3299:
3297:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3239:
3232:
3213:
3179:
3177:
3163:
3161:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3111:
3109:
3090:
2966:
2924:
2907:
2875:
2839:
2837:
2817:
2816:
2796:
2795:
2781:
2768:
2753:
2739:
2730:
2717:
2688:
2676:Investigator
2675:
2666:
2642:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2599:
2570:
2547:
2532:
2517:
2487:
2472:
2442:
2361:
2341:
2312:
2308:Erik the Red
2290:
2268:
2261:
2218:submersibles
2215:
2209:Arktika 2007
2207:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2098:
2091:
2067:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2008:
2006:
1977:
1974:
1963:S. A. Andrée
1955:
1942:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1882:
1864:
1851:
1842:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1779:
1632:
1625:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1561:
1549:
1542:
1531:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1453:
1437:
1391:(in English)
1357:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1334:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1162:
1154:The Diplomat
1153:
1143:
1134:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1078:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1004:
935:
912:
889:
866:
843:
827:2022–present
820:
804:2021–present
797:
779:2020–present
772:
765:
764:Launched as
759:
750:2007–present
743:
734:
725:1993–present
719:
709:
700:1990–present
694:
683:
668:
657:
647:1989–present
641:
630:
615:
604:
589:
577:
561:
537:
497:
491:
478:
452:
448:
434:
429:
418:
412:
405:
392:
384:
380:
357:
342:
338:
334:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
301:
295:
275:
272:
258:
254:
250:
246:
244:
239:Arctic Ocean
232:
197:
186:
165:
160:
152:
148:
144:
138:
132:
120:
116:
114:
98:
96:
89:
86:
81:
77:
71:
69:
64:
34:
32:
25:
16:Type of ship
4417:Lake Vostok
4367:Tryoshnikov
4289:Schlossbach
4180:Christensen
4122:James Caird
4043:E. R. Evans
3809:Dobrowolski
3779:de Gerlache
3481:Expeditions
3367:Aviaarktika
3321:Samoylovich
3192:Kolomeitsev
3086:Middendorff
3046:Gedenshtrom
2466:I. Fyodorov
2228:Chilingarov
2116:E. Fyodorov
1723:Expeditions
1237:Soviet Life
1101:, pp. P1–P8
1037:Soviet Life
371:Icebreakers
265:to Dikson.
233:During the
200:Pechora Sea
4785:Ship types
4779:Categories
4640:Terra Nova
4545:Shackleton
4488:J. C. Ross
4447:Resolution
4437:South Pole
4212:New Swabia
4136:Mackintosh
4108:Shackleton
4027:Terra Nova
4020:Terra Nova
3754:Heroic Age
3714:Challenger
3674:J. C. Ross
3584:Bransfield
3516:Resolution
3431:icebreaker
3395:Chelyuskin
3136:expedition
3114:Expedition
3056:Matyushkin
3014:Kh. Laptev
3009:Chelyuskin
2903:Heemskerck
2893:Chancellor
2888:Willoughby
2883:Koch boats
2826:Stefansson
2760:McClintock
2724:Inglefield
2566:J. C. Ross
2473:Resolution
2325:Cunningham
2223:Sagalevich
1912:expedition
1871:Stephenson
1831:C. F. Hall
1818:expedition
1792:J. C. Ross
1755:Heemskerck
1742:North Pole
1519:Stalingrad
1353:Kommersant
1325:2023-06-18
1195:2013-07-26
1174:2013-07-26
996:References
914:Stalingrad
830:In service
807:In service
782:In service
753:In service
728:In service
703:In service
650:In service
519:In service
281:North Pole
210:, and the
208:Laptev Sea
192:North Pole
39:icebreaker
4739:Tolstikov
4525:Discovery
4495:HMS
4480:HMS
4462:Adventure
4460:HMS
4445:HMS
4381:Tolstikov
4102:Endurance
3887:Antarctic
3872:Drygalski
3845:Discovery
3838:Discovery
3799:Arctowski
3712:HMS
3685:HMS
3679:Abernethy
3667:HMS
3645:USS
3632:Vincennes
3630:USS
3610:Astrolabe
3550:San Telmo
3531:Adventure
3529:HMS
3514:HMS
3509:Kerguelen
3471:Continent
3456:Antarctic
3333:Urvantsev
3291:Vilkitsky
3144:Jeannette
3142:USS
3134:Jeannette
3098:Weyprecht
3076:Pakhtusov
3026:Chichagov
3019:D. Laptev
2962:Permyakov
2937:Stadukhin
2932:Perfilyev
2909:Mangazeya
2847:H. Larsen
2812:Rasmussen
2767:HMS
2738:USS
2687:HMS
2674:HMS
2638:Collinson
2628:HMS
2620:HMS
2598:HMS
2546:HMS
2531:HMS
2516:HMS
2501:Mackenzie
2488:Discovery
2486:HMS
2471:HMS
2443:Discovery
2422:Frobisher
2385:Rasmussen
2298:Gunnbjörn
2244:Greenland
2173:USS
2164:USS
2036:Ellsworth
1978:Roosevelt
1908:Nansen's
1865:Discovery
1863:HMS
1850:HMS
1797:Abernethy
1765:Marmaduke
1633:Sevmorput
1511:Leningrad
1232:Soviet Li
891:Leningrad
674:1990–2014
621:1985–2013
595:1977–1992
567:1975–2008
543:1959–1989
531:Comments
516:Ship name
498:Sevmorput
493:Sevmorput
385:, Arktika
4751:A. Fuchs
4708:V. Fuchs
4688:McKinley
4651:E. Evans
4610:Bjaaland
4605:Amundsen
4555:Marshall
4468:Furneaux
4320:V. Fuchs
4284:E. Ronne
4279:F. Ronne
4218:Ritscher
4072:SY
4060:Filchner
4004:Framheim
3998:Amundsen
3804:Racoviță
3789:Amundsen
3784:Lecointe
3653:Ringgold
3647:Porpoise
3537:Furneaux
3373:Shevelev
3328:Begichev
3307:Amundsen
3269:Nagórski
3247:Brusilov
3241:Sv. Anna
3155:Melville
3125:Palander
3081:Tsivolko
3041:Sannikov
3036:Billings
2979:Chirikov
2898:Barentsz
2840:St. Roch
2831:Bartlett
2805:Amundsen
2789:Sverdrup
2689:Resolute
2578:Franklin
2506:Kotzebue
2373:Sverdrup
2356:Scoresby
2330:Lindenov
2181:Plaisted
2166:Nautilus
2111:Shirshov
2085:Belyakov
2080:Baydukov
2054:Nautilus
2016:Amundsen
1976:SS
1935:Sverdrup
1930:Johansen
1900:Brainard
1895:Lockwood
1750:Barentsz
1503:Chukotka
1495:Yakutiya
1071:97-12872
1020:July 18,
962:See also
868:Chukotka
845:Yakutiya
365:Atomflot
322:-class (
204:Kara Sea
117:Arktika-
41:with an
4756:Messner
4703:Hillary
4683:Balchen
4631:Polheim
4625:Wisting
4503:Crozier
4475:Weddell
4453:J. Cook
4423:Kapitsa
4404:Fiennes
4346:Klenova
4315:Hillary
4265:Ketchum
4191:BANZARE
4166:·
4011:Polheim
3977:Shirase
3963:Charcot
3773:Belgica
3692:Crozier
3604:Morrell
3599:Weddell
3577:Lazarev
3522:J. Cook
3476:History
3426:Arktika
3402:Krassin
3387:Voronin
3359:Schmidt
3345:Ushakov
3284:Vaygach
3252:Albanov
3221:Rusanov
3202:Kolchak
3197:Matisen
3171:Makarov
3150:De Long
3051:Wrangel
3031:Lyakhov
2984:Malygin
2942:Dezhnev
2769:Pandora
2740:Advance
2707:Kennedy
2702:Belcher
2695:Kellett
2682:McClure
2606:Beechey
2600:Blossom
2593:Simpson
2561:Crozier
2554:Hoppner
2511:J. Ross
2479:J. Cook
2427:Gilbert
2320:J. Hall
2286:Ingólfr
2276:Naddodd
2270:Vikings
2257:Brendan
2252:Pytheas
2240:Iceland
2194:Arktika
2186:Herbert
2151:Badygin
2121:Krenkel
2106:Papanin
2075:Chkalov
2061:Wilkins
2026:Wisting
1970:F. Cook
1876:Markham
1836:Bessels
1825:Polaris
1816:Polaris
1787:J. Ross
1770:Carolus
1718:History
1587:Rossiya
1573:Arktika
1562:Arktika
1550:Vaygach
1474:Arktika
1454:Rossiya
1402:YouTube
1387:Rosatom
937:Rossiya
922:Ordered
774:Arktika
760:Arktika
735:Arktika
695:Vaygach
684:Arktika
631:Arktika
616:Rossiya
605:Arktika
578:Arktika
562:Arktika
479:Vaygach
449:Arktika
435:Taymyr-
419:Arktika
413:Arktika
361:Rosatom
320:Arktika
304:Arktika
276:Arktika
255:Arktika
247:Arktika
214:to the
187:Arktika
161:Rossiya
149:Arktika
145:Arktika
110:Finland
99:Arktika
90:Arktika
4666:Bowers
4661:Wilson
4620:Hassel
4615:Helmer
4584:Mackay
4574:Mawson
4539:Nimrod
4497:Terror
4482:Erebus
4409:Burton
4204:Rymill
4080:Mawson
4074:Aurora
4053:Lashly
4038:Wilson
3941:Nimrod
3918:Scotia
3725:Murray
3700:Cooper
3687:Terror
3669:Erebus
3638:Wilkes
3589:Palmer
3557:Vostok
3504:Bouvet
3428:-class
3408:Gakkel
3276:Taymyr
3257:Konrad
3226:Kuchin
3164:Yermak
3071:Lavrov
2989:Ovtsyn
2974:Bering
2952:Ivanov
2915:Hudson
2877:Pomors
2854:Cowper
2819:Karluk
2718:Isabel
2712:Bellot
2662:Austin
2630:Terror
2622:Erebus
2518:Griper
2494:Clerke
2454:Baffin
2437:Hudson
2368:Nansen
2281:Garðar
2202:Barneo
2069:ANT-25
2045:Italia
2021:Nobile
1990:Henson
1949:Amedeo
1925:Nansen
1890:Greely
1760:Hudson
1698:Arctic
1543:Taymyr
1532:Taymyr
1359:20 May
1266:
1069:
1061:
710:Taymyr
658:Taymyr
642:Taymyr
522:Status
502:
467:
457:
453:Taymyr
451:- and
439:
430:Taymyr
423:
402:
398:
259:Taymyr
251:Taymyr
235:winter
220:Dikson
206:, the
202:, the
153:Taymyr
151:- and
121:Taymyr
37:is an
29:, 2015
4746:Crary
4693:Dufek
4656:Oates
4646:Scott
4579:David
4560:Adams
4531:Barne
4352:Mirny
4341:Somov
4151:Quest
4048:Crean
4033:Scott
3912:Bruce
3866:Gauss
3859:Gauss
3733:Jason
3720:Nares
3594:Davis
3571:Mirny
3544:Smith
3499:Roché
3419:Lenin
3339:Sadko
3264:Wiese
3209:Sedov
3180:Zarya
3103:Payer
3066:Litke
3061:Anjou
2994:Minin
2957:Vagin
2947:Popov
2920:Poole
2775:Young
2588:Dease
2533:Hecla
2524:Parry
2449:Bylot
2432:Davis
2407:Cabot
2380:Peary
2362:Jason
2349:Egede
2263:Papar
2175:Skate
2156:Wiese
2136:NP-37
2129:NP-36
2009:Norge
1997:Sedov
1985:Peary
1943:Jason
1858:Nares
1852:Alert
1807:Hayes
1775:Parry
1713:Ocean
1626:Lenin
1618:Other
1601:Yamal
1580:Sibir
1564:class
1534:class
1481:Sibir
1385:- on
1281:Lenin
1234:fe".
948:10510
925:22220
902:22220
879:22220
856:22220
833:22220
810:22220
799:Sibir
785:22220
756:10521
731:10521
720:Yamal
706:10580
680:10521
653:10580
627:10521
601:10520
590:Sibir
573:10520
538:Lenin
528:Class
415:class
406:Lenin
393:Lenin
383:class
324:Yamal
316:Yamal
308:Sibir
296:Yamal
228:Pevek
224:Tiksi
92:class
82:Lenin
78:Lenin
73:Lenin
65:Lenin
26:Yamal
4678:Byrd
4599:Fram
4550:Wild
4232:Marr
4198:BGLE
4185:Byrd
4113:Wild
3992:Fram
3794:Cook
3315:AARI
3300:Maud
3187:Toll
3112:Vega
2798:Gjøa
2783:Fram
2746:Kane
2583:Back
2548:Fury
2539:Lyon
2461:Munk
2100:NP-1
2002:Byrd
1919:Fram
1910:Fram
1802:Kane
1488:Ural
1361:2024
1264:ISBN
1067:LCCN
1059:ISBN
1022:2019
822:Ural
766:Ural
326:and
133:Ural
119:and
4375:3rd
4361:2nd
4335:1st
4168:IGY
4164:IPY
2754:Fox
2650:Rae
2216:Mir
2192:NS
1400:on
108:in
4781::
3280:/
1318:.
1301:^
1249:^
1240:.
1152:.
1133:.
1065:.
1040:.
1013:.
549:92
283:.
226:,
222:,
33:A
3757:"
3751:"
3694:)
3690:(
3681:)
3672:(
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
1522:*
1514:*
1506:*
1498:*
1456:*
1430:e
1423:t
1416:v
1363:.
1328:.
1279:"
1242:2
1230:"
1198:.
1177:.
1156:.
1137:.
1087:.
1073:.
1042:2
1024:.
552:—
481:.
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