36:
1132:, where the conception of an X phrase is a phrase that can stand in for X. By 1912, the concept of a noun phrase as being based around a noun can be found, for example, "an adverbial noun phrases is a group of words of which the noun is the base word, that tells the time or place of an action, or how long, how far, or how much". By 1924, the idea of a noun phrase being a noun plus dependents seems to be established. For example, "Note order of words in noun-phrase--noun + adj. + genitive" suggests a more modern conception of noun phrases.
216:
1013:
NP NP | DP DP / \ | | / \ | det N' N' | det NP NP | / \ / \ | | / \ / \ the adj N' adj N' | the adj NP
1024:
house houses | the (null) / / / | \ \ / / big | house houses the big | / / | big
626:
The allowability, form and position of these elements depend on the syntax of the language in question. In
English, determiners, adjectives (and some adjective phrases) and noun modifiers precede the head noun, whereas the heavier units – phrases and clauses – generally follow it. This is part of a
958:. Apart from the minimalist program, however, the DP hypothesis is rejected by most other modern theories of syntax and grammar, in part because these theories lack the relevant functional categories. Dependency grammars, for instance, almost all assume the traditional NP analysis of noun phrases.
1226:
For a dependency grammar analysis of noun phrases similar to the one represented by the trees here, see for instance
Starosta (1988:219ff.). For an example of a relatively "flat" analysis of NP structure like the one produced here, but in a phrase structure grammar, see Culicover and Jackendoff
373:– make no such restriction. Here many single words are judged to be phrases based on a desire for theory-internal consistency. A phrase is deemed to be a word or a combination of words that appears in a set syntactic position, for instance in subject position or object position.
1014:
adj NP | | | | | | | | | big N big N | big N big N | | | | | house houses | house houses
411:
The words in bold are called phrases since they appear in the syntactic positions where multiple-word phrases (i.e. traditional phrases) can appear. This practice takes the constellation to be primitive rather than the words themselves. The word
949:
from its start (since the early 1990s), though the arguments in its favor tend to be theory-internal. By taking the determiner, a function word, to be head over the noun, a structure is established that is analogous to the structure of the
345:
A string of words that can be replaced by a single pronoun without rendering the sentence grammatically unacceptable is a noun phrase. As to whether the string must contain at least two words, see the following section.
1078:
1039:
981:, in contrast, since the basic architecture of dependency places a major limitation on the amount of structure that the theory can assume, produce simple, relatively flat structures for noun phrases.
1199:
For direct examples of approaches that obscure the distinction between nouns and pronouns on the one hand and noun phrases on the other, see for instance
Matthews (1981:160f.) and (Lockwood (2002:3).
932:
In some modern theories of syntax, however, what are called "noun phrases" above are no longer considered to be headed by a noun, but by the determiner (which may be null), and they are thus called
1563:
García
Velasco, Daniel and Jan Rijkhoff (eds.).2008. The Noun Phrase in Functional Discourse Grammar (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 195). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
369:, and in this approach a single word (such as a noun or pronoun) would not be referred to as a phrase. However, many modern schools of syntax – especially those that have been influenced by
1169:
For definitions and discussions of the noun (nominal) phrase that point to the presence of a head noun, see for instance
Crystal (1997:264), Lockwood (2002:3), and Radford (2004: 14, 348).
878:); in this case the phrase may be described as having a "null determiner". (Situations in which this is possible depend on the rules of the language in question; for English, see
938:(DP) instead of noun phrases. (In some accounts that take this approach, the constituent lacking the determiner – that called N-bar above – may be referred to as a noun phrase.)
984:
The representation also depends on whether the noun or the determiner is taken to be the head of the phrase (see the discussion of the DP hypothesis in the previous section).
1110:. In this conception a noun phrase is "the infinitive of the verb" (p. 146), which may appear "in any position in the sentence where a noun may appear". For example,
646:
Noun phrases can take different forms than that described above, for example when the head is a pronoun rather than a noun, or when elements are linked with a
1361:
1067:. The tree shows how the lighter dependents appear as pre-dependents (preceding their head) and the heavier ones as post-dependents (following their head).
432:
are likely to reject this approach to phrases, since they take the words themselves to be primitive. For them, phrases must contain two or more words.
1407:
961:
For illustrations of different analyses of noun phrases depending on whether the DP hypothesis is rejected or accepted, see the next section.
863:
in many contexts, and thus a distinction is made in syntactic analysis between phrases that have received their required determiner (such as
376:
On this understanding of phrases, the nouns and pronouns in bold in the following sentences are noun phrases (as well as nouns or pronouns):
1501:
Rijkhoff, Jan. 2008. Descriptive and discourse-referential modifiers in a layered model of the noun phrase. Linguistics 46–4, 789–829.
1090:
is now depicted as the head of the entire phrase, thus making the phrase a determiner phrase. There is still a noun phrase present (
1581:
874:
The situation is complicated by the fact that in some contexts a noun phrase may nonetheless be used without a determiner (as in
444:
of the phrase) together with zero or more dependents of various types. (These dependents, since they modify a noun, are called
1554:
1522:
1459:
1374:
1141:
1291:
1257:
1151:
1484:
1326:
1031:
The first tree is based on the traditional assumption that nouns, rather than determiners, are the heads of phrases.
79:
57:
262:
Noun phrases can be identified by the possibility of pronoun substitution, as is illustrated in the examples below.
50:
1380:
1576:
1070:
The second tree assumes the DP hypothesis, namely that determiners serve as phrase heads, rather than nouns.
421:
1028:
The following trees represent a more complex phrase. For simplicity, only dependency-based trees are given.
144:
17:
1077:
416:, for instance, functions as a pronoun, but within the sentence it also functions as a noun phrase. The
1533:
1468:
1423:
178:
Some examples of noun phrases are underlined in the sentences below. The head noun appears in bold.
167:
1434:
Lockwood, D. 2002. Syntactic analysis and description: A constructional approach. London: Continuum.
428:) are primary examples of theories that apply this understanding of phrases. Other grammars such as
1007:
977:
grant noun phrases an intricate structure that acknowledges a hierarchy of functional projections.
974:
860:
647:
452:
417:
44:
1514:
1239:
First Work in
English: Grammar and Composition Taught by a Comparative Study of Equivalent Forms
1038:
627:
strong tendency in
English to place heavier constituents to the right, making English more of a
695:
675:
140:
61:
1493:
Stockwell, P. 1977. Foundations of syntactic theory
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
477:
1182:
of another noun phrase; see
Huddleston and Pullum (2002:331) for examples, including the NP
1438:
1217:
For discussion and criticism of the DP analysis of noun phrases, see
Matthews (2007:12ff.).
703:
679:
550:
8:
859:
In some languages, including English, noun phrases are required to be "completed" with a
683:
663:
125:
973:
depends on the basic approach to syntactic structure adopted. The layered trees of many
639:) are more likely to place all modifiers before the head noun. Other languages, such as
1546:
1018:
978:
946:
699:
498:
441:
429:
425:
227:
117:
1550:
1518:
1480:
1455:
1370:
1322:
1107:
934:
819:
687:
632:
604:
132:
1586:
1542:
1510:
879:
691:
636:
494:
136:
1010:
trees, first using the original X-bar theory, then using the current DP approach:
162:
are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance
1471:
2004. English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1398:
1316:
1274:
640:
581:
1402:
1146:
955:
929:
also functions as a noun phrase (in this case without an explicit determiner).
537:
1208:
Concerning how noun phrases function, see for instance Stockwell (1977:55ff.).
1570:
1357:
951:
1021:
trees, first using the traditional NP approach, then using the DP approach:
889:, the two respective types of entity are called noun phrase (NP) and N-bar (
1345:
1124:. This same conception can be found in subsequent grammars, such as 1878's
886:
662:. For more information about the structure of noun phrases in English, see
628:
533:
519:
370:
163:
215:
970:
159:
230:. To test, a single pronoun can replace the whole noun phrase, as in "
1120:
has two underlined infinitives which may be replaced by nouns, as in
568:
544:
1535:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
1242:
121:
113:
682:
that they fulfill are those of the arguments of the main clause
362:. The traditional progression in the size of syntactic units is
1397:
823:
591:
564:
365:
355:
105:
128:, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.
945:. It has been the preferred analysis of noun phrases in the
1276:
Murby's English grammar and analysis, taught simultaneously
941:
This analysis of noun phrases is widely referred to as the
359:
109:
643:, often place even single-word adjectives after the noun.
147:. One NP can be embedded inside another NP; for instance,
1259:
A Tamil Grammar, Designed for Use in Colleges and Schools
867:), and those in which the determiner is lacking (such as
698:. They also function as arguments in such constructs as
1102:
An early conception of the noun phrase can be found in
987:
Below are some possible trees for the two noun phrases
27:
Phrase which grammatically functions the same as a noun
349:
762:is the predicative expression following the copula
124:functions as a noun. Noun phrases are very common
808:is the object argument in the participial phrase
1568:
822:of the main clause predicate, thus taking on an
818:Sometimes a noun phrase can also function as an
220:Those five beautiful shiny Arkansas Black apples
854:
158:In some theories of grammar, noun phrases with
1417:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
1092:old picture of Fred that I found in the drawer
440:A typical noun phrase consists of a noun (the
1454:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1474:
1449:
1445:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1437:
785:is the argument in the prepositional phrase
594:serving as complements to the noun, such as
448:.) The chief types of these dependents are:
1356:
1344:
1094:) but this phrase is below the determiner.
1422:
1515:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237822.001.0001
1363:A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
1272:
1122:justice is more important than generosity
969:The representation of noun phrases using
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1531:
1504:
1415:Huddleston, R. and G. K. Pullum (2002).
536:, in languages which have them, such as
214:
43:This article includes a list of general
1289:
1255:
1236:
964:
14:
1569:
1452:Syntactic relations: A critical survey
1419:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1411:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
669:
631:language. Head-final languages (e.g.
358:is understood to contain two or more
1532:Rijkhoff, Jan (2015). "Word Order".
1369:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
1314:
1178:A noun phrase can even serve as the
1142:Chunking (computational linguistics)
1130:Murby's English grammar and analysis
151:has as a constituent the shorter NP
131:Noun phrases often function as verb
29:
1296:. American Book Company. p. 91
24:
1547:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1
1290:Kimball, Lillian Gertrude (1912).
1262:(in Tamil). Addison & Company.
1152:Nominal group (functional grammar)
913:is a noun phrase. In the sentence
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1598:
350:Status of single words as phrases
173:
1076:
1037:
302:that is present in this sentence
34:
1352:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
1308:
1283:
1582:Grammatical construction types
1266:
1249:
1230:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1172:
1163:
664:English grammar § Phrases
13:
1:
1479:. London: Pinter Publishers.
1338:
1321:. Рипол Классик. p. 45.
435:
422:government and binding theory
1157:
855:With and without determiners
674:Noun phrases typically bear
420:of the Chomskyan tradition (
7:
1237:Murison, Alexander (1875).
1135:
10:
1603:
1430:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1097:
1065:that I found in the drawer
600:the belief that God exists
222:is a noun phrase of which
1315:Gadd, Cyril John (1924).
975:phrase structure grammars
418:phrase structure grammars
1273:Robertson, John (1882).
1051:has the four dependents
897:). Thus in the sentence
686:, particularly those of
678:functions. That is, the
648:coordinating conjunction
149:some of his constituents
143:, and as complements of
1318:A Sumerian Reading-Book
1115:is more important than
775:They are talking about
722:is the subject argument
141:predicative expressions
64:more precise citations.
1505:Rijkhoff, Jan (2002).
1350:The Minimalist Program
1256:Lazarus, John (1878).
844:She has been studying
742:is the object argument
696:predicative expression
478:attributive adjectives
364:word < phrase <
235:
1477:The case for lexicase
1475:Starosta, S. (1988).
1450:Matthews, P. (2007).
1104:First work in English
997:Here is the big house
995:(as in the sentences
899:Here is the big house
835:I read the newspaper.
704:prepositional phrases
617:a desire to sing well
551:prepositional phrases
218:
185:This election-year's
1577:Syntactic categories
1541:. pp. 644–656.
1428:English Word Grammar
965:Tree representations
615:in the noun phrases
577:the man (over) there
126:cross-linguistically
979:Dependency grammars
700:participial phrases
680:syntactic functions
598:in the noun phrase
575:in the noun phrase
555:in the drawing room
526:in the noun phrase
515:sitting on the step
499:participial phrases
430:dependency grammars
335:can be embedded in
321:can be embedded in
120:, and has the same
108:that usually has a
1186:as head of the NP
947:minimalist program
935:determiner phrases
909:are N-bars, while
670:Syntactic function
605:infinitive phrases
426:minimalist program
236:
208:at least one noun
1556:978-0-08-097087-5
1524:978-0-19-823782-2
1461:978-0-521-60829-9
1376:978-1-405-15296-9
1188:both those copies
1108:Alexander Murison
1001:I like big houses
915:I like big houses
876:I like big houses
812:
789:
766:
743:
723:
532:nouns in certain
528:a college student
495:adjective phrases
354:Traditionally, a
298:The subject noun
240:Current economic
190:are annoying for
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1594:
1560:
1540:
1528:
1490:
1465:
1446:
1431:
1412:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1379:. Archived from
1368:
1353:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1245:, Green, and Co.
1234:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1080:
1041:
1008:Phrase-structure
925:are N-bars, but
896:
892:
885:In the original
880:English articles
810:reading the news
803:
798:The man reading
780:
757:
737:
717:
586:which we noticed
582:relative clauses
234:look delicious".
153:his constituents
102:nominal (phrase)
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1538:
1525:
1507:The Noun Phrase
1487:
1462:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1293:English Grammar
1288:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1138:
1126:A Tamil Grammar
1100:
1086:The determiner
1026:
1015:
967:
894:
890:
857:
826:function, e.g.
732:Have you heard
706:. For example:
672:
621:the man to beat
596:that God exists
543:("of the man";
503:extremely large
438:
352:
176:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1529:
1523:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1447:
1435:
1432:
1420:
1413:
1408:Simpler syntax
1395:
1375:
1354:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1282:
1265:
1248:
1229:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1147:Conservativity
1144:
1137:
1134:
1117:to be generous
1099:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1047:The head noun
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1023:
1012:
966:
963:
956:complementizer
856:
853:
852:
851:
850:
849:
839:
838:
837:
836:
816:
815:
814:
813:
802:is very tall.
793:
792:
791:
790:
787:about the news
770:
769:
768:
767:
747:
746:
745:
744:
727:
726:
725:
724:
716:is a concern.
671:
668:
624:
623:
602:
588:
579:
561:
548:
530:
517:
492:
475:
437:
434:
409:
408:
407:
406:
396:
390:
351:
348:
343:
342:
341:
340:
329:
312:
305:
294:
283:
260:
259:
258:
257:
237:
198:
175:
174:Identification
172:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1599:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1486:0-86187-639-3
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:R. Jackendoff
1400:
1399:Culicover, P.
1396:
1386:on 2015-07-24
1382:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1328:9785873153022
1324:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:the big house
985:
982:
980:
976:
972:
962:
959:
957:
953:
952:finite clause
948:
944:
943:DP hypothesis
939:
937:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:the big house
908:
904:
900:
888:
883:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
865:the big house
862:
847:
843:
842:
841:
840:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
827:
825:
821:
811:
807:
801:
797:
796:
795:
794:
788:
784:
778:
774:
773:
772:
771:
765:
761:
755:
751:
750:
749:
748:
741:
735:
731:
730:
729:
728:
721:
715:
711:
710:
709:
708:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
534:oblique cases
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:noun adjuncts
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:hard as nails
504:
500:
496:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
374:
372:
368:
367:
361:
357:
347:
338:
334:
330:
327:
326:
320:
319:
313:
310:
306:
303:
301:
295:
292:
288:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
255:
254:energy prices
252:
250:
244:
243:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
211:
205:
204:
201:Almost every
199:
196:
195:
189:
188:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1534:
1506:
1496:
1476:
1451:
1442:
1439:Matthews, P.
1427:
1416:
1406:
1388:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1362:
1349:
1317:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1292:
1285:
1275:
1268:
1258:
1251:
1241:. Aberdeen:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1184:those copies
1183:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1030:
1027:
1016:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
986:
983:
968:
960:
942:
940:
933:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
887:X-bar theory
884:
875:
873:
868:
864:
858:
845:
832:
817:
809:
805:
799:
786:
782:
776:
763:
759:
753:
739:
733:
719:
713:
673:
659:
655:
651:
645:
629:head-initial
625:
620:
616:
612:
609:to sing well
608:
599:
595:
585:
576:
573:(over) there
572:
558:
554:
540:
527:
523:
514:
511:made of wood
510:
506:
502:
489:
485:
481:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
445:
439:
413:
410:
402:
401:spoke about
398:
392:
386:
382:
375:
371:X-bar theory
363:
353:
344:
336:
332:
324:
322:
317:
315:
308:
299:
297:
290:
286:
278:
276:
271:
269:
261:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
231:
223:
219:
209:
207:
202:
200:
193:
191:
186:
184:
177:
157:
152:
148:
145:prepositions
130:
101:
97:
93:
91:
76:
67:
48:
18:Noun phrases
1469:Radford, A.
1358:Crystal, D.
1346:Chomsky, N.
1300:29 December
1227:(2005:140).
971:parse trees
559:of his aunt
453:determiners
323:other noun
166:(1995) and
160:determiners
122:grammatical
94:noun phrase
62:introducing
1571:Categories
1497:See also:
1424:Hudson, R.
1390:2015-04-28
1339:References
1128:or 1882's
1113:to be just
1019:Dependency
993:big houses
927:big houses
923:big houses
861:determiner
607:, such as
584:, such as
571:, such as
569:adverbials
563:adnominal
553:, such as
541:des Mannes
522:, such as
501:, such as
480:, such as
455:, such as
436:Components
403:corruption
45:references
1158:Footnotes
954:, with a
907:big house
869:big house
846:all night
833:Most days
824:adverbial
684:predicate
486:beautiful
446:adnominal
289:contains
277:two noun
275:contains
206:contains
170:(1990) .
1441:(1981).
1426:(1990).
1405:(2005).
1360:(1997).
1348:(1995).
1136:See also
806:the news
800:the news
783:the news
777:the news
760:the news
754:the news
752:That is
740:the news
734:the news
720:the news
714:the news
676:argument
650:such as
633:Japanese
545:genitive
424:and the
395:is good.
311:is long.
304:is long.
272:sentence
242:weakness
203:sentence
187:politics
133:subjects
70:May 2022
1587:Phrases
1243:Longman
1098:History
1061:of Fred
1049:picture
917:, both
901:, both
820:adjunct
712:For us
688:subject
637:Turkish
613:to beat
592:clauses
565:adverbs
524:college
490:sweeter
387:someone
325:phrases
318:phrases
279:phrases
251:of high
245:may be
226:is the
164:Chomsky
137:objects
116:as its
114:pronoun
104:– is a
58:improve
1553:
1521:
1483:
1458:
1443:Syntax
1373:
1325:
1063:, and
919:houses
692:object
641:French
590:other
538:German
473:Jane's
366:clause
356:phrase
300:phrase
249:result
224:apples
210:phrase
194:people
168:Hudson
106:phrase
47:, but
1539:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1367:(PDF)
903:house
547:form)
482:large
360:words
316:Noun
270:This
192:many
139:, as
96:– or
1551:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1401:and
1371:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1302:2020
1180:head
1025:big
999:and
991:and
921:and
905:and
702:and
694:and
635:and
619:and
611:and
567:and
497:and
469:some
461:this
442:head
399:They
393:Milk
385:saw
337:them
333:They
291:them
232:They
228:head
135:and
118:head
110:noun
1543:doi
1511:doi
1106:by
1088:the
1057:old
1053:the
1017:2.
1006:1.
1003:).
893:, N
882:.)
871:).
660:but
652:and
457:the
331:b.
314:a.
307:b.
296:a.
285:b.
268:a.
112:or
100:or
1573::
1549:.
1517:.
1509:.
1059:,
1055:,
804:–
781:–
779:.
764:is
758:–
756:.
738:–
736:?
718:–
690:,
666:.
658:,
656:or
654:,
557:,
513:,
509:,
505:,
488:,
484:,
471:,
467:,
465:my
463:,
459:,
414:he
383:He
309:It
287:It
247:a
155:.
98:NP
92:A
1559:.
1545::
1527:.
1513::
1489:.
1464:.
1393:.
1331:.
1304:.
1279:.
1190:.
895:′
891:N
848:.
405:.
389:.
339:.
328:.
293:.
282:.
256:.
213:.
197:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
