22:
683:
744:
846:
disadvantages of their citizens in education, health and basic services. It was made worse by general incompetence in Darwin: the public service, non-government sector (including some
Aboriginal organisations) and the dead hand of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) all presided over increasingly horrible conditions in Aboriginal communities.
845:
It was the inevitable outcome of the many failures of policy and the flawed federal-state division of responsibilities for
Aboriginal Australians. It was a product of the failure of Northern Territory governments for a quarter of a century to adequately invest the funds they received to eliminate the
549:
Special
Rapporteur, found the Emergency Response to be racially discriminating and infringe on the human rights of Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory. Anaya acknowledged that emergency action was needed but said that measures like banning alcohol and pornography and quarantining a percentage
334:
Prime
Minister Gillard toured Northern Territory communities in June 2011 and told media "I believe the Intervention has made a difference", citing the provision of meals to children, and better child health and welfare outcomes and a reduction in aggravated assaults, but she said more needed to be
659:
An analysis into the speeches and arguments made by the then Prime
Minister and Minister for Indigenous Affairs found that the rhetoric used justified the government's extensive and contentious Intervention into the remote Indigenous communities. The speech acts implied that the Ministers were the
190:
The policy was initially insulated from criticism because of the sensitive nature of the issue and the fact that the national parliament faced (as, in 2023, it still faces) no constitutional barriers to overruling the
Northern Territory government. This is in clear contrast to the situation with
355:
claims that the total number of people convicted for child sexual assaults in
Intervention communities was 45, compared to 25 people in the 5 years before the Act was implemented though these reports were not made available at the time, leading some to doubt the authenticity of the Department's
182:
in
Australia, in particular the proper extent of federal power into areas of government traditionally managed by the states and territories. It was one of a number of federal interventions enacted in 2007. Other state responsibilities targeted by the Australian Government at the time included
825:
I'm in agreement with the emphasis on grog and policing. I'm in agreement with attaching conditions to welfare payments. But the difference between the proposals that we've put forward to the
Government and the proposals announced by Minister Brough, there is a difference in that we would be
219:
in prescribed
Aboriginal communities. The measures also included increased policing with assistance from other jurisdictions; calling in the army for logistics and surveillance; appointing managers to all government business in designated communities; and improving housing, but establishing
534:, the compulsory acquisition of an unspecified number of prescribed communities (Measure 5) and the partial abolition of the permit system (Measure 10). These have been interpreted as undermining important principles and parameters established as part of the legal recognition of indigenous
849:
The combined effect of the righteous media campaign for action and the Emergency Intervention has been a metaphorical dagger, sunk deep into the heart of the powerful, wrong-headed Aboriginal male ideology that has prevailed in Indigenous affairs policies and practices for decades.
878:
I am for the Intervention because I've seen progress. I've seen women who now have voices. They can speak for themselves and they are standing up for their rights. Children are being fed and young people more or less know how to manage their lives. That's what's happened since the
249:
in the Northern territory be designated as an issue of urgent national significance by both the Australian and Northern Territory Governments". However, only two of 97 recommendations in the report were implemented. The Emergency Response was criticised, but it also received
865:
What is detrimental about the protecting of children, the protecting of women against sexual assault, physical assault? When Aboriginal women or Indigenous women I should say, are being raped then we need to have policies in place that deal with the rape of those
1299:
505:
said that, despite the likelihood of under-reporting, the 2005–2006 ABS statistics for confirmed child abuse did not appear to support the "allegations of endemic child abuse in NT remote communities that was the rationale for the NTER".
2056:
838:
There is a cynical view afoot that the Intervention was a political ploy – to grab land, support mining companies and kick black heads, dressed up as concern for children. Conspiracy theories abounded; most were ridiculous.
174:
report. The second was the failure to sufficiently detail the links between the Intervention and the measures combating child sexual abuse. The third was the failure to recognise Aboriginal agency and need for consultation.
565:
More generally, a lack of consultation with Aboriginal community leaders is often cited by critics of the response, alongside the fact that the action addresses very few of the specific recommendations contained in the
167:
opposition and some Aboriginal leaders. Analysis of the political arguments in support of the Intervention identified three key factors which allowed easy passage of ensuing legislation. The first was the use of the
826:
concerned that those people who are acting responsibly in relation to the payments they receive, should continue to exercise their freedoms and their decisions, we should only target cases of responsibility failure.
414:
and therefore exempt from Part II of the Act. While the main elements of the Intervention were otherwise kept in place, this exemption from provisions of the Racial Discrimination Act was brought to an end in 2010.
620:
An inter-governmental summit on violence and child abuse was held in 2006. This pointed to the cost and blame shifting that characterised federal-territory and state relations, but no further action was
664:
and coercive in nature. The rhetoric implied that the communities were helpless and incapable of responding to their own issues. By doing so, the Ministers justified ignoring the recommendations of the
352:
660:
heroes of the situation. However, it has since been documented by several sources that some of the verifying sources that instigated the events of the Intervention were fabricated by then-minister
853:
My hope is that, as the evidence mounts of the need for a radical new approach, the shibboleths of the old Left – who need perpetual victims for their analysis to work – will also be dismantled.
331:, which would cover such areas as police numbers and school attendance in an effort to address what he described as a "failed state" situation developing in areas of the Northern Territory.
1134:
2190:
Submission of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee on the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Legislation
1404:
Submission of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee on the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Legislation
237:, the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, on 30 April 2007. The report, the result of the Board of Inquiry into the Protection of Aboriginal Children from Sexual Abuse chaired by
112:
in 2008 said that statistics for confirmed child abuse did not appear to support the "allegations of endemic child abuse in NT remote communities that was the rationale for the NTER".
2206:
1645:
191:
Australia's state governments, all of which have constitutionally preserved areas of legislative power, against which the federal government is largely powerless to intervene.
474:
Quarantining of a proportion of welfare benefits to all recipients in the designated communities and of all benefits of those who are judged to have neglected their children
1454:
215:, which included discriminatory changes to welfare, compulsory health checks for all Aboriginal children, the acquisition of Aboriginal townships, and banning alcohol and
2293:
597:
criticised the UN for not sending a female reporter and said that Anaya had been led around by opponents of the intervention to meet with opponents of the intervention.
2064:
900:
reported that the income management scheme introduced as part of the Response was found to have a negative impact on children, with reduced school attendance and lower
834:
rejected arguments that the Intervention had been a "political ploy" and argued that the policy in fact marked the death of a "wrong-headed male Aboriginal ideology":
207:(and chief architect of the Act) on 21 June 2007. The media release served as ministerial regulation to implement a taskforce of eminent Australians, led by Magistrate
2003:
1416:
1357:"Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Act 2007"
650:
Firstly, they said there's been an intervention and it started off badly without them being consulted, and secondly, there is insufficient respect for their land,
308:. In February 2011, former Howard government minister Brough argued the Intervention had become stagnant and it would not be workable unless it was revitalised.
384:
Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Act 2007
459:
1828:
1618:
344:
129:
1174:
494:
and by several Aboriginal leaders and community spokespeople. The plan was also given strong support by other community groups and Aboriginal leaders.
2219:
2029:
1718:
Lovell, Melissa (3 September 2014), "Languages of neoliberal critique: The production of coercive government in the Northern Territory intervention",
1898:
1872:
1955:
1700:
2133:
2079:
1928:
1704:
1522:
554:
605:
The Intervention in the Northern Territory came under fire by a variety of groups. Claims made by critics of the Intervention are as follows:
75:
The Intervention was brought about by the enactment of the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007 and several associated new
491:
101:
1237:(Government Report). Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Service, and Indigenous Affairs. June 2012. p. 25
652:
she said. The delegation said Aboriginal people were under pressure from the Gillard government to sign leases over land they already own.
2174:
1797:"Rhetoric, Aboriginal Australians and the Northern Territory Intervention: A Socio-legal Investigation into Pre-legislative Argumentation"
991:"Rhetoric, Aboriginal Australians and the Northern Territory Intervention: A Socio-legal Investigation into Pre-legislative Argumentation"
557:(ANTaR) have argued that breaching the Racial Discrimination Act is not necessary in order to protect the children in the affected areas.
2303:
2210:
1478:
490:
Though the plan achieved broad bi-partisan support in the Parliament, it was criticised by the Northern Territory Labor government, the
2110:
1227:
1598:
693:
478:
2250:
969:
1981:
2283:
1547:
1461:
801:, offered support, criticising aspects of the response while believing it to be necessary and worthwhile. The Aboriginal leader
805:
initially supported the response, but by 2010 had lost faith in it. Following the announcement of the Intervention plan by the
468:
Removal of customary law and cultural practice considerations from bail applications and sentencing within criminal proceedings
2288:
1572:
637:
514:
The use of sexual abuse as the catalyst for the Intervention has been subject to debate. One view is that sexual abuse is a
211:, chair of the National Indigenous Council. The role of the Taskforce was to oversee a list of at least 12 measures in the
159:
64:(NT) of Australia, which lasted from 2007 until 2012. The measures included restrictions on the consumption of alcohol and
1653:
706:
204:
761:
701:
2298:
1304:
589:
queried whether Anaya had adequately consulted with people who had lived through the Intervention; Indigenous activist
498:
109:
93:
report published in June 2007, being the findings of an inquiry into child sexual abuse in the NT commissioned by the
1737:
1676:
1256:
889:
725:
304:. The first amendment in 2010 introduced by Jenny MacKlin, Indigenous Affairs Minister, ended the suspension of the
154:
142:
1417:"A statistical overview of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia: Social Justice Report 2008"
2131:
270:
116:
754:
530:
410:
1622:
223:
According to Brough's media release, the implementation of the Taskforce reflected the government response to
2187:
1399:
324:
94:
72:, and changes to the delivery and management of education, employment and health services in the Territory.
2228:
2033:
1752:
Evans, Brendon W. (24 May 2012). "Northern Territory Emergency Response: Criticism, support and redesign".
1836:
1902:
1876:
550:
of welfare income for the purchase of essential goods represented a limitation on "individual autonomy".
262:
335:
done in the provision of housing, and listening to Indigenous voices as input to shaping future policy.
2308:
2132:
School of Economics at the University of Sydney; tMenzies School of Health Research (8 December 2017).
1873:"The Australian: Noel Pearson: Politics aside, an end to the tears is our priority [ 23jun07 ]"
1270:
1031:"Northern Territory v GPAO [1999] HCA 8; 196 CLR 553; 161 ALR 318; 73 ALJR 470 (11 March 1999)"
932:
924:
893:
229:
170:
89:
348:. The 2012 Act remains in force as of December 2020 and retains many of the measures of the 2007 Act.
641:
100:
The measures proved controversial, being criticised by the Northern Territory Labor government, the
913:
628:
expressed concern over the suspension of the Racial Discrimination Act, writing to Prime Minister
943:
528:
The measures of the response which have attracted most criticism comprise the exemption from the
2238:
1109:
84:
2262:
The Northern Territory Emergency Response: Why Australia Will Not Recover from The Intervention
2180:
1500:
870:
In 2011, after more than three years of the Intervention, Central Australian Indigenous leader
644:
in May 2011. The delegation stated that the situation had deteriorated under the Intervention.
316:
164:
57:
1086:
1486:
632:
in March 2009 following a complaint made to the UN by a collective of Aboriginal communities.
585:, saying that her duty to protect the rights of children was paramount. Opposition Spokesman
578:
455:
432:
281:
146:
105:
80:
2118:
2140:
1850:
1604:
918:
897:
184:
69:
2261:
2159:
1851:"Lateline – 26/06/2007: Noel Pearson discusses the issues faced by Indigenous communities"
1523:"Indigenous Rights: Request for Urgent Action on NT Intervention from UN CERD (Sept 2009)"
1228:"Closing the Gap in the Northern Territory Monitoring Report January – June 2012 Part One"
8:
2267:
2256:
1030:
948:
938:
810:
802:
975:
163:
wrote that the policy was poll-driven, although it gained the broad support of the Rudd
1989:
1694:
990:
818:
297:
274:
246:
212:
124:
120:
76:
61:
30:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1733:
1682:
1672:
1555:
1308:
1250:
1201:
1152:
1012:
806:
574:
454:
Compulsory acquisition of townships currently held under the title provisions of the
242:
1356:
1330:
1060:
398:
Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Act (No. 2) 2007–2008
391:
Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Act (No. 1) 2007–2008
1808:
1761:
1723:
1619:"UN 'concerned' over suspension of Racial Discrimination Act | the Australian"
1331:"Social Security and Other Legislation Amendment (Welfare Payment Reform) Act 2007"
1179:
1002:
319:
over a bipartisan Federal Government intervention in Northern Territory towns like
1580:
377:
Social Security and Other Legislation Amendment (Welfare Payment Reform) Act 2007
178:
As well, the Intervention came at a time of increasing debate over the future of
1107:
408:
stated that the provisions of it are classified as "special measures" under the
342:
was repealed on 16 July 2012 by the Gillard government who replaced it with the
2106:
2084:
1933:
858:
831:
794:
625:
590:
546:
1669:
Coercive reconciliation : stabilise, normalise, exit aboriginal Australia
1548:"PM – UN's claims of 'racist' NT intervention are widely condemned 28/08/2009"
2277:
2244:
2221:
The 'National Emergency' and Land Rights Reform: Separating fact from fiction
1899:"The Australian: Get parents who shield abusers: Pearson [ 26jun07 ]"
1773:
1728:
1686:
1600:
Re-imagining the Australian state: political structures and policy strategies
1016:
582:
328:
320:
293:
87:
in August 2007. The justification given for introducing the measures was the
26:
1813:
1796:
1007:
593:
said the report should be "binned" and Central Australian Aboriginal leader
518:
for other purposes such as regaining government control over disputed land.
471:
Suspension of the permit system controlling access to Aboriginal communities
1781:
901:
814:
790:
614:
515:
234:
16:
Australian government intervention within indigenous Australian communities
353:
Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs
351:
In the five years the legislation was in place before being repealed, the
21:
586:
542:
535:
448:
312:
265:, received Royal Assent on 17 August 2007, and amended in September. The
216:
150:
65:
25:
Alcohol and Pornography Ban Warning sign at an Aboriginal community near
2245:
Coercive reconciliation; stabilise, normalise, exit Aboriginal Australia
1988:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 September 2007. Archived from
1455:"Observations on the Northern Territory Emergency Response in Australia"
842:
Those who did not see the Intervention coming were deluding themselves.
2239:
Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007 (No. 129, 2007)
2202:
1924:
1485:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 February 2010. Archived from
871:
798:
661:
629:
594:
289:
251:
208:
200:
179:
2196:
1382:
1110:"National emergency response to protect Aboriginal children in the NT"
1087:"National emergency response to protect Aboriginal children in the NT"
1554:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 August 2009. Archived from
570:
Report, while introducing many measures not suggested in the Report.
435:
in August 2007. The nine measures contained therein were as follows:
1579:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 April 2011. Archived from
1153:"AM – Abbott calls for new intervention in Alice Springs 21/03/2011"
1835:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 June 2007. Archived from
636:
A delegation of Northern Territory Aboriginal leaders met with the
238:
2207:"Parliament Supports Vital Reforms to Protect Aboriginal Children"
68:(including complete bans on both at some communities), changes to
2179:, Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation, archived from
2134:"Children negatively impacted by early intervention restrictions"
1440:
Culture Crisis: Anthropology and Politics in Aboriginal Australia
1108:
Rex Stephen Leslie Wild QC and Patricia Anderson (21 June 2007).
458:
through five-year leases with compensation on a basis other than
1135:"NT intervention stagnant, just another failed plan: Mal Brough"
857:
Aboriginal leader and former Australian Labor Party president,
2004:"Paternal feelings help thrash out pact for nation – National"
56:) was a package of measures enforced by legislation affecting
1801:
International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy
995:
International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy
577:, Anaya's Report was widely condemned in Australia, with the
861:
spoke against critics of the Intervention in 2010, saying:
443:
141:
The Intervention was introduced during the lead-up to the
1061:"Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007"
769:
2160:"Governing Crime in the Northern Territory Intervention"
1956:"Top leader now backs Territory intervention – National"
765:
573:
While finding some support among organisations like the
465:
Commonwealth funding for provision of community services
439:
Deployment of additional police to affected communities.
79:, along with a raft of changes to existing laws, by the
1058:
462:. (The number of settlements involved remains unclear.)
429:
Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007
370:
Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007
259:
Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007
2209:(Press release). Australian Government. Archived from
1080:
1078:
2117:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
2057:"Whose coup? Canberra and clan both celebrate a deal"
1202:"Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Act 2012"
1084:
2257:
Intervention guide at the Northern Territory Library
1982:"Indigenous leader signs 99-year land lease to Govt"
1592:
1590:
1155:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 March 1989
789:
Some Aboriginal commentators and activists, such as
1853:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 June 2007
1235:
Australian Government Department of Social Services
1075:
617:, but was suppressed until 2001 and not acted upon.
345:
Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Act 2012
130:
Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Act 2012
83:. The legislation was introduced and passed by the
2294:Law enforcement in Australia by state or territory
123:governments, finally repealed in July 2012 by the
1667:Melinda., Altman, Jon C., 1954– Hinkson (2009) .
1587:
1503:. Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation
427:package came into effect with the passage of the
115:The Act was amended four times by the successive
2275:
2188:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission,
1829:"Pearson fears for Indigenous parents' freedom"
1479:"UN rapporteur raps NT intervention 24/02/2010"
555:Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation
199:The Intervention began with a media release by
1300:"What is the Northern Territory Intervention?"
830:Writing in February 2008, Aboriginal academic
38:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1567:
1565:
1542:
1540:
1400:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
1271:"Factbox: The 'Stronger Futures' legislation"
764:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
710:that contextualizes different points of view.
696:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
646:There is greater discrimination against them,
492:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
102:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
2030:"The challenge begins | the Australian"
1699:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1383:"Australia restores race discrimination act"
521:
194:
284:took office in 2007, and twice amended the
261:, introduced under Howard's fourth term as
1703:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1562:
1537:
1419:. Australian Human Rights Commission. 2008
1059:Government of Australia (17 August 2007).
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
2197:(Stop the Intervention Collective Sydney)
1812:
1727:
1294:
1292:
1006:
726:Learn how and when to remove this message
479:Community Development Employment Projects
269:was amended four times by the successive
157:, was defeated. Paul Toohey, writing for
2111:"Trapped in the Aboriginal reality show"
2077:
2054:
1720:Studies in Australian Political Rhetoric
1666:
1194:
20:
2251:Coercive reconciliation; public lecture
2105:
2080:"Yunupingu Loses Faith in Intervention"
1643:
1363:. Australian Government. 17 August 2007
1337:. Australian Government. 17 August 2007
1045:
888:In 2017, a study by researchers at the
220:market-based rents for public housing.
2276:
2217:
2201:
1794:
1717:
1437:
1289:
1175:"Gillard says NT intervention working"
1085:The Hon Mal Brough MP (21 June 2007).
988:
967:
485:
133:, which retains many of the measures.
1923:
1751:
1596:
1573:"Defence, Discrimination and Regrets"
1452:
1208:. Australian Government. 5 March 2016
638:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
386:(still in force as of December 2020);
379:(still in force as of December 2020);
54:Northern Territory Emergency Response
2078:Robinson, Natasha (12 August 2009).
737:
676:
451:filters on publicly funded computers
136:
2157:
896:and the School of Economics at the
183:seaports, workplace relations, the
127:, which later replaced it with the
13:
2304:Politics of the Northern Territory
2151:
2055:Chandler, Jo (21 September 2007).
1929:"Against Change For Wrong Reasons"
1754:Australian Journal of Rural Health
1646:"Intervention facing UN criticism"
1305:Castan Centre for Human Rights Law
611:Violence in Indigenous Communities
499:Australian Human Rights Commission
288:in 2008. The Labor Party replaced
245:, recommended "...that Aboriginal
110:Australian Human Rights Commission
14:
2320:
2227:, Oxfam Australia, archived from
1063:. Federal Register of Legislation
989:Roffee, James A. (1 March 2016).
890:Menzies School of Health Research
311:In April 2011, Opposition Leader
48:, and sometimes the abbreviation
1766:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2012.01265.x
1644:Murdoch, Lindsay (23 May 2011).
742:
681:
581:'s Indigenous Affairs Minister,
442:New restrictions on alcohol and
300:also made two amendments to the
2125:
2099:
2071:
2048:
2022:
1996:
1974:
1948:
1917:
1891:
1865:
1843:
1821:
1788:
1745:
1711:
1660:
1637:
1611:
1515:
1493:
1471:
1446:
1431:
1409:
1393:
1375:
1361:Federal Register of Legislation
1349:
1335:Federal Register of Legislation
1323:
1263:
1220:
1206:Federal Register of Legislation
560:
225:Ampe Akelyernemane Meke Mekarle
205:Minister for Indigenous Affairs
81:federal government of Australia
46:Northern Territory Intervention
2284:Indigenous Australian politics
1453:Anaya, James (February 2010).
1167:
1145:
1127:
1101:
1023:
982:
961:
648:Ms Pillay said they told her.
531:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
411:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
359:
306:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
1:
2247:(North Carlton: Arena, 2007).
2243:Altman, Jon C., & others
2218:Altman, Jon (7 August 2007),
1255:: CS1 maint: date and year (
954:
654:They see that as a land grab,
95:Northern Territory Government
2289:Aboriginal Australian health
2270:by Phillip Gijindarraji Hall
968:Toohey, Paul (2 July 2007),
600:
7:
1652:. Melbourne. Archived from
907:
418:
404:Notably, Clause 132 of the
315:proposed consultation with
263:Prime Minister of Australia
185:Murray-Darling river system
10:
2325:
2268:My Intervention (in Cowdy)
925:Little Children Are Sacred
672:
667:Little Children are Sacred
568:Little Children are Sacred
509:
503:Social Justice Report 2008
230:Little Children are Sacred
171:Little Children are Sacred
90:Little Children are Sacred
2299:Human rights in Australia
1795:Roffee, James A. (2016).
1525:. Human Rights Law Centre
883:
817:offered support, telling
642:Charles Darwin University
609:In 1999, a report titled
523:Racial Discrimination Act
195:The Intervention timeline
108:leaders. A report by the
1729:10.22459/sapr.09.2014.11
914:Breaking the silence NSW
762:summarize the quotations
1814:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.285
1115:. Australian Government
1089:. Australian Government
1008:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.285
944:Stronger Futures Policy
254:parliamentary support.
2264:by Ali Cobby Eckermann
2253:, ANU, 9 October 2007.
1671:. Arena Publications.
881:
868:
855:
828:
553:Organisations such as
364:Legislation included:
187:and public hospitals.
58:Indigenous Australians
33:
2213:on 27 September 2007.
1992:on 10 September 2016.
876:
874:told ABC television:
863:
836:
823:
704:by rewriting it in a
477:The abolition of the
456:Native Title Act 1993
433:Australian Parliament
143:2007 federal election
24:
2141:University of Sydney
1656:on 24 November 2011.
1438:Altman, Jon (2010).
919:Emergency management
898:University of Sydney
2109:(8 February 2008).
2067:on 23 October 2012.
2010:. 20 September 2007
1962:. 19 September 2007
1597:Marsh, Ian (2008),
1558:on 28 January 2016.
1489:on 28 January 2016.
1141:. 26 February 2011.
978:on 6 September 2007
949:Sustainable tourism
939:Outstation movement
803:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
755:too many quotations
613:was prepared by Dr
486:Reaction and debate
2205:(17 August 2007).
1927:(27 August 2009).
971:Hard law hard love
819:ABC Radio National
813:Indigenous leader
640:, Navi Pillay, at
298:Gillard government
247:child sexual abuse
233:report, handed to
213:Northern Territory
149:government led by
125:Gillard government
77:Acts of Parliament
62:Northern Territory
34:
31:Northern Territory
2309:Howard government
2183:on 5 January 2009
2158:Anthony, Thalia.
2036:on 9 October 2007
1501:"NT Intervention"
1467:on 20 April 2013.
1406:, 10 August 2007.
1309:Monash University
821:on 22 June 2007:
807:Howard government
787:
786:
736:
735:
728:
690:This article may
575:Australian Greens
317:Indigenous people
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536:land rights
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360:Legislation
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955:References
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