Northern Expedition

1367: 1277:, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south of Wuchang. Wu Peifu, who had returned south to mount a defence of Wuchang, gathered his forces at Heshengqiao Bridge. On 29 August, he launched a counterattack against KMT forces to the south, compromising his defensive line, and by noon the next day, his forces were in general retreat toward Wuchang. In this short period of time, Wu lost 8,000 troops. At least 5,000 of these were taken prisoner, along with their rifles, providing a boost to KMT forces. By 2 September, the NRA had nearly surrounded Wuchang. Whilst Wu and most of his army fled north to Henan province, his remaining troops in the walled city held out for over a month. His failure in the face of the NRA, however, left his hold on power and reputation broken. What remained of his army would disintegrate in the following months. 6248: 1552:, the official liaison between the KMT and the Soviet government in Moscow, had spent years cultivating this alliance, while covertly encouraging CCP expansion. This Soviet-backed leftist wing of the KMT came to dominate the nationalist government in Wuhan, which increasingly directed its ire at NRA commander-in-chief Chiang Kai-shek. On 1 April, the Wuhan government, advised by Borodin, issued edicts stripping Chiang of his authority in foreign affairs, financial matters, and communications, and ordered that he leave his command post in Shanghai and go to the front. These orders had no effect, as Wuhan had almost no military authority. The government intended to send a small force to Nanjing with the aim of "disarming" Chiang, but put that plan on hold following 1513:. NRA forces that had already been operating north of the Yangtze continued into northern Jiangsu province. Their advance, however, was hampered by the administrative chaos that followed the Nanjing Incident. Tensions between the leftists in Wuhan and rightists in Nanjing would come to a head, bringing the Northern Expedition to a halt. Meanwhile, in the aftermath of the Shanghai–Nanjing offensive, the aid of the Fengtian armies prevented Sun Chuanfang's army from collapsing completely, and they eventually managed to regroup and strengthen their forces for the next phase of the conflict. Launching a counteroffensive on 3 April, the NPA had been able to force the NRA back more than 161 kilometres (100 mi) to the Yangtze by 11 April. 1327:, one of Sun's subordinates, defected to the KMT government in Guangzhou. Zhejiang inhabitants had become increasingly dissatisfied with the rule of Sun, who was foreign to the province, and on 16 October, Xia declared its independence. Chiang Kai-shek, a native of Zhejiang, was able to convince Xia to side with the KMT. Following his defection, Xia launched an attack on Sun-controlled Shanghai, but was almost immediately forced to withdraw back to Zhejiang; Sun had detected Xia's plans days earlier. Sun's forces subsequently marched on Zhejiang, crushing the rebellion by 23 October. Xia was executed, along with hundreds of his troops, while thousands of civilians were massacred at Xia's former headquarters. 1911:, gateway to Beijing. On 17 May, however, the forces of Zhang Zuolin launched a 200,000-man counter-offensive, forcing the First Army back and the Second Army 48 kilometres (30 mi) south of Baoding. As fighting grew closer to Beijing, the Japanese sent a communique to both the NRA and Zhang, warning that any fighting in Manchuria would result in a Japanese intervention in that region. Zhang, weary of KMT propaganda that linked him with the Japanese massacre at Jinan, responded that he would "not recognize Japan's interest in Manchuria", compromising his position. With his troops demoralised, the momentum of the NPA counter-offensive fizzled out by 25 May, and the Third Army was able to capture 1955:, and invaded Manchuria. After six days of fighting, however, the defiant warlord army was trapped by KMT and Zhang Xueliang-aligned forces; many of Zhang Zongchang's troops (including the White Russian mercenaries) defected or deserted, and those who refused to surrender were killed. Chinese Nationalist forces captured an armoured train of Russian mercenaries serving Zhang Zongchang and brutalized the Russian prisoners by piercing their noses with rope and marching them in public through the streets in Shandong in 1928, described as "stout rope pierced through their noses". Zhang Xueliang officially declared his allegiance to the nationalist government in Nanjing on 29 1994:

part of the NRA. Chiang desired to reduce the size of the army by half, so as to free up government monies for domestic development. The lack of unity in the new administration quickly became apparent, and on 14 July, Feng Yuxiang left Beijing. A general meeting of the KMT was held in Nanjing from 8–14 August. At this meeting, also attended by non-KMT members Feng and Yan Xishan, the primary topic of discussion was that of centralisation. Chiang desired to take the power that had been executed through various provincial entities and concentrate it in the central government, in an effort to curtail the provincialist tendencies of the warlord era. Minister of Finance

1571:". In the south, Nationalist supporters were massacred by the hands of Communists in retaliation; both events effectively ended the alliance between the nationalists and the Communists and the First United Front. Though, the ensuing White Terror devastated the Communists, and only 10,000 out of 60,000 party members survived. The purge was condemned by Wang Jingwei, now leader of the Wuhan government, formalising the split between the KMT leftists based in Wuhan and the KMT rightists, who subsequently established their own government in Nanjing. The precariousness of the NRA position in Nanjing was clear: at ceremonies held to commemorate the city's elevation to 832:, which began on 18 June, and proved a fertile recruiting ground for the CCP. Concerns about the rising power of the leftist faction, and the effect of the strike on the Guangzhou government's ability to raise funds, which was largely dependent on foreign trade, led to increasing tensions within the United Front. Amidst this backdrop, Chiang, who had been vying for the position of KMT leader, began to consolidate power in preparation for an expedition against the northern warlords. On 20 March 1926, he launched a bloodless purge of hardline communists who were opposed to the proposed expedition from the Guangzhou administration and its military, known as the 484: 473: 462: 451: 209: 1167: 248: 1891: 1398:

Fujian, many of Sun's troops had already defected to the NRA, and on 9 December, He Yingqin's army entered Fuzhou unopposed. On 11 December, Zhejiang commander Zhou Fengqi announced his defection to the NRA. This started a cascade of defections, leading to Zhejiang's secession from Sun's "United Provinces", after which it was given autonomous status by the Guangzhou government. In response, Sun rallied his army on the Zhejiang border, with the NPA protecting his rear, and charged into Zhejiang, retaking most of the province. By 10 January, the majority of the Zhejiang rebel forces had retreated to

6296: 570: 559: 548: 537: 526: 515: 496: 271: 6239: 440: 429: 418: 407: 396: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 184: 310: 6283: 196: 1303: 1475:, just outside the city, but on 22 March, Bai's forces marched into Shanghai victorious. The Fengtian support operation had proven to be a "costly operational disaster" for the northern warlords, whose armies had suffered heavy casualties, forcing them to retreat north across the Yangtze. Meanwhile, the strike continued until 24 March, when Bai ordered its end. The general disorder caused by the strike is said to have resulted in the deaths of 322 people, with 2,000 wounded, contributing to KMT feelings of unease with its wayward communist allies. 158: 1556:'s return from exile in Europe. Wang, who had travelled back to China at the urging of members of the government, was greeted in Shanghai by Chiang, who offered a power-sharing deal. Wang said that he would consider the deal, and boarded a ship for Wuhan on 7 April. He arrived on the 10th, where he was eagerly greeted by the Wuhan leadership. Having heard from Wang about Chiang's offer, the government decided to turn its limited forces toward Beijing instead. Chiang, on the other hand, was already preparing for a purge of communists in Shanghai. 6264: 6188: 1735: 1860:. This strategy was successful, and by 29 April, the NRA had nearly encircled Jinan. The beleaguered NPA retreated to the north bank of the Yellow River, amidst looting and outbreaks of violence. At this point, there were already 3,000 Japanese troops in Jinan, guarding the 2,000 Japanese civilians in the city. On the next day, NRA troops entered Jinan. Chiang Kai-shek arrived on 2 May, and attempted to negotiate a Japanese withdrawal from Jinan, issuing safety guarantees for Japanese civilians to local Kwantung Army commander 6219: 6201: 6178: 1610: 1982: 1226: 2043:, who had defected to the nationalists during the Northern Expedition. While the rebellion was put down swiftly, it demonstrated the Nanjing government's shaky hold on China's vast territory. As Chiang attempted to cut back the military and centralise the power of the nationalist government in Nanjing, the regional warlords, with their military forces largely intact, began to renounce their allegiance to Chiang and form an alliance against the KMT. This struggle for supremacy broke into armed conflict in the 57: 5669: 1197:, a breakaway Zhili faction sympathetic to the KMT. Sun Chuanfang, who the KMT had avoided antagonising, did not intervene as KMT troops advanced further into Wu's territory. Whilst the Fengtian clique had offered its support to Wu, he refused their aid, fearing that the northern warlords would undermine his position if he allowed their troops into his territory. At a military conference held in Changsha on 11–12 August, the KMT decided to launch a direct assault on Wu's stronghold of 6168: 4957: 6230: 1242: 1687:, which weakened its authority. In the meantime, however, the NPA counter-offensive continued, reaching Bengbu on 9 August, and forcing Chiang to withdraw his troops south of the Yangtze. In return for his co-operation, Wang Jingwei demanded that Chiang resign from his post of commander-in-chief, and relinquish all political titles. Accordingly, Chiang resigned from his post on 12 August, though this did not immediately reunify the Wuhan and Nanjing factions. 1502:, which was formed from a merger of Wuchang and two other nearby cities. The Wuhan administration gradually drifted away from Chiang, becoming a centre of leftist, Soviet-backed power within the KMT and constraining his authority. Communist-led trade unions staged near-constant demonstrations in Wuhan itself, and across the nominally KMT-controlled territories, establishing parallel structures of administration in areas liberated by the NRA. 1471:'s central NRA advanced toward Nanjing through Anhui province, its path opened by the defection of Sun's forces there. The remnants of Sun's forces, supported by the Shandong Army, were forced to withdraw to Shanghai proper in the face of Bai's army. He's forces quickly severed the railway link with Shanghai, while Sun was confronted with the defection of his navy, and a communist general strike in Shanghai. Intense fighting took place at 1541: 259: 4945: 283: 4902: 1845:. According to an American account of Sun's retreat, the "great majority of the troops in this retreat literally walked the soles off their shoes, and this, combined with the scarcity of food and total lack of shelter left the vast horde without any idea of further resistance". The Japanese, meanwhile, having heard of Sun's defeat, began to move Kwantung Army troops by train from Qingdao to Jinan. 1809:, the Third of Yan's Shanxi forces, and the Fourth of Li Zongren's Guangxi clique army. By this point, the NRA was made up of one million soldiers, most of them part of ex-warlord armies. Preparing for a resumption of the expedition in March, Chiang ordered his foreign ministry to negotiate with the Japanese, in order to try to prevent their further intervention in Shandong. 745: 836:. At the same time, Chiang made conciliatory moves toward the Soviet Union, and attempted to balance the need for Soviet and CCP assistance in the fight against the warlords with his concerns about growing communist influence within the KMT. In the aftermath of the coup, Chiang negotiated a compromise whereby hardline members of the rightist faction, such as 1721:

parties were dispatched to cross the Yangtze at Longtan, near Nanjing. In the early morning of 26 August, thousands of Sun's troops crossed the river, rallying at the Longtan station of the Shanghai–Nanjing railway. Li Zongren's NRA Seventh Army managed to drive the NPA away from the railway briefly, but thousands more of Sun's troops, including

1217:"The importance of this fight is not only in that it will decide the fate of the warlords. But, whether or not the Chinese nation and race can restore their freedom and independence hangs in the balance. In other words, it is a struggle between the nation and the warlords, between the revolution and the anti-revolutionaries, between the 1731:

desperate attempt at resistance, Sun rallied his 40,000 remaining troops and launched a counter-offensive on 31 August, only to be crushed in a hard-fought battle that left more than 10,000 of those troops dead. While Sun was able to escape to Shandong, his surviving troops were forced to surrender to the NRA.

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As the two sides attempted to reconcile their political differences, Sun Chuanfang's forces continued to bombard Nanjing from across the Yangtze. Sensing the NRA's continual disarray, Sun moved to try and recapture Shanghai, contrary to the wishes of NPA leader Zhang Zuolin. On 25 August, NPA landing

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with the aim of seeking aid from the powerful Fengtian clique. Shandong warlord Zhang Zongchang and Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin offered assistance, agreeing that it was necessary to contain the NRA, though they demanded payment in return for their help. As the NRA offensive carved its way through

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on the next. With pressure growing on his vital railway links, Zhang gradually began to withdraw his troops from the North China Plain on 30 May. In the face of the NRA onslaught, and under pressure from the Japanese, Zhang decided to evacuate to Manchuria by train, leaving with his staff on 3 June.

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Expeditionary Forces", whilst He Yingqin was made NRA chief-of-staff. The NRA was reorganised into four "collective armies". The First Collective Army was made up largely of the original NRA forces from Guangzhou, now based in the Nanjing–Shanghai area. The Second Collective Army consisted of Feng's

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At Wuhan, Tang Shengzhi began to mobilise his troops for an attack on the Nanjing government. Aware of this threat, Chiang recalled troops from the Shandong border in an effort to block Tang. In turn, the NPA launched an attack on Chiang in early July, reclaiming much of the territory they had lost.

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called for all revenues to be centralised in the national treasury. In the end, though, it was recognised that real centralisation could only occur if the various commanders, the former warlords, relinquished their financial and military power to the national government. While these principles were

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Following the capture of Beijing, Chiang and his administration moved quickly to reorganise the government for peacetime. In July, he and the leaders of the four collective armies met at Beijing to discuss the demobilisation and disarmament of the roughly 2.2 million troops that had come to be

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on 15 October. The threat from Tang's forces, however, prejudiced any further northward advance by the NRA, and so in October, it moved to quash his rebellion. Tang was defeated in early November, and left for exile in Japan shortly afterwards. With Tang dealt with, the push north resumed, reaching

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warlord Yan Xishan, theretofore independent, aligned his province with the Nanjing government, adding 100,000 troops to NRA ranks and increasing the pressure on Zhang Zuolin. In the subsequent fighting, neither the Shanxi nor Fengtian forces managed to gain the upper hand. Yan's troops successfully

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launched an attack into Shandong on 28 August, while Wuhan sent its troops north, trying to flank Sun, and He Yingqin approached from Shanghai. With its forces encircled, and unable to continue to move troops across the river, the NPA was forced to abandon Longtan railway station on 30 August. In a

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in February 1927 to help Sun defend Nanjing and Shanghai. Following their victory in Zhejiang, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the launch of an offensive on those two cities. The Hangzhou-based eastern NRA, led by Bai Chongxi and He Yingqin, launched a two-pronged attack in mid-March. Bai's forces advanced

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province. By 23 February, Zhejiang was under complete KMT control. In six months, the nationalists had expanded their control to seven provinces, inhabited by a population of about 170 million people. Aided by the defection of numerous warlords and their armies, by this point, the NRA had bolstered

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Amidst heavy fighting along the border between KMT-held territory and that of the recently allied forces of the Fengtian and Zhili cliques, the nationalist government appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the NRA on 5 June 1926. Chiang would accept this post in a ceremony on 9 July, which

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broke out on 11 December. The violent rebellion was quickly put down, and on 13 December, Chiang Kai-shek called for the ending of all remaining relations with the Soviet Union. The Nanjing government agreed, and also aired its suspicions over the allegiances of Wang Jingwei, who had been based in

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With Shanghai under their control, the NRA turned its attention to Nanjing. He Yingqin advanced from the south-east, whilst Cheng Qian came from the south-west. Zhang Zongchang ordered his Shandong Army to withdraw from Nanjing on 23 March, leaving the city undefended. Cheng arrived the next day,

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and the provincial capital, Nanchang. Whilst Sun had been offered a non-aggression pact by the Guangzhou government, he was not willing to subordinate his administration to KMT rule. Consequently, whilst the siege in Wuchang was still ongoing, Chiang Kai-shek launched an attack across the Jiangxi

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that he would align with the Nanjing faction and purge communists from the areas under his control, crippling the Wuhan government's plan to push north, upon which Tang returned to Wuhan with his troops. Whilst Chiang intended to push into Shandong, he was thwarted by the arrival of the Japanese

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Sun Chuanfang retreated to Nanjing in the aftermath of these setbacks. The Fengtian clique responded to Sun's plea for help by reinforcing Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, while increasing the number of troops in Henan in support of Wu Peifu. Two major Fengtian formations, the Shandong Army of Zhang

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This alliance was hugely unpopular with locals in the regions under Sun's control, with Zhang Zhongchang's northern troops viewed as invaders. The Zhejiang autonomy movement continued, and a meeting of influential provincial figures, nominally loyal to Sun, was held in Shanghai on 8 December. In

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the government in Guangzhou, demanding an end to the still ongoing Canton–Hong Kong strike, which continued to hamper his supply chain. Negotiations with the British began on 23 September, with the strike finally called off on 10 October. This eased access to supplies for the NRA, and freed up

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mercenary units, crossed the river the next day and retook the station, cutting off contact between Nanjing and Shanghai. The reeling NRA sent missives to all factions within the revolutionary movement, calling for unity in the face of Sun's advancing troops. Accordingly, in an attempt to put

1483:. British and American naval forces were sent to evacuate their respective citizens, resulting in a naval bombardment that left the city burning and at least forty people dead. He's forces arrived on 25 March, and on the next day, Cheng and He were finally able to put an end to the violence. 1804:

With the frigid winter of northern China prohibiting any further advance, Chiang used the months following his reappointment to consolidate his control and restore the integrity of the Nanjing administration. On 18 February, Chiang was granted the title "Commander-in-Chief of the Northern

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Fujian, 60,000 troops from Shandong arrived in Sun-controlled Anhui province on 24 November. These were organised into the "National Pacification Army" (NPA) on 1 December. Zhang Zuolin took the position of commander-in-chief, with Zhang Zongchang and Sun Chuanfang as deputy commanders.

1702: 1183:, was to focus on defeating Wu Peifu and appeasing Sun Chuanfang, while ignoring Zhang Zuolin of the Fengtian clique. Having switched from a defensive to offensive posture, KMT forces quickly advanced from their base in Guangdong into Wu-controlled Hunan province, capturing 776:

in 1922, the KMT had been bolstering its ranks to prepare for an expedition against the northern warlords in Beijing, with the goal of reunifying China. This preparation involved improving both the political and military strength of the KMT. Before his death in March 1925,

1594:, in Henan. On 10 May, the NRA First and Sixth armies crossed the Yangtze into Anhui, and on 16 May, Li Zongren, based in western Anhui, led the Seventh Army toward Hefei. Concurrently, the Wuhan government launched its own campaign in Henan province led by 844:. Soviet aid to the KMT government would continue, as would co-operation with the CCP. A fragile coalition between KMT rightists, centrists led by Chiang, KMT leftists, and the CCP managed to hold together, laying the groundwork for the Northern Expedition. 2072:. Stalin encouraged the CCP to co-operate with the KMT on multiple occasions, as he believed the KMT was more capable of completing the Chinese revolution. Trotsky was against collaboration with the KMT, as he believed that it was opposed to the concept of 1298:

with reinforcements on 21 September. Sun retook most of the territory he had lost, brutally reasserting his authority by killing hundreds of students, teachers, and suspected members of the KMT, whose severed heads he displayed on spikes in public places.

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Chiang inspecting soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army; NRA troops marching north; an NRA artillery unit in combat; civilians showing support for the NRA; peasants volunteering to join the expedition; NRA soldiers preparing to launch an

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continued to control Shaanxi, Henan, and parts of Shantung and Zhili, while Yan Xishan controlled Shanxi, Beijing, and the area around Tianjin. Zhang Xueliang continued to control Manchuria as a quasi-independent state, and local warlords in

1675:. Around this time, Wu Peifu retreated with his remaining forces into Sichuan, where he announced his retirement. On 5 July, NPA general Chen Yi-yen defected to the NRA, but failed to convince his 10,000 soldiers at Qingdao to do likewise. 1175:

marked the formal start of the Northern Expedition, although military clashes had already been ongoing. The initial strategy for the KMT's northern advance against the Zhili warlords, which was largely devised by Soviet advisors

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of 1929–30. Although Chiang was ultimately victorious in that war, which ensured his status as the singular leader of all China, regionalism and warlordism would continue, weakening the country and laying the groundwork for the

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on 13 May, while the NRA Second Army moved north along the Beijing–Hankou railway. Meanwhile, Yan Xishan's NRA Third Army proceeded toward Beijing from its base in Shanxi. The Second and Third armies met at Baoding on the

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railway. The resumption of the Northern Expedition was officially launched by Chiang Kai-shek on 7 April. With the NPA line softened by Feng and Yan's attacks, the NRA First Collective Army rushed into Shandong along the

1924:". His remaining forces, even further demoralised, crumpled under the pressure of the NRA advance. Sun Chuanfang unleashed the final blow to the NPA when he withdrew his troops from the defensive line and fled to 1931:

on 4 June. On 6 June, the NRA Third Collective Army marched into Beijing, ending the Beiyang government. The other NRA armies would arrive in the Beijing area over the next few days. Zhang Zongchang subordinate

1872:, several diplomats, and about five thousand Chinese civilians. In May 1928, 11 or 7 Japanese were shot to death by a Chinese man in Kobe, Japan in revenge for the Jinan incident and then he committed suicide. 1170:

Chiang Kai-shek prepares to leave Guangzhou. Those pictured include Mikhail Borodin, on the far left, Vasily Blyukher in military uniform on the right, and Chiang himself in uniform, to the right of Blyukher.

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generals. Wang Jingwei refused to join the new government, as did Tang Shengzi, who became an independent warlord in his own right, controlling Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and parts of Anhui. On the other hand,

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divided into five realms controlled by military leaders. The Nanjing faction controlled the area around Nanjing and Shanghai, while the Guangxi clique controlled Hubei, Hunan, and Guangxi. Feng Yuxiang's

1418:. Many of Sun's northern troops, demoralised by defeat, broke ranks and streamed north, looting the towns and villages they passed along the way. With his forces in disarray, Sun's commander in the area, 1657:

control, Feng came into direct contact with the Wuhan and Nanjing factional governments, who both sought his aid. He met with Wang Jingwei and Tang Shengzhi at Zhengzhou on 10–11 June, then travelled to

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With victory in hand, reconciliation talks restarted on 7 September, and on 15 September, the Wuhan government was dissolved, with a new joint government established in Nanjing, under the leadership of

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refused to surrender, and despite the defeats it had suffered still numbered about 60,000–70,000 soldiers, as well as at least three armoured trains manned by White Russian mercenaries under General

1868:". What began as a minor armed altercation escalated on 8 May into a full-scale Japanese attack on the city. During the course of the incident, the Japanese killed KMT foreign affairs commissioner 1617:

By 20 May, Li had captured Bengbu, whilst Chiang unleashed a four-pronged attack through Jiangsu, toward the warlord power base in Shandong. He Yingqin led the NRA First Army across the Yangtze at

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When Zhang Xueliang (right) decided to make peace with the nationalist government, his former subordinates Zhang Zongchang (middle) and Chu Yupu (left) unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow him.

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Zhang Xueliang succeeded Zhang Zuolin as leader of the Fengtian clique, and decided to end the war and to co-operate with the nationalists. The Shandong–Zhili Army led by Zhang Zongchang and

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Guangzhou after the end of the Wuhan government. Wang left for exile in France on 17 December, paving the way for Chiang's return as commander-in-chief. With the military success of Chiang's

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of the nationalist government in Nanjing. With the final piece of China under KMT control, the Northern Expedition concluded successfully and China was reunified, heralding the start of the

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While the NRA Second Collective Army advanced northeast to Jinan along the southern bank of the Yellow River, the First Collective Army diverged east from the Tianjin–Pukou railway at

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troops, the various KMT factions agreed to recognise the legitimacy of Chiang's leadership. Consequently, Chiang was officially invited to resume command of the NRA on 1 January 1928.

1864:. Fukuda agreed, and his troops prepared to leave that night. Early the next morning, conflict broke out between the Chinese and Japanese troops, starting what came to be called the " 1598:, who was appointed to serve as the Wuhan army's commander-in-chief. Aided by the defection of remnants of Wu Peifu's forces, Tang advanced to fight the forces of the "Young Marshal" 6613: 1679:

By 24 July, the NPA had retaken Xuzhou. In the face of mounting losses inflicted by the warlords, the Wuhan and Nanjing factions began reconciliation talks. The Wuhan government

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in opposition to foreign interference in China. Specifically, with the support of the KMT, they called for the boycott of foreign goods and an end to the Settlement, which was

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backed Stalin's decision to financially support the KMT. Stalin, who in his China strategy prohibited the arming of workers and peasants, and encouraged co-operation with the

1947:. As Zhang Xueliang had sided with the nationalists, Zhang Zongchang declared war on the Fengtian clique. Supported by Japan, the Shandong–Zhili Army moved from its base at 1479:

entering the city with no resistance. Almost immediately after arrival of the NRA, mass anti-foreigner riots broke out in the city, in an event that came to be known as the

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manpower, in the form of the strikers, for the continued push north. On the same day, Wu Peifu's remaining forces at Wuchang surrendered, completing the NRA's conquest of

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of the Sixth Army, part of Cheng Qian's forces. Whoever was responsible, the Nanjing Incident represented the culmination of tensions within the First United Front. The

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With the Nanjing–Shanghai area under constant threat of attack from the NPA, a series of independent offensives was launched by NRA and NRA-aligned forces in May 1927.

1402:. To relieve the besieged rebels, He Yingqin pushed his Fujian-based forces into Zhejiang, halting Sun's advance. The rebel and KMT forces merged under the command of 1548:

As part of the First United Front, many members of the Chinese Communist Party had joined the KMT, and they exerted significant influence over its left-wing faction.

6609: 4976: 840:, were removed from their posts in compensation for the purged leftists. By doing so, Chiang was able to prove his usefulness to the CCP and their Soviet sponsor, 1358:

as they retreated, bolstering the poorly-armed NRA, which suffered 20,000 casualties in the final push on Nanchang alone. Concurrently, Sun himself had left for

1342:, who resented foreign control, and gradually began to infiltrate the Fujian countryside. He's forces moved up the coast, pushing toward the provincial capital, 760:

based in Beijing was internationally recognised as the legitimate Chinese government. Much of the country, however, was not under its control, being ruled by a

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of planning the unrest, viewing it as an attempt to turn international opinion against the KMT. Lin, a member of both the CCP and the KMT, had been serving as

1414:, where a fierce battle resulted in a catastrophic defeat for Sun's forces. Following this victory, the NRA launched a pincer attack on the provincial capital 1833:

on the 15th. Sun Chuanfang decided to attempt a two-pronged counter-offensive against the NRA First and Second armies, managing to push the First back to the

5145: 1346:. By the end of October, Sun's forces were again in retreat across Jiangxi and Fujian. In early November, KMT troops moved to capture the Yangtze ports of 5357: 17: 6290: 5908: 5653: 1419: 1291: 1609: 828:, largely operated by the British, opened fire on the crowd of demonstrators. This incident sparked outrage throughout China, culminating in the 688:

The second phase of the Expedition began in January 1928, when Chiang resumed command. By April 1928, the nationalist forces had advanced to the

1338:, marched across the Guangdong border, and began a new offensive into Fujian province. NRA troops were welcomed by many locals, including the 6681: 6469: 685:. In an effort to mend this schism, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as the commander of the NRA in August 1927, and went into exile in Japan. 666: 6721: 6140: 1898:

Deciding to avoid further confrontation with the Japanese, the NRA First Army continued its march north by going around Jinan to capture

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April, hundreds of communists in Shanghai were arrested and killed on the orders of Chiang in a disturbance that came to be called the "

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In 1926, there were three major coalitions of warlords across China that were hostile to the KMT government in Guangzhou. The forces of

6415: 6258: 5658: 5371: 2036: 162: 658:, and was divided into two phases. The first phase ended in a 1927 political split between two factions of the KMT: the right-leaning 5633: 5135: 1265:. As Wu Peifu's forces retreated northward, they breached several Yangtze dikes, slowing the KMT push. By 28 August, the KMT, led by 2084:, was considered vulnerable in the aftermath of the failure of the first United Front. This failure crystallised his move away from 1683:

from its ranks and expelled Soviet advisors, facilitating a rapprochement between the two factions, but also sparking the communist

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and imperialism. All are to be decided now in this time of battle … so as to restore independence and freedom to our Chinese race".

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With Wu Peifu's forces in retreat, the NRA directed itself toward Sun Chuanfang-controlled Jiangxi province, namely the city of

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Early the next morning, a bomb planted by the Japanese Kwantung Army exploded under the train, killing Zhang in the so-called "

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border on 4 September. By 19 September, both Jiujiang and Nanchang had come under KMT control, hastened by the defection of

6716: 6247: 6096: 5730: 5603: 4906: 6205: 5203: 3822: 5055: 4589: 4089: 4062: 4035: 4008: 3840: 1633:

took Luoyang, forcing Zhang Zongchang to withdraw his forces to Shandong, and Zhang Xueliang to fall back north of the

1330:

Alongside the Zhejiang rebellion, the NRA had continued their offensive in Jiangxi. Adding to the pressure on Sun, the

802: 773: 2002:

The new peacetime Nanjing government was launched on 10 October 1928, the seventeenth anniversary of the start of the

1816:) and Yan's NRA Third Collective Army had started to fight the NPA on the Henan–Shandong border and along the Beijing– 1505:

In the final success of the first phase of the expedition, the NRA went on to capture the Anhui provincial capital of

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on 22 August, Hunan came under complete KMT control, paving the way for an advance to Wuchang along the route of the

813: 782: 439: 428: 417: 406: 395: 384: 373: 362: 351: 340: 329: 183: 157: 112: 5343: 5065: 1663: 6598: 6133: 5021: 4912: 4079: 4052: 1294:, one of Sun's generals. Despite these successes, the NRA offensive was forced into retreat as Sun arrived from 6209: 5735: 4361: 3981: 1837:. His attack against the Second Army failed, and by the 21st, the combined NRA had forced him to withdraw from 1218: 964: 805:

in 1924, and quickly emerged as a contender for the position of Sun's successor in the aftermath of his death.

4555:

War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria. Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian Clique during the Northern Expedition

6638: 6435: 6075: 5198: 1262: 1143: 986: 1563:, and organize its members to kill all labor union members and Communists within the city. Between 12 and 14 6666: 6627: 6363: 6278: 5488: 5165: 2101: 1960: 1944: 1885: 1464: 1447: 729: 6286: 6191: 5638: 5420: 5380: 5243: 5155: 1011: 829: 752:, commander-in-chief of the NRA, emerged from the Northern Expedition as the leader of the KMT and China. 631: 188: 101: 89: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6126: 5750: 5725: 5482: 5347: 5269: 4673: 4374:

The Soviets in World Affairs: A History of Relations Between the Soviet Union and the Rest of the World

1650: 1575:

of China, warlord Zhang Zongchang's artillery bombarded the city's waterfront from across the Yangtze.

728:, took over as the leader of the Fengtian clique, and in December 1928, announced that Manchuria would 129: 1166: 5648: 5628: 5125: 4927: 1925: 1857: 1822: 1084: 825: 6377: 6373: 5596: 5295: 5285: 4644: 2089: 2049: 1787: 1603: 1480: 1436: 6623: 6425: 6401: 6385: 6333: 6242: 6233: 5553: 5025: 2092:". Stalin would never again trust the Chinese Communist Party, which he would later refer to as " 794: 262: 213: 1985:

The leaders of the Northern Expedition gather on 6 July 1928, at Sun Yat-sen's mausoleum in the

1890: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6502: 6498: 6182: 5229: 5225: 5105: 2073: 1986: 1258: 1213:

in the 19th century. In an address to his generals at the same conference, Chiang proclaimed:

817: 662: 108: 4738:

Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations

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The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present

1999:

nominally agreed to by the KMT membership, their exercise in practice was far from assured.

6676: 6238: 4920: 4636: 4508: 1246: 821: 1559:

Chiang was able to utilize his connections with a secret society of Shanghai known as the

1406:, who launched a counteroffensive on 20 January. By 29 January, the offensive had reached 996: 974: 8: 6671: 6536: 6465: 6282: 6255: 5710: 5589: 5339: 5115: 5094: 4608: 4512: 1921: 1881: 1491: 1422:, decided on 17 February to abandon Hangzhou and flee with his 20,000 troops by train to 721: 3173: 1671:

during the course of June, who were ostensibly deployed to protect Japanese citizens in

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Inheritance of Loss: China, Japan, and the Political Economy of Redemption After Empire

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by 16 April. Meanwhile, Feng's forces advanced into Shandong from the west, capturing

1302: 1129: 772:(Canton), aspired to be the party of national liberation. Since the conclusion of the 6602: 6591: 6567: 6549: 6455: 6397: 6393: 6381: 6267: 6263: 6187: 6149: 5305: 5274: 5239: 4880: 4859: 4838: 4809: 4788: 4767: 4742: 4721: 4702: 4677: 4648: 4612: 4585: 4566: 4539: 4516: 4489: 4485: 4462: 4441: 4418: 4397: 4378: 4357: 4318: 4297: 4085: 4058: 4031: 4004: 3977: 3231: 3221: 2053: 2003: 1904: 1684: 1568: 1535: 1527: 1210: 1187:

on 11 July. At the time, most of Wu Peifu's forces were preoccupied with fighting at

801:, who had emerged as Sun's protégé as early as 1922, was appointed commandant of the 678: 651: 217: 174: 135: 4054:

Generalissimo: Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present

1734: 1354:, and by 9 November, retook control of Nanchang. Sun's forces abandoned substantial 6581: 6577: 6526: 6389: 6251: 5792: 5402: 5315: 5187: 5089: 4562: 2085: 1981: 1778:

forces, which took Xuzhou on 16 December. The NPA retreated once more to Shandong.

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and other regional warlords in 1926. The purpose of the campaign was to reunify

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The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China

2064:

The Northern Expedition became a point of contention between Joseph Stalin and

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subsequently surrendered Tianjin to the NRA First Collective Army on 11 June.

1370:

Members of the National Pacification military government, from left to right:

797:(CCP). The military arm of the KMT was the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). 56: 6660: 6480: 5867: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5515: 5495: 4698: 4322: 3235: 2021: 1907:. While the Second Army besieged that city, the Third Army went north toward 1875: 1668: 1626: 1595: 1383: 1375: 1077: 864: 841: 563: 233: 4784:

Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920-1927

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Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history

2035:

would return to his former territory of Shandong in 1929, where he launched

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Bengbu by 9 November. Continuing their advance, the NRA and Feng Yuxiang's

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December 1928, marking the formal end of the Northern Expedition, and the

907:. To face the Northern Expedition, Zhang Zuolin eventually assembled the " 6353: 5861: 5760: 5688: 5440: 5253: 5035: 4948: 4640: 4626: 2081: 1995: 1933: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1869: 1622: 1602:, Zhang Zuolin's son and political heir, pushing them back to a river at 1403: 1379: 1319:

province. As bloody fighting continued in Jiangxi, the civil governor of

1241: 1188: 837: 833: 778: 761: 647: 400: 367: 124: 48: 1637:. Following Xueliang's retreat, Feng Yuxiang moved east from Luoyang to 700:, nationalist forces secured a series of decisive victories against the 6559: 6445: 6171: 5855: 5825: 5693: 5612: 5545: 1952: 1713: 1709: 1560: 1468: 1335: 1311: 1280: 1266: 765: 693: 635: 455: 444: 433: 422: 389: 378: 356: 200: 4334:(in Chinese). Taipei: Central Committee on Culture Supply Association. 6229: 5802: 5782: 5715: 5505: 5500: 4763: 2093: 2077: 1853: 1849: 1690: 1641:. Finally, on 2 June, the NRA captured the vital railway junction of 1638: 1618: 1460: 1193: 1098: 896: 769: 713: 411: 225: 6118: 5831: 5720: 4669: 4604: 1948: 1940: 1826: 1793: 1754: 1540: 1487: 1451: 1430: 1415: 1355: 1347: 1324: 1320: 1286: 1274: 1202: 1184: 1105: 1049: 908: 900: 872: 848: 809: 574: 552: 286: 2304: 4458:

The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926-1928

4290:

Boorman, Howard L.; Cheng, Joseph K. H.; Krompart, Janet (1967).

1817: 1758: 1672: 1613:

Feng Yuxiang meets with Chiang Kai-shek in Xuzhou on 19 June 1927

1591: 1587: 1455: 1423: 1359: 1331: 1295: 1198: 1126: 884: 876: 705: 659: 466: 258: 3936: 3934: 3932: 6223: 6218: 6200: 6177: 4944: 4901: 4558: 4535: 4481: 4231: 2097: 1928: 1899: 1838: 1770:. The NPA attempted a counter-offensive on 12 December, led by 1767: 1749: 1705: 1662:

to meet with Chiang Kai-shek on 19 June. On the next day, Feng

1659: 1642: 1510: 1411: 1399: 1371: 1343: 1250: 920: 868: 282: 1701: 6301: 5581: 3929: 3781: 3779: 3643: 3641: 3604: 3602: 3487: 3485: 2272:

Rummel, R. J. (2017). "Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900".

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started to fight the NPA in October 1927, strengthening the

1522:

Internal conflict among the nationalists (April–August 1927)

1517:

Anti-communist purge and second phase (April 1927–June 1928)

4105: 4103: 4101: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2360: 2358: 620:

366,000-953,000 deaths (including non-combatants) estimated

4805:

General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China

4267: 4207: 3890: 3776: 3701: 3689: 3653: 3638: 3599: 3575: 3536: 3509: 3482: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2620: 2618: 2579: 2502: 2006:, with Chiang at its head. The country, however, remained 1989:, Beijing, to commemorate the completion of their mission. 1876:

Final offensive and capture of Beijing (May–December 1928)

681:

of Communists within the KMT, which marked the end of the

4185: 4183: 4181: 4132: 4130: 3976:(illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 176. 3907: 3905: 3868: 3866: 3725: 3587: 3446: 3434: 3371: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3127: 3115: 3064: 3049: 2995: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2887: 2848: 2442: 1110: 947: 4098: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3742: 3740: 3614: 3553: 3551: 3526: 3524: 3497: 3388: 3386: 3349: 3347: 3283: 3281: 3039: 3037: 3012: 3010: 2983: 2929: 2681: 2483: 2394: 2355: 2145: 4084:(2, illustrated ed.). Penguin Books. p. 194. 2919: 2917: 2865: 2863: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2761: 2732: 2710: 2708: 2647: 2645: 2615: 2603: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2526: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2430: 2406: 2331: 2321: 2319: 939:; NPA), an alliance of the warlords of northern China. 4787:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4781:

Wilbur, Clarence Martin; How, Julie Lien-ying (1989).

4440:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4317:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4255: 4219: 4195: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4127: 4027:

The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved

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remained as they were before the Northern Expedition.

1774:, but was quickly forced back by the combined NRA and 1310:

With the Northern Expedition's advance halted, Chiang

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Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost

4289: 4000:

Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost

3973:

Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost

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Against Sun Chuanfang (September 1926–February 1927)

692:. With the assistance of allied warlords, including 4417:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 3803: 2238: 2217: 2181: 1089: 4879:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 4837:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 4808:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 4433: 3220:. Durham : [[Duke University Press00. p. 33. 2205: 2118: 1691:Without Chiang Kai-shek (August 1927–January 1928) 5654:Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 4393:Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949) 4003:(reprint ed.). Hachette Books. p. 176. 2157: 1459:toward Shanghai, whilst He's forces moved toward 6658: 4665:A Road Is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-1927 1856:mountains to attack Jinan from the west via the 1794:Regrouping and Jinan incident (January–May 1928) 1463:, with the goal of severing Sun's lifeline, the 1431:Shanghai–Nanjing offensive (February–April 1927) 677:. The split was partially motivated by Chiang's 3203:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 295–296. 1812:By 1 April, Feng's NRA Second Collective Army ( 887:provinces. The most powerful coalition, led by 4759:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 4720:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1738:Beiyang warlord soldiers retreating by railway 1544:Mikhail Borodin making a speech in Wuhan, 1927 891:, then head of the Beiyang government and the 6134: 5597: 4928: 991: 969: 785:and co-founder of the KMT, was supportive of 724:shortly thereafter by the Japanese. His son, 6470:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 4858:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 1498:had moved from Guangzhou to the new city of 4741:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 4532:The Bitter Peace. Conflict in China 1928–37 4293:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China 6141: 6127: 5604: 5590: 5372:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 4935: 4921: 4598: 4478:China's Wars. Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949 3940: 3201:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 1757:, but went on to suffer a heavy defeat at 654:. The expedition was led by Generalissimo 5634:History of the Kuomintang cultural policy 4780: 4410: 2726: 2687: 2496: 2104:), rather than worker-based, revolution. 4801: 4461:. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. 4109: 3620: 3503: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3377: 3326: 3311: 3148: 2965: 2908: 2779: 1980: 1889: 1733: 1700: 1608: 1539: 1365: 1301: 1257:With the capture of the Yangtze port of 1240: 1224: 1205:. In this manner, they would follow the 1165: 743: 630:was a military campaign launched by the 4834:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 4830: 4766:, England: Cambridge University Press. 4370: 4296:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2508: 935: 14: 6659: 6092:List of assets owned by the Kuomintang 5659:2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China 5358:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong 4755: 4718:Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China 4715: 4690: 4625: 4579: 4529: 4502: 4475: 4454: 4431: 4414:Warlord Politics in China: 1916 - 1928 4338: 4310: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4121: 3957: 3923: 3911: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3857: 3797: 3785: 3770: 3758: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3632: 3608: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3542: 3530: 3515: 3491: 3476: 3464: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3365: 3353: 3338: 3299: 3287: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3160: 3136: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3058: 3043: 3028: 3016: 3001: 2977: 2923: 2896: 2881: 2869: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2767: 2743: 2714: 2699: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2636: 2624: 2609: 2597: 2573: 2561: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2477: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2298: 2286: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2232: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2151: 2127: 2059: 1726:pressure on Sun, Feng Yuxiang and his 948:Against Wu Peifu (July–September 1926) 27:1926–1928 Kuomintang military campaign 6148: 6122: 6111: ; By-elections denoted with (b) 5585: 4916: 4661: 4603:. Translated by Roger Branfill-Cook. 4582:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 4552: 4505:The Armies of Warlord China 1911–1928 4396:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 4349: 4329: 4077: 4050: 4023: 3996: 3969: 3746: 3731: 3593: 3198: 2989: 2942: 2755: 2585: 2364: 2139: 32:Northern Expeditions (disambiguation) 6682:Wars involving the Republic of China 6097:2019 Kuomintang presidential primary 5731:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 4872: 4851: 4734: 4314:Stalin's Failure in China: 1924-1927 3809: 3213: 808:On 30 May 1925, Chinese students in 4389: 4030:. Simon and Schuster. p. 176. 2163: 1586:moved first, leaving their base in 24: 6722:Military campaigns involving China 5056:Constitutional Protection Movement 4824: 4342:Conversations with Mikhail Borodin 4339:Chiang, Kai-shek (Madame) (1978). 2311:Boorman, Cheng & Krompart 1967 2100:in their drive for peasant-based ( 1486:Chiang Kai-shek's faction accused 943:First phase (July 1926–April 1927) 824:by the British and Americans. The 774:Constitutional Protection Movement 25: 6733: 4894: 1306:Routes of the Northern Expedition 789:, which had involved forming the 6610:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan 6294: 6281: 6262: 6246: 6237: 6228: 6217: 6199: 6186: 6176: 6166: 5667: 5344:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum 5204:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising 4955: 4943: 4900: 4377:. Vol. 2. London: J. Cape. 4356:. London: Simon & Schuster. 4071: 4044: 4017: 3990: 3963: 3833: 3815: 3199:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2023). 568: 557: 546: 535: 524: 513: 494: 482: 471: 460: 449: 438: 427: 416: 405: 394: 383: 372: 361: 350: 339: 328: 308: 281: 269: 257: 246: 207: 194: 182: 156: 79:(2 years and 173 days) 55: 6599:Yangtze River Crossing campaign 5275:Nationalist-Communist Civil War 4662:Smith, Stephen Anthony (2000). 3207: 3192: 3166: 2265: 2098:deviated from Marxist orthodoxy 2039:against his former subordinate 1229:NRA troops preparing to attack 1149: 1135: 1111: 1091:Koet-mìn kiet-min kiûn pet-phat 1090: 77:9 July 1926 – 29 December 1928 18:Northern Expedition (1926–1927) 5736:Three Principles of the People 5611: 4436:Borodin: Stalin's Man in China 4345:. London: Free Chinese Centre. 4057:. HarperCollins. p. 194. 1334:-based NRA First Army, led by 1150:Kok-bîn Kik-bīng-kun Pak-hua̍t 1136:Kok-bîn Kek-bēng-kun Pak-hoa̍t 1069: 1056:ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄐㄩㄣㄅㄟˇ ㄈㄚˊ 1055: 1041: 992: 970: 925: 13: 1: 6639:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 6614:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 6206:Constitutional ROC Government 6076:Presidential Palace (Nanjing) 5573:Republic of China (1912–1949) 5022:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) 2107: 1753:withstood a massive siege at 1112:Gwokman gaakming gwan bakfat 612: 607: 601: 596: 591: 586: 6628:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 6364:Chinese Communist Revolution 5106:Occupation of Outer Mongolia 4701:: Harvard University Press. 2112: 1966: 1886:Chinese reunification (1928) 1273:NRA Seventh Army, had taken 1191:, near Beijing, against the 863:provinces. The coalition of 7: 6717:National Revolutionary Army 6224:Republic of China on Taiwan 6192:National Revolutionary Army 6160:Principal belligerents and 5639:National Revolutionary Army 5421:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 5156:Washington Naval Conference 1012:National Revolutionary Army 632:National Revolutionary Army 615:190,000–250,000 (Dec. 1928) 111:rules over the entirety of 10: 6738: 6436:Fujian People's Government 6302:People's Republic of China 5726:Five Races Under One Union 5483:National Pacification Army 5348:Northeast Flag Replacement 5254:Zhongshan Warship Incident 4951:and warlordism during the 4831:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). 4756:Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). 4674:University of Hawaii Press 4599:Malmassari, Paul (2016) . 4530:Jowett, Philip S. (2017). 4503:Jowett, Philip S. (2014). 4476:Jowett, Philip S. (2013). 4455:Jordan, Donald A. (1976). 4282: 1970: 1879: 1841:to the provincial capital 1797: 1694: 1525: 1434: 909:National Pacification Army 739: 720:, was forced to flee, and 90:Southern to northern China 29: 6309: 6156: 6105: 6084: 6063: 6002: 5876: 5749: 5703: 5676: 5665: 5649:Blue Sky with a White Sun 5629:History of the Kuomintang 5621: 5570: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5412: 5398: 5386: 5363: 5353: 5331: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5291: 5281: 5259: 5249: 5235: 5221: 5199:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 5193: 5183: 5171: 5161: 5151: 5146:1st National CPC Congress 5141: 5136:Spirit Soldier rebellions 5131: 5121: 5111: 5101: 5081: 5071: 5061: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5017: 5007: 4997: 4987: 4964: 3847:. 1 June 1928. p. 7. 3829:. 25 May 1928. p. 8. 3214:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 1951:on 2 August, crossed the 1781:Meanwhile, in Guangzhou, 1263:Beijing–Guangzhou railway 1219:Three People's Principles 1160: 1142: 1125: 1118: 1104: 1097: 1083: 1076: 1062: 1048: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1007: 985: 963: 959: 954: 916: 826:Shanghai Municipal Police 665:, led by Chiang, and the 619: 580: 321: 147: 69: 54: 46: 41: 6287:People's Liberation Army 5326:Muslim conflict in Gansu 5296:Shanghai Commune of 1927 5286:Nanking incident of 1927 5166:First Zhili–Fengtian War 4802:Worthing, Peter (2016). 4645:University of California 4580:Kotkin, Stephen (2014). 4411:Hsi-Sheng, Ch'I (1976). 4350:Fenby, Jonathan (2004). 4330:Chang, Ch’i-yün (1953). 4240:, pp. 165, 169–173. 4078:Fenby, Jonathan (2013). 4051:Fenby, Jonathan (2008). 4024:Fenby, Jonathan (2010). 3997:Fenby, Jonathan (2009). 3970:Fenby, Jonathan (2003). 2142:, pp. 117, 119–123. 2090:Socialism in One Country 2086:international revolution 2050:Second Sino-Japanese War 1509:and the smaller city of 1465:Shanghai–Nanjing railway 1437:Nanking incident of 1927 965:Traditional Chinese 814:International Settlement 803:Whampoa Military Academy 787:Sino-Soviet co-operation 650:in the aftermath of the 610:700,000–1,000,000 (1926) 62:Clockwise from top-left: 6426:Chinese Soviet Republic 6402:Autumn Harvest Uprising 5244:Canton–Hong Kong strike 5026:National Protection War 4607:: Seaforth Publishing ( 4553:Kwong, Chi Man (2017). 4538:: Amberley Publishing. 4432:Jacobs, Dan N. (1981). 4371:Fischer, Louis (1930). 4311:Brandt, Conrad (1958). 1621:, and moved to capture 1070:Kuomin komin chün peifa 1042:Guómín gémìng jūn běifá 987:Simplified Chinese 830:Canton–Hong Kong strike 795:Chinese Communist Party 224:Allied warlord armies ( 6624:Hainan Island campaign 6503:Double Tenth Agreement 6499:Chongqing Negotiations 6416:Encirclement campaigns 6107:Notes: Acting leaders 5696:(Flag, emblem creator) 5230:May Thirtieth Movement 5086:Paris Peace Conference 4584:. London: Allen Lane. 4390:Gao, James Z. (2009). 3823:"CHINESE AMOK IN KOBE" 2588:, p. 524, vol. 2. 2274:China's Bloody Century 2074:proletarian revolution 1990: 1987:Temple of Azure Clouds 1961:reunification of China 1895: 1739: 1717: 1653:railways under NRA or 1614: 1545: 1496:nationalist government 1427:its ranks to 700,000. 1394: 1307: 1254: 1238: 1223: 1171: 753: 322:Commanders and leaders 163:Nationalist government 109:Nationalist government 6513:Jiaochangkou Incident 5126:Guangdong–Guangxi War 5076:Siberian intervention 4852:Koga, Yukiko (2016). 4716:Tolley, Kemp (2000). 2727:Wilbur & How 1989 1984: 1971:Further information: 1893: 1880:Further information: 1858:Qingdao–Jinan railway 1823:Tianjin–Pukou railway 1798:Further information: 1737: 1704: 1695:Further information: 1625:. On 28 May, Li took 1612: 1543: 1526:Further information: 1369: 1305: 1245:NRA forces enter the 1244: 1228: 1215: 1169: 781:, the founder of the 762:patchwork of warlords 747: 704:. As they approached 648:had become fragmented 599:700,000 (spring 1927) 6003:Leadership elections 5909:Extraordinary (1938) 5381:Sino-Soviet conflict 5036:Death of Yuan Shikai 4909:at Wikimedia Commons 4873:Lary, Diana (2015). 4735:Wang, Zheng (2014). 4691:Taylor, Jay (2009). 1783:a communist uprising 895:, was in control of 730:accept the authority 667:left-leaning faction 30:For other uses, see 6667:Northern Expedition 6466:Second United Front 6386:Nanjing–Wuhan split 6334:Sun–Joffe Manifesto 6183:National Government 5711:Chinese unification 5644:Northern Expedition 5340:Huanggutun incident 5270:Nanjing–Wuhan Split 5265:Northern Expedition 5095:May Fourth Movement 4907:Northern Expedition 4609:Pen and Sword Books 4513:Schiffer Publishing 4276:, pp. 174–175. 4216:, pp. 195–200. 3899:, pp. 165–166. 3788:, pp. 178–180. 3734:, pp. 195–200. 3710:, pp. 155–156. 3698:, pp. 154–155. 3662:, pp. 153–154. 3650:, pp. 151–152. 3611:, pp. 148–149. 3596:, pp. 193–194. 3584:, pp. 145–146. 3545:, pp. 273–274. 3518:, pp. 143–144. 3494:, pp. 138–141. 3341:, pp. 129–131. 3139:, pp. 245–246. 3124:, pp. 146–147. 3076:, pp. 118–120. 3061:, pp. 150–160. 3004:, pp. 115–116. 2992:, pp. 181–183. 2980:, pp. 113–114. 2945:, pp. 164–166. 2899:, pp. 103–104. 2857:, pp. 100–101. 2729:, pp. 331–332. 2511:, pp. 661–662. 2451:, pp. 627–629. 2367:, pp. 149–160. 2154:, pp. 626–629. 2060:In the Soviet Union 1926:Japanese-controlled 1922:Huanggutun incident 1882:Huanggutun incident 1492:political commissar 1014:northern expedition 955:Northern Expedition 628:Northern Expedition 594:264,000 (Dec. 1926) 589:100,000 (July 1926) 130:Nanjing–Wuhan split 42:Northern Expedition 6406:Guangzhou Uprising 6344:First United Front 6071:Huguang Guild Hall 6064:Significant venues 5392:Central Plains War 5226:Yunnan–Guangxi War 5177:First United Front 5046:Manchu Restoration 5012:Twenty-One Demands 4992:Bai Lang Rebellion 4332:Tang-shih kai-yao 3943:, pp. 88, 89. 3178:www.britannica.com 2403:, pp. 11, 29. 2045:Central Plains War 1991: 1977:Central Plains War 1945:Konstantin Nechaev 1896: 1740: 1718: 1697:Guangzhou Uprising 1615: 1546: 1446:Zongchang and the 1395: 1308: 1255: 1247:British concession 1239: 1201:, bypassing Sun's 1172: 867:was in control of 851:occupied northern 791:First United Front 758:Beiyang government 756:In the 1920s, the 754: 683:First United Front 652:Revolution of 1911 640:Beiyang government 638:(KMT) against the 276:Beiyang government 119:Beiyang government 6697:Conflicts in 1928 6692:Conflicts in 1927 6687:Conflicts in 1926 6654: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6568:Liaoshen campaign 6550:Yu Zisan Incident 6517:Peiping rape case 6486: 6485: 6398:Nanchang uprising 6394:Little Long March 6382:Shanghai massacre 6172:Nationalist Party 6150:Chinese Civil War 6116: 6115: 5579: 5578: 5565: 5564: 5456: 5455: 5407:Qinghai–Tibet War 5306:Shanghai massacre 5240:Anti-Fengtian War 5213: 5212: 5002:Second Revolution 4905:Media related to 4876:China's Civil War 4694:The Generalissimo 4486:Osprey Publishing 3827:The Straits Times 3455:, pp. 92–93. 3443:, pp. 91–92. 3380:, pp. 90–91. 3314:, pp. 89–90. 3227:978-0-8223-4780-4 2845:, pp. 96–97. 2818:, pp. 91–92. 2770:, pp. 94–96. 2746:, pp. 89–91. 2627:, pp. 57–59. 2612:, pp. 79–80. 2535:, pp. 76–78. 2439:, pp. 42–49. 2415:, pp. 39–40. 2340:, pp. 30–37. 2054:Chinese Civil War 2031:Defeated warlord 2004:Xinhai Revolution 1915:on that day, and 1905:North China Plain 1716:military position 1685:Nanchang uprising 1681:purged communists 1569:Shanghai massacre 1536:Nanchang uprising 1528:Shanghai massacre 1211:Taiping Rebellion 1164: 1163: 1156: 1155: 1029:Standard Mandarin 783:Republic of China 679:Shanghai Massacre 624: 623: 143: 142: 136:Chinese Civil War 134:Beginning of the 117:Overthrow of the 16:(Redirected from 6729: 6582:Pingjin campaign 6578:Huaihai campaign 6527:Marshall Mission 6492: 6491: 6378:Shanghai Commune 6374:Nanking incident 6327: 6326: 6312: 6311: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6285: 6266: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6222: 6221: 6210:ROC Armed Forces 6204: 6203: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6120: 6119: 5914:6th (Wang, 1939) 5793:Chiang Ching-kuo 5753: 5671: 5615: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5557: 5554:Communist Party 5549: 5403:Sino-Tibetan War 5316:July 15 Incident 5219: 5218: 5188:Lincheng Outrage 5090:Shandong Problem 5066:Golok rebellions 4985: 4984: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4947: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4904: 4890: 4869: 4848: 4819: 4798: 4777: 4752: 4731: 4712: 4687: 4658: 4622: 4595: 4576: 4563:Brill Publishers 4549: 4526: 4511:, Pennsylvania: 4499: 4472: 4451: 4439: 4428: 4407: 4386: 4367: 4346: 4335: 4326: 4307: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4096: 4095: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3944: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3837: 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With both the 1566: 1532:Wuhan government 1481:Nanjing Incident 1441:Wuhan government 1152: 1151: 1138: 1137: 1114: 1113: 1093: 1092: 1072: 1071: 1058: 1057: 1044: 1043: 1020: 1019: 1003: 1002: 981: 980: 952: 951: 937: 927: 918: 812:gathered at the 768:(KMT), based in 722:was assassinated 712:, leader of the 614: 609: 604:1,000,000 (1928) 603: 598: 593: 588: 573: 572: 562: 561: 551: 550: 540: 539: 529: 528: 518: 517: 509: 499: 498: 487: 486: 476: 475: 465: 464: 463: 454: 453: 452: 443: 442: 432: 431: 421: 420: 410: 409: 399: 398: 388: 387: 377: 376: 366: 365: 355: 354: 344: 343: 333: 332: 314: 312: 311: 285: 274: 273: 261: 252: 250: 249: 221: 212: 211: 210: 199: 198: 197: 187: 186: 178: 165: 161: 160: 80: 71: 70: 59: 39: 38: 21: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6630: 6626: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6597: 6593:Taiping Steamer 6580: 6566: 6515: 6501: 6487: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6272:New Fourth Army 6243:Soviet Republic 6234:Communist Party 6226: 6216: 6198: 6175: 6152: 6147: 6117: 6112: 6101: 6080: 6059: 5998: 5872: 5819:Chiang Pin-kung 5778:Chiang Kai-shek 5751: 5745: 5699: 5672: 5663: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5580: 5575: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5547: 5457: 5417:Kumul Rebellion 5379: 5370: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5272: 5268: 5242: 5228: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5116:Zhili–Anhui War 5092: 5088: 5024: 4960: 4941: 4897: 4887: 4866: 4845: 4827: 4825:Further reading 4822: 4816: 4795: 4774: 4749: 4728: 4709: 4684: 4655: 4619: 4601:Armoured Trains 4592: 4573: 4546: 4523: 4496: 4469: 4448: 4425: 4404: 4364: 4304: 4285: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3947: 3941:Malmassari 2016 3939: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3839: 3838: 3834: 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Kai-shek 611: 600: 595: 590: 567: 566: 556: 555: 545: 544: 534: 533: 531:Zhang Zongchang 523: 522: 512: 511: 505: 493: 489:Vasily Blyukher 481: 480: 478:Mikhail Borodin 470: 469: 461: 459: 458: 450: 448: 447: 437: 436: 426: 425: 415: 414: 404: 403: 393: 392: 382: 381: 371: 370: 360: 359: 349: 348: 338: 337: 335:Chiang Kai-shek 327: 316:Empire of Japan 309: 307: 306: 292:Fengtian clique 268: 256: 247: 245: 244: 208: 206: 205: 195: 193: 181: 169: 155: 154: 92: 78: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6735: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456:Xi'an Incident 6453: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6268:8th Route Army 6259:Liberated Area 6165: 6164: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5877:Party congress 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5741:Zhonghua minzu 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5571: 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4939: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4896: 4895:External links 4893: 4892: 4891: 4885: 4870: 4864: 4849: 4843: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4778: 4772: 4753: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4688: 4682: 4659: 4653: 4623: 4617: 4596: 4591:978071399944-0 4590: 4577: 4571: 4550: 4544: 4527: 4521: 4500: 4494: 4473: 4467: 4452: 4446: 4429: 4423: 4408: 4402: 4387: 4368: 4362: 4347: 4336: 4327: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4264:, p. 302. 4254: 4242: 4230: 4228:, p. 132. 4218: 4206: 4204:, p. 165. 4194: 4192:, p. 193. 4177: 4175:, p. 188. 4165: 4163:, p. 187. 4153: 4151:, p. 186. 4141: 4139:, p. 185. 4126: 4114: 4112:, p. 112. 4097: 4091:978-0141975153 4090: 4070: 4064:978-0061661167 4063: 4043: 4037:978-0857200679 4036: 4016: 4010:978-0786739844 4009: 3989: 3982: 3962: 3945: 3928: 3926:, p. 167. 3916: 3914:, p. 166. 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 164. 3877: 3875:, p. 163. 3862: 3860:, p. 162. 3850: 3845:Malaya Tribune 3832: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3775: 3773:, p. 158. 3763: 3761:, p. 156. 3751: 3749:, p. 200. 3736: 3724: 3722:, p. 176. 3712: 3700: 3688: 3686:, p. 161. 3676: 3664: 3652: 3637: 3635:, p. 150. 3625: 3623:, p. 105. 3613: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3572:, p. 145. 3562: 3547: 3535: 3520: 3508: 3506:, p. 104. 3496: 3481: 3479:, p. 138. 3469: 3467:, p. 137. 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3419:, p. 136. 3409: 3407:, p. 133. 3397: 3395:, p. 135. 3382: 3370: 3368:, p. 272. 3358: 3356:, p. 132. 3343: 3331: 3316: 3304: 3302:, p. 130. 3292: 3290:, p. 129. 3277: 3275:, p. 131. 3265: 3263:, p. 127. 3253: 3251:, p. 113. 3241: 3226: 3206: 3191: 3165: 3163:, p. 110. 3153: 3141: 3126: 3114: 3112:, p. 125. 3102: 3100:, p. 120. 3090: 3078: 3063: 3048: 3046:, p. 117. 3033: 3031:, p. 617. 3021: 3019:, p. 116. 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2947: 2928: 2913: 2901: 2886: 2884:, p. 102. 2874: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2758:, p. 149. 2748: 2731: 2719: 2704: 2692: 2690:, p. 100. 2688:Hsi-Sheng 1976 2680: 2668: 2656: 2641: 2629: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2499:, p. 225. 2497:Hsi-Sheng 1976 2482: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2264: 2252: 2237: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2178:, p. 211. 2168: 2166:, p. 115. 2156: 2144: 2132: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2061: 2058: 1973:Nanjing decade 1968: 1965: 1877: 1874: 1866:Jinan incident 1800:Jinan incident 1795: 1792: 1745:Guangxi clique 1692: 1689: 1651:Beijing–Hankou 1600:Zhang Xueliang 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1454:, crossed the 1432: 1429: 1420:Meng Chao-yueh 1388:Zhang Zuoxiang 1292:Lai Shih-huang 1282: 1279: 1253:, October 1926 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1099:Yue: Cantonese 1095: 1094: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1023:Transcriptions 1016: 1015: 1009: 1005: 1004: 989: 983: 982: 967: 961: 960: 957: 956: 949: 946: 944: 941: 818:demonstrations 748:Generalissimo 741: 738: 734:Nanjing decade 726:Zhang Xueliang 622: 621: 617: 616: 605: 583: 582: 578: 577: 520:Zhang Xueliang 491: 324: 323: 319: 318: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 265: 240: 239: 238: 237: 222: 203: 191: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 132: 127: 121: 115: 98: 94: 93: 88: 86: 82: 81: 75: 67: 66: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6734: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6712:1928 in China 6710: 6708: 6707:1927 in China 6705: 6703: 6702:1926 in China 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6481:Dixie Mission 6479: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5868:Johnny Chiang 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5850:Lin Junq-tzer 5847: 5845: 5844:Hung Hsiu-chu 5842: 5840: 5839: 5838:Huang Min-hui 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4886:9781107054677 4882: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4865:9780226412139 4861: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4844:9780521385916 4840: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4817: 4815:9781107144637 4811: 4807: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4794:9780674576520 4790: 4786: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4773:9780521318648 4769: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4748:9780231148917 4744: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4727:1-55750-883-6 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4708:9780674033382 4704: 4700: 4699:Cambridge, MA 4696: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4683:9780824823146 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4654:9780520923881 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4618:9781848322622 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4572:9789004339125 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4545:9781445651927 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4522:9780764343452 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4495:9781782004073 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4468:9780824803520 4464: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4447:0-674-07910-8 4443: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4424:9780804766197 4420: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4403:9780810863088 4399: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4303:9780231089579 4299: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4252:, p. 57. 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4124:, p. 84. 4123: 4118: 4111: 4110:Worthing 2016 4106: 4104: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3960:, p. 26. 3959: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3812:, p. 80. 3811: 3806: 3800:, p. 82. 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3674:, p. 28. 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3621:Worthing 2016 3617: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3560:, p. 27. 3559: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3533:, p. 71. 3532: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3504:Worthing 2016 3500: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3453:Worthing 2016 3449: 3442: 3441:Worthing 2016 3437: 3431:, p. 92. 3430: 3429:Worthing 2016 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3379: 3378:Worthing 2016 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3329:, p. 90. 3328: 3327:Worthing 2016 3323: 3321: 3313: 3312:Worthing 2016 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3151:, p. 84. 3150: 3149:Worthing 2016 3145: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3088:, p. 69. 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2968:, p. 75. 2967: 2966:Worthing 2016 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2926:, p. 65. 2925: 2920: 2918: 2911:, p. 70. 2910: 2909:Worthing 2016 2905: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2872:, p. 62. 2871: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2833:, p. 96. 2832: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2806:, p. 95. 2805: 2800: 2794:, p. 92. 2793: 2788: 2782:, p. 65. 2781: 2780:Worthing 2016 2776: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2723: 2717:, p. 85. 2716: 2711: 2709: 2702:, p. 84. 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2678:, p. 83. 2677: 2672: 2666:, p. 82. 2665: 2660: 2654:, p. 25. 2653: 2648: 2646: 2639:, p. 81. 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2600:, p. 78. 2599: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2576:, p. 68. 2575: 2570: 2564:, p. 31. 2563: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2547:, p. 36. 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2523:, p. 75. 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2480:, p. 56. 2479: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2463:, p. 51. 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2427:, p. 47. 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2391:, p. 22. 2390: 2385: 2379:, p. 41. 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2352:, p. 11. 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2328:, p. 83. 2327: 2322: 2320: 2313:, p. 53. 2312: 2307: 2301:, p. 72. 2300: 2295: 2289:, p. 68. 2288: 2283: 2276:. p. 74. 2275: 2268: 2262:, p. 35. 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2235:, p. 26. 2234: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2190:, p. 14. 2189: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766:moved toward 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1723:White Russian 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669:Kwantung Army 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:Tang Shengzhi 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1467:. Meanwhile, 1466: 1462: 1457: 1456:Yangtze River 1453: 1449: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Sun Chuanfang 1381: 1377: 1376:Gungsangnorbu 1373: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1233:(present-day 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1159: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1001: 998: 995: 990: 988: 984: 979: 976: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 953: 940: 938: 932: 928: 922: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865:Sun Chuanfang 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 842:Joseph Stalin 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 751: 746: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 634:(NRA) of the 633: 629: 618: 606: 585: 584: 579: 576: 571: 565: 564:Sun Chuanfang 560: 554: 549: 543: 538: 532: 527: 521: 516: 510: 508: 502: 497: 492: 490: 485: 479: 474: 468: 457: 446: 441: 435: 430: 424: 419: 413: 408: 402: 397: 391: 386: 380: 375: 369: 364: 358: 353: 347: 342: 336: 331: 326: 325: 320: 317: 305: 304:Supported by: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 284: 280: 279: 278: 277: 272: 266: 264: 260: 255: 243: 242:Supported by: 236:army, others) 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 204: 202: 192: 190: 185: 180: 179: 176: 172: 168: 167: 166: 164: 159: 152: 151: 146: 137: 133: 131: 128: 126: 122: 120: 116: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 103: 99: 96: 95: 91: 87: 84: 83: 76: 73: 72: 68: 63: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6603: 6592: 6561: 6538: 6390:715 Incident 6227: 6108: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5824: 5817: 5813:Wu Po-hsiung 5808:Ma Ying-jeou 5798:Lee Teng-hui 5788:Wang Jingwei 5773:Zhang Renjie 5767:Song Jiaoren 5765: 5684:Song Jiaoren 5643: 5390: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5208:Beijing Coup 5197: 5175: 5093: 4875: 4854: 4833: 4804: 4783: 4758: 4737: 4717: 4693: 4664: 4631: 4627:Mitter, Rana 4600: 4581: 4554: 4531: 4504: 4477: 4457: 4435: 4413: 4392: 4373: 4352: 4341: 4331: 4313: 4292: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4117: 4080: 4073: 4053: 4046: 4026: 4019: 3999: 3992: 3972: 3965: 3919: 3892: 3880: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3766: 3754: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3628: 3616: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3538: 3511: 3499: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3373: 3361: 3334: 3307: 3295: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3182:. Retrieved 3177: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3024: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2904: 2877: 2850: 2838: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2722: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2632: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2509:Fischer 1930 2504: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2345: 2333: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2255: 2250:, p. 2. 2214:, p. 7. 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2130:, p. 8. 2088:and toward " 2070:Soviet Union 2066:Leon Trotsky 2063: 2041:Liu Zhennian 2030: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1992: 1938: 1897: 1847: 1825:, capturing 1813: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1780: 1775: 1763: 1741: 1727: 1719: 1677: 1654: 1635:Yellow River 1630: 1629:, while the 1616: 1590:to march on 1583: 1580:Feng Yuxiang 1577: 1558: 1554:Wang Jingwei 1547: 1504: 1485: 1477: 1444: 1396: 1329: 1309: 1284: 1256: 1216: 1192: 1173: 1120:Southern Min 1085:Romanization 1036:Hanyu Pinyin 934: 924: 889:Zhang Zuolin 846: 807: 755: 710:Zhang Zuolin 702:Beiyang Army 698:Feng Yuxiang 690:Yellow River 687: 675:Wang Jingwei 627: 625: 506: 501:Zhang Zuolin 346:Feng Yuxiang 303: 297:Zhili clique 267: 254:Soviet Union 241: 171:United Front 153: 148:Belligerents 100: 61: 47:Part of the 36: 6677:Warlord Era 6354:Canton Coup 5994:21st (2021) 5989:20th (2017) 5984:19th (2013) 5979:18th (2009) 5974:17th (2005) 5969:16th (2001) 5964:15th (1997) 5959:14th (1993) 5954:13th (1988) 5949:12th (1981) 5944:11th (1976) 5939:10th (1969) 5862:Lin Rong-te 5761:Sun Yat-sen 5689:Sun Yat-sen 5546:Kuomintang 5531:New Guangxi 5526:Old Guangxi 5441:Two-Liu war 5431:Han–Liu War 4949:Warlord Era 4641:Los Angeles 4274:Brandt 1958 4262:Jacobs 1981 4250:Taylor 2009 4238:Jowett 2013 4226:Taylor 2009 4214:Jowett 2017 4202:Jowett 2013 4190:Wilbur 1983 4173:Wilbur 1983 4161:Wilbur 1983 4149:Wilbur 1983 4137:Wilbur 1983 4122:Taylor 2009 3958:Mitter 2000 3924:Jordan 1976 3912:Jordan 1976 3897:Jordan 1976 3885:Jordan 1976 3873:Jordan 1976 3858:Jordan 1976 3798:Taylor 2009 3786:Wilbur 1983 3771:Jordan 1976 3759:Jordan 1976 3720:Wilbur 1983 3708:Jordan 1976 3696:Jordan 1976 3684:Jowett 2013 3672:Jowett 2014 3660:Jordan 1976 3648:Jordan 1976 3633:Jordan 1976 3609:Jordan 1976 3582:Jordan 1976 3570:Jordan 1976 3558:Jowett 2014 3543:Jordan 1976 3531:Taylor 2009 3516:Jordan 1976 3492:Jordan 1976 3477:Jordan 1976 3465:Jordan 1976 3417:Jordan 1976 3405:Jordan 1976 3393:Jordan 1976 3366:Jordan 1976 3354:Jordan 1976 3339:Jordan 1976 3300:Jordan 1976 3288:Jordan 1976 3273:Jordan 1976 3261:Jordan 1976 3249:Wilbur 1983 3161:Wilbur 1983 3137:Jacobs 1981 3122:Jacobs 1981 3110:Jordan 1976 3098:Jordan 1976 3086:Chiang 1978 3074:Jordan 1976 3059:Tolley 2000 3044:Jordan 1976 3029:Wilbur 1983 3017:Jordan 1976 3002:Jordan 1976 2978:Jordan 1976 2924:Taylor 2009 2897:Jordan 1976 2882:Jordan 1976 2870:Wilbur 1983 2855:Jordan 1976 2843:Jordan 1976 2831:Jordan 1976 2816:Jordan 1976 2804:Jordan 1976 2792:Jordan 1976 2768:Jordan 1976 2744:Jordan 1976 2715:Jordan 1976 2700:Jordan 1976 2676:Jordan 1976 2664:Jordan 1976 2652:Jowett 2014 2637:Jordan 1976 2625:Wilbur 1983 2610:Jordan 1976 2598:Jordan 1976 2574:Jordan 1976 2562:Jowett 2014 2545:Jowett 2014 2533:Jordan 1976 2521:Jordan 1976 2478:Wilbur 1983 2461:Wilbur 1983 2449:Kotkin 2014 2437:Jordan 1976 2425:Wilbur 1983 2413:Jordan 1976 2401:Jordan 1976 2389:Wilbur 1983 2377:Taylor 2009 2350:Wilbur 1983 2338:Taylor 2009 2326:Taylor 2009 2299:Taylor 2009 2287:Taylor 2009 2260:Jowett 2014 2248:Jowett 2017 2233:Jowett 2014 2212:Jowett 2017 2200:Jowett 2017 2188:Wilbur 1983 2176:Jacobs 1981 2152:Kotkin 2014 2128:Jowett 2017 2102:land reform 2082:bourgeoisie 2037:a rebellion 1996:T. V. Soong 1934:Xu Yuanquan 1917:Nankou Pass 1913:Zhangjiakou 1909:Zhangjiakou 1870:Cai Gongshi 1404:Bai Chongxi 1380:Wu Junsheng 1207:route taken 1189:Nankou Pass 838:Wu Tiecheng 834:Canton Coup 816:, and held 779:Sun Yat-sen 542:Yang Yuting 401:Zhang Fakui 368:Bai Chongxi 125:Warlord Era 123:End of the 49:Warlord Era 6672:Kuomintang 6661:Categories 6537:Operation 6446:Long March 6109:italicised 5934:9th (1963) 5929:8th (1957) 5924:7th (1952) 5919:6th (1945) 5904:5th (1935) 5899:4th (1931) 5894:3rd (1929) 5889:2nd (1926) 5884:1st (1924) 5856:Wu Den-yih 5826:Wu Den-yih 5694:Lu Haodong 5614:Kuomintang 5489:Zhili Army 4363:0743231449 3983:0743231449 3841:"Untitled" 3747:Kwong 2017 3732:Kwong 2017 3594:Kwong 2017 3184:31 January 2990:Smith 2000 2943:Kwong 2017 2756:Smith 2000 2586:Chang 1953 2365:Kwong 2017 2140:Fenby 2004 2108:References 1953:Luan River 1710:Yan Xishan 1561:Green Gang 1469:Cheng Qian 1448:Zhili Army 1435:See also: 1336:He Yingqin 1323:province, 1267:Li Zongren 1064:Wade–Giles 931:Wade–Giles 766:Kuomintang 694:Yan Xishan 636:Kuomintang 456:Zhou Enlai 445:Deng Yanda 434:Cheng Qian 423:Tan Yankai 390:Yan Xishan 379:He Yingqin 357:Li Zongren 175:April 1927 6635:1950–1958 6574:1948–1949 6539:Beleaguer 6533:1945–1949 6523:1945–1947 6462:1937–1946 6442:1934–1936 6432:1933–1934 6422:1931–1934 6412:1930–1934 6360:1927–1949 6319:Post-1945 6162:campaigns 5803:Lien Chan 5783:Hu Hanmin 5716:Chiangism 5536:Guangdong 5501:Guominjun 5413:1931–1935 5399:1930–1932 5354:1928–1929 5322:1927–1930 5260:1926–1928 5236:1925–1926 5172:1923–1927 5152:1921–1922 5132:1920–1926 5122:1920–1921 5102:1919–1921 5072:1918–1920 5062:1917–1929 5052:1917–1922 5018:1915–1916 4988:1911–1914 4973:1925–1934 4970:1915–1924 4764:Cambridge 4323:222139243 3810:Wang 2014 3236:503828045 2113:Citations 2094:margarine 2078:Comintern 2013:Guominjun 1967:Aftermath 1814:Guominjun 1807:Guominjun 1776:Guominjun 1764:Guominjun 1728:Guominjun 1664:announced 1655:Guominjun 1639:Zhengzhou 1631:Guominjun 1619:Zhenjiang 1584:Guominjun 1473:Songjiang 1461:Changzhou 1194:Guominjun 936:Ankuochün 897:Manchuria 793:with the 770:Guangzhou 714:Manchuria 673:, led by 412:Li Jishen 263:Comintern 226:Guominjun 6606:Incident 6604:Amethyst 6595:Incident 6564:incident 6315:Pre-1945 6252:Red Army 6085:See also 6050:2020 (b) 6040:2016 (b) 6035:2015 (b) 6020:2007 (b) 5832:Eric Chu 5721:Dang Guo 5704:Ideology 5677:Founders 5511:Xinjiang 5479:Fengtian 4977:Factions 4670:Honolulu 4637:Berkeley 4629:(2000). 4605:Barnsley 4383:59836788 2164:Gao 2009 2052:and the 2008:de facto 1949:Tangshan 1941:Chu Yupu 1831:Jiaxiang 1827:Tengzhou 1755:Zhuozhou 1708:warlord 1604:Yancheng 1582:and his 1488:Lin Boqu 1452:Chu Yupu 1416:Hangzhou 1356:materiel 1348:Jiujiang 1325:Xia Chao 1321:Zhejiang 1287:Jiujiang 1275:Xianning 1269:and his 1203:Nanchang 1185:Changsha 1106:Jyutping 1050:Bopomofo 926:Ānguójūn 901:Shandong 873:Zhejiang 849:Wu Peifu 822:governed 810:Shanghai 646:, which 581:Strength 575:Chu Yupu 553:Wu Peifu 104:victory 85:Location 6562:Kiangya 5752:Leaders 5622:History 5541:Guizhou 5521:Sichuan 5464:Beiyang 5374:(incl. 4283:Sources 2068:in the 2026:Guizhou 2018:Sichuan 1854:Taishan 1818:Suiyuan 1788:Whampoa 1759:Baoding 1673:Qingdao 1647:Longhai 1623:Haizhou 1592:Luoyang 1588:Shaanxi 1573:capital 1424:Jiangsu 1360:Tianjin 1332:Shantou 1296:Nanjing 1271:Guangxi 1259:Yuezhou 1231:Wuchang 1209:by the 1199:Wuchang 1127:Hokkien 913:Chinese 885:Jiangxi 877:Jiangsu 740:Prelude 716:-based 706:Beijing 663:faction 660:Nanjing 507:† 467:Ye Ting 230:Guangxi 216:(until 173:(until 65:attack. 6299: 5516:Yunnan 5496:Shanxi 4883: 4862: 4841: 4812: 4791: 4770: 4745: 4724: 4705: 4680: 4651: 4615: 4588: 4569: 4559:Leiden 4542: 4536:Stroud 4519: 4509:Atglen 4492: 4482:Oxford 4465: 4444: 4421: 4400: 4381: 4360: 4321: 4300: 4088: 4061: 4034: 4007: 3980: 3234: 3224: 2076:. The 2024:, and 2022:Yunnan 1957: 1929:Dairen 1900:Dezhou 1850:Tai'an 1839:Jining 1768:Xuzhou 1750:Shanxi 1706:Shanxi 1660:Xuzhou 1643:Xuzhou 1627:Suzhou 1565: 1534:, and 1511:Bengbu 1412:Jinhua 1400:Quzhou 1390:, and 1372:Pan Fu 1344:Fuzhou 1251:Hankou 1144:Tâi-lô 933:: 923:: 921:pinyin 915:: 903:, and 883:, and 869:Fujian 859:, and 764:. 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