French Basque Country

1570: 737: 2199:(Basque-medium schools) are recognized as educational establishments, with an association model, although they don't receive any state aid. Professors in the ikastolas are under the responsibility of the French Education Ministry. In 2000, the Basque-French federation of ikastolas, Seaska, decided to end negotiations with the French educational administration to integrate ikastolas into the public education system of France, since the conditions it set did not guarantee their education model. Currently, the ikastolas are financed largely by the parents in a cooperative system and by various activities organized in favor of Basque, such as 79: 1581: 3412: 713: 31: 67: 1900: 725: 486:(a Béarnese community during the Ancien Régime) is usually included on the list of Souletin populations, since its population is historically Basque-speaking. However, it became part of Béarn and has not requested admission into the Councils of the French Basque Country. Soule is divided between the districts of Bayonne and Oloron-Sainte-Marie, where the majority of its communes are located. These 35 Souletin communes of the 2124:), but conservative in its lexicon and morphology. Souletin relies on a written literary tradition of great importance, but something worth noting is the oral tradition, since ancient ballads and songs have been passed on from generation to generation up until current times, being rescued by musicians and singer-songwriters in the second half of the 20th century. The Soule people have a firm popular theatre tradition, and 2353: 1958:(French-Basque), 8.6% were French speakers who understand Basque, and 68.9% were not Basque speakers. But the results were very different in the three zones. In the inner land (Lower Navarre and Soule), 66.2% speak or understand Basque. In the coast (Labourd), the figure stands at 36.9%. And in the B.A.B. urban zone (Bayonne- Anglet-Biarritz), only 14.2% speak or understand Basque (20% of B.A.B. can speak or understand 90: 47: 3320: 2470:"The first words written in Basque are those found in the Basque-Aquitanian and Pyrenean funerary stelae from Roman times (1st century). They could be names of gods and goddesses: sembe > seme (son), anderex > andere (lady), cison > gizon (man), nescato > neskato (girl)...although at present they correspond to common names in our vocabulary" (translated from Basque) 623:, according to the French administrative category, in accordance with the laws called: the Pasqua Law (LOADT) from 4 February 1995, and the Voynet Law (LOADDT) from 25 June 1999. These are based on the notion of a country in the traditional sense, as a society belonging to a place, culture, etc., promoting the organization and development of the territory in a global manner. 2156:) have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French" and, despite many attempts to add "with respect to regional languages that are a part of our patrimony" to the text by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was denied by 57 votes against the 44 votes in favor. 2181:). Article 21 of the Toubon Law states that the establishments made with this law will not be applied with prejudice of the norm and legislation corresponding to the regional languages of France, and that such a law does not go against the use of those languages. But that article lacks usefulness, because no legislation or norm exists for the 2207:(Popular Step), which Basque speakers in Spain and France attend to do a walk for solidarity. Thanks to the participation of individuals, companies, and communities, Herri Urrats, in collaboration with Seaska, has allowed for the opening of 20 elementary schools, three highschools and an institution for secondary education since 1984. 1817:, 1887), the only institution that still spoke to the people in their language. This could not prevent the Basque language from further receding, it becoming confined to local and domestic circles. In 1914, Basque ceased to be the trading language used by the local middle- and higher-class customers at the Mauleon marketplace (Soule). 1624:

and the following national assemblies in Paris rejected the imposition of an alien political-administrative design, regarding the events with a blend of disbelief and indignation. The brothers Garat, representatives of Labourd, defended against a hostile audience the specificity of their province and

2170:

In the French State (Labourd, Lower Navarre, and Soule provinces). With the constitutional reform of 1992, France declared French the language of the Republic. Although Article 2.1 the Constitution proclaims the beginning of equality, it only recognizes legal protection for French, leaving the rest

2119:

dialects are the dialects that have conserved the largest number of archaisms due to their geographical location, but at the same time, they had the greatest influence from other languages (Mitxelena). This is why Souletin is considered innovative with regards to its phonology (influenced mainly by

1375:

All vacant land, forests, and waters under this Viscounty belonged to the King and everyone had the right to use them, whether they were nobles or not. Nobles did not have any feudal rights and justice rested solely in the hands of the King. The Biltzar, the only existing assembly, was in charge of

1965:

On the coast, where the largest cities are located, the predominant language is French, for example, in the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz agglomeration, Basque is spoken by 10% of the population. However, in the rural interior of the Northern Basque Country, Basque is the predominant language, spoken by

1935:

Neither Basque nor any of the other regional languages in France, such as Catalan, Breton or Occitan, have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French", and, despite several attempts to add "with respect to the

368:

is conventionally considered part of Labourd, but it stopped belonging to it in the 13th century. A few municipalities are considered a part of Lapurdi and are a part of the "Council of the Elected" and the "Council of the Development of the French Basque Country" but did not belong the historic

2020:

The literary tradition in the French Basque Country, especially in Labourd, has had great importance in the history of the Basque language. The first Basque writers on that side of the Pyrenees took the language from the Labourd coast as their base language for literature, more specifically the

686:

In 2012, the French government proposed the creation of a single commonwealth for all of the towns in French Basque Country, under two conditions: being approved by at least half of the 158 communes in the historic territory, and that at least half of the nearly 300,000 residents be represented

2214:

and the members of the Department of Public Works of the French Basque Country signed the protocols that allowed the collaboration between the various Basque organisms and institutions to encourage a linguistic policy on both sides of the Spanish-French border; the Public Institution of Basque

2016:

or Mixe Country region and the Soule province, where a dialect with great cohesion and defined traits can be found: Souletin. In Zuazo's opinion, this may be due to the fact that this territory has been separated administratively from the other two, and that the differences in speech have been

1174:, placing them under the direct control of the sovereign, while the rest of their territories were organized into autonomous entities led by powerful officials of the kingdom: counts, dukes, patricians, and vice chancellors, in accordance with the Merovingian tradition of decentralizing power. 1864:

Over the last 200 years, the territory has shown a slow demographic rise: 126,493 (in 1801); 162,365 (1851); 226,749 (1979) (79% in Labourd, 13% in Lower Navarre, 8% in Soule); 259,850 (1990) (81%; 13%; 6% respectively); 262,000 (1999 census). On 29 January 1997 the area was made an official

2429:, made the first classification of the dialects in the nineteenth century based solely on linguistic criteria. He made four different classifications. The definitive classification was collected in his work "Le verbe basque en tableaux", where he differentiated eight dialects: 1756:), and Royalists (traditional Catholics), with the latter eventually prevailing in the area. Shepherding and small-scale mining and agriculture were the main economic activities, and were accompanied by the increased presence of customs officials, both locals and non-Basques. 1673:

The Basques started to be forcibly recruited for the French army, with large numbers of youths in turn deciding to run away or defect among allegations of mistreatment, so starting a trend of exile and emigration to the Americas that was to last for more than a century.

1319:, a stable and long-lasting ecclesiastic organization was established in the region. The most important trails leading to Santiago pass through the region, and this greatly influenced the development of the trails and the villas in the territory up to the present day. 1841:

or the Americas. However, war took a heavy toll; 6,000 died at the front, equivalent to 3% of the French Basque population. It also produced strengthened the notion in the Basque psyche that it is an integral part of the French nation, fostered by the above weekly

1469:, gives a rough description of the extent of Basque at the time: The language comprised all the provinces now known as Basque Country "and so many other places". After Axular's accomplished book, other Basque writing authors followed suit, especially in 2033:. The language has evolved in the literary plane from classical Labourd dialect used by writers in the Sare School, to the literary Navarro-Lapurdian dialect, a sort of Basque unified in the French Basque Country made concrete by a grammar book by 1076:, demonstrate. In the north of what is now French Basque Country, these (toponyms) become more frequent: e.g., Loupiac and Gaillan. However, in the southeast of the territory, the less Romanized area, toponyms with Basque suffixes are abundant: 2652: 2625: 2185:. In order to give the Basque language legal recognition, it would be necessary to modify the Constitution of the Republic. French speakers of Basque do not then have any recognized linguistic rights. And thus no guaranteed linguistic rights. 2171:

of the languages of the Republic in a state/environment of tolerance. Other legal texts that strengthen the status of French are Law 75-1349, from 31 December 1975, and the law that replaced it, Law 94-665, from 4 August 1994, known as the

561:), the most populated urban space in the territory. It is the political capital of its subprefecture and economic capital of the largest region, which includes the French Basque country and the south of Landes. Other important places are 455:

canton) has usually not been considered a part of Lower Navarre, even though it belonged to Navarre during the Ancien Régime. Additionally, it has not entered the Councils of the French Basque Country. Lower Navarre is located within the

2653:"Loi n° 99-533 du 25 juin 1999 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement durable du territoire et portant modification de la loi n° 95-115 du 4 février 1995 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement du territoire" 1625:

that of the Basques, putting forward instead the establishment of a Basque department. However, eventually the brothers Garat from Labourd voted for the new design out of hopes to get a say in future political decisions. In 1790, the

694:, was created: an intercommunal cooperation movement (EPCI), which promotes a greater level of autonomy, with the French administrative categorization as an official territorial administrative structure with greater abilities than a 1701:, General Moncey forced the removal of Pinet and Cavaignac, who had managed to have a falling out with the Gipuzkoans. Due to this, they threw themselves into a desperate guerilla war, an antecedent to that of 1808. On July 22, the 673:(Chamber of Agriculture for the Basque Country), was created as a house for the representation and promotion of the interests of livestock farmers and agriculturists of the French Basque Country, promoted by the agrarian union, 1985:) spoken in this region since before the Roman era, does not have official status but it does have some acknowledgement, so that it can be studied in school and be used as a secondary language by the institutions in the area. 1763:

in 1864 (Mauleon in 1880), increasing the flow of freight and people from outside the Basque Country, resulting in the growth of the non-Basque population especially on the coast, with Biarritz the most noteworthy case, in a

1832:

thrived on their shipbuilding and steel processing industry supplying the European war effort, continental Basques under the age of 49 were required to travel to the front in north-east France. From the beginning and as the

2332:

for most administrative entities, it does have its own Chamber of Commerce (the CCI Bayonne-Pays-Basque) and a distinct economy with a pole of competences around the boardsports industry including companies such as

1522:. He believed women had a sinful nature, and that they were so dangerous that one judge alone could not judge a woman because men are weak. He said that a tribunal made up of several men was necessary to do so. 646:

is an association that groups political posts such as regional councilors, general councilors and mayors of the French Basque Country, from both political spectrums, whose goal is to achieve the division of the

1483: 2570: 3165: 2012:), whose delimitations don't correspond to the three Basque provinces. The spoken languages of Labourd and Lower Navarre are part of a linguistic continuum without established borders. It ends in the 1666:

even declaring that "fanaticism speaks Basque", an indiscriminate mass-deportation of civilians followed resulting in the expulsion from their homes of thousands and a death toll of approx. 1,600 in

611:

A slow but continuous French institutional evolution has been produced as a response to the historical claims of the French Basque Country. By an order from 29 January 1997 from the prefect of the

2678: 1280:

detached from the Franks and became the independent commander of Vasconia, but got involved in the Carolingian dynastic wars over succession after taking over Bordeaux (844), supporting the young

1386:

that administered the collective goods of each parish existed. In 1215, Bayonne separated from Labourd, ruling from that moment on through its council. From the end of the 12th century until the

1394:

was the capital of Labourd. Bayonne continued to be the economic hub of the area until the 19th century. However, above all, it was the port of Navarre that connected it to the North of Europe.

753:

The oldest human remains that are known of in the territory of the current French Basque Country are approximately 150,000 years old. Some houses have been found on the terraces of the river

1551:

and Bayonne in 1449 and 1451 respectively, Labourd and Soule were under the domain of the French crown. When Henry III of Navarre took the French throne at the end of the 16th century (as

1503:

The 16th century was probably the most tragic for the inhabitants of the French Basque Country in its history. The recurring French-Spanish conflict between 1512 and 1659 and the

2132:

reflect this. The plays are performed by entire towns, who turn into an instrument for the reaffirmation of Souletin identity, which has suffered a worrying demographic decline.

1720:, with large numbers further departing to the Americas in search for a better life. In Soule, the emigration trend was mitigated by the establishment circa 1864 of a flourishing 3265: 632:

and more specifically of a Basque department, has been a constant element during that last decades in elected posts for the main political parties, with representation from the

1716:. As of 1814, traditional cross-Pyrenean trade fell conspicuously, starting a period of economic stagnation. Eventually, trade across the Pyrénées border was cut off after the 2041:, and it currently survives as an unrecognized version of unified Basque. In other words, it is a unified Basque with lexical and morphological elements unique to the region. 2766: 1569: 3189: 228:), with 785 km (303 sq mi). The population included in the Basque Municipal Community amounts to 309,723 inhabitants distributed in 158 municipalities. 2517: 2578: 679:. Initially, this institution wasn't recognised, and its function was illegal. Now, its function is regulated and receives subventions from the Regional Council of 447:, did not belong to Navarre although it is also a part of the Council of Elects and the Council of the Development of the French Basque Country. On the other hand, 171: 1234:

that broke up during the 8th to 9th centuries, following the Carolingian expansion, the pressure of Norman raids, and introduction of feudalism. At this time, the

1681:

against revolutionary France. At first, French Basque Country stayed at the margins of the conflict, since Spain stayed neutral, but in 1793, France declared

431:

belong to Lower Navarre and are a part of the Council of Elects and the Council of the Development of the French Basque Country. They were dependent on the

266:. It is a popular tourist destination and is somewhat distinct from neighbouring parts of the southern Basque Country, since it was not industrialized as 2682: 1312:

The evangelization of the territory that today comprises French Basque Country was slow and precarious. Beginning in the 9th century, and in part due to

815:

era, humans began to live outside of caves, despite the fact that these were still used until a much later date. Also, during this era, the artefacts of

337:

The French Basque Country included three pre-existing historic territories before the departmental division of France in 1789, with a few modifications:

1309:, interpreted as meaning "the limit of Vasconia" or "prominence of Vasconia" (on account of its location on a hill overlooking the plains of Vasconia). 2897: 2044:

The Navarro-Lapurdian dialect and Souletin have common characteristics that distinguish them from other Basque dialects, such as the pronunciation of

658:

The Council of the Development of the French Basque Country was created in 1994, and in 1995 the Council of the Elected of the French Basque Country (

3351: 2376: 691: 2753: 3411: 2777: 1495:

by Pierre Etxeberri. However, during the 17 and 18th century, that activity saw a gradual decline as the English took over from the Basques.

2298:

The Northern Basque Country has 29,759 companies, 107 companies for 1,000 inhabitants and an annual growth of 4.5% (between 2004 and 2006).

3247: 3146: 1936:

regional languages that are part of our heritage" by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was rejected by 57 votes against and 44 in favor.

3277: 2541: 2491: 2013: 1434:

After the conquest of Upper Navarre by Castile in 1512–21, the still independent north Pyrenean part of Navarre took the lead of the

1351:

in 1023 with its capital in Bayonne, which gave vassals to the King and Queen of Navarre until 1193. The area became disputed by the

1518:. He burned around 200 women, children and priests by forcing them to confess through torture. Pierre de Lancre was responsible for 1211:, Galactorio, up until 580, while Gregory of Tours wrote about the incursions Duke Austrobald faced in 587 after the defeat of Duke 3324: 652: 260: 2792: 2318: 17: 1654:

The three Basque provinces were then shaken by traumatic events after the intervention of the French Convention Army during the

1525:

However, after overcoming the disasters suffered, a sort of renaissance was lived during the 17th century. Among other things,

1327:

The lands to the south of the Adour became Labourd, encompassing initially a bigger region than the later territory around the

3379: 3344: 3197: 3098: 2992: 2938: 487: 299: 189: 1454:

became King of France but kept Navarre as a formally independent state until 1620–24, when this separation was suppressed.

1250:

exercised better military control over the area, including better tax collection and judicial administration, placing Duke

2702: 1193:, armed incursions and confrontations with Merovingian potentates were frequent during the last third of the 6th century. 2599: 1111:

After the Germanic invasions that caused the fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient province began to be referred to as

704:, and that is made up of a union of ten commonwealths and 157 of the 159 Basque communes, plus one Béarnese community. 3081: 736: 1677:

The mutual hostility and lack of trust between the new regime and the European monarchies led to the creation of the

1564: 1372:

agreed to divide the country, Labourd remaining under Angevin sovereignty and Lower Navarre under Navarrese control.

870:, but by the end of the 3rd century, when use of the name Aquitania was extended to cover the region up to the river 382: 378: 3461: 3337: 2714: 2239:

political movement going back to 1963 with the Embata movement (outlawed in 1974), followed up during the 2000s by

1811:

of the Pyrenees had an impact in the French Basque Country, especially in church-related circles (periodicals like

1265:

was created. By the end of the 9th century, Guillermo Sanchez was named the duke of all Vascons. Some years later,

633: 428: 3290: 3190:

Fourth Sociolinguistic Survey. 2006: Basque Autonomous Community, Northern Basque Country, Navarre, Basque Country

1616:

to discuss problems of state. This assembly united the three estates: nobles, clerics, and the common people (the

626:

The creation of an institution of greater substance than what was represented by the geographical organization of

3361: 2108:

took into account the four centuries of literary tradition of this region when it began the unification project.

2026: 1266: 424: 331: 35: 687:

within this historic territory. After a process of municipal meetings, on 2 May 2016, both conditions were met.

2967: 1129:

from the 6th century, and was differentiated from the trans-Pyrenean territories that later chroniclers in the

1770:

type of settlement (Manex Goihenetxe, Eneko Bidegain). Upper-class tourism gained momentum from 1854 onwards (

1807:(Anton Abbadia), followed by several more editions up to 1897. Other political and cultural events in fellow 1555:), Lower Navarre was incorporated into the French Royal patrimony (becoming the King of France and Navarre). 1166:. After Clovis I's death in 511, the heirs to his throne consolidated their northern possessions centered on 2904: 2045: 1911: 3221: 2182: 2141: 1804: 1686: 786: 651:

department into Basque and Béarnese departments respectively (24 of the existing mainland departments have

1697:

went to Spain to manage conquered territory, courting the possibility of annexing it to France. After the

3166:"Celebration of Herri Urrats, traditional festival to help Basque language schools in the Basque Country" 2230: 2125: 966: 389:(which was united administratively to Lapurdi in 1763 but seceded judicially from the Seneschal of Came ( 2746: 1277: 159: 1299:

and written Latin and was increasingly confined to the lands around the Pyrénées. Since 963, the town

176: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2329: 2244: 2034: 2003: 1626: 1474: 781:

inhabited this area. At the beginning they lived in the open air and later in caves, like the one in

648: 612: 457: 394: 307: 295: 287: 283: 155: 71: 2626:"Loi n° 95-115 du 4 février 1995 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement du territoire" 1613: 1531: 1273: 1226:

in the late 4th and 5th centuries, the area was eventually incorporated as part of the independent

637: 1940: 1154:

made with Rome, but they were forced to leave in 507 as a consequence of their defeat against the

83: 3421: 3370: 2861: 2442: 2438: 1838: 1808: 1694: 1621: 1504: 1439: 1258:

set out on a campaign to repress the Vascon inhabitants that eventually led to their submission.

1061: 762: 580: 444: 240: 39: 232: 78: 2422: 2272: 2057: 1850: 1729: 1713: 1316: 3329: 1890: 1352: 2778:

Orden nº 64-2016-07-13-015, publicado el 13 de julio de 2016 (en francés, páginas de 41 a 54)

2549: 2166:

Below is an extract from the report of the Observatory of Linguistic Rights of Euskal Herria:

1982: 1705:

was signed and the conflict ended, giving rise to a period of relative peace and prosperity.

1682: 1597: 1416: 1340: 1281: 1126: 701: 303: 1783: 549:

originate, is a part of the Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne agglomeration community (BAB) alongside

2240: 1601: 1580: 1366: 1359: 1194: 854:, he found all the region south and west of the Garonne inhabited by a people known as the 1526: 1163: 8: 1978: 1698: 1689:

led the French to a counterattack in June 1794, expelling the Spanish, and even entering

1655: 1642: 1609: 1519: 1420: 1155: 1131: 1100: 1001: 859: 803:

The most well-known object found is a bird bone with three holes in it in the shape of a

432: 374: 2056:

influence and became extinct on the Labourd coast around the 19th century, according to

1962:). The proportion of French-Basque bilinguals fell from 26.4% in 1996 to 22.5% in 2006. 1875:, i.e., a representative body promoting several activities, but without its own budget. 1725: 590: 3209: 2828: 2816: 2403: 2398: 2236: 2053: 1749: 1709: 1552: 1478: 1451: 1415:, though at times also it admitted a certain Angevin overlordship. With the end of the 1408: 1313: 1235: 770: 205: 2789: 1663: 452: 3193: 3094: 2988: 2963: 2934: 2434: 2381: 2276: 2268: 2248: 2211: 2160: 2030: 1775: 1745: 1717: 1593: 1387: 1355: 1227: 790: 712: 562: 3055: 3030: 1426: 640:, and nationalist parties. 64% of Basque-French mayors support such a creation. The 2458: 2386: 2306: 2290:('the Northerners') used violence to seek independence. It disbanded in the 1990s. 2153: 2145: 2116: 2112: 1834: 1542: 1536: 1515: 1289: 1262: 1122: 867: 497: 113: 2322: 830:(4000–3000 B.C.E.), new techniques for the use of metals and agriculture arrived. 436: 2959: 2796: 2518:"Jean-René Etchegaray élu président de la communauté d'agglomération Pays basque" 2430: 2302: 2149: 2121: 2067: 2049: 2038: 1974: 1959: 1854: 1678: 1659: 1447: 1285: 797: 524: 355: 185: 125: 105: 2788:

Adolf Schulten, 1927, Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos. RIEV, 18, 2.

1786:) chose to take healing baths at spa resorts and sought to be closer to nature. 1685:. The political situation after the mass-deportation of civilians improved when 1272:

During this period, northern Basques very likely participated in the successive

50:

Northern Basque Country in green. From left to right, the historic provinces of

2310: 2163:

exists at the municipal level for traffic (trilingual in places like Bayonne).

2105: 1884: 1702: 875: 858:, who were not Celtic and are nowadays assumed to have been early Basques (see 774: 310:

in Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Additionally, it includes the following territories in

1837:

wore on, thousands of Basques objected to military service, defected and fled

66: 30: 3455: 3435: 3222:"Euskararen Jatorriari Buruzko Teoriak (Theories about the origin of Basque)" 2358: 2077: 1858: 1336: 1247: 847: 827: 618: 401: 236: 193: 93: 55: 1242:. According to Iñaki Bazán, after the Duchy was created, the Frankish kings 2314: 2285: 2202: 1946: 1800: 1617: 1488: 1458: 1296: 1243: 1043: 977: 863: 3266:"Cinco estatus diferentes para la lengua vasca y los derechos lingüísticos 2754:"Iparralde cumple las dos condiciones para la creación de la Mancomunidad" 2271:

with a reduced, almost symbolic presence, especially when compared to the

1939:

Basques continue to practice many Basque cultural traditions. The town of

1588:

announcing the outbreak of war and its allegiance to the French war effort

3083:

Lehen mundu gerra "Eskualduna" astekarian [World War I on the Weekly

2858:

De l'année 587 à l'année 589. Gontran, Childebert II et Clotaire II, Rois

2371: 2275:

across the border. Since 2007, they gather around the electoral platform

2052:, it was lost around the 13th century in the Pyrenees territories due to 1989: 1821: 1753: 1647: 1592:

The three Basque provinces still enjoyed considerable autonomy until the

1464: 1300: 1269:

united the duchies of Vasconia and Aquitania (with the Poitiers county).

1198: 935: 907: 820: 778: 724: 717: 2279:, typically earning roughly 15% of the votes in the district elections. 2037:

in the 1940s. In many ways, it is considered one of the predecessors of

1899: 1099:, such as Biscarrosse and Almandoz, for example; some inscriptions have 2832: 2334: 2172: 1744:

The mid-1800s were years of decay and yearning for the time before the

1721: 1255: 812: 263: 2600:"Carte interactive des communes du pays Basque - Pyrénées-Atlantiques" 1629:

department project arrived, uniting the ancient Basque countries with

1620:). Third estate representatives of the Basque provinces attending the 1548: 1491:

and other Basque traditional fisheries. In 1677, it was translated to

1407:) was constituted as an independent viscounty, generally supported by 323: 46: 3252: 3151: 2718: 1955: 1492: 1376:

distributing taxes and charges, and its delegates were chosen by the

1348: 1331:(Errobi) and the coast. In 1020, Gascony ceded its jurisdiction over 1223: 1171: 1145: 973: 956: 843: 766: 680: 2767:

Banatic, página oficial de las Mancomunidades francesas (en francés)

1796: 3384: 3294: 2790:

Las referencias sobre los Vascones hasta el año 810 después de J.C.

2679:"Electos de Iparralde votan a favor de la Colectividad Territorial" 2492:"Abian da Euskal Elkargoa [The Basque Community kicks off]" 2426: 2366: 2196: 1993: 1825: 1779: 1690: 1596:

suppressed it radically, as it did elsewhere in France, eventually

1573: 1511: 1435: 1391: 1208: 1167: 1159: 1053: 997: 990: 893: 855: 839: 816: 782: 550: 483: 315: 271: 256: 248: 3389: 3248:"París dice que hacer oficial el euskera ataca la unidad francesa" 3147:"París dice que hacer oficial el euskera ataca la unidad francesa" 2259: 2135: 1630: 1605: 1412: 311: 251:, Basque is spoken), which is the eastern part of the department. 244: 3430: 3401: 2264: 2022: 1760: 1667: 1634: 1477:. In 1579, an important handbook for navigation was published by 1470: 1383: 1332: 1231: 1212: 1064:, as many of the toponyms with Latin or Celtic suffixes, such as 1018: 939: 897: 741: 729: 570: 516: 440: 420: 390: 365: 342: 319: 252: 209: 154:), is a region lying on the west of the French department of the 89: 51: 1543:

Territories of the French Basque Country and the French monarchy

1419:, Labourd and Soule passed to the Crown of France as autonomous 3394: 3359: 3319: 2338: 2129: 1829: 1733: 1638: 1251: 1118: 949: 806: 758: 554: 370: 327: 267: 1992:, there are two dialects spoken in the French Basque Country: 3440: 2987:(2nd ed.). Pamplona-Iruñea, Spain: Pamiela. p. 23. 2392: 1824:

when they were drafted to the front. While across the border

1771: 1510:

On the other hand, the accusations made in the Parliament of

1443: 1398: 1239: 1216: 1203: 1032: 1022: 1011: 914: 871: 754: 600: 464: 448: 219: 59: 2739: 1230:

in 602, a mixed ethnic polity stretching south of the river

1148:

moved to the region in accordance with a federation pact or

1736:

too. Others took to smuggling, a rising source of revenue.

1328: 1039: 928: 918: 851: 720:, "This house was made by Betiri Echarte and Aimia Iriarte" 2933:. Donostia-San Sebastián: Txertoa. pp. 50–53, 70–71. 2856:, edición J.-L.-L. Brière, Paris 1823. Tomo II, Libro IX, 1803:

tradition) organized by a scholar of Basque-Irish origin,

2956:

The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799

2060:), the differences in speech in the grammatical cases of 1637:

bishopric that included the entire department (up to the

477: 414: 386: 359: 3268:- Observatorio de Derechos Lingüísticos de Euskal Herria 2615:

French page where the country is listed.(Page in French)

2461:. In them he recognized 25 sub-dialects and 50 variants. 2221:) was born due to this accord in French Basque Country. 1295:

At this point, the Basque language was losing ground to

1820:

Basque young men could not avoid becoming entangled in

888:, as a reference to the nine tribes that inhabited it: 732:(including Bayonne), showing a fiscal system of its own 2190:

Observatory of the Linguistic Rights of Euskal Herria

1197:' chronicles cite the clashes with the Frankish king 800:(9,000–14,000 years BP) have been found in Isturits. 2348: 2328:

Although the Northern Basque Country is part of the

1304: 1178: 1136: 1112: 1017:

The Vocates (Vassei or Vocates) in the southeast of

306:. French Basque Country includes all of Bayonne and 3170:

Euskalkultura.com: Basque Heritage Worldwide (BETA)

2871: 2869: 2111:According to the theory of waves or gradients, the 1498: 1254:at the forefront. Later, between 635 and 638, King 274:and remained agricultural and a beach destination. 2715:"Association des Elus pour une Departement Basque" 2542:"Aujourd'hui, 10 intercommunalités en Pays Basque" 1739: 1487:, offering guidance and useful landmarks found in 231:It is delimited in the north by the department of 2982: 2092:used in speech on the other side of the Bidasoa ( 606: 445:a sovereign principality during the Ancien Régime 192:totalling 2,967 km (1,146 sq mi): 3453: 3056:"La economía vasca durante el período 1914-1918" 2953: 2866: 2821:The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751. 3093:. Universities UB/BU and UPV/EHU. p. 652. 2703:El País Vasco francés o la pugna de identidades 2136:Recognition of the Basque and Occitan languages 1276:against the Franks, in 778, 812 and 824. Count 838:The present-day territory was inhabited by the 74:, with the French Basque Country in dark green. 2887:(La Historia y los Vascos – Vascon.Galeon.com) 2548:. Communauté Pays Basque. 2015. Archived from 2282:In the 1980s and 1990s, an armed group called 1782:, Hendaye, etc.), as the high nobility (e.g., 1507:that lasted 30 years sowed terror and misery. 3345: 3158: 1988:According to the current division created by 1748:. The Basques were divided into Republicans, 3192:, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2008, 3031:"Republicanismo en Euskal Herria: Iparralde" 3020:; Editorial Actas, 2010 Madrid. Pag. 30 a 37 2827:, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Jul., 1976), pp. 381–410. 2283: 2252: 2216: 2200: 2176: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2071: 2061: 2007: 1997: 1944: 1870: 1846:on the grounds that "God champions France." 1812: 1790: 1765: 1462: 1424: 1402: 1377: 1322: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1077: 804: 695: 674: 668: 659: 641: 627: 616: 594: 584: 574: 544: 538: 515:The most important city in the territory is 501: 491: 490:are a part of a Municipal Commonwealth, the 223: 213: 208:, with 1,284 km (496 sq mi); 133: 2575:MOT, Mission Opérationelle Transfrontalière 1857:and the coast was fortified as part of the 1708:It became a matter of concern discussed by 1514:motivated Labourd in sending the councilor 1188: 1149: 1071: 1065: 1047: 1026: 1005: 984: 960: 943: 922: 901: 879: 532: 259:(BAB) are its chief towns, included in the 218:), with 800 km (310 sq mi); 158:. Since 1 January 2017, it constitutes the 139: 3352: 3338: 2317:, fishing and forestry). This includes an 2178:relative à l'emploi de la langue française 1658:(1793–95). Besides prohibiting the native 1222:After the Basque rebellions against Roman 2377:Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque 1645:coasts that disappeared, and part of the 1411:against the pretensions of the Counts of 866:times, the region was initially known as 846:, tribal divisions of the Aquitani. When 823:, and raising livestock were discovered. 615:, a "Basque Country" was recognized as a 168:Communauté d'Agglomeration du Pays Basque 3079: 2928: 2515: 2017:intensified by the lack of interaction. 1853:, the French Basque Country was part of 1579: 1568: 1539:wrote the first printed text in Basque. 1261:In the 8th century, a second autonomous 1238:was created, extending around the river 735: 723: 711: 88: 77: 65: 45: 29: 3137:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, pp. 606, 658-659 2983:Etxegoien (Xamar), Juan Carlos (2009). 1954:According to a 2006 survey, 22.5% were 692:Agglomerate Community of Basque Country 493:Communauté de Communes de Soule-Xiberoa 14: 3454: 1284:to the throne of Aquitaine. He became 373:, which belonged to the department of 3333: 2263:. Some other nationalist parties are 2243:and others. They seek a split of the 589:), the capital of Lower Navarre, and 300:Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie 261:Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián 247:(although in the Béarnese village of 188:in the north-east of the traditional 2860:pag. 8. Disponible el 16/11/2006 en 2140:Neither Basque nor any of the other 2106:Royal Academy of the Basque Language 1894: 1752:(but for a nuanced position held by 1547:With the conquest of the castles of 728:French customs system in 1732, with 488:Arondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie 2740:"Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara" 1060:The region reached a high level of 661:Association des Élus du Pays Basque 24: 3119:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, pp. 562-571 1891:Music in the French Basque Country 748: 369:region of Lapurdi. Among them are 184:It includes three former historic 25: 3473: 3313: 2309:(manufacturing) and 19.3% in the 1633:. The reorganization favored the 1608:, a former sovereign territory). 1565:End of Basque home rule in France 670:Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara 655:than the French Basque Country). 393:). Lapurdi is located within the 3410: 3318: 2351: 1966:the majority of the population. 1898: 1558: 1499:The Renaissance and witch trials 1101:words similar to those in Basque 3283: 3278:Seaska: Les racines de l'avenir 3271: 3259: 3241: 3214: 3203: 3183: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3073: 3048: 3023: 3016:Sánchez Arreseigor, Juan José: 3010: 3001: 2976: 2947: 2922: 2898:"Joanes Leizarraga Vida Y Obra" 2890: 2878: 2846: 2837: 2810: 2801: 2782: 2771: 2760: 2732: 2707: 2516:Sabathlé, Pierre (2017-01-23). 2464: 2416: 1740:The 19th century to the present 1604:, half-Basque and half-Gascon ( 1576:converted into a seaside resort 884:). Its name in Latin means the 796:Many artistic objects from the 332:Canton of Oloron-Sainte-Marie-1 3238:Website in Basque and Spanish. 2696: 2671: 2645: 2618: 2592: 2563: 2534: 2509: 2484: 2301:66.2% of companies are in the 1446:was first translated into the 1382:of the parishes. Furthermore, 1106: 607:Proposed institutional reforms 82:Bilingual French-Basque sign, 13: 1: 3360:Traditional provinces of the 3293:. CCI Bayonne. Archived from 3128:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, p. 174 2577:. French Govt. Archived from 2477: 1809:Basque districts to the south 478: 415: 360: 27:Region in southwestern France 3007:Bolinaga, Iñigo. 2012, p. 87 2903:. Euskomedia. Archived from 2218:Euskararen Erakunde Publikoa 2183:regional languages of France 2142:regional languages of France 2080:), and the use of the root * 1930: 1728:that attracted workers from 972:The Consorani, who occupied 833: 492: 439:, not dependent on Navarre. 277: 7: 3380:Basque Autonomous Community 2445:(now practically extinct), 2344: 2341:based on the Basque Coast. 2231:Basque Country independence 2224: 983:The Lactorates in Lomagne, 967:Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges 789:people appeared during the 96:courts are in most villages 10: 3478: 2431:Biscayan (Basque language) 2293: 2228: 2035:Pierres Lafitte Ithurralde 1888: 1882: 1878: 1562: 707: 537:, from which the toponyms 160:Basque Municipal Community 3419: 3408: 3368: 3256:, 22 de diciembre de 2006 3155:, 22 de diciembre de 2006 2954:Forrest, Alan I. (1996). 2305:(services), 14.5% in the 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2004:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 1969: 1945: 1871: 1835:slaughter of the trenches 1813: 1766: 1520:the witch hunt in Labourd 1473:, a district thriving on 1347:. This monarch made it a 1323:Politics and institutions 1048: 1027: 1006: 985: 961: 944: 923: 902: 896:lived along the coast of 793:(9,000–50,000 years BP). 696: 675: 669: 628: 617: 510: 502: 458:Arrondissement of Bayonne 395:Arrondissement of Bayonne 308:Canton of Montagne Basque 296:Arrondissement of Bayonne 70:The modern department of 3080:Bidegain, Eneko (2012). 2929:Bolinaga, Iñigo (2012). 2409: 1532:Gargantua and Pantagruel 1303:has been referred to as 667:On 15 January 2005, the 204:), until 1789 nominally 164:Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa 3462:Northern Basque Country 3422:Northern Basque Country 3371:Southern Basque Country 3325:Northern Basque Country 3226:Department of Education 3060:Auñamendi Entziklopedia 3035:Auñamendi Entziklopedia 2451:Eastern Lower Navarrese 2447:Western Lower Navarrese 2443:Southern High Navarrese 2439:Northern High Navarrese 1759:The railway arrived at 1695:Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac 1622:Estates-General of 1789 1598:creating the department 1505:French Wars of Religion 1461:, in his literary work 1440:French Wars of Religion 1046:, lived in the city of 690:On 1 January 2017, the 581:Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port 503:Xiberoko Herri Alkargoa 443:, a territory that was 241:Southern Basque Country 122:Northern Basque Country 40:Southern Basque Country 18:Northern Basque Country 3018:Vascos contra Napoleón 2885:Baja Navarra y Zuberoa 2659:. République Française 2632:. République Française 2546:Communauté Pays Basque 2423:Louis Lucien Bonaparte 2284: 2273:Spanish Basque Country 2253: 2217: 2201: 2193: 2177: 2072: 2062: 2058:Louis Lucien Bonaparte 2008: 1998: 1943:is well known for its 1791: 1589: 1577: 1463: 1425: 1403: 1378: 1335:, then also including 1317:Santiago de Compostela 1305: 1189: 1179: 1150: 1137: 1117:according to texts by 1113: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1025:, with its capital in 880: 805: 745: 733: 721: 660: 642: 634:French Socialist Party 595: 585: 575: 566: 558: 545: 539: 533: 528: 520: 473: 469: 410: 406: 351: 347: 286:is divided into three 282:The department of the 239:, in the south by the 224: 214: 201: 197: 167: 163: 134: 129: 117: 109: 97: 86: 75: 63: 43: 3327:at Wikimedia Commons 3306:Invest-PaysBasque.com 2985:The Country of Basque 2313:(mainly agriculture, 2168: 1941:Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle 1767:colonie de peuplement 1662:for public use, with 1583: 1572: 1563:Further information: 1144:In the year 418, the 1127:Chronicle of Fredegar 773:era (700,000–100,000 739: 727: 715: 531:). The ancient Roman 304:Arrondissement of Pau 235:, in the west by the 102:French Basque Country 92: 84:Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle 81: 69: 49: 33: 3291:"Invest Pays Basque" 2931:La alternativa Garat 2330:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 2245:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 2241:Abertzaleen Batasuna 1693:. Jacques Pinet and 1452:Henry III of Navarre 1442:. In this time, the 1314:the peregrination to 1288:after submitting to 1274:battles of Roncevaux 1195:Venantius Fortunatus 1121:chroniclers, mainly 955:The Convenae in the 763:Saint-Pierre-d'Irube 716:Stone decoration in 649:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 643:Association des Élus 613:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 284:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 172:Jean-René Etchegaray 156:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 110:Pays basque français 72:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 3228:. Basque Government 2854:Histoire des Francs 2852:Grégoire de Tours, 2843:(Schulten 1927:234) 2021:triangle formed by 1789:In 1851, the first 1699:fall of Robespierre 1656:War of the Pyrenees 1610:Louis XVI of France 1132:Ravenna Cosmography 900:and Chalosse, near 860:Aquitanian language 700:, but fewer than a 676:Laborarien Batasuna 653:smaller populations 243:and in the east by 170:) presided over by 149:the Northern Region 2919:Article in Spanish 2817:Archibald R. Lewis 2795:2007-09-29 at the 2427:Napoleon Bonaparte 2404:Northern Catalonia 2399:Kingdom of Navarre 2249:French departments 2237:Basque nationalist 1910:. You can help by 1784:Eugénie de Montijo 1710:Napoleon Bonaparte 1590: 1578: 1484:Navigational Pilot 1479:Martin Oihartzabal 1417:Hundred Years' War 1356:Dukes of Aquitaine 1236:County of Vasconia 811:. Moving into the 771:Middle Paleolithic 746: 734: 722: 599:), the capital of 206:Kingdom of Navarre 130:Ipar Euskal Herria 118:País Vasco francés 98: 87: 76: 64: 44: 3449: 3448: 3323:Media related to 3198:978-84-457-2777-5 3100:978-84-8438-511-0 2994:978-84-7681-478-9 2940:978-84-7148-530-4 2571:"Basque Eurocity" 2382:Duchy of Vasconia 2277:Euskal Herria Bai 2212:Basque government 2161:bilingual signage 2031:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 1977:, a continuum of 1928: 1927: 1805:Antoine d'Abbadie 1776:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 1746:French Revolution 1718:First Carlist War 1594:French Revolution 1388:French Revolution 1384:parish assemblies 1228:Duchy of Vasconia 1164:battle of Vouillé 1004:with the city of 903:Aquae Tarbellicae 791:Upper Paleolithic 702:French department 567:Donibane Lohizune 563:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 476:, and in Gascon: 16:(Redirected from 3469: 3414: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3162: 3156: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3092: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3027: 3021: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2875:(Bazán 2006:246) 2873: 2864: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2814: 2808: 2807:(Bazán 2006:245) 2805: 2799: 2786: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2717:. Archived from 2711: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2681:. Archived from 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2488: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2420: 2395:, local currency 2389:, a local liquor 2361: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2307:secondary sector 2289: 2256: 2220: 2206: 2195:Since 1994, the 2191: 2180: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2075: 2065: 2047: 2011: 2001: 1950: 1923: 1920: 1902: 1895: 1874: 1873: 1869:of France named 1816: 1794: 1769: 1750:laicist Jacobins 1516:Pierre de Lancre 1468: 1430: 1406: 1381: 1358:until 1191 when 1308: 1290:Charles the Bald 1286:Duke of Vasconia 1263:Duchy of Gascony 1192: 1182: 1153: 1140: 1123:Gregory of Tours 1116: 1098: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1051: 1050: 1030: 1029: 1009: 1008: 988: 987: 964: 963: 947: 946: 926: 925: 921:and the city of 905: 904: 883: 881:Aquitania Tertia 810: 757:, in Ilbarritz ( 699: 678: 672: 663: 645: 631: 622: 598: 588: 578: 548: 542: 536: 505: 495: 494: 481: 433:Seneschal of Dax 418: 363: 227: 217: 202:Nafarroa Beherea 186:French provinces 180: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 137: 38:, including the 21: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3415: 3406: 3364: 3358: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3210:Euskalgintza IV 3208: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3090: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2962:. p. 234. 2960:Clarendon Press 2952: 2948: 2941: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2797:Wayback Machine 2787: 2783: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2553: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2303:tertiary sector 2296: 2233: 2227: 2192: 2189: 2138: 2050:Koldo Mitxelena 2039:Standard Basque 2009:nafar-lapurtera 1972: 1933: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1908:needs expansion 1893: 1887: 1881: 1855:Occupied France 1742: 1714:Dominique Garat 1703:Treaty of Basel 1679:First Coalition 1664:Bertrand Barère 1660:Basque language 1614:Estates General 1602:Basses-Pyrénées 1584:The periodical 1567: 1561: 1545: 1501: 1448:Basque language 1325: 1306:caput vasconiae 1190:Vasconum saltus 1109: 836: 798:Magdalenian era 751: 749:Prehistoric era 710: 664:) was created. 638:The Republicans 609: 586:Donibane Garazi 513: 453:Salies-de-Béarn 451:(a town in the 292:arrondissements 280: 174: 151: 148: 145: 142: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3475: 3465: 3464: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3365: 3362:Basque Country 3357: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3315: 3314:External links 3312: 3309: 3308: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3240: 3213: 3202: 3182: 3157: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3099: 3072: 3047: 3022: 3009: 3000: 2993: 2975: 2968: 2946: 2939: 2921: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2845: 2836: 2809: 2800: 2781: 2770: 2759: 2745: 2731: 2706: 2695: 2670: 2644: 2617: 2591: 2562: 2533: 2508: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2463: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2346: 2343: 2311:primary sector 2295: 2292: 2226: 2223: 2187: 2159:Despite this, 2137: 2134: 2048:(according to 1971: 1968: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1905: 1903: 1885:Basque culture 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1795:took place in 1741: 1738: 1687:General Moncey 1627:Lower Pyrenees 1560: 1557: 1544: 1541: 1529:published his 1500: 1497: 1450:. Eventually, 1324: 1321: 1138:Spanoguasconia 1108: 1105: 1058: 1057: 1036: 1015: 994: 981: 970: 953: 932: 911: 876:Novempopulania 835: 832: 750: 747: 709: 706: 608: 605: 512: 509: 508: 507: 461: 416:Baisha Navarra 398: 279: 276: 190:Basque Country 36:Basque Country 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3474: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436:Lower Navarre 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3297:on 2013-07-23 3296: 3292: 3286: 3280:(en francés). 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2910:on 2008-12-19 2906: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2763: 2755: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2721:on 2007-08-07 2720: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2685:on 2013-11-07 2684: 2680: 2674: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2581:on 2017-12-10 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2552:on 2017-06-29 2551: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2359:France portal 2349: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2323:Irouléguy AOC 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210:In 2003, the 2208: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2086:in front of * 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1951:celebration. 1949: 1948: 1942: 1937: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1906:This section 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1876: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1859:Atlantic Wall 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612:summoned the 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1559:Modern period 1556: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1475:whale hunting 1472: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:party in the 1437: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1338: 1337:Lower Navarre 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Theudebert II 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187:periphery in 1186: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1055: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1003: 999: 995: 992: 982: 979: 975: 971: 968: 958: 954: 951: 941: 937: 933: 930: 920: 916: 912: 909: 899: 895: 891: 890: 889: 887: 882: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 831: 829: 828:Neolithic era 824: 822: 818: 814: 809: 808: 801: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 743: 738: 731: 726: 719: 714: 705: 703: 698: 693: 688: 684: 682: 677: 671: 665: 662: 656: 654: 650: 644: 639: 635: 630: 624: 621: 620: 614: 604: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 541: 535: 530: 526: 522: 518: 504: 499: 489: 485: 480: 475: 471: 467: 466: 462: 459: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:Ancien Régime 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 412: 411:Behe Nafarroa 408: 407:Basse-Navarre 404: 403: 402:Lower Navarre 399: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 362: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344: 340: 339: 338: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 275: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 237:Bay of Biscay 234: 229: 226: 221: 216: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:Basse-Navarre 195: 194:Lower Navarre 191: 187: 182: 178: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 136: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 95: 94:Basque pelota 91: 85: 80: 73: 68: 61: 57: 56:Lower Navarre 53: 48: 41: 37: 32: 19: 3420: 3369: 3317: 3299:. Retrieved 3295:the original 3285: 3273: 3261: 3251: 3243: 3230:. Retrieved 3225: 3216: 3205: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3169: 3160: 3150: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3104:. Retrieved 3086: 3082: 3075: 3064:. Retrieved 3062:. EuskoMedia 3059: 3050: 3039:. Retrieved 3037:. EuskoMedia 3034: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3003: 2984: 2978: 2955: 2949: 2930: 2924: 2912:. Retrieved 2905:the original 2892: 2884: 2880: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2803: 2784: 2773: 2762: 2748: 2734: 2723:. Retrieved 2719:the original 2709: 2698: 2687:. Retrieved 2683:the original 2673: 2661:. Retrieved 2656: 2647: 2634:. Retrieved 2629: 2620: 2607:. Retrieved 2603: 2594: 2583:. Retrieved 2579:the original 2574: 2565: 2554:. Retrieved 2550:the original 2545: 2536: 2525:. Retrieved 2521: 2511: 2500:. 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In early 837: 825: 802: 795: 779:Neanderthals 752: 689: 685: 666: 657: 625: 610: 527:and Basque: 514: 463: 400: 377:until 1857, 341: 336: 291: 281: 230: 183: 121: 101: 99: 3175:29 February 2372:Bayonne ham 2254:Pays Basque 2235:There is a 1990:Koldo Zuazo 1872:Pays Basque 1822:World War I 1792:Lore Jokoak 1427:pays d'état 1397:Meanwhile, 1379:etxeko-jaun 1345:of Pamplona 1301:Saint-Sever 1199:Chilperic I 1107:Middle Ages 1000:, in lower 936:Bigerriones 826:During the 821:agriculture 718:Armendarits 435:during the 175: [ 3301:2008-06-05 3106:2015-05-16 3085:Eskualduna 3066:2015-05-16 3041:2015-05-16 2969:019820616X 2914:2008-01-28 2725:2019-06-10 2689:2019-06-10 2657:Légifrance 2630:Légifrance 2604:Geo-market 2585:2017-02-02 2556:2017-02-03 2527:2017-02-02 2502:2017-02-02 2478:References 2335:Quiksilver 2229:See also: 2173:Toubon Law 2068:absolutive 2002:) and the 1979:Aquitanian 1956:bilinguals 1919:March 2012 1889:See also: 1844:Eskualduna 1814:Eskualduna 1799:(restored 1722:espadrille 1586:Eskualduna 1256:Dagobert I 1215:in 574 at 924:Elimberrum 850:conquered 813:Mesolithic 787:Cro-magnon 472:, Basque: 413:, Gascon: 409:, Basque: 350:, Basque: 302:, and the 264:Euroregion 200:; Basque: 166:; French: 3253:El Correo 3152:El Correo 2642:in French 2455:Labourdin 2435:Gipuzkoan 2247:into two 2197:ikastolas 2126:pastorals 2054:Aragonese 1931:Languages 1457:In 1634, 1421:provinces 1369:Lionheart 1349:Viscounty 1343:the Great 1224:feudalism 1213:Bladastes 1172:Austrasia 1146:Visigoths 1103:on them. 974:Couserans 957:Comminges 868:Aquitania 844:Sibulates 834:Antiquity 769:. In the 767:Mouguerre 681:Aquitaine 565:(Basque: 557:(Basque: 519:(French: 468:(French: 405:(French: 346:(French: 288:districts 278:Territory 196:(French: 162:(Basque: 135:Iparralde 3456:Category 3385:Gipuzkoa 3232:5 August 2825:Speculum 2793:Archived 2663:5 August 2636:5 August 2609:5 August 2522:SudOuest 2459:Souletin 2367:Aquitani 2345:See also 2225:Politics 2188:— 2146:Alsatian 2117:Biscayan 2113:Souletin 2078:ergative 1999:zuberera 1994:Souletin 1826:Gipuzkoa 1780:Biarritz 1691:Gipuzkoa 1574:Biarritz 1553:Henry IV 1537:Etxepare 1527:Rabelais 1512:Bordeaux 1436:Huguenot 1392:Ustaritz 1367:Richard 1362:the Wise 1282:Pepin II 1209:Bordeaux 1201:and the 1185:Pyrenean 1183:and the 1180:Wasconia 1168:Neustria 1160:Clovis I 1125:and the 1119:Frankish 1114:Wasconia 1054:Le Teich 1023:Bazadais 1002:Armagnac 998:Elusates 991:Lectoure 962:Lugdunum 894:Tarbelli 856:Aquitani 842:and the 840:Tarbelli 817:ceramics 783:Isturits 775:years BP 551:Biarritz 534:Lapurdum 498:Souletin 484:Esquiule 330:(in the 316:Esquiule 272:Gipuzkoa 257:Biarritz 249:Esquiule 42:in Spain 3431:Labourd 3402:Navarre 2833:2851704 2756:. Eitb. 2294:Economy 2154:Occitan 2130:masques 2104:). 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