391:
Pacific
Fishery Management Council through its Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. Originally approved in 1982, the plan now manages over 90 different species through a number of measures, including harvest guidelines, quotas, trip and landing limits, area restrictions, seasonal closures, and gear restrictions (such as minimum mesh size for nets). Annual quotas are the primary management tool used to limit the catch of hake. Pacific hake were declared overfished by the US government in 2002. The stock was declared rebuilt and no longer depleted in 2004. The coast-wide (U.S. and Canada) Pacific hake stock is assessed annually by a joint technical team of scientists from both countries.
374:(and as far as Queen Charlotte Sound in some years). In the fall, adults migrated southward toward spawning grounds. Since the early 1990s, a percentage of the offshore stock has remained off the west coast of Canada year round and some Pacific hake have been observed spawning off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Resident Pacific hake in Puget Sound spawn in Port Susan and Dabob Bay from February through April. The Strait of Georgia resident stock aggregates to spawn in the deep basins of the south-central strait, where peak spawning occurs from March to May.
75:
288:
50:
31:
383:
394:
In 2003, the U.S. and Canada signed an agreement that allocates a set percentage of the
Pacific hake catch to American and Canadian fishermen over the next decade, and established a process for the review of science and the development of management recommendations. Beginning in late 2007, management
370:, a central-south Puget Sound stock, and a Strait of Georgia stock. The offshore North Pacific hake stock spawned off south-central California to Baja California in January and February during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In spring and summer, adults migrated northward to feed to as far as central
390:
Pacific hake support one of the most important commercial fisheries off the West Coast of the United States. Of the three recognized stocks mentioned, the latter two stocks are managed by state and local management agencies, but the offshore, or coastal, fishery in U.S. waters is managed by the
434:. Species of concern are those species about which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the ESA.
413:
The local and state-managed Puget Sound and Strait of
Georgia stocks are "species of concern" - species that NOAA Fisheries Service has concerns about regarding population status and threats, but has insufficient information to indicate a need to list the species under the
338:
North
Pacific hake population is about 8.5 in (21.5 cm), compared to 11.7 in (29.8 cm) in the 1980s. Females mature at 3–4 years of age and 13.4 to 15.7 in (34–40 cm), and nearly all males are mature by age three and as small as 11 in (28 cm).
278:
from the surface to the seabed at depths down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is the object of an important commercial fishery off the West Coast of the United States, and annual quotas are used to prevent overfishing.
425:
received a petition to list the North
Pacific hake under the ESA. The petition was denied on 24 November 2000 (65 FR 70514), but concerns and uncertainties remained. During the review for ESA listing, the Georgia Basin
882:
430:(DPS) was identified to include both the Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks. The Georgia Basin DPS of the North Pacific hake (called Pacific hake by NMFS) was made a US National Marine Fisheries Service
301:
Its length is about 3 ft (90 cm) and it can live up to 20 years. Its coloration is metallic silver-gray with black speckling and pure silvery white on the belly. The North
Pacific hake has two
883:
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a3051588fd4d2db4fb25f26/t/63e40842950bac0c12f8e22b/1675888709465/0+West+Coast+Groundfish+nutrient+profiles+-+Exact+Scientific+lab+results.pdf
334:
is difficult to determine. Historically, inshore female
Pacific hake matured at 15 in (37 cm) and 4–5 years of age. Currently, length at 50% maturity for females in the
794:, Prepared by the Joint Technical Committee of the U.S. and Canada Pacific Hake/Whiting Agreement, National Marine Fisheries Service and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
410:
certified the midwater
Pacific hake (whiting) fishery on the coastal stock in the U.S. and Canada as sustainable in 2009 and renewed the certification in 2014.
786:
1100:
829:
827:
Zeidberg, Louis D.; Robison, Bruce H. (2007), "Invasive range expansion by the
Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the eastern North Pacific",
1229:
1152:
1219:
402:
of the coastal stock estimated that the offshore stock of
Pacific hake is at a healthy level (above the management reference points) with
366:
The three recognized stocks of Pacific hake are a highly migratory offshore (or coastal) stock that ranges from southern California to
351:
feeders that undergo daily vertical migrations off the bottom to feed on a variety of fishes and invertebrates. Their diet includes
944:
1074:
1234:
1113:
295:
395:
of Pacific hake and related science activities was coordinated under the provisions of this international treaty with Canada.
1165:
1118:
898:
McFarlane, G. A.; King, J. R. & Beamish, R. J. (2000), "Have there been recent changes in climate? Ask the fish",
422:
805:
1191:
1157:
1239:
386:
A collection of young North Pacific hake caught off the coast of central California during a bottom-trawl survey
367:
216:
1022:
427:
1027:
270:. It is a silver-gray fish with black speckling, growing to a length of 90 cm (3 ft). It is a
407:
74:
1196:
330:
North Pacific hake spawn from January to June. They may spawn more than once per season, so absolute
742:
1144:
275:
1105:
1004:
967:
415:
347:
They occur from the surface to depths of 1,000 m (3,300 ft). North Pacific hake are
186:
169:
1183:
1131:
1048:
999:
8:
1224:
39:
853:
267:
195:
69:
919:
Methot, R. D. & Dorn, M. W. (1995), "Biology and fisheries of North Pacific hake (
911:
363:. They are an important prey item for sea lions, small cetaceans, and dogfish sharks.
1178:
1035:
858:
719:
1040:
907:
848:
838:
737:
399:
371:
263:
319:
717:
438:
431:
271:
249:
116:
788:
Status of the Pacific Hake (whiting) stock in U.S. and Canadian waters in 2017
418:(ESA). No directed commercial fishery for this stock has occurred since 1991.
1213:
1126:
990:
940:
728:
259:
59:
54:
843:
785:
Berger AM, Grandin, CJ, Taylor, IG, Edwards, AM, Cox, S (8 September 2021),
862:
307:
136:
1014:
1139:
1087:
403:
360:
287:
1079:
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not occurring. Supported by annual stock assessments such as this, the
335:
315:
303:
254:
146:
126:
30:
1092:
1066:
879:
West Coast Groundfish Nutrient Profiles: Exact Scientific Lab Results.
382:
348:
331:
86:
961:
1061:
984:
953:
356:
311:
106:
441:
has been a cause for concern, because they are predators of hake.
1053:
806:"Pacific hake mid-water trawl fishery earns MSC re-certification"
1170:
352:
96:
718:
Iwamoto, T.; Eschmeyer, W.; Alvarado, J.; Bussing, W. (2010).
711:
449:
Nutrition information for Pacific hake is as follows.
784:
897:
820:
310:tips usually reach to or beyond the origin of its
1211:
923:)", in Alheit, J. & Pitcher, T. J. (eds.),
826:
927:, London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 389–414
743:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183411A8108892.en
377:
881:Commissioned by Jana Hennig. Retrieved from
771:
769:
918:
48:
29:
852:
842:
778:
741:
537:Carbohydrate calories % : 0.0%
766:
381:
286:
939:
1212:
296:Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary
966:
965:
493:Protein calories % : 86.7%
1230:Western North American coastal fauna
925:Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets
1220:IUCN Red List least concern species
729:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
891:
14:
1251:
933:
515:Fat calories % : 13.3%
423:National Marine Fisheries Service
306:and a truncated caudal fin. Its
73:
524:
325:
1235:Fish of the Gulf of California
868:
798:
757:
535:Carbohydrate calories: 0 kcal
282:
274:offshore fish and undergoes a
1:
912:10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00034-3
704:
437:Potential range expansion by
444:
266:to the northern part of the
7:
468:
428:distinct population segment
359:, and smaller fish such as
10:
1256:
875:Exact Scientific Services.
491:Protein calories: 71 kcal
480:
408:Marine Stewardship Council
378:Fisheries and conservation
342:
974:
258:, found in the northeast
201:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
943:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
276:daily vertical migration
844:10.1073/pnas.0702043104
213:Homalopomus trowbridgii
1240:Fish described in 1855
775:McFarlane et al. 2000.
513:Fat calories: 11 kcal
502:
416:Endangered Species Act
387:
298:
957:. April 2006 version.
763:Methot and Dorn 1995.
736:: e.T183411A8108892.
385:
368:Queen Charlotte Sound
290:
1005:Merluccius productus
976:Merluccius productus
947:Merluccius productus
921:Merluccius productus
722:Merluccius productus
246:Merluccius productus
179:Merluccius productus
837:(31): 12948–12950,
205:Merlangus productus
40:Conservation status
24:North Pacific hake
808:. 25 November 2014
578:Omega 3 (EPA+DHA)
432:species of concern
388:
299:
268:Gulf of California
230:North Pacific hake
1207:
1206:
1179:Open Tree of Life
968:Taxon identifiers
702:
701:
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161:M. productus
63:
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906:(2–4): 147–169,
900:Progr. Oceanogr.
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372:Vancouver Island
264:Vancouver Island
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892:Further reading
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250:ray-finned fish
238:Pacific whiting
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16:Species of fish
12:
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573:per 100 kcal
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567:Serving Size
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260:Pacific Ocean
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170:Binomial name
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55:Least Concern
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27:
22:
19:
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810:. Retrieved
800:
787:
780:
759:
747:. Retrieved
733:
727:
721:
713:
611:Vitamin B12
545:Cholesterol
536:
525:Carbohydrate
514:
492:
448:
436:
420:
412:
397:
393:
389:
365:
346:
329:
326:Reproduction
308:pectoral fin
300:
294:California,
292:M. productus
291:
253:
245:
241:
237:
234:Pacific hake
233:
229:
227:
212:
204:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
137:Merlucciidae
18:
1140:NatureServe
1088:iNaturalist
749:20 November
666:Phosphorus
600:Vitamin B6
589:Vitamin B3
404:overfishing
361:lanternfish
304:dorsal fins
283:Description
242:jack salmon
208:Ayres, 1855
1225:Merluccius
1214:Categories
705:References
677:Potassium
655:Magnesium
633:Vitamin E
628:<45 IU
625:<37 IU
622:Vitamin D
336:Port Susan
318:is always
316:caudal fin
255:Merluccius
148:Merluccius
127:Gadiformes
688:Selenium
570:per 100g
445:Nutrition
398:A recent
349:nocturnal
332:fecundity
272:migratory
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1145:2.101371
1106:10154022
1062:FishBase
1054:46564953
1012:BioLib:
985:Wikidata
954:FishBase
877:(2023).
863:17646649
812:15 March
661:31.0 mg
658:25.6 mg
644:Calcium
617:2.3 mcg
614:1.9 mcg
548:71.1 mg
474:82 kcal
469:Calories
357:plankton
312:anal fin
196:Synonyms
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1080:2415676
991:Q919598
854:1937572
694:37 mcg
691:30 mcg
683:370 mg
680:303 mg
672:203 mg
669:166 mg
606:0.1 mg
603:0.1 mg
595:2.1 mg
592:1.7 mg
584:550 mg
581:451 mg
556:119 mg
553:Sodium
486:16.7 g
481:Protein
343:Ecology
320:concave
248:) is a
189:, 1855)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1197:272458
1184:183169
1171:272458
1132:183411
1119:164792
1093:105599
1015:316771
861:
851:
530:0.0 g
508:1.2 g
353:shrimp
314:. The
219:, 1856
217:Girard
1192:WoRMS
1158:89952
1101:IRMNG
1041:3ZV7D
1028:11764
792:(PDF)
650:9 mg
647:7 mg
639:0 mg
636:0 mg
462:100g
240:, or
187:Ayres
1166:OBIS
1153:NCBI
1127:IUCN
1114:ITIS
1075:GBIF
1023:BOLD
859:PMID
830:PNAS
814:2018
751:2021
734:2010
421:The
228:The
1067:326
1049:EoL
1036:CoL
1000:ADW
908:doi
849:PMC
839:doi
835:104
738:doi
503:Fat
1216::
1194::
1181::
1168::
1155::
1142::
1129::
1116::
1103::
1090::
1077::
1064::
1051::
1038::
1025::
1002::
987::
951:.
904:47
902:,
857:,
847:,
833:,
768:^
732:.
726:.
355:,
322:.
236:,
232:,
949:"
945:"
929:.
915:.
910::
841::
816:.
753:.
740::
724:"
720:"
244:(
185:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
