798:), the male of which may sometimes exceed a mass of 5.5 kg (12 lb). Fishers have two advantages that make them capable hunters of the porcupine. First, they are agile tree climbers, and may force a fleeing porcupine from a tree to the ground, where it is more vulnerable. There it will try to present its hindquarters and tail to the attacker, with the predator circling around and attempting to attack the prey. After repeated attacks, the porcupine eventually weakens, allowing the fisher to flip the porcupine over, rip open its underbelly, and consume its organs without exposing itself to the still dangerous quills. One study suggested that since male fishers are considerably larger than females (often weighing on average twice as much), only males are likely to hunt porcupines. It appears that female fishers usually favor prey such as
831:
male that comes along typically sits in the same tree below a female. If another male approaches, he may fight for the right to mate. Once a dominant male is successful, he approaches the female and uses a spray of his urine on the female. Only a few drops touch the female, but the chemical reaction allows the female to enter estrus fully. Once this is accomplished high in the tree, the mating process takes place on the ground. When porcupines are mating, they tighten their skin and hold their quills flat, so as not to injure each other. Mating may occur repeatedly until the female loses interest and climbs back into the tree.
743:
it can rely on its quills. An adult porcupine when attacked turns its rear to the predator. When approached, the porcupine can swing its tail at an attacker's face. Despite popular myth, the porcupine does not throw its quills. Instead, when a quill comes in contact with the attacker, it can easily penetrate and become embedded in its skin. Each quill contains microscopic barbs which allow it to stick into the flesh of an attacker. This strategy is successful against most attacks. With a face full of quills, an attacking creature often retreats. The porcupine's last line of defense is to climb a tree.
606:
731:
929:
702:
624:
to insulate their bodies during winter. The quills are normally flattened against the body and in this position are less easily dislodged. Porcupines do not throw their quills, but when threatened contract superficial muscles which cause the quills to stand up and out from their bodies. In this position they become easier to detach from the body, especially when the tail is swung toward an attacker. The barbs at the end of the spines lodge in the flesh of a victim and are difficult and painful to remove.
117:
823:
299:
910:
72:
569:
53:
899:. It is common throughout its range except in some U.S. states in the southeast part of its range. For example, it is listed as a species in need of conservation in Maryland. As of 1999, 15 remnant populations remain scattered throughout north-central Mexico. These live in riparian forests, mesquite scrubland, grasslands, and thorn forests. They are threatened by hunting and habitat loss. As of 1994, the animal was listed as an
94:
584:. The head-and-body length is 60 to 90 cm (2.0 to 3.0 ft), not counting a tail of 14.5 to 30 cm (5.7 to 11.8 in). The hind foot length is 7.5 to 9.1 cm (3.0 to 3.6 in). Weight can range from 3.5 to 18 kg (7.7 to 39.7 lb). Weight in adult females can average some 7 kg (15 lb) while 5 wild-caught males averaged 10.67 kg (23.5 lb).
722:, but sleep in and stay close to their dens in winter. The strength of the porcupine's defense has given it the ability to live a solitary life, unlike many herbivores, which must move in flocks or herds. Consequently, the porcupine has "an extraordinary ability to learn complex mazes and to remember them as much as a hundred days afterward".
839:) has a gestation period of just 44 days. North American porcupines give birth to a single young. At birth, they weigh about 450 g, which increases to nearly 1 kg after the first two weeks. They do not gain full adult weight until the end of the second summer about 4.5 kg. Their quills harden soon after birth.
805:
Another effective predator is the cougar. It does not avoid the quills so much as seek to avoid being impaled by too many of them. Some individuals have been found with dozens of quills embedded in their gums to no ill effect. It can climb trees, so its favorite method is to position itself below the
742:
in several modalities. It has a strong warning odor which it can increase when agitated. When threatened, an adult porcupine can bristle its quills, displaying a white stripe down its back, and use its teeth to make a warning, clacking sound. If the olfactory, visual, and auditory warnings fail, then
623:
The most distinguishing feature of the porcupine is its coat of quills. An adult porcupine has about 30,000 quills that cover all of its body except its underbelly, face, and feet. Quills are modified hairs formed into sharp, barbed, hollow spines. They are used primarily for defense, but also serve
587:
The porcupine possesses antibiotics in its skin which may help prevent infection when a porcupine falls out of a tree and is stuck with its own quills upon hitting the ground. Porcupines fall out of trees fairly often because they are highly tempted by the succulent buds and tender twigs at the ends
830:
Female porcupines are solitary for most of the year except during the fall when breeding season begins. At this time, they secrete a thick mucus which mixes with their urine. The resulting odor attracts males in the vicinity. Males that approach a female do not automatically begin mating. The first
842:
Female porcupines provide all parental care. For the first two weeks the young rely on their mother for sustenance. After this they learn to climb trees and start to forage. They continue to nurse for up to four months, which coincides with the fall mating season. They stay close to their mothers.
886:
Porcupines are infamous among backpackers and backpacking publications for their love of salt, especially eating road salt-covered boots left outside of tents overnight. They have a similar reputation among forestry workers of all types for trying to eat sweat-soaked gloves and wooden handles on
709:
During the summer, they eat twigs, roots, stems, berries, leaves, and other vegetation. Porcupines also eat certain insects and nuts. In the winter, they mainly eat conifer needles and tree bark. Porcupines are selective in their consumption; for example out of every 1,000 trees in the
Catskill
843:
Mother porcupines do not defend their young, but have been known to care for them even after death. In one case, when a baby had fallen to its death from a tree, the mother came down and stayed by her offspring's side for hours waiting vainly for it to revive.
814:, cougars have greatly decreased numbers of porcupines in mountainous forests through predation. However, in some cases porcupine quills have indeed killed cougars, although usually this is after the cougar has already consumed the porcupine.
834:
The North
American porcupine has a long gestation period relative to other rodents, an average of 202 days. By contrast, the North American beaver, which is comparable in size, has a gestation period of 128 days. The eastern grey squirrel
596:
are the only North
American mammals that have strongly contrasting black-and-white coloration, because they are the only mammals that benefit from letting other animals know where and what they are in the dark of night.
851:
North
American porcupines have a relatively long life expectancy, with some individuals reaching 30 years of age. Common causes of mortality include predation, starvation, falling out of a tree, and being run over by
1209:
2050:
Mabille, GĂ©raldine; Descamps, SĂ©bastien; Berteaux, Dominique (March 11, 2010). "Predation as a probable mechanism relating winter weather to population dynamics in a North
American porcupine population".
868:
because of the damage that they often inflict on trees and wooden and leather objects. Plywood is especially vulnerable because of the salts added during manufacture. They also often injure domestic
471:
period. They are thought to have migrated from Africa, ancestors of the Old World porcupines or
Hystricidae or they originated based on a migration of the North American Paramyidae.
2497:
460:
was the only one to survive north of Mexico. No known fossils are attributed to hystricomorphs prior to the late
Tertiary period. Some fossils, such as species from the family
406:
meaning thorns. Other colloquial names for the animal include quill pig. It is also referred to as the
Canadian porcupine or common porcupine. The porcupine's scientific name,
879:
to decorate articles such as baskets and clothing. Porcupines are edible and were an important source of food, especially in winter, to the native peoples of Canada's
2960:
1366:
2217:
2990:
1599:
791:. In many cases, injury or even death may occur in the predator from embedded porcupine quills even if they are successful in dispatching the porcupine.
494:. However, the validity of this fossil's taxonomy is a cause for debate, with some paleontologists arguing that it represents a member of the genus
2203:
1519:
Thermoregulatory responses of the North
American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum bruneri) to decreasing ambient temperature and increasing wind speed
576:
Porcupines are usually dark brown or black in color, with white highlights. They have a stocky body, a small face, short legs, and a short, thick
2337:
718:
Porcupines are nearsighted and slow-moving. They are mainly active at night (nocturnal); on summer days, they often rest in trees. They do not
928:
2995:
2863:
2824:
1972:
1001:
641:
2940:
2365:
1848:
1746:
1600:"Smart Weapons â With an arsenal of quills and chemicals, the porcupine mounts one of nature's most robust defenses against predators"
461:
2241:
List, Rurik; Ceballos, Gerardo; Pacheco, JesĂșs (September 1999). "Status of the North
American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) in Mexico".
1313:
2970:
2955:
1264:
640:, goats, or some cheeses. The odor is generated by a patch of skin called the rosette, on the lower back where modified quills serve as
2751:
1341:
2772:
464:, show resemblance to the porcupine, but they are so primitive and generalized that they could be ancestors to all later rodents .
2798:
1153:
1142:
909:
2985:
2965:
2842:
2321:
2300:
2290:
2034:
1955:
1928:
1817:
1617:
Li, Guang; Roze, Uldis; Locke, David C. (December 1997). "Warning Odor of the North American Porcupine(Erethizon dorsatum)".
1545:
1535:
1451:
2803:
1149:
1134:
3005:
1476:
738:
The North American porcupine has specific behaviors to warn or defend against predators. The defense strategy is based on
2945:
1783:
Predation as a probable mechanism relating winter weather to population dynamics in a North American porcupine population
883:. They move slowly (having few threats in their natural environment) and are often hit by vehicles while crossing roads.
548:
can be found in the midwest from Arkansas to Montana. The last three are found in the west. From south to north they are
3000:
2505:
2095:
1373:
1297:
876:
2907:
636:
to warn away predators, which it can increase when agitated. The smell has been described as similar to strong human
580:. This species is the largest of the New World porcupines and is the second largest North American rodent, after the
1437:
1106:
2584:
2358:
2224:
1012:
2868:
2343:
242:
101:
1674:
The cost of a prickly diet: incidents of porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) quills embedded in Wolverine (Gulo gulo)
1583:
1562:
2553:
1443:
410:, can be loosely translated as "the animal with the irritating back". Native American terms for it include the
1716:
NearâExtinction of Porcupines by Mountain Lions and Consequences of Ecosystem Change in the Great Basin Desert
2537:
2513:
1864:
Zielinski, W. J., Duncan, N. P., Farmer, E. C., Truex, R. L., Clevenger, A. P., & Barrett, R. H. (1999).
1327:
2724:
1661:
Foraging response of Erethizon dorsatum and Lepus americanus to specialized and generalized predator scents
2837:
2592:
2446:
2351:
532:
are recognized. They are subdivided by different ranges across North America. By far the most common is
2980:
2975:
2473:
369:
368:
the Atlantic from Africa to Brazil 30 million years ago, and then migrated to North America during the
1521:. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 116(3), 339-346.
116:
2146:
652:. Not present is the S-enantiomer which smells like coconut and is used in flavorings and perfumes.
2481:
1169:"A newly recognized family from the Horn of Africa, the Heterocephalidae (Rodentia: Ctenohystrica)"
2855:
1999:
1084:
1032:
2950:
2670:
1879:
SizeâRelated Effects of Predation on Habitat Use and Behavior of Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)
1750:
2894:
2686:
2561:
2889:
2569:
2521:
2223:. Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Service Natural Heritage Program. April 2010. Archived from
1344:. The Natural Source: An Educator's Guide to South Dakota's Natural Resources. Archived from
1268:
896:
605:
353:
221:
2917:
444:
The North American porcupine migrated from South America, where all New World porcupines or
2902:
2738:
2733:
2060:
1626:
1221:
2816:
1687:
Traumatic, degenerative, and developmental lesions in wolves and coyotes from Saskatchewan
8:
2529:
2375:
1345:
776:
349:
178:
61:
2064:
1630:
1225:
810:(wolves and coyotes), may attack but do not pose much of a threat. In some parts of the
684:
and mixed forested areas, but have adapted to harsh environments such as shrublands and
452:
appeared in North America shortly after the two continents joined together in the later
2651:
2642:
2632:
2465:
2250:
2076:
1991:
1642:
1415:
1245:
1024:
900:
806:
porcupine and knock it to the ground, quickly dispatching it. Other predators, such as
427:
306:
111:
1796:
Life in a multi-predator environment: some considerations for anti-predatory vigilance
969:
is a masculine Latin noun; however it is in fact a Greek participle, not a Latin noun.
2317:
2296:
2030:
1951:
1924:
1813:
1541:
1506:
Nitrogen and energy requirements of the North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
1457:
1447:
1321:
1293:
1237:
1190:
710:
Mountains, porcupines will only eat from 1-2 linden trees and one big-toothed aspen.
373:
365:
2272:
2172:
2080:
1646:
1249:
1210:"African origin of caviomorph rodents is indicated by incisor enamel microstructure"
1061:
500:(the prehensile-tailed porcupines) instead. The earliest uncontroversial fossils of
2578:
2545:
2068:
1983:
1634:
1578:
1407:
1398:
Wood, Albert E. (25 November 1949). "Porcupines, Paleogeography, and Parallelism".
1229:
1180:
1079:
1016:
788:
2373:
1798:. In Annales Zoologici Fennici (pp. 217-226). Finnish Zoological Publishing Board.
730:
649:
2876:
2709:
2489:
2311:
2024:
1945:
1918:
752:
581:
411:
2829:
1892:
Cougars (Puma concolor) Killed by North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)
2436:
2420:
2414:
517:
505:
487:
445:
188:
40:
2120:
2072:
1638:
1316:. Canadian Forestry Association. Archived from the original on March 18, 2006.
1233:
701:
2934:
2811:
2177:
1563:"A facilitated release mechanism for quills of the North American porcupine (
1433:
1241:
1194:
1070:
880:
865:
826:
Porcupines prior to mating, with the female characteristically above the male
799:
665:
633:
238:
81:
76:
2274:
The technique of porcupine-quill decoration among the North American Indians
1849:"Ecological Characteristics of Fishers in the Southern Oregon Cascade Range"
1461:
1866:
Diet of fishers (Martes pennanti) at the southernmost extent of their range
822:
784:
536:, which ranges from Nova Scotia to Alberta and from Virginia to the Yukon.
483:
2881:
2850:
2785:
2718:
2426:
1111:
916:
811:
739:
719:
513:
479:
361:
298:
30:
2254:
783:, as well as humans. The only known avian predators of this species are
2777:
1995:
1419:
1028:
760:
645:
1185:
1168:
568:
2790:
2759:
1854:. USDA Forest Service â Pacific Northwest Research Station 2006.
772:
764:
637:
589:
468:
198:
128:
2680:
2113:
1987:
1943:
1411:
1020:
52:
2764:
2703:
2396:
853:
669:
509:
453:
352:
family. It is the second largest rodent in North America after the
148:
34:
1700:
Status of the Porcupine (Erithizon dorsatuh) in Arizona, 2000â2007
1702:. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 41(2), 36-41.
1439:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
681:
644:
to broadcast the smell. The characteristic odor comes from the R-
617:
496:
2746:
2408:
2402:
2390:
920:
780:
768:
685:
677:
673:
661:
613:
544:
is the most southern ranging from northern Mexico to Colorado.
491:
385:
345:
168:
158:
138:
2204:"Endangered Animal Fact Sheet â North American Porcupine"
1837:. Syracuse, N.Y.: St. Univ. Coll. Forest. Syracuse University.
1292:(12th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2011.
1055:
1053:
794:
The North American porcupine is most at risk from the fisher (
384:
The word "porcupine" comes from the middle or old French word
807:
593:
391:
540:
occupies a small range in northeastern Quebec and Labrador.
1890:
Elbroch, L. M., Hoogesteijn, R., & Quigley, H. (2016).
1584:
10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0381:afrmfq>2.0.co;2
1050:
577:
1903:
Elbroch, L. M., Feltner, J., & Quigley, H. B. (2017).
1835:
Ecology and management of fishers in Maine. (Ph.D. thesis)
1714:
Sweitzer, R. A., Jenkins, S. H., & Berger, J. (1997).
934:
Tracks in sand (next to a human handprint shown for scale)
688:. They make their dens in hollow trees or in rocky areas.
467:
South American hystricomorphs first appeared in the Lower
869:
756:
2049:
431:
2218:"Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland"
1781:
Mabille, G., Descamps, S., & Berteaux, D. (2010).
895:
Globally, the North American porcupine is listed as a
572:
Juvenile male spends its first winters with its mother
421:
390:, which means 'thorn pig'. Its roots derive from the
1944:
MĂŒller-Schwarze, Dietland & Sun, Lixing (2003).
1167:
Patterson, Bruce D.; Upham, Nathan S. (2014-12-01).
415:
2240:
1947:The Beaver: Natural History of a Wetlands Engineer
1262:
1812:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 134â6.
1676:. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 129(3), 273-276.
1663:. The American Midland Naturalist, 169(1), 66-73.
2932:
1905:Stageâdependent puma predation on dangerous prey
1771:. American Midland Naturalist. pp. 231â236.
734:Adult North American porcupine has 30,000 quills
660:In eastern North America, porcupines range from
456:period. Other hystricomorphs also migrated, but
2961:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
2249:(3). Southwestern Naturalist Society: 400â404.
2087:
1894:. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 130(1), 53-55.
1810:The Fisher: Life History, Ecology, and Behavior
1769:The food habits of North American golden eagles
1689:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 28(2), 268-275.
1267:. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game. Archived from
1474:
1166:
486:) era, found along the Arroyo del Cedazo near
2359:
1747:"Porcupine: Erethizon dorsatum bruneri Swenk"
1517:DeMatteo, K. E., & Harlow, H. J. (1997).
1372:. 22 January 2011. p. 40. Archived from
1085:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8004A22213161.en
1762:
1760:
1432:
1265:"Porcupine: Alaska Wildlife Notebook Series"
2991:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances
2043:
1710:
1708:
1659:Osburn, D. J., & Cramer, M. J. (2013).
1616:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
655:
401:
395:
2366:
2352:
2093:
1877:Sweitzer, R. A., & Berger, J. (1992).
1504:Fournier, F., & Thomas, D. W. (1997).
1487:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
1359:
1099:
1059:
751:Natural predators of this species include
632:The North American porcupine has a strong
297:
92:
70:
51:
2139:
1970:
1964:
1766:
1757:
1749:. Mammals of Kansas. 2002. Archived from
1726:
1724:
1718:. Conservation Biology, 11(6), 1407-1417.
1582:
1334:
1306:
1184:
1173:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1083:
439:
2640:
1950:. Cornell University Press. p. 80.
1705:
1698:Brown, D. E., & Babb, R. D. (2009).
1672:Kukka, P. M., & Jung, T. S. (2015).
1508:. Physiological zoology, 70(6), 615-620.
1391:
1256:
982:
864:Porcupines are considered by some to be
859:
821:
729:
700:
604:
567:
2270:
1868:. Journal of Mammalogy, 80(3), 961-971.
1841:
1832:
1826:
1529:
1527:
1154:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1143:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1002:"Mammalian species: Erethizon dorsatum"
2933:
2170:
2096:"Porcupines And Their Need For Salt -"
1971:Koprowski, John L. (2 December 1994).
1910:
1907:. Journal of Zoology, 302(3), 164-170.
1807:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1475:Weber, Christopher; Myers, P. (2004).
1367:"Fort Resolution Chipewyan Dictionary"
1207:
890:
2685:
2684:
2347:
1785:. Population ecology, 52(4), 537-546.
1282:
999:
474:The earliest purported appearance of
2996:Pleistocene mammals of North America
2309:
2288:
2022:
1916:
1597:
1560:
1533:
1524:
1426:
1397:
1197:– via Oxford University Press.
588:of the branches. The porcupine, the
2941:IUCN Red List least concern species
2506:Black-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine
2338:Porcupine videos, photos, and facts
2313:Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide
2178:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2026:Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide
1920:Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide
1468:
1071:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1000:Woods, Charles A. (June 13, 1973).
13:
2971:Fauna of the Western United States
2956:Fauna of the Eastern United States
2264:
1808:Powell, Roger A. (November 1993).
1400:Society for the Study of Evolution
846:
14:
3017:
2585:Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine
2331:
1733:Great horned owl versus porcupine
1290:Concise Oxford English dictionary
1263:Bromley, D.; Osborne, T. (1994).
478:in the fossil record is from the
420:meaning quill, the Ho-Chunk name
2498:Amazonian long-tailed porcupine
1342:"Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)"
1013:American Society of Mammalogists
927:
908:
664:to the Appalachian Mountains in
115:
2277:. Museum of the American Indian
2234:
2210:
2196:
2164:
2125:Section Hikers Backpacking Blog
2094:Kalinowski, Tom (14 May 2017).
2016:
1937:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1610:
1591:
1554:
1511:
1498:
817:
2538:Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine
2514:Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine
1444:Johns Hopkins University Press
1436:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1201:
1160:
1127:
951:
672:. In the west they range from
563:
1:
1794:Lima, S. L. (1992, January).
939:
680:. They are commonly found in
523:
2986:Rodents of the United States
2966:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
2593:Brown hairy dwarf porcupine
2554:Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine
2295:. Cornell University Press.
2292:The North American Porcupine
2271:Orchard, William C. (1916).
1540:. Cornell University Press.
1537:The North American Porcupine
976:
872:who inspect or attack them.
746:
432:
422:
416:
379:
7:
3006:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2474:Bicolored-spined porcupine
2243:The Southwestern Naturalist
1619:Journal of Chemical Ecology
713:
344:, is a large quill-covered
10:
3022:
2946:NatureServe secure species
2029:. JHU Press. p. 109.
1923:. JHU Press. p. 100.
1881:. Ecology, 73(3), 867-875.
1598:Roze, Uldis (March 2006).
965:is invalid, assuming that
725:
691:
376:rose 3 million years ago.
370:Great American Interchange
3001:Mammals described in 1758
2693:
2667:
2631:
2616:North American porcupine
2604:
2482:Streaked dwarf porcupine
2444:
2435:
2385:
2374:Extant species of family
2073:10.1007/s10144-010-0198-5
1767:Olendorff, R. R. (1976).
1326:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1234:10.1017/S009483730001109X
875:Their quills are used by
676:to northern mountains in
627:
600:
312:
305:
296:
255:
250:
227:
220:
112:Scientific classification
110:
90:
68:
59:
50:
23:
1604:Natural History Magazine
944:
919:eaten by a porcupine in
897:species of least concern
705:Porcupine in a pear tree
656:Distribution and habitat
332:North American porcupine
24:North American porcupine
2654:(Chaetomys subspinosus)
2562:Stump-tailed porcupine
2556:(Coendou roosmalenorum)
2500:(Coendou longicaudatus)
2100:The Adirondack Almanack
1639:10.1023/A:1022511026529
1314:"A coat of many quills"
1208:Martin, Thomas (1994).
696:
386:
2572:(Coendou sanctamartae)
2570:Santa Marta porcupine
2522:Black dwarf porcupine
2468:(Coendou baturitensis)
2378:(New World porcupines)
1973:"Sciurus carolinensis"
1833:Coulter, M.W. (1966).
1735:. Auk. pp. 58â59.
961:is a valid name while
827:
735:
706:
620:
573:
440:Taxonomy and evolution
402:
396:
360:). The porcupine is a
2890:Paleobiology Database
2532:(Coendou prehensilis)
860:Porcupines and humans
825:
733:
704:
612:, resting in a tree,
608:
571:
354:North American beaver
340:), also known as the
2618:(Erethizon dorsatum)
2530:Brazilian porcupine
2524:(Coendou nycthemera)
2492:(Coendou insidiosus)
2310:Roze, Uldis (2012).
2289:Roze, Uldis (2009).
2173:"Erethizon dorsatum"
2023:Roze, Uldis (2012).
1917:Roze, Uldis (2012).
1685:Wobeser, G. (1992).
1571:Journal of Mammalogy
1561:Roze, Uldis (2002).
1534:Roze, Uldis (2009).
1485:Animal Diversity Web
1107:"Erethizon dorsatum"
1078:: e.T8004A22213161.
837:Sciurus carolinensis
777:American black bears
528:Seven subspecies of
2652:Bristle-spined rat
2564:(Coendou rufescens)
2540:(Coendou pruinosus)
2516:(Coendou mexicanus)
2508:(Coendou melanurus)
2466:Baturite porcupine
2171:Emmons, L. (2016).
2121:"Porcupine Country"
2065:2010PopEc..52..537M
1753:on August 14, 2006.
1631:1997JSP....23.2737L
1226:1994Pbio...20....5M
1060:Emmons, L. (2016).
891:Conservation status
512:, date back to the
350:New World porcupine
322:Linnaeus, 1758
62:Conservation status
2752:erethizon-dorsatum
2739:Erethizon_dorsatum
2725:Erethizon dorsatum
2595:(Coendou vestitus)
2587:(Coendou spinosus)
2484:(Coendou ichillus)
2454:(Prehensile-tailed
2185:: e.T8004A22213161
2053:Population Ecology
1731:Eifrig, H (1909).
1565:Erethizon dorsatum
1479:Erethizon dorsatum
1137:Erethizon dorsatus
1064:Erethizon dorsatum
963:Erethizon dorsatum
959:Erethizon dorsatus
901:endangered species
828:
736:
707:
621:
574:
514:Middle Pleistocene
408:Erethizon dorsatum
342:Canadian porcupine
337:Erethizon dorsatum
315:Erethizon dorsatus
231:Erethizon dorsatum
31:Middle Pleistocene
2981:Rodents of Mexico
2976:Rodents of Canada
2928:
2927:
2695:Erethizon dorsata
2687:Taxon identifiers
2678:
2677:
2663:
2662:
2627:
2626:
2548:(Coendou quichua)
2546:Andean porcupine
2476:(Coendou bicolor)
2459:
2379:
2323:978-1-4214-0735-7
2302:978-0-8014-4646-7
2036:978-1-4214-0735-7
1980:Mammalian Species
1957:978-0-8014-4098-4
1930:978-1-4214-0735-7
1819:978-0-8166-2266-5
1625:(12): 2737â2754.
1547:978-0-8014-4646-7
1453:978-0-8018-8221-0
1271:on April 30, 2009
1186:10.1111/zoj.12201
1009:Mammalian Species
957:ITIS claims that
789:great horned owls
650:delta-decalactone
374:Isthmus of Panama
362:caviomorph rodent
358:Castor canadensis
328:
327:
323:
105:
85:
16:Species of rodent
3013:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2682:
2681:
2638:
2637:
2579:Coendou speratus
2490:Bahia porcupine
2458:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2377:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2327:
2306:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:on 27 March 2014
2004:
1998:. Archived from
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1442:(3rd ed.).
1430:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1031:. Archived from
1006:
997:
970:
955:
931:
912:
877:Native Americans
796:Pekania pennanti
554:E. d. nigrescens
435:
425:
419:
405:
399:
389:
364:whose ancestors
321:
301:
284:E. d. nigrescens
274:E. d. epixanthum
233:
213:E. dorsatum
120:
119:
99:
96:
95:
79:
74:
73:
55:
44:
37:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2877:Observation.org
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2659:
2623:
2600:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2431:
2381:
2376:Erethizontidae
2372:
2334:
2324:
2303:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2265:Further reading
2262:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2088:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1988:10.2307/3504224
1975:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1615:
1611:
1596:
1592:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1454:
1431:
1427:
1412:10.2307/2405536
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1379:on 4 April 2023
1376:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1206:
1202:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1058:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1021:10.2307/3504036
1004:
998:
983:
979:
974:
973:
956:
952:
947:
942:
935:
932:
923:
913:
893:
862:
849:
847:Life expectancy
820:
749:
728:
716:
699:
694:
658:
630:
603:
582:American beaver
566:
550:E.d. epixanthum
526:
504:, found in the
442:
382:
319:Hystrix dorsata
317:
246:
235:
229:
216:
114:
106:
97:
93:
86:
75:
71:
64:
46:
45:
38:
29:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Erethizontidae
2948:
2943:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2715:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2439:
2437:Erethizontinae
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2421:Hystricognathi
2417:
2415:Hystricomorpha
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2332:External links
2330:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2286:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2233:
2230:on 2011-04-19.
2209:
2195:
2163:
2138:
2127:. 13 June 2008
2112:
2086:
2059:(4): 537â546.
2042:
2035:
2015:
1963:
1956:
1936:
1929:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1870:
1857:
1840:
1825:
1818:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1756:
1738:
1720:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1609:
1590:
1577:(2): 381â385.
1553:
1546:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1467:
1452:
1425:
1390:
1358:
1333:
1305:
1299:978-0199601080
1298:
1281:
1255:
1200:
1179:(4): 942â963.
1159:
1126:
1098:
1049:
980:
978:
975:
972:
971:
949:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
926:
924:
914:
907:
892:
889:
881:boreal forests
861:
858:
854:motor vehicles
848:
845:
819:
816:
800:snowshoe hares
748:
745:
727:
724:
715:
712:
698:
695:
693:
690:
657:
654:
629:
626:
610:E. d. dorsatum
602:
599:
565:
562:
534:E. d. dorsatum
525:
522:
506:Conard Fissure
488:Aguascalientes
446:hystricomorphs
441:
438:
381:
378:
326:
325:
310:
309:
303:
302:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:E. d. dorsatum
253:
252:
248:
247:
236:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
208:
204:
203:
196:
192:
191:
189:Erethizontinae
186:
182:
181:
179:Erethizontidae
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
108:
107:
91:
88:
87:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
28:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3018:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2316:. JHU Press.
2315:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:Wilson, D. E.
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1348:on 2013-01-12
1347:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1038:on 2015-09-24
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
981:
968:
964:
960:
954:
950:
930:
925:
922:
918:
911:
906:
905:
904:
902:
898:
888:
884:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
857:
855:
844:
840:
838:
832:
824:
815:
813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
785:golden eagles
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
744:
741:
732:
723:
721:
711:
703:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:West Virginia
663:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
619:
615:
611:
607:
598:
595:
591:
585:
583:
579:
570:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:E. d. bruneri
543:
539:
538:E. d. picinum
535:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
434:
429:
424:
418:
413:
409:
404:
398:
393:
388:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
324:
320:
316:
311:
308:
304:
300:
295:
290:
289:E. d. picinum
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:E. d. bruneri
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
249:
244:
240:
234:
232:
226:
223:
222:Binomial name
219:
215:
214:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
118:
113:
109:
103:
89:
83:
78:
77:Least Concern
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
42:
36:
32:
22:
19:
2694:
2669:
2653:
2641:
2633:Chaetomyinae
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2445:
2419:Infraorder:
2312:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2273:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2225:the original
2212:
2206:. July 2015.
2198:
2187:. Retrieved
2182:
2176:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
2147:"Got Pests?"
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:
2089:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2025:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1982:(480): 1â9.
1979:
1966:
1946:
1939:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1751:the original
1741:
1732:
1715:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1593:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1536:
1518:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1484:
1478:
1470:
1438:
1428:
1406:(1): 87â98.
1403:
1399:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1374:the original
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1336:
1308:
1289:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1258:
1217:
1214:Paleobiology
1213:
1203:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1136:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1075:
1069:
1063:
1040:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1008:
966:
962:
958:
953:
894:
885:
874:
863:
850:
841:
836:
833:
829:
818:Reproduction
804:
795:
793:
750:
737:
717:
708:
659:
631:
622:
609:
586:
575:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:E. d. couesi
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
501:
495:
484:Irvingtonian
475:
473:
466:
457:
449:
443:
407:
383:
357:
341:
336:
335:
331:
329:
318:
314:
313:
288:
283:
278:
273:
269:E. d. couesi
268:
263:
258:
230:
228:
212:
211:
199:
39:(~130,000â0
18:
2851:NatureServe
2786:iNaturalist
2719:Wikispecies
2456:porcupines)
2427:Caviomorpha
2425:Parvorder:
1383:21 December
1220:(1): 5â13.
1112:NatureServe
1091:13 November
917:sugar maple
903:in Mexico.
812:Great Basin
740:aposematism
642:osmetrichia
564:Description
558:E. d. myops
530:E. dorsatum
502:E. dorsatum
480:Pleistocene
476:E. dorsatum
400:or pig and
279:E. d. myops
251:Subspecies
185:Subfamily:
102:NatureServe
2935:Categories
2413:Suborder:
2340:Arkive.org
2281:2013-01-02
2189:2023-01-22
2009:2014-03-26
1491:2009-05-10
1352:2013-01-01
1275:2009-05-10
1042:January 1,
940:References
915:Bark of a
765:wolverines
682:coniferous
646:enantiomer
592:, and the
524:Subspecies
516:(~130,000
462:Paramyidae
426:, and the
372:after the
2710:Q10758828
2643:Chaetomys
2607:Erethizon
2389:Kingdom:
2151:maine.gov
1242:0094-8373
1195:0024-4082
1147:See also
977:Citations
967:Erethizon
747:Predators
720:hibernate
638:body odor
590:wolverine
469:Oligocene
458:Erethizon
450:Erethizon
448:evolved.
428:Chipewyan
387:porcespin
380:Etymology
207:Species:
200:Erethizon
135:Kingdom:
129:Eukaryota
2856:2.101195
2843:13400108
2704:Wikidata
2671:Category
2409:Rodentia
2403:Mammalia
2397:Chordata
2395:Phylum:
2391:Animalia
2255:30055242
2156:15 March
2131:15 March
2105:15 March
2081:27888886
1647:36405223
1462:62265494
1322:cite web
1250:89551027
1150:"Report"
1119:17 April
1114:Explorer
761:mustelid
714:Behavior
670:Maryland
510:Arkansas
454:Tertiary
307:Synonyms
239:Linnaeus
175:Family:
169:Rodentia
159:Mammalia
149:Chordata
145:Phylum:
139:Animalia
125:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
2830:1001254
2778:2437594
2447:Coendou
2407:Order:
2401:Class:
2061:Bibcode
1996:3504224
1627:Bibcode
1420:2405536
1222:Bibcode
1029:3504036
1015:: 1â6.
887:tools.
781:cougars
769:coyotes
759:-sized
753:fishers
726:Defense
692:Ecology
618:Ontario
497:Coendou
366:crossed
348:in the
195:Genus:
165:Order:
155:Class:
100: (
98:Secure
80: (
35:present
2918:110599
2915:uBio:
2804:180393
2765:ERTZDO
2747:ARKive
2320:
2299:
2253:
2079:
2033:
1994:
1954:
1927:
1816:
1645:
1544:
1460:
1450:
1418:
1296:
1248:
1240:
1193:
1027:
1011:(29).
921:Quebec
808:canids
779:, and
773:wolves
686:tundra
678:Mexico
674:Alaska
662:Canada
628:Stench
614:Ottawa
601:Quills
556:, and
492:Mexico
423:waxÄ
hÄŻ
412:Lakota
397:porcus
394:words
346:rodent
2895:46320
2882:83403
2869:34844
2791:44026
2251:JSTOR
2228:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2077:S2CID
2003:(PDF)
1992:JSTOR
1976:(PDF)
1852:(PDF)
1643:S2CID
1416:JSTOR
1377:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
1036:(PDF)
1025:JSTOR
1005:(PDF)
945:Notes
866:pests
594:skunk
430:name
417:pahin
414:name
403:spina
392:Latin
2908:6648
2864:NCBI
2817:8004
2812:IUCN
2799:ITIS
2773:GBIF
2760:EPPO
2318:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2183:2016
2158:2018
2133:2018
2107:2018
2031:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1458:OCLC
1448:ISBN
1385:2012
1328:link
1294:ISBN
1238:ISSN
1191:ISSN
1121:2024
1093:2021
1076:2016
1044:2013
870:dogs
787:and
697:Diet
668:and
634:odor
578:tail
433:ts'l
330:The
243:1758
2903:TSA
2838:MSW
2825:MDD
2734:ADW
2069:doi
1984:doi
1635:doi
1579:doi
1408:doi
1230:doi
1181:doi
1177:172
1080:doi
1017:doi
763:),
757:cat
755:(a
648:of
520:).
518:YBP
508:of
41:YBP
2937::
2905::
2892::
2879::
2866::
2853::
2840::
2827::
2814::
2801::
2788::
2775::
2762::
2749::
2736::
2721::
2706::
2247:44
2245:.
2181:.
2175:.
2149:.
2123:.
2098:.
2075:.
2067:.
2057:52
2055:.
1990:.
1978:.
1759:^
1723:^
1707:^
1641:.
1633:.
1623:23
1621:.
1602:.
1575:83
1573:.
1569:.
1567:)"
1526:^
1483:.
1456:.
1446:.
1414:.
1402:.
1324:}}
1320:{{
1244:.
1236:.
1228:.
1218:20
1216:.
1212:.
1189:.
1175:.
1171:.
1152:.
1141:.
1109:.
1074:.
1068:.
1052:^
1023:.
1007:.
984:^
856:.
802:.
775:,
771:,
767:,
616:,
560:.
552:,
490:,
436:.
241:,
33:â
2367:e
2360:t
2353:v
2326:.
2305:.
2284:.
2257:.
2192:.
2160:.
2135:.
2109:.
2083:.
2071::
2063::
2039:.
2012:.
1986::
1960:.
1933:.
1822:.
1649:.
1637::
1629::
1606:.
1587:.
1581::
1550:.
1494:.
1481:"
1477:"
1464:.
1422:.
1410::
1404:4
1387:.
1355:.
1330:)
1302:.
1278:.
1252:.
1232::
1224::
1183::
1156:.
1145:.
1139:"
1135:"
1123:.
1095:.
1082::
1066:"
1062:"
1046:.
1019::
835:(
482:(
356:(
334:(
245:)
237:(
104:)
84:)
43:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
